Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).
A non-vascular form of connective tissue composed of CHONDROCYTES embedded in a matrix that includes CHONDROITIN SULFATE and various types of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are three major types: HYALINE CARTILAGE; FIBROCARTILAGE; and ELASTIC CARTILAGE.
A protective layer of firm, flexible cartilage over the articulating ends of bones. It provides a smooth surface for joint movement, protecting the ends of long bones from wear at points of contact.
Polymorphic cells that form cartilage.
Hyaline cartilages in the nose. There are five major nasal cartilages including two lateral, two alar, and one septal.
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.
Cartilage of the EAR AURICLE and the EXTERNAL EAR CANAL.
The nine cartilages of the larynx, including the cricoid, thyroid and epiglottic, and two each of arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform.
A type of CARTILAGE characterized by a homogenous amorphous matrix containing predominately TYPE II COLLAGEN and ground substance. Hyaline cartilage is found in ARTICULAR CARTILAGE; COSTAL CARTILAGE; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; and the NASAL SEPTUM.
A synovial hinge connection formed between the bones of the FEMUR; TIBIA; and PATELLA.
Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content.
Major component of chondrocyte EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX of various tissues including bone, tendon, ligament, SYNOVIUM and blood vessels. It binds MATRILIN PROTEINS and is associated with development of cartilage and bone.
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)
Large HYALURONAN-containing proteoglycans found in articular cartilage (CARTILAGE, ARTICULAR). They form into aggregates that provide tissues with the capacity to resist high compressive and tensile forces.
A fibrillar collagen found predominantly in CARTILAGE and vitreous humor. It consists of three identical alpha1(II) chains.
Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine.
PROTEOGLYCANS-associated proteins that are major components of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX of various tissues including CARTILAGE; and INTERVERTEBRAL DISC structures. They bind COLLAGEN fibers and contain protein domains that enable oligomer formation and interaction with other extracellular matrix proteins such as CARTILAGE OLIGOMERIC MATRIX PROTEIN.
The formation of cartilage. This process is directed by CHONDROCYTES which continually divide and lay down matrix during development. It is sometimes a precursor to OSTEOGENESIS.
Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., COLLAGEN; ELASTIN; FIBRONECTINS; and LAMININ).
The area between the EPIPHYSIS and the DIAPHYSIS within which bone growth occurs.
Breaks in CARTILAGE.
A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of SKIN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; and the organic substance of bones (BONE AND BONES) and teeth (TOOTH).
In horses, cattle, and other quadrupeds, the joint between the femur and the tibia, corresponding to the human knee.
The flat, triangular bone situated at the anterior part of the KNEE.
The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the FIBULA laterally, the TALUS distally, and the FEMUR proximally.
The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee.
The interarticular fibrocartilages of the superior surface of the tibia.
The partition separating the two NASAL CAVITIES in the midplane. It is formed by the SEPTAL NASAL CARTILAGE, parts of skull bones (ETHMOID BONE; VOMER), and membranous parts.
The head of a long bone that is separated from the shaft by the epiphyseal plate until bone growth stops. At that time, the plate disappears and the head and shaft are united.
One of a pair of small pyramidal cartilages that articulate with the lamina of the CRICOID CARTILAGE. The corresponding VOCAL LIGAMENT and several muscles are attached to it.
The small thick cartilage that forms the lower and posterior parts of the laryngeal wall.
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
The largest cartilage of the larynx consisting of two laminae fusing anteriorly at an acute angle in the midline of the neck. The point of fusion forms a subcutaneous projection known as the Adam's apple.
Inflammation of a bone and its overlaying CARTILAGE.
A secreted matrix metalloproteinase that plays a physiological role in the degradation of extracellular matrix found in skeletal tissues. It is synthesized as an inactive precursor that is activated by the proteolytic cleavage of its N-terminal propeptide.
The physical state of supporting an applied load. This often refers to the weight-bearing bones or joints that support the body's weight, especially those in the spine, hip, knee, and foot.
Also known as articulations, these are points of connection between the ends of certain separate bones, or where the borders of other bones are juxtaposed.
Generating tissue in vitro for clinical applications, such as replacing wounded tissues or impaired organs. The use of TISSUE SCAFFOLDING enables the generation of complex multi-layered tissues and tissue structures.
The maximum compression a material can withstand without failure. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed, p427)
A specialized CONNECTIVE TISSUE that is the main constituent of the SKELETON. The principle cellular component of bone is comprised of OSTEOBLASTS; OSTEOCYTES; and OSTEOCLASTS, while FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and hydroxyapatite crystals form the BONE MATRIX.
A natural high-viscosity mucopolysaccharide with alternating beta (1-3) glucuronide and beta (1-4) glucosaminidic bonds. It is found in the UMBILICAL CORD, in VITREOUS BODY and in SYNOVIAL FLUID. A high urinary level is found in PROGERIA.
The hemispheric articular surface at the upper extremity of the thigh bone. (Stedman, 26th ed)
The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes SYNOVIAL FLUID.
A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE. It contains mucin, albumin, fat, and mineral salts and serves to lubricate joints.
A purely physical condition which exists within any material because of strain or deformation by external forces or by non-uniform thermal expansion; expressed quantitatively in units of force per unit area.
Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.
The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.
Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.
The posterior process on the ramus of the mandible composed of two parts: a superior part, the articular portion, and an inferior part, the condylar neck.
ARTHRITIS that is induced in experimental animals. Immunological methods and infectious agents can be used to develop experimental arthritis models. These methods include injections of stimulators of the immune response, such as an adjuvant (ADJUVANTS, IMMUNOLOGIC) or COLLAGEN.
The application of LUBRICANTS to diminish FRICTION between two surfaces.
A SOXE transcription factor that plays a critical role in regulating CHONDROGENESIS; OSTEOGENESIS; and male sex determination. Loss of function of the SOX9 transcription factor due to genetic mutations is a cause of CAMPOMELIC DYSPLASIA.
An extracellular endopeptidase which excises a block of peptides at the amino terminal, nonhelical region of the procollagen molecule with the formation of collagen. Absence or deficiency of the enzyme causes accumulation of procollagen which results in the inherited connective tissue disorder--dermatosparaxis. EC 3.4.24.14.
Acids derived from monosaccharides by the oxidation of the terminal (-CH2OH) group farthest removed from the carbonyl group to a (-COOH) group. (From Stedmans, 26th ed)
A strong ligament of the knee that originates from the posteromedial portion of the lateral condyle of the femur, passes anteriorly and inferiorly between the condyles, and attaches to the depression in front of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia.
Surgical techniques used to correct or augment healing of chondral defects in the joints (CARTILAGE, ARTICULAR). These include abrasion, drilling, and microfracture of the subchondral bone to enhance chondral resurfacing via autografts, allografts, or cell transplantation.
An extracellular endopeptidase of vertebrate tissues similar to MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 1. It digests PROTEOGLYCAN; FIBRONECTIN; COLLAGEN types III, IV, V, and IX, and activates procollagenase. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992)
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Microscopy using polarized light in which phenomena due to the preferential orientation of optical properties with respect to the vibration plane of the polarized light are made visible and correlated parameters are made measurable.
A technique for maintaining or growing TISSUE in vitro, usually by DIFFUSION, perifusion, or PERFUSION. The tissue is cultured directly after removal from the host without being dispersed for cell culture.
Methods of delivering drugs into a joint space.
A fibril-associated collagen usually found crosslinked to the surface of COLLAGEN TYPE II fibrils. It is a heterotrimer containing alpha1(IX), alpha2(IX) and alpha3(IX) subunits.
A set of twelve curved bones which connect to the vertebral column posteriorly, and terminate anteriorly as costal cartilage. Together, they form a protective cage around the internal thoracic organs.
A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Enzymes that catalyze the degradation of collagen by acting on the peptide bonds.

A comparative chemical and histochemical study of the chondrodystrophoid and nonchondrodystrophoid canine intervertebral disc. (1/338)

The chemical composition of the intervertebral disc of 9-month-old chondrodystrophoid and nonchondrodystrophoid dogs was studied for collagen, noncollagenous protein and glycosaminoglycan. Content of these substances differed significantly between breeds. The differences were most marked in the nucleus pulposus; the noncollagenous protein content of the nonchondrodystrophoid breed was higher than in that of the chondrodystrophoid dogs. The total nitrogen value of the nonchondrodystrophoid nuclei pulposi was less than that of the corresponding chondrodystrophoid discs mainly because of the high collagen content of the latter discs. Histochemically, it was found that the nuclei pulposi of the nonchondrodystrophoid breed contains larger amounts of glycosaminoglycan than in the discs of the chondrodystrophoid breeds.  (+info)

Gender differences in knee cartilage volume as measured by magnetic resonance imaging. (2/338)

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze sex differences in knee cartilage volume. METHODS: Articulate cartilage volumes were determined by processing images acquired in the sagittal plane using T1-weighted fat saturation magnetic resonance on an independent work station. The knees of 28 subjects (17 male, 11 female) who underwent MRI for clinical indications (pain <3 months) but who had a normal X-ray and structurally normal MRI were examined. RESULTS: Males had significantly larger cartilage volumes than females, with difference in cartilage volume remaining statistically significant after adjusting for age, height, weight and bone volume. The differences for males relative to females were: femoral cartilage volume [4.1 ml 95% CI (2.0, 6.1)]; and patella cartilage volume [1.4 ml (0.2, 2.7)]. Although not statistically significant, the tibial cartilage volume also showed these sex differences. Exploratory analysis indicated an increasing gender difference with increasing age for patellar cartilage volume. CONCLUSION: Men have significantly larger knee cartilage volume than women, independent of body and bone size. The mechanisms for this will need to be determined.  (+info)

Immunohistochemical observations on the initial disorders of the epiphyseal growth plate in rats induced by high dose of vitamin A. (3/338)

The initial disorders of the epiphyseal growth plate cartilage were immunohistochemically examined in the proximal tibia of rats administered a high dose of vitamin A. Male Wistar rats were given 100,000 IU/100 g body weight/day of vitamin A for administration periods of 1 to 5 days (Day 1 to 5) from 4 weeks after birth or were given deionized water and used as control. They were sacrificed after 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) injection on Day 1 to Day 5 to remove the tibiae. The tibiae were processed for immunohistochemical examinations using antibodies against type I, II, X collagens and BrdU. BrdU-incorporated chondrocytes and type X collagen-negative area were reduced since Day 2 and type X collagen-positive area was reduced since Day 4. The cartilage matrix partially lost type II collagen and deposited type I collagen in the epiphyseal growth plate near the periosteum on Day 5. These findings suggest that a high dose of vitamin A initially disturbed the differentiation from resting to proliferating chondrocytes, subsequently inhibited the differentiation from proliferating to hypertrophic chondrocytes, caused the chondrocytes to deviate from the process of normal differentiation, and finally resulted in the deformation of the epiphyseal growth plate.  (+info)

Articular cartilage repair: are the intrinsic biological constraints undermining this process insuperable? (4/338)

This article reviews the experimental and clinical strategies currently in use or under development for the treatment of articular cartilage lesions. The vast majority of protocols under investigation pertain to the treatment of full-thickness defects (i.e., those which penetrate the subchondral bone and trabecular-bone spaces) rather than partial-thickness ones (i.e., those which are confined to the substance of articular cartilage tissue itself). This bias probably reflects the circumstance that partial-thickness defects do not heal spontaneously whereas full-thickness ones below a critical size do, albeit transiently. And it is, of course, a seemingly easier task to manipulate a process which is readily set in train than it is to overcome an induction-problem which Nature herself has not solved. Indeed, the reasons for this inert state of partial-thickness defects have only recently been elucidated, and these are briefly discussed. However, the main body of this review deals with the various transplantation concepts implemented for the repair of full-thickness defects. These fall into two broad categories: tissue-based (entailing the grafting of perichondrial, periosteal, cartilage or bone-cartilage material) and cell-based (utilizing chondroblasts, chondrocytes, periochondrial cells or mesenchymal stem cells). Cell-based systems are further subdivided according to whether cells are transplanted within a matrix (biodegradable, non-biodegradable or synthetic) or free in suspension. Thus far, the application of cell suspensions has always been combined with the grafting of a periosteal flap. The strengths and weaknesses of each concept are discussed.  (+info)

Biomechanics of integrative cartilage repair. (5/338)

Cartilage repair is required in a number of orthopaedic conditions and rheumatic diseases. From a macroscopic viewpoint, the complete repair of an articular cartilage defect requires integration of opposing cartilage surfaces or the integration of repair tissue with the surrounding host cartilage. However, integrative cartilage repair does not occur readily or predictably in vivo. Consideration of the 'integrative cartilage repair process', at least in the relatively early stages, as the formation of a adhesive suggests several biomechanical approaches for characterizing the properties of the repair tissue. Both strength of materials and fracture mechanics approaches for characterizing adhesives have recently been applied to the study of integrative cartilage repair. Experimental configurations, such as the single-lap adhesive test, have been adapted to determine the strength of the biological repair that occurs between sections of bovine cartilage during explant culture, as well as the strength of adhesive materials that are applied to opposing cartilage surfaces. A variety of fracture mechanics test procedures, such as the (modified) single edge notch, 'T' peel, dynamic shear, and trouser tear tests, have been used to assess Mode I, II, and III fracture toughness values of normal articular cartilage and, in some cases, cartilaginous tissue undergoing integrative repair. The relationships between adhesive biomechanical properties and underlying cellular and molecular processes during integrative cartilage repair remain to be elucidated. The determination of such relationships may allow the design of tissue engineering procedures to stimulate integrative cartilage repair.  (+info)

Concerning the ultrastructural origin of large-scale swelling in articular cartilage. (6/338)

The swelling behaviour of the general matrix of both normal and abnormally softened articular cartilage was investigated in the context of its relationship to the underlying subchondral bone, the articular surface, and with respect to the primary structural directions represented in its strongly anisotropic collagenous architecture. Swelling behaviours were compared by subjecting tissue specimens under different modes of constraint to a high swelling bathing solution of distilled water and comparing structural changes imaged at the macroscopic, microscopic and ultrastructural levels of resolution. Near zero swelling was observed in the isolated normal general matrix with minimal structural change. By contrast the similarly isolated softened general matrix exhibited large-scale swelling in both the transverse and radial directions. This difference in dimensional stability was attributed to fundamentally different levels of fibril interconnectivity between the 2 matrices. A model of structural transformation is proposed to accommodate fibrillar rearrangements associated with the large-scale swelling in the radial and transverse directions in the softened general matrix.  (+info)

Para-articular chondroma and osteochondroma of the infrapatellar fat pad: a report of three cases. (7/338)

We report three cases of para-articular chondroma and osteochondroma in the region of infrapatellar fat pad. All three lesions were resected and examined histologically. Two of them were primarily cartilaginous with a lobular pattern internally, and one uniformly osseous with peripheral cartilage. We conclude that these lesions are not the same. The former should be designated para-articular chondroma after Jaffe and the latter, osteochondroma.  (+info)

Premature termination codon in the aggrecan gene of nanomelia and its influence on mRNA transport and stability. (8/338)

AIM: To analyze the influence of the premature termination codon on mRNA transport and stability METHODS: Chondrocyte mRNA was isolated from homozygous and heterozygous nanomelic 17-days old embryos and examined by RT-PCR analysis. To analyze aggrecan mRNA stability, mRNA synthesis was inhibited with DRB [5,6 dichloro-1-(-D-ribofuranosyl benzimidazole)], a specific inhibitor of RNA polymerase II. Visualization of the aggrecan alleles was performed by in situ hybridization. RESULTS: The level of mutant aggrecan mRNA within the nucleus was equal to that of the control, but no mutant mRNA was observed in the cytoplasm. RT-PCR revealed that the mutant transcript was only detectable in the nucleus, compared with house-keeping glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene or collagen type II. A restriction site induced by premature termination codon TAA allowed the distinction of normal and mutant transcripts in chondrocytes derived from embryos heterozygous for the nanomelic mutation. After the treatment with DRB, identical decay rates were demonstrated for both transcripts within the heterozygous nucleus. In situ hybridization showed no abnormal mRNA accumulation. CONCLUSION: This is the first evidence suggesting that the transcript of the mRNA with the premature termination codon within an exon does exit the nucleus.  (+info)

Cartilage diseases refer to conditions that affect the cartilaginous tissues in the body. Cartilage is a firm, flexible connective tissue found in many areas of the body, including the joints, ribcage, ears, and nose. It provides structure and support, allows for smooth movement between bones, and protects the ends of bones from friction.

There are several types of cartilage diseases, including:

1. Osteoarthritis (OA): This is a degenerative joint disease that occurs when the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of your bones wears down over time. It can cause pain, stiffness, and loss of mobility in the affected joints.
2. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): This is an autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation in the lining of the joints, leading to cartilage damage and bone erosion.
3. Traumatic arthritis: This occurs when a joint is injured, causing damage to the cartilage and resulting in pain, stiffness, and loss of mobility.
4. Infectious arthritis: This occurs when a joint becomes infected, leading to inflammation and potential damage to the cartilage.
5. Chondromalacia patellae: This is a condition that affects the cartilage on the back of the kneecap, causing pain and stiffness in the knee.
6. Costochondritis: This is an inflammation of the cartilage in the ribcage, causing chest pain and discomfort.
7. Nasal septal deviation: This is a condition where the cartilage that separates the nostrils is crooked or off-center, causing difficulty breathing through the nose.
8. Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD): This is a joint condition that occurs when a piece of cartilage and bone in a joint becomes detached, causing pain and stiffness.
9. Synovial chondromatosis: This is a rare condition where nodules made up of cartilage form in the lining of a joint, causing pain, swelling, and limited mobility.

Treatment for cartilage diseases varies depending on the specific condition and severity, but may include medication, physical therapy, surgery, or a combination of these.

Cartilage is a type of connective tissue that is found throughout the body in various forms. It is made up of specialized cells called chondrocytes, which are embedded in a firm, flexible matrix composed of collagen fibers and proteoglycans. This unique structure gives cartilage its characteristic properties of being both strong and flexible.

There are three main types of cartilage in the human body: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage.

1. Hyaline cartilage is the most common type and is found in areas such as the articular surfaces of bones (where they meet to form joints), the nose, trachea, and larynx. It has a smooth, glassy appearance and provides a smooth, lubricated surface for joint movement.
2. Elastic cartilage contains more elastin fibers than hyaline cartilage, which gives it greater flexibility and resilience. It is found in structures such as the external ear and parts of the larynx and epiglottis.
3. Fibrocartilage has a higher proportion of collagen fibers and fewer chondrocytes than hyaline or elastic cartilage. It is found in areas that require high tensile strength, such as the intervertebral discs, menisci (found in joints like the knee), and the pubic symphysis.

Cartilage plays a crucial role in supporting and protecting various structures within the body, allowing for smooth movement and providing a cushion between bones to absorb shock and prevent wear and tear. However, cartilage has limited capacity for self-repair and regeneration, making damage or degeneration of cartilage tissue a significant concern in conditions such as osteoarthritis.

Articular cartilage is the smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints. It provides a cushion between bones and allows for smooth movement by reducing friction. Articular cartilage also absorbs shock and distributes loads evenly across the joint, protecting the bones from damage. It is avascular, meaning it does not have its own blood supply, and relies on the surrounding synovial fluid for nutrients. Over time, articular cartilage can wear down or become damaged due to injury or disease, leading to conditions such as osteoarthritis.

Chondrocytes are the specialized cells that produce and maintain the extracellular matrix of cartilage tissue. They are responsible for synthesizing and secreting the collagen fibers, proteoglycans, and other components that give cartilage its unique properties, such as elasticity, resiliency, and resistance to compression. Chondrocytes are located within lacunae, or small cavities, in the cartilage matrix, and they receive nutrients and oxygen through diffusion from the surrounding tissue fluid. They are capable of adapting to changes in mechanical stress by modulating the production and organization of the extracellular matrix, which allows cartilage to withstand various loads and maintain its structural integrity. Chondrocytes play a crucial role in the development, maintenance, and repair of cartilaginous tissues throughout the body, including articular cartilage, costal cartilage, and growth plate cartilage.

Nasal cartilages are the flexible, supportive structures in the nose that contribute to its shape and structure. They are made up of tough, but elastic tissue called cartilage. There are several nasal cartilages, including:

1. The septal cartilage, which is a thin, flat strip that forms the dividing wall between the two sides of the nose.
2. The upper and lower lateral cartilages, which are located on either side of the nostrils and help to shape them.
3. The sesamoid cartilages, which are small, round pieces of cartilage that can be found near the nasal opening.

These cartilages work together to provide support and flexibility to the nose, allowing it to withstand the forces of breathing and other facial movements while maintaining its shape.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a type of joint disease that is characterized by the breakdown and eventual loss of cartilage - the tissue that cushions the ends of bones where they meet in the joints. This breakdown can cause the bones to rub against each other, causing pain, stiffness, and loss of mobility. OA can occur in any joint, but it most commonly affects the hands, knees, hips, and spine. It is often associated with aging and can be caused or worsened by obesity, injury, or overuse.

The medical definition of osteoarthritis is: "a degenerative, non-inflammatory joint disease characterized by the loss of articular cartilage, bone remodeling, and the formation of osteophytes (bone spurs). It is often associated with pain, stiffness, and decreased range of motion in the affected joint."

Ear cartilage, also known as auricular cartilage, refers to the flexible connective tissue that makes up the structural framework of the external ear or pinna. The ear cartilage provides support and shape to the ear, helping to direct sound waves into the ear canal and towards the eardrum.

The ear cartilage is composed of type II collagen fibers and proteoglycans, which give it its flexibility and resiliency. It is covered by a thin layer of skin on both sides and contains no bones. Instead, the ear cartilage is shaped and maintained by the surrounding muscles and connective tissue.

There are three main parts of the ear cartilage: the helix, the antihelix, and the tragus. The helix is the outer rim of the ear, while the antihelix is the curved ridge that runs parallel to the helix. The tragus is the small piece of cartilage that projects from the front of the ear canal.

Ear cartilage can be affected by various conditions, including trauma, infection, and degenerative changes associated with aging. In some cases, surgical procedures may be required to reshape or reconstruct damaged ear cartilage.

Laryngeal cartilages refer to the various pieces of cartilage that make up the structure of the larynx, also known as the voice box. The larynx is a crucial part of the respiratory system, located in the neck between the pharynx and the trachea. It plays a vital role in protecting the lower airways from food or drink entering the windpipe, as well as producing sound during speech.

There are several laryngeal cartilages, including:

1. Thyroid cartilage: This is the largest and most superior of the laryngeal cartilages. It forms the Adam's apple in men and has a prominent notch in the front called the thyroid notch. The thyroid cartilage protects the larynx and provides attachment for various muscles and ligaments.
2. Cricoid cartilage: This is the only complete ring of cartilage in the airway and lies inferior to the thyroid cartilage. It has a broad, flat superior portion called the cricoid lamina and a narrower, more curved inferior portion called the cricoid arch. The cricoid cartilage serves as an attachment site for several muscles and ligaments involved in breathing and swallowing.
3. Arytenoid cartilages: These are paired, pyramid-shaped structures that sit on top of the cricoid cartilage. They help form the posterior portion of the laryngeal inlet and provide attachment for the vocal cords (vocal folds). The arytenoid cartilages play a crucial role in voice production and respiration.
4. Corniculate cartilages: These are small, conical-shaped structures that project from the superior aspect of each arytenoid cartilage. They help form the most posterior portion of the laryngeal inlet.
5. Cuneiform cartilages: These are tiny, flat, crescent-shaped structures located near the corniculate cartilages. They also contribute to forming the posterior aspect of the laryngeal inlet.

These laryngeal cartilages work together to protect the airway, facilitate breathing, and enable voice production.

Hyaline cartilage is a type of cartilaginous tissue that is primarily found in the articulating surfaces of bones, ribcage, nose, ears, and trachea. It has a smooth, glassy appearance (hence the name "hyaline," derived from the Greek word "hyalos" meaning glass) due to the presence of type II collagen fibers that are arranged in a precise pattern and embedded in a proteoglycan-rich matrix.

The high concentration of proteoglycans, which are complex molecules made up of a protein core and glycosaminoglycan side chains, gives hyaline cartilage its firm yet flexible properties. This type of cartilage is avascular, meaning it does not contain blood vessels, and receives nutrients through diffusion from the surrounding synovial fluid in joints or adjacent tissues.

Hyaline cartilage plays a crucial role in providing structural support, reducing friction between articulating bones, and facilitating smooth movement in joints. It also serves as a template for endochondral ossification, a process by which long bones grow in length during development.

The knee joint, also known as the tibiofemoral joint, is the largest and one of the most complex joints in the human body. It is a synovial joint that connects the thighbone (femur) to the shinbone (tibia). The patella (kneecap), which is a sesamoid bone, is located in front of the knee joint and helps in the extension of the leg.

The knee joint is made up of three articulations: the femorotibial joint between the femur and tibia, the femoropatellar joint between the femur and patella, and the tibiofibular joint between the tibia and fibula. These articulations are surrounded by a fibrous capsule that encloses the synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the joint.

The knee joint is stabilized by several ligaments, including the medial and lateral collateral ligaments, which provide stability to the sides of the joint, and the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, which prevent excessive forward and backward movement of the tibia relative to the femur. The menisci, which are C-shaped fibrocartilaginous structures located between the femoral condyles and tibial plateaus, also help to stabilize the joint by absorbing shock and distributing weight evenly across the articular surfaces.

The knee joint allows for flexion, extension, and a small amount of rotation, making it essential for activities such as walking, running, jumping, and sitting.

Proteoglycans are complex, highly negatively charged macromolecules that are composed of a core protein covalently linked to one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. They are a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and play crucial roles in various biological processes, including cell signaling, regulation of growth factor activity, and maintenance of tissue structure and function.

The GAG chains, which can vary in length and composition, are long, unbranched polysaccharides that are composed of repeating disaccharide units containing a hexuronic acid (either glucuronic or iduronic acid) and a hexosamine (either N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine). These GAG chains can be sulfated to varying degrees, which contributes to the negative charge of proteoglycans.

Proteoglycans are classified into four major groups based on their core protein structure and GAG composition: heparan sulfate/heparin proteoglycans, chondroitin/dermatan sulfate proteoglycans, keratan sulfate proteoglycans, and hyaluronan-binding proteoglycans. Each group has distinct functions and is found in specific tissues and cell types.

In summary, proteoglycans are complex macromolecules composed of a core protein and one or more GAG chains that play important roles in the ECM and various biological processes, including cell signaling, growth factor regulation, and tissue structure maintenance.

Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is a extracellular matrix protein that is found in high concentrations in cartilaginous tissues, such as articular cartilage and intervertebral discs. It is a member of the thrombospondin family and plays a role in the organization and stability of the extracellular matrix.
It is also known to be involved in the process of osteoarthritis, a degenerative joint disease. High levels of COMP are found in the synovial fluid of patients with osteoarthritis, and it is thought to contribute to the breakdown of cartilage. Additionally, genetic variations in the COMP gene have been associated with an increased risk of developing osteoarthritis.
It also plays a role in bone development and repair, as well as in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation.

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is a degenerative joint disease that affects the articular cartilage and subchondral bone in the knee joint. It is characterized by the breakdown and eventual loss of the smooth, cushioning cartilage that covers the ends of bones and allows for easy movement within joints. As the cartilage wears away, the bones rub against each other, causing pain, stiffness, and limited mobility. Osteoarthritis of the knee can also lead to the formation of bone spurs (osteophytes) and cysts in the joint. This condition is most commonly found in older adults, but it can also occur in younger people as a result of injury or overuse. Risk factors include obesity, family history, previous joint injuries, and repetitive stress on the knee joint. Treatment options typically include pain management, physical therapy, and in some cases, surgery.

Aggrecan is a large, complex proteoglycan molecule found in the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage and other connective tissues. It is a key component of the structural framework of these tissues, helping to provide resiliency, cushioning, and protection to the cells within. Aggrecan contains numerous glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, which are negatively charged molecules that attract water and ions, creating a swelling pressure that contributes to the tissue's load-bearing capacity.

The medical definition of 'Aggrecans' can be described as:

1. A large proteoglycan molecule found in articular cartilage and other connective tissues.
2. Composed of a core protein with attached glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, primarily chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate.
3. Plays a crucial role in the biomechanical properties of articular cartilage by attracting water and ions, creating a swelling pressure that contributes to the tissue's load-bearing capacity.
4. Aggrecan degradation or loss is associated with various joint diseases, such as osteoarthritis, due to reduced structural integrity and shock-absorbing capabilities of articular cartilage.

Collagen Type II is a specific type of collagen that is a major component of the extracellular matrix in articular cartilage, which is the connective tissue that covers and protects the ends of bones in joints. It is also found in other tissues such as the vitreous humor of the eye and the inner ear.

Collagen Type II is a triple helix molecule composed of three polypeptide chains that contain a high proportion of the amino acids proline and hydroxyproline. This type of collagen provides structural support and elasticity to tissues, and it also plays a role in the regulation of cell behavior and signaling.

Collagen Type II is a target for autoimmune responses in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own collagen, leading to joint inflammation and damage. It is also a common component of various dietary supplements and therapies used to support joint health and treat osteoarthritis.

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long, unbranched polysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units. They are a major component of the extracellular matrix and connective tissues in the body. GAGs are negatively charged due to the presence of sulfate and carboxyl groups, which allows them to attract positively charged ions and water molecules, contributing to their ability to retain moisture and maintain tissue hydration and elasticity.

GAGs can be categorized into four main groups: heparin/heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid. These different types of GAGs have varying structures and functions in the body, including roles in cell signaling, inflammation, and protection against enzymatic degradation.

Heparin is a highly sulfated form of heparan sulfate that is found in mast cells and has anticoagulant properties. Chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate are commonly found in cartilage and contribute to its resiliency and ability to withstand compressive forces. Keratan sulfate is found in corneas, cartilage, and bone, where it plays a role in maintaining the structure and function of these tissues. Hyaluronic acid is a large, nonsulfated GAG that is widely distributed throughout the body, including in synovial fluid, where it provides lubrication and shock absorption for joints.

Matrilin proteins are a group of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins that are predominantly found in cartilaginous tissues, such as articular cartilage, costal cartilage, and intervertebral discs. They belong to the von Willebrand factor A (vWF-A) domain-containing protein family and play important roles in maintaining the structural integrity and organization of the ECM.

Matrilin proteins are composed of multiple domains, including vWF-A domains, coiled-coil domains, and calcium-binding epidermal growth factor (cbEGF)-like domains. They can form multimeric complexes through their coiled-coil domains, which helps to stabilize the ECM network.

There are four known matrilin proteins in humans, designated as Matrilin-1, Matrilin-2, Matrilin-3, and Matrilin-4. Each of these proteins has distinct tissue distribution patterns and functions. For example, Matrilin-1 is primarily found in hyaline cartilage and is involved in regulating chondrocyte differentiation and matrix assembly. Matrilin-2 is widely expressed in various tissues, including cartilage, tendon, and ligament, and plays a role in maintaining the organization of collagen fibrils. Matrilin-3 is specifically expressed in articular cartilage and is involved in regulating the formation and maintenance of the cartilaginous matrix. Matrilin-4 is found in both hyaline and fibrocartilage, as well as in tendons and ligaments, and has been implicated in regulating collagen fibrillogenesis and tissue development.

Mutations in matrilin genes have been associated with various musculoskeletal disorders, such as multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) and spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia (SEMD). These genetic defects can lead to abnormalities in the structure and organization of the ECM, resulting in joint pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility.

Chondrogenesis is the process of cartilage formation during embryonic development and in the healing of certain types of injuries. It involves the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into chondrocytes, which are the specialized cells that produce and maintain the extracellular matrix of cartilage.

During chondrogenesis, the mesenchymal stem cells condense and form a template for the future cartilaginous tissue. These cells then differentiate into chondrocytes, which begin to produce and deposit collagen type II, proteoglycans, and other extracellular matrix components that give cartilage its unique biochemical and mechanical properties.

Chondrogenesis is a critical process for the development of various structures in the body, including the skeletal system, where it plays a role in the formation of articular cartilage, growth plates, and other types of cartilage. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate chondrogenesis is important for developing therapies to treat cartilage injuries and degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis.

Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins are a group of structural and functional molecules that provide support, organization, and regulation to the cells in tissues and organs. The ECM is composed of a complex network of proteins, glycoproteins, and carbohydrates that are secreted by the cells and deposited outside of them.

ECM proteins can be classified into several categories based on their structure and function, including:

1. Collagens: These are the most abundant ECM proteins and provide strength and stability to tissues. They form fibrils that can withstand high tensile forces.
2. Proteoglycans: These are complex molecules made up of a core protein and one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. The GAG chains attract water, making proteoglycans important for maintaining tissue hydration and resilience.
3. Elastin: This is an elastic protein that allows tissues to stretch and recoil, such as in the lungs and blood vessels.
4. Fibronectins: These are large glycoproteins that bind to cells and ECM components, providing adhesion, migration, and signaling functions.
5. Laminins: These are large proteins found in basement membranes, which provide structural support for epithelial and endothelial cells.
6. Tenascins: These are large glycoproteins that modulate cell adhesion and migration, and regulate ECM assembly and remodeling.

Together, these ECM proteins create a microenvironment that influences cell behavior, differentiation, and function. Dysregulation of ECM proteins has been implicated in various diseases, including fibrosis, cancer, and degenerative disorders.

A growth plate, also known as an epiphyseal plate or physis, is a layer of cartilaginous tissue found near the ends of long bones in children and adolescents. This region is responsible for the longitudinal growth of bones during development. The growth plate contains actively dividing cells that differentiate into chondrocytes, which produce and deposit new matrix, leading to bone elongation. Once growth is complete, usually in late adolescence or early adulthood, the growth plates ossify (harden) and are replaced by solid bone, transforming into the epiphyseal line.

A cartilage fracture is not a common injury because cartilage itself does not have bones, and it is difficult to fracture something that is not hard. However, there are situations where the term "cartilage fracture" can be used. One such situation is when the articular cartilage, which covers the ends of bones in joints, gets damaged or injured. This type of injury is also known as a chondral fracture or osteochondral fracture (if the bone beneath the cartilage is also involved). These injuries can occur due to trauma, such as a fall or a direct blow to the joint, and can cause pain, swelling, and limited mobility in the affected joint.

Collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body, and it is a major component of connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, skin, and bones. Collagen provides structure and strength to these tissues and helps them to withstand stretching and tension. It is made up of long chains of amino acids, primarily glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which are arranged in a triple helix structure. There are at least 16 different types of collagen found in the body, each with slightly different structures and functions. Collagen is important for maintaining the integrity and health of tissues throughout the body, and it has been studied for its potential therapeutic uses in various medical conditions.

The term "stifle" is commonly used in veterinary medicine to refer to the joint in the leg of animals, specifically the knee joint in quadrupeds such as dogs and horses. In human anatomy, this joint is called the patellofemoral joint or knee joint. The stifle is a complex joint made up of several bones, including the femur, tibia, and patella (kneecap), as well as various ligaments, tendons, and cartilage that provide stability and support. Injuries or diseases affecting the stifle can cause lameness, pain, and decreased mobility in animals.

The patella, also known as the kneecap, is a sesamoid bone located at the front of the knee joint. It is embedded in the tendon of the quadriceps muscle and serves to protect the knee joint and increase the leverage of the extensor mechanism, allowing for greater extension force of the lower leg. The patella moves within a groove on the femur called the trochlea during flexion and extension of the knee.

The tibia, also known as the shin bone, is the larger of the two bones in the lower leg and part of the knee joint. It supports most of the body's weight and is a major insertion point for muscles that flex the foot and bend the leg. The tibia articulates with the femur at the knee joint and with the fibula and talus bone at the ankle joint. Injuries to the tibia, such as fractures, are common in sports and other activities that put stress on the lower leg.

The femur is the medical term for the thigh bone, which is the longest and strongest bone in the human body. It connects the hip bone to the knee joint and plays a crucial role in supporting the weight of the body and allowing movement during activities such as walking, running, and jumping. The femur is composed of a rounded head, a long shaft, and two condyles at the lower end that articulate with the tibia and patella to form the knee joint.

The menisci are crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structures located in the knee joint. There are two menisci in each knee: the medial meniscus and the lateral meniscus. The tibial menisci, also known as the medial and lateral menisci, are named according to their location in the knee joint. They lie on the top surface of the tibia (shin bone) and provide shock absorption, stability, and lubrication to the knee joint.

The tibial menisci have a complex shape, with a wider outer portion called the peripheral rim and a narrower inner portion called the central portion or root attachment. The menisci are attached to the bones of the knee joint by ligaments and have a rich blood supply in their outer portions, which helps in healing after injury. However, the inner two-thirds of the menisci have a poor blood supply, making them more prone to degeneration and less likely to heal after injury.

Damage to the tibial menisci can occur due to trauma or degenerative changes, leading to symptoms such as pain, swelling, stiffness, and limited mobility of the knee joint. Treatment for meniscal injuries may include physical therapy, bracing, or surgery, depending on the severity and location of the injury.

The nasal septum is the thin, flat wall of bone and cartilage that separates the two sides (nostrils) of the nose. Its primary function is to support the structures of the nose, divide the nostrils, and regulate airflow into the nasal passages. The nasal septum should be relatively centered, but it's not uncommon for a deviated septum to occur, where the septum is displaced to one side, which can sometimes cause blockage or breathing difficulties in the more affected nostril.

The epiphyses are the rounded ends of long bones in the body, which articulate with other bones to form joints. They are separated from the main shaft of the bone (diaphysis) by a growth plate called the physis or epiphyseal plate. The epiphyses are made up of spongy bone and covered with articular cartilage, which allows for smooth movement between bones. During growth, the epiphyseal plates produce new bone cells that cause the bone to lengthen until they eventually fuse during adulthood, at which point growth stops.

The arytenoid cartilages are paired, irregularly shaped pieces of elastic cartilage located in the larynx (voice box) of mammals. They play a crucial role in the process of vocalization and breathing.

Each arytenoid cartilage has a body and two projections: the vocal process, which provides attachment for the vocal cord, and the muscular process, which serves as an attachment site for various intrinsic laryngeal muscles. The arytenoid cartilages are connected to the cricoid cartilage below by the synovial cricoarytenoid joints, allowing for their movement during respiration and phonation.

These cartilages help in adjusting the tension of the vocal cords and controlling the opening and closing of the rima glottidis (the space between the vocal cords), which is essential for breathing, swallowing, and producing sounds. Any abnormalities or injuries to the arytenoid cartilages may result in voice disturbances or respiratory difficulties.

The cricoid cartilage is a ring-like piece of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx, or voice box. It is located in the front portion of the neck, and lies just below the thyroid cartilage, which is the largest cartilage in the larynx and forms the Adam's apple.

The cricoid cartilage serves as a attachment site for several important structures in the neck, including the vocal cords and the trachea (windpipe). It plays an important role in protecting the airway during swallowing by providing a stable platform against which the food pipe (esophagus) can open and close.

In medical procedures such as rapid sequence intubation, the cricoid cartilage may be pressed downward to compress the esophagus and help prevent stomach contents from entering the airway during intubation. This maneuver is known as the "cricoid pressure" or "Sellick's maneuver."

"Cattle" is a term used in the agricultural and veterinary fields to refer to domesticated animals of the genus *Bos*, primarily *Bos taurus* (European cattle) and *Bos indicus* (Zebu). These animals are often raised for meat, milk, leather, and labor. They are also known as bovines or cows (for females), bulls (intact males), and steers/bullocks (castrated males). However, in a strict medical definition, "cattle" does not apply to humans or other animals.

Thyroid cartilage is the largest and most superior of the laryngeal cartilages, forming the front and greater part of the larynx, also known as the "Adam's apple" in humans. It serves to protect the vocal cords and provides attachment for various muscles involved in voice production. The thyroid cartilage consists of two laminae that join in front at an angle, creating a noticeable prominence in the anterior neck. This structure is crucial in speech formation and swallowing functions.

Osteochondritis is a joint condition where a piece of cartilage or bone in the joint separates from its attachment due to a lack of blood supply. This can cause pain, stiffness, and potentially restricted movement in the affected joint. It often occurs in weight-bearing joints like the knee or ankle, and is more common in children and adolescents. The separated piece may sometimes float around in the joint space, causing further damage to the cartilage and bone. If left untreated, it can lead to long-term joint problems. Also known as osteochondrosis or osteochondritis dissecans.

Medical Definition:

Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13), also known as collagenase 3, is an enzyme belonging to the family of Matrix Metalloproteinases. These enzymes are involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix components, playing crucial roles in various physiological and pathological processes such as tissue remodeling, wound healing, and cancer progression.

MMP-13 has a specific affinity for cleaving type II collagen, one of the major structural proteins found in articular cartilage. It is also capable of degrading other extracellular matrix components like proteoglycans, elastin, and gelatin. This enzyme is primarily produced by chondrocytes, synovial fibroblasts, and osteoblasts.

Increased expression and activity of MMP-13 have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, most notably osteoarthritis (OA) and cancer. In OA, overexpression of MMP-13 leads to excessive degradation of articular cartilage, contributing to joint damage and degeneration. In cancer, MMP-13 facilitates tumor cell invasion and metastasis by breaking down the surrounding extracellular matrix.

Regulation of MMP-13 activity is essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis and preventing disease progression. Various therapeutic strategies aiming to inhibit MMP-13 activity are being explored as potential treatments for osteoarthritis and cancer.

"Weight-bearing" is a term used in the medical field to describe the ability of a body part or limb to support the weight or pressure exerted upon it, typically while standing, walking, or performing other physical activities. In a clinical setting, healthcare professionals often use the term "weight-bearing exercise" to refer to physical activities that involve supporting one's own body weight, such as walking, jogging, or climbing stairs. These exercises can help improve bone density, muscle strength, and overall physical function, particularly in individuals with conditions affecting the bones, joints, or muscles.

In addition, "weight-bearing" is also used to describe the positioning of a body part during medical imaging studies, such as X-rays or MRIs. For example, a weight-bearing X-ray of the foot or ankle involves taking an image while the patient stands on the affected limb, allowing healthcare providers to assess any alignment or stability issues that may not be apparent in a non-weight-bearing position.

A joint is the location at which two or more bones make contact. They are constructed to allow movement and provide support and stability to the body during motion. Joints can be classified in several ways, including structure, function, and the type of tissue that forms them. The three main types of joints based on structure are fibrous (or fixed), cartilaginous, and synovial (or diarthrosis). Fibrous joints do not have a cavity and have limited movement, while cartilaginous joints allow for some movement and are connected by cartilage. Synovial joints, the most common and most movable type, have a space between the articular surfaces containing synovial fluid, which reduces friction and wear. Examples of synovial joints include hinge, pivot, ball-and-socket, saddle, and condyloid joints.

Tissue engineering is a branch of biomedical engineering that combines the principles of engineering, materials science, and biological sciences to develop functional substitutes for damaged or diseased tissues and organs. It involves the creation of living, three-dimensional structures that can restore, maintain, or improve tissue function. This is typically accomplished through the use of cells, scaffolds (biodegradable matrices), and biologically active molecules. The goal of tissue engineering is to develop biological substitutes that can ultimately restore normal function and structure in damaged tissues or organs.

Compressive strength is a measure of the maximum compressive load that a material or structure can withstand before failure or deformation. It is typically expressed in units of pressure, such as pounds per square inch (psi) or megapascals (MPa). Compressive strength is an important property in the design and analysis of structures and materials, as it helps to ensure their safety and durability under compressive loads.

In medical terminology, compressive strength may refer to the ability of biological tissues, such as bone or cartilage, to withstand compressive forces without deforming or failing. For example, osteoporosis is a condition characterized by reduced bone density and compressive strength, which can increase the risk of fractures in affected individuals. Similarly, degenerative changes in articular cartilage can lead to decreased compressive strength and joint pain or stiffness.

"Bone" is the hard, dense connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrate animals. It provides support and protection for the body's internal organs, and serves as a attachment site for muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Bone is composed of cells called osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are responsible for bone formation and resorption, respectively, and an extracellular matrix made up of collagen fibers and mineral crystals.

Bones can be classified into two main types: compact bone and spongy bone. Compact bone is dense and hard, and makes up the outer layer of all bones and the shafts of long bones. Spongy bone is less dense and contains large spaces, and makes up the ends of long bones and the interior of flat and irregular bones.

The human body has 206 bones in total. They can be further classified into five categories based on their shape: long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones.

Hyaluronic acid is a glycosaminoglycan, a type of complex carbohydrate, that is naturally found in the human body. It is most abundant in the extracellular matrix of soft connective tissues, including the skin, eyes, and joints. Hyaluronic acid is known for its remarkable capacity to retain water, which helps maintain tissue hydration, lubrication, and elasticity. Its functions include providing structural support, promoting wound healing, and regulating cell growth and differentiation. In the medical field, hyaluronic acid is often used in various forms as a therapeutic agent for conditions like osteoarthritis, dry eye syndrome, and skin rejuvenation.

The femoral head is the rounded, ball-like top portion of the femur (thigh bone) that fits into the hip socket (acetabulum) to form the hip joint. It has a smooth, articular cartilage surface that allows for smooth and stable articulation with the pelvis. The femoral head is connected to the femoral neck, which is a narrower section of bone that angles downward and leads into the shaft of the femur. Together, the femoral head and neck provide stability and range of motion to the hip joint.

The synovial membrane, also known as the synovium, is the soft tissue that lines the inner surface of the capsule of a synovial joint, which is a type of joint that allows for smooth movement between bones. This membrane secretes synovial fluid, a viscous substance that lubricates and nourishes the cartilage and helps to reduce friction within the joint during movement.

The synovial membrane has a highly specialized structure, consisting of two layers: the intima and the subintima. The intima is a thin layer of cells that are in direct contact with the synovial fluid, while the subintima is a more fibrous layer that contains blood vessels and nerves.

The main function of the synovial membrane is to produce and regulate the production of synovial fluid, as well as to provide nutrients to the articular cartilage. It also plays a role in the immune response within the joint, helping to protect against infection and inflammation. However, abnormalities in the synovial membrane can lead to conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, where the membrane becomes inflamed and produces excess synovial fluid, leading to pain, swelling, and joint damage.

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex network of biomolecules that provides structural and biochemical support to cells in tissues and organs. It is composed of various proteins, glycoproteins, and polysaccharides, such as collagens, elastin, fibronectin, laminin, and proteoglycans. The ECM plays crucial roles in maintaining tissue architecture, regulating cell behavior, and facilitating communication between cells. It provides a scaffold for cell attachment, migration, and differentiation, and helps to maintain the structural integrity of tissues by resisting mechanical stresses. Additionally, the ECM contains various growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines that can influence cellular processes such as proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Overall, the extracellular matrix is essential for the normal functioning of tissues and organs, and its dysregulation can contribute to various pathological conditions, including fibrosis, cancer, and degenerative diseases.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

Synovial fluid is a viscous, clear, and straw-colored fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints, bursae, and tendon sheaths. It is produced by the synovial membrane, which lines the inner surface of the capsule surrounding these structures.

The primary function of synovial fluid is to reduce friction between articulating surfaces, providing lubrication for smooth and painless movement. It also acts as a shock absorber, protecting the joints from external forces during physical activities. Synovial fluid contains nutrients that nourish the articular cartilage, hyaluronic acid, which provides its viscoelastic properties, and lubricin, a protein responsible for boundary lubrication.

Abnormalities in synovial fluid composition or volume can indicate joint-related disorders, such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, infection, or trauma. Analysis of synovial fluid is often used diagnostically to determine the underlying cause of joint pain, inflammation, or dysfunction.

Mechanical stress, in the context of physiology and medicine, refers to any type of force that is applied to body tissues or organs, which can cause deformation or displacement of those structures. Mechanical stress can be either external, such as forces exerted on the body during physical activity or trauma, or internal, such as the pressure changes that occur within blood vessels or other hollow organs.

Mechanical stress can have a variety of effects on the body, depending on the type, duration, and magnitude of the force applied. For example, prolonged exposure to mechanical stress can lead to tissue damage, inflammation, and chronic pain. Additionally, abnormal or excessive mechanical stress can contribute to the development of various musculoskeletal disorders, such as tendinitis, osteoarthritis, and herniated discs.

In order to mitigate the negative effects of mechanical stress, the body has a number of adaptive responses that help to distribute forces more evenly across tissues and maintain structural integrity. These responses include changes in muscle tone, joint positioning, and connective tissue stiffness, as well as the remodeling of bone and other tissues over time. However, when these adaptive mechanisms are overwhelmed or impaired, mechanical stress can become a significant factor in the development of various pathological conditions.

Chondroitin sulfates are a type of complex carbohydrate molecules known as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). They are a major component of cartilage, the tissue that cushions and protects the ends of bones in joints. Chondroitin sulfates are composed of repeating disaccharide units made up of glucuronic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine, which can be sulfated at various positions.

Chondroitin sulfates play a crucial role in the biomechanical properties of cartilage by attracting water and maintaining the resiliency and elasticity of the tissue. They also interact with other molecules in the extracellular matrix, such as collagen and proteoglycans, to form a complex network that provides structural support and regulates cell behavior.

Chondroitin sulfates have been studied for their potential therapeutic benefits in osteoarthritis, a degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage. Supplementation with chondroitin sulfate has been shown to reduce pain and improve joint function in some studies, although the evidence is not consistent across all trials. The mechanism of action is thought to involve inhibition of enzymes that break down cartilage, as well as stimulation of cartilage repair and synthesis.

Biomechanics is the application of mechanical laws to living structures and systems, particularly in the field of medicine and healthcare. A biomechanical phenomenon refers to a observable event or occurrence that involves the interaction of biological tissues or systems with mechanical forces. These phenomena can be studied at various levels, from the molecular and cellular level to the tissue, organ, and whole-body level.

Examples of biomechanical phenomena include:

1. The way that bones and muscles work together to produce movement (known as joint kinematics).
2. The mechanical behavior of biological tissues such as bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments under various loads and stresses.
3. The response of cells and tissues to mechanical stimuli, such as the way that bone tissue adapts to changes in loading conditions (known as Wolff's law).
4. The biomechanics of injury and disease processes, such as the mechanisms of joint injury or the development of osteoarthritis.
5. The use of mechanical devices and interventions to treat medical conditions, such as orthopedic implants or assistive devices for mobility impairments.

Understanding biomechanical phenomena is essential for developing effective treatments and prevention strategies for a wide range of medical conditions, from musculoskeletal injuries to neurological disorders.

Knee injuries refer to damages or harm caused to the structures surrounding or within the knee joint, which may include the bones (femur, tibia, and patella), cartilage (meniscus and articular cartilage), ligaments (ACL, PCL, MCL, and LCL), tendons (patellar and quadriceps), muscles, bursae, and other soft tissues. These injuries can result from various causes, such as trauma, overuse, degeneration, or sports-related activities. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, stiffness, instability, reduced range of motion, and difficulty walking or bearing weight on the affected knee. Common knee injuries include fractures, dislocations, meniscal tears, ligament sprains or ruptures, and tendonitis. Proper diagnosis and treatment are crucial to ensure optimal recovery and prevent long-term complications.

The mandibular condyle is a part of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in the human body. It is a rounded eminence at the end of the mandible (lower jawbone) that articulates with the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone in the skull, allowing for movements such as opening and closing the mouth, chewing, speaking, and swallowing. The mandibular condyle has both a fibrocartilaginous articular surface and a synovial joint capsule surrounding it, which provides protection and lubrication during these movements.

Experimental arthritis refers to the induction of joint inflammation in animal models for the purpose of studying the disease process and testing potential treatments. This is typically achieved through the use of various methods such as injecting certain chemicals or proteins into the joints, genetically modifying animals to develop arthritis-like symptoms, or immunizing animals to induce an autoimmune response against their own joint tissues. These models are crucial for advancing our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of arthritis and for developing new therapies to treat this debilitating disease.

In medical terms, lubrication refers to the application of a slippery substance or fluid to reduce friction and facilitate smooth movement between two surfaces. This is particularly relevant in the context of human anatomy, where lubrication plays a crucial role in various bodily functions. For instance, the mucous membranes that line body cavities such as the mouth, vagina, and rectum secrete fluids to provide lubrication for easy movement of tissues and foreign substances (like food or during sexual intercourse). Similarly, synovial fluid, a viscous substance found in joints, provides lubrication that enables smooth articulation between bones. Artificial lubricants may also be used in medical procedures to facilitate the insertion and movement of medical devices such as catheters or endoscopes.

SOX9 (SRY-related HMG-box gene 9) is a transcription factor that belongs to the SOX family of proteins, which are characterized by a high mobility group (HMG) box DNA-binding domain. SOX9 plays crucial roles in various developmental processes, including sex determination, chondrogenesis, and neurogenesis.

As a transcription factor, SOX9 binds to specific DNA sequences in the promoter or enhancer regions of its target genes and regulates their expression. In the context of sex determination, SOX9 is essential for the development of Sertoli cells in the male gonad, which are responsible for supporting sperm production. SOX9 also plays a role in maintaining the undifferentiated state of stem cells and promoting cell differentiation in various tissues.

Mutations in the SOX9 gene have been associated with several human genetic disorders, including campomelic dysplasia, a severe skeletal disorder characterized by bowed legs, and sex reversal in individuals with XY chromosomes.

Procollagen N-Endopeptidase, also known as ADAMTS2 (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 2), is an enzyme involved in the processing and maturation of procollagens. Specifically, it cleaves off the N-terminal extension peptides from procollagen types I, II, and III, allowing for the formation of stable collagen fibrils. Mutations in the ADAMTS2 gene can lead to various connective tissue disorders, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and dermatosparaxis type of cutis laxa.

Uronic acids are a type of organic compound that are carboxylic acids derived from sugars (carbohydrates). They are formed by the oxidation of the primary alcohol group (-CH2OH) on a pentose sugar, resulting in a carboxyl group (-COOH) at that position.

The most common uronic acid is glucuronic acid, which is derived from glucose. Other examples include galacturonic acid (derived from galactose), iduronic acid (derived from glucose or galactose), and mannuronic acid (derived from mannose).

Uronic acids play important roles in various biological processes, such as the formation of complex carbohydrates like glycosaminoglycans, which are major components of connective tissues. They also serve as important intermediates in the metabolism of sugars and other carbohydrates.

The Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) is a major stabilizing ligament in the knee. It is one of the four strong bands of tissue that connect the bones of the knee joint together. The ACL runs diagonally through the middle of the knee and helps to control the back and forth motion of the knee, as well as provide stability to the knee joint. Injuries to the ACL often occur during sports or physical activities that involve sudden stops, changes in direction, or awkward landings.

Arthroplasty is a surgical procedure to restore the function or relieve pain in a joint. Subchondral arthroplasty specifically refers to a type of arthroplasty that involves the removal and replacement of damaged or diseased subchondral bone, which is the layer of bone directly beneath the articular cartilage in a joint.

In this procedure, the surgeon removes the damaged or necrotic subchondral bone and replaces it with a graft or synthetic material to restore the smooth, cushioned surface of the joint. This can help to relieve pain, improve mobility, and prevent further degeneration of the joint.

Subchondral arthroplasty may be recommended for patients with advanced osteoarthritis, avascular necrosis, or other conditions that affect the subchondral bone. It is typically considered as a last resort when other treatments have failed to provide adequate relief.

Matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3), also known as stromelysin-1, is a member of the matrix metalloproteinase family. These are a group of enzymes involved in the degradation of the extracellular matrix, the network of proteins and other molecules that provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells. MMP-3 is secreted by various cell types, including fibroblasts, synovial cells, and chondrocytes, in response to inflammatory cytokines.

MMP-3 has the ability to degrade several extracellular matrix components, such as proteoglycans, laminin, fibronectin, and various types of collagen. It also plays a role in processing and activating other MMPs, thereby contributing to the overall breakdown of the extracellular matrix. This activity is crucial during processes like tissue remodeling, wound healing, and embryonic development; however, uncontrolled or excessive MMP-3 activation can lead to pathological conditions, including arthritis, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases.

In summary, Matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3) is a proteolytic enzyme involved in the degradation of the extracellular matrix and the activation of other MMPs. Its dysregulation has been implicated in several diseases.

"Cells, cultured" is a medical term that refers to cells that have been removed from an organism and grown in controlled laboratory conditions outside of the body. This process is called cell culture and it allows scientists to study cells in a more controlled and accessible environment than they would have inside the body. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including tissues, organs, or fluids from humans, animals, or cell lines that have been previously established in the laboratory.

Cell culture involves several steps, including isolation of the cells from the tissue, purification and characterization of the cells, and maintenance of the cells in appropriate growth conditions. The cells are typically grown in specialized media that contain nutrients, growth factors, and other components necessary for their survival and proliferation. Cultured cells can be used for a variety of purposes, including basic research, drug development and testing, and production of biological products such as vaccines and gene therapies.

It is important to note that cultured cells may behave differently than they do in the body, and results obtained from cell culture studies may not always translate directly to human physiology or disease. Therefore, it is essential to validate findings from cell culture experiments using additional models and ultimately in clinical trials involving human subjects.

Polarized light microscopy is a type of microscopy that uses polarized light to enhance contrast and reveal unique optical properties in specimens. In this technique, a polarizing filter is placed under the light source, which polarizes the light as it passes through. The specimen is then illuminated with this linearly polarized light. As the light travels through the specimen, its plane of polarization may be altered due to birefringence, a property of certain materials that causes the light to split into two separate rays with different refractive indices.

A second polarizing filter, called an analyzer, is placed in the light path between the objective and the eyepiece. The orientation of this filter can be adjusted to either allow or block the transmission of light through the microscope. When the polarizer and analyzer are aligned perpendicularly, no light will pass through if the specimen does not exhibit birefringence. However, if the specimen has birefringent properties, it will cause the plane of polarization to rotate, allowing some light to pass through the analyzer and create a contrasting image.

Polarized light microscopy is particularly useful for observing structures in minerals, crystals, and certain biological materials like collagen fibers, muscle proteins, and starch granules. It can also be used to study stress patterns in plastics and other synthetic materials.

Tissue culture techniques refer to the methods used to maintain and grow cells, tissues or organs from multicellular organisms in an artificial environment outside of the living body, called an in vitro culture. These techniques are widely used in various fields such as biology, medicine, and agriculture for research, diagnostics, and therapeutic purposes.

The basic components of tissue culture include a sterile growth medium that contains nutrients, growth factors, and other essential components to support the growth of cells or tissues. The growth medium is often supplemented with antibiotics to prevent contamination by microorganisms. The cells or tissues are cultured in specialized containers called culture vessels, which can be plates, flasks, or dishes, depending on the type and scale of the culture.

There are several types of tissue culture techniques, including:

1. Monolayer Culture: In this technique, cells are grown as a single layer on a flat surface, allowing for easy observation and manipulation of individual cells.
2. Organoid Culture: This method involves growing three-dimensional structures that resemble the organization and function of an organ in vivo.
3. Co-culture: In co-culture, two or more cell types are grown together to study their interactions and communication.
4. Explant Culture: In this technique, small pieces of tissue are cultured to maintain the original structure and organization of the cells within the tissue.
5. Primary Culture: This refers to the initial culture of cells directly isolated from a living organism. These cells can be further subcultured to generate immortalized cell lines.

Tissue culture techniques have numerous applications, such as studying cell behavior, drug development and testing, gene therapy, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine.

Intra-articular injections refer to the administration of medication directly into a joint space. This route of administration is used for treating various joint conditions such as inflammation, pain, and arthritis. Commonly injected medications include corticosteroids, local anesthetics, and viscosupplementation agents. The procedure is usually performed using imaging guidance, like ultrasound or fluoroscopy, to ensure accurate placement of the medication within the joint.

Collagen type IX is a type of collagen that is found in the extracellular matrix, particularly in the cartilage and vitreous humor of the eye. It is a heterotrimeric protein made up of three alpha chains (alpha1, alpha2, and alpha3), which are encoded by different genes (COL9A1, COL9A2, and COL9A3). Collagen type IX is thought to play a role in the organization and stability of collagen fibrils, as well as in the interaction between collagen and other extracellular matrix components. It has been implicated in various connective tissue disorders, such as Stickler syndrome and Marshall syndrome.

In medical terms, ribs are the long, curved bones that make up the ribcage in the human body. They articulate with the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly and connect to the sternum anteriorly via costal cartilages. There are 12 pairs of ribs in total, and they play a crucial role in protecting the lungs and heart, allowing room for expansion and contraction during breathing. Ribs also provide attachment points for various muscles involved in respiration and posture.

Chondroitin is a type of molecule known as a glycosaminoglycan, which is found in the connective tissues of the body, including cartilage. It is a major component of proteoglycans, which are complex molecules that provide structural support and help retain water within the cartilage, allowing it to function as a cushion between joints.

Chondroitin sulfate, a form of chondroitin, is commonly used in dietary supplements for osteoarthritis, a condition characterized by the breakdown of cartilage in joints. The idea behind using chondroitin sulfate as a treatment for osteoarthritis is that it may help to rebuild damaged cartilage and reduce inflammation in the affected joints. However, research on the effectiveness of chondroitin sulfate for osteoarthritis has had mixed results, with some studies showing modest benefits while others have found no significant effects.

It's important to note that dietary supplements containing chondroitin are not regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the same way that drugs are, so the quality and purity of these products can vary widely. As with any supplement, it's a good idea to talk to your doctor before starting to take chondroitin, especially if you have any medical conditions or are taking other medications.

Collagenases are a group of enzymes that have the ability to break down collagen, which is a structural protein found in connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, and skin. Collagen is an important component of the extracellular matrix, providing strength and support to tissues throughout the body.

Collagenases are produced by various organisms, including bacteria, animals, and humans. In humans, collagenases play a crucial role in normal tissue remodeling and repair processes, such as wound healing and bone resorption. However, excessive or uncontrolled activity of collagenases can contribute to the development of various diseases, including arthritis, periodontitis, and cancer metastasis.

Bacterial collagenases are often used in research and medical applications for their ability to digest collagen quickly and efficiently. For example, they may be used to study the structure and function of collagen or to isolate cells from tissues. However, the clinical use of bacterial collagenases is limited due to concerns about their potential to cause tissue damage and inflammation.

Overall, collagenases are important enzymes that play a critical role in maintaining the health and integrity of connective tissues throughout the body.

Krishnan, Yamini; Grodzinsky, Alan J. (2018). "Cartilage Diseases". Matrix Biology. 71-72: 51-69. doi:10.1016/j.matbio.2018.05. ... septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal cartilage, major alar cartilage (greater alar cartilage, or cartilage of the aperture), ... or accessory cartilage), and vomeronasal cartilage (Jacobson's cartilage). The nasal cartilages associate with other cartilage ... Like the septal nasal cartilage, the lateral nasal cartilage is composed of hyaline cartilage. Hyaline cartilage provides form ...
Some common diseases that affect the cartilage are listed below. Osteoarthritis: Osteoarthritis is a disease of the whole joint ... Several diseases can affect cartilage. Chondrodystrophies are a group of diseases, characterized by the disturbance of growth ... Other type of cartilage found in Limulus polyphemus is the endosternite cartilage, a fibrous-hyaline cartilage with ... The cartilage covering bones (articular cartilage-a subset of hyaline cartilage) is thinned, eventually completely wearing away ...
Hunter W. On the structure and diseases of articulating cartilages. Trans R Soc Lond 1743;42B:514-21[full citation needed] " ... Since articular cartilage does not have a blood supply and chondrocytes (cells in articular cartilage) have limited mobility, ... Though articular cartilage damage is not life-threatening, it does strongly affect one's quality of life. Articular cartilage ... Articular cartilage damage may also be found in the shoulder causing pain, discomfort and limited movement. Cartilage ...
... refers to a disease of the cartilage. It is frequently divided into 5 grades, with 0-2 defined as normal and 3-4 ... Cartilage tumors Costochondritis: Inflammation of cartilage in the ribs, causing chest pain. Osteoarthritis: The cartilage ... Though articular cartilage damage is not life-threatening, it does strongly affect the quality of life. Articular cartilage ... Relapsing polychondritis: a destruction, probably autoimmune, of cartilage, especially of the nose and ears, causing ...
... can also present as part of multi system disorders, such as: Bardet-Biedl syndrome Cartilage-hair ... "Hirschsprung's disease". Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) - an NCATS Program. 2017. Archived from the ... "Hirschsprung's disease". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 30 January 2023. Heuckeroth RO (March 2018). "Hirschsprung disease - ... "Definition & Facts for Hirschsprung Disease - NIDDK". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. ...
... disease of the cartilage) A bone disease is also called an "osteopathy", but because the term osteopathy is often used to ... Osteochondropathy refers to a disease ("-pathy") of the bone and cartilage. However, it is more common to refer to these ...
June 2 - British surgeon William Hunter presents his paper "Of the structure and diseases of articulating cartilages". Copley ... Hunter, William (1743). "Of the Structure and Diseases of Articulating Cartilages". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal ...
In 1743 he published the paper On the structure and diseases of articulating cartilages - which is often cited - especially the ... Hunter, William (1743). "Of the structure and diseases of articulating cartilages". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal ... that an ulcerated Cartilage is universally allowed to be a very troublesome Disease; that it admits of a Cure with more ... Dunn PM (January 1999). "Dr William Hunter (1718-83) and the gravid uterus". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 80 (1): F76-7. ...
"Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein level in rheumatic diseases: potential use as a marker for measuring articular cartilage ... Differences between rapid and slow progression of disease identified by serum markers of cartilage metabolism". The Journal of ... Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), also known as thrombospondin-5, is an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein primarily ... Månsson B, Carey D, Alini M, Ionescu M, Rosenberg LC, Poole AR, Heinegård D, Saxne T (Mar 1995). "Cartilage and bone metabolism ...
Cocaine may also increase risk for autoimmune disease and damage nasal cartilage. Abuse of methamphetamine produces similar ... Moderate coffee consumption may decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease, and it may somewhat reduce the risk of type 2 ... Trozak D, Gould W (1984). "Cocaine abuse and connective tissue disease". J Am Acad Dermatol. 10 (3): 525. doi:10.1016/S0190- ... Muriel P, Arauz J (2010). "Coffee and liver diseases". Fitoterapia. 81 (5): 297-305. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2009.10.003. PMID ...
"Mutations in the RNA component of RNase MRP cause a pleiotropic human disease, cartilage-hair hypoplasia". Cell. 104 (2): 195- ... Cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH) is a rare genetic disorder. Symptoms may include short-limbed dwarfism due to skeletal ... Bonafé L, Schmitt K, Eich G, Giedion A, Superti-Furga A (February 2002). "RMRP gene sequence analysis confirms a cartilage-hair ... Martin AN, Li Y (2007). "RNase MRP RNA and human genetic diseases". Cell Research. 17 (3): 219-26. doi:10.1038/sj.cr.7310120. ...
Centeno CJ, Busse D, Kisiday J, Keohan C, Freeman M (2008). "Increased knee cartilage volume in degenerative joint disease ... "Increased knee cartilage volume in degenerative joint disease using percutaneously implanted, autologous mesenchymal stem cells ... histologically confirmed hyaline cartilage regrowth. Researchers evaluated the quality of the repaired knee cartilage after ... This study proved that the colony-forming units of bone marrow-derived stem cells were able to form cartilage once they were ...
Because Sulfs were important in normal chondrogenesis, they were investigated in cartilage diseases. Expression patterns of ... Because of this role, Sulfs may have a direct role in diseases such as muscular dystrophy. QSulf1 was used as a tool to either ... Zhao W, Sala-Newby GB, Dhoot GK (December 2006). "Sulf1 expression pattern and its role in cartilage and joint development". ... Additionally, this emphasizes how small changes in HS sulfation patterns have major impacts in health and disease. The first ...
Hunter W (1743) "On the structure and diseases of articulating cartilages." Trans R Soc Lond 42B:514-21 Pridie K (1959) A ... Karli D Increased knee cartilage volume in degenerative joint disease using percutaneously implanted, autologous mesenchymal ... Michael Freeman Increased knee cartilage volume in degenerative joint disease using percutaneously implanted, autologous ... a cell-based articular cartilage repair procedure that aims to provide complete hyaline repair tissues for articular cartilage ...
Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease where the body attacks its own cartilage and destroys it. In each of these cases, cartilage ... has damaged or worn out cartilage. Normally the ends of the bone are covered with hyaline articular cartilage, a surface so ... glucosamine sulfate is an effective preserver of cartilage. Another way to prevent the further loss of cartilage would be to ... In arthritis, this cartilage is progressively lost, exposing the bone beneath. Shoulder arthritis is characterized by pain, ...
"Increased knee cartilage volume in degenerative joint disease using percutaneously implanted, autologous mesenchymal stem cells ... The main functions of adult stem cells are to replace cells that are at risk of possibly dying as a result of disease or injury ... Wakitani S, Nawata M, Tensho K, Okabe T, Machida H, Ohgushi H (January 2007). "Repair of articular cartilage defects in the ... Centeno CJ, Busse D, Kisiday J, Keohan C, Freeman M, Karli D (December 2008). "Regeneration of meniscus cartilage in a knee ...
... in both healthy cartilage and arthritic diseases. Her work focuses on the structure and function of the cartilage molecules, ... Her studies on cartilage biology and arthritic diseases will identify new target molecules and/or activities, for the ... She and her team have generated unique mice for evaluating cartilage damage in arthritic disease. Her work showing that ADAMTS- ... of Australia who has an established career researching arthritis and cartilage biology in health and disease. She is professor ...
"Increased knee cartilage volume in degenerative joint disease using percutaneously implanted, autologous mesenchymal stem cells ... They can develop into various tissue types including skin, cartilage, cardiac tissue, nerves, muscle, and bone. The cells also ... Mahla RS (2016). "Stem cells application in regenerative medicine and disease threpeutics". International Journal of Cell ... where the cells prolonged survival of the animals by slowing down the progression of the disease. The same effect was observed ...
"Mutations in the RNA component of RNase MRP cause a pleiotropic human disease, cartilage-hair hypoplasia". Cell. 104 (2): 195- ... The RMRP gene is untranslated, i.e., it encodes an RNA not a protein.[supplied by OMIM] It is associated with cartilage-hair ... Hermanns P, Tran A, Munivez E, Carter S, Zabel B, Lee B, Leroy JG (October 2006). "RMRP mutations in cartilage-hair hypoplasia ... Bonafé L, Schmitt K, Eich G, Giedion A, Superti-Furga A (February 2002). "RMRP gene sequence analysis confirms a cartilage-hair ...
Osteochondrosis is a disease that affects the bone and cartilage in the joints of growing horses. The joints most commonly ... Osteochondrosis lesions include tiny fractures, fluid buildup, loose flaps of cartilage, or chips of cartilage loose within the ... The last lesion is called osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD), and can develop further into degenerative joint disease, such as ... Osteochondrosis can also contribute to navicular syndrome and Wobbler disease. Because most horses, especially Hanoverians, ...
... is linked to mutations in the RNA component of RNase MRP, which causes pleiotropic human disease cartilage-hair ... 26 January 2001). "Mutations in the RNA component of RNase MRP cause a pleiotropic human disease, cartilage-hair hypoplasia". ... FAM221B has two consistent non-synonymous amino acid variations associated with the disease. In acute lymphoblastic leukemia ...
Mutations in the RNA component of RNase MRP cause cartilage-hair hypoplasia, a pleiotropic human disease. Responsible for this ... Mutations in the RNA component of RNase MRP cause cartilage-hair hypoplasia(CHH), a pleiotropic human disease. Two categories ... These two diseases do differ in that MDWH lacks immunodeficiency and other skeletal features found in CHH patients. AD is an ... RMRP was the first non-coding nuclear RNA gene found to cause disease. RNase MRP and its role in pre-rRNA processing has been ...
Osteochondrodysplasia, a disorder related to the development of bone and cartilage, can also cause this disease.[citation ... such as in the case of elderly patients with a degenerative disease of bones and cartilage. The primary objective of physical ... Lordosis Pott's disease Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome "FKBP14 gene: MedlinePlus Genetics". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 9 June 2023. " ... the disease is in progression stage, and the quality of life has degraded to an extent where conservative treatments can no ...
Mutations within RNase MRP have been shown to cause cartilage-hair hypoplasia, a disease associated with an array of symptoms ... "Mutations in the RNA component of RNase MRP cause a pleiotropic human disease, cartilage-hair hypoplasia". Cell. 104 (2): 195- ... Non-coding RNAs are crucial in the development of several endocrine organs, as well as in endocrine diseases such as diabetes ... As with proteins, mutations or imbalances in the ncRNA repertoire within the body can cause a variety of diseases. Many ncRNAs ...
This was the first time this abnormal disease affecting cartilage and connective tissue was observed and characterised. His ... comparison of diseases common to humans and animals Virchow's disease, leontiasis ossea, now recognized as a symptom rather ... He went further and stated that the cell was the basic unit of the body that had to be studied to understand disease. Although ... He proposed that diseases came from abnormal activities inside the cells, not from outside pathogens. He believed that ...
... (WCS) is a disease of the airways where cartilage in the bronchi is defective. It is a form of ... Persistent cough Wheeze Impaired lung function It is thought to result from a deficiency of cartilage formation in the 4th to ... This was previously attempted in a patient with end-stage lung disease secondary to WCS. Although the patient did not have ... Williams HE, Landau LI, Phelan PD (June 1972). "Generalized bronchiectasis due to extensive deficiency of bronchial cartilage ...
Major alterations in the composition of the cartilage extracellular matrix occur in joint disease, such as osteoarthrosis. The ... 2001). "Implication of cartilage intermediate layer protein in cartilage destruction in subsets of patients with osteoarthritis ... which was identified and purified from human articular cartilage, increases in early osteoarthrosis cartilage. The C-terminal ... "Up-regulated expression of cartilage intermediate-layer protein and ANK in articular hyaline cartilage from patients with ...
The inappropriate activity of aggrecanase is a mechanism by which cartilage degradation occurs in diseases such as arthritis. ... Aggrecanases act on large proteoglycans known as aggrecans, which are components of connective tissues such as cartilage. ...
... protects against cartilage breakdown in cartilage and synovial joint tissue explant models". Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. 26: ... A disease-modifying osteoarthritis drug (DMOAD) is a disease-modifying drug that would inhibit or even reverse the progression ... Since the main hallmark of osteoarthritis is cartilage loss, a typical DMOAD would prevent the loss of cartilage and ... May 2013). "A novel disease-modifying osteoarthritis drug candidate targeting Runx1". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 72 (5 ...
... is involved in the pathophysiology of several bone and cartilage diseases such as osteoarthritis, ... In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the expression of A1 and A2A receptors in the frontal cortex of the human brain is increased, ... Following tissue injury in patients with Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), ATP is released into the peritoneal fluid. It binds ... Istradefylline - Antagonist of the adenosine A2A receptor, used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease as an adjunct to L-DOPA ...
... a Northwestern researchers effort to lead a paradigm shift in the medical communitys beliefs about the cause of valve disease ... Bone And Cartilage Growth To Blame For Heart Valve Disease. Date:. April 12, 2006. Source:. Northwestern Memorial Hospital. ... "Bone And Cartilage Growth To Blame For Heart Valve Disease." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com. /. releases. /. 2006. /. 04. / ... "Bone And Cartilage Growth To Blame For Heart Valve Disease." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 12 April 2006. ,www.sciencedaily.com. ...
The knee cartilage samples were collected from gender- and age-matched KBD (n = 9) and OA (n = 9) patients. After pre- ... an endemic osteoarthritic disease, remains to be poorly understood. This study was designed to identify signaling pathways and ... and Ras signaling pathways were involved in the degeneration of cartilage. Moreover, integrins, laminins, NF-κB and other ... The pathological mechanism of Kashin-Beck disease (KBD), ... cartilage and hyaline cartilage in the deep zones of cartilage ...
Remission and active disease in rheumatoid arthritis: defining criteria for disease activity states. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52: ... its invasion into the adjacent bone and the consumption of cartilage constitute the destructive elements of the disease. ... disease duration and disease activity, in addition to the two features of joint destruction. Also, in these adjusted models JSN ... EGA is evaluator global assessment of disease activity and PGA is patient global assessment of disease activity (both using a ...
Chondrocyte apoptosis and expression of Bcl-2, Bax, Fas, and iNOS in articular cartilage in patients with Kashin-Beck disease. ... Chondrocyte apoptosis and expression of Bcl-2, Bax, Fas, and iNOS in articular cartilage in patients with Kashin-Beck disease. ... Chondrocyte apoptosis and expression of Bcl-2, Bax, Fas, and iNOS in articular cartilage in patients with Kashin-Beck disease. ... Chondrocyte apoptosis and expression of Bcl-2, Bax, Fas, and iNOS in articular cartilage in patients with Kashin-Beck disease. ...
"Cartilage Diseases" by people in this website by year, and whether "Cartilage Diseases" was a major or minor topic of these ... "Cartilage Diseases" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Cartilage Diseases" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Cartilage Diseases". ...
Krishnan, Yamini; Grodzinsky, Alan J. (2018). "Cartilage Diseases". Matrix Biology. 71-72: 51-69. doi:10.1016/j.matbio.2018.05. ... septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal cartilage, major alar cartilage (greater alar cartilage, or cartilage of the aperture), ... or accessory cartilage), and vomeronasal cartilage (Jacobsons cartilage). The nasal cartilages associate with other cartilage ... Like the septal nasal cartilage, the lateral nasal cartilage is composed of hyaline cartilage. Hyaline cartilage provides form ...
Cartilage Diseases / diagnosis * Cartilage Diseases / diagnostic imaging* * Cysts / diagnosis * Cysts / diagnostic imaging ... The sensitivity and specificity of the radiographic features of osteoarthritis for the detection of articular cartilage ... Radiographic findings of osteoarthritis versus arthroscopic findings of articular cartilage degeneration in the tibiofemoral ... and subchondral cysts for the detection of articular cartilage degeneration was 67%, 46%, 16%, and 10%, respectively, for the ...
Stem cells could regenerate cartilage lost through injury or disease. Home/Stem Cell News/Archive/Stem cells could regenerate ... Stem cells could regenerate cartilage lost through injury or disease. Osteoarthritis affects approximately 3.8% of people ... Osteoarthritis is a bone disease caused by the breakdown of cartilage, the connective tissue found between bones. Symptoms of ... Cartilage repair using composites of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells and hyaluronic acid hydrogel in ...
... disease number 250250, is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder that results in short-limb dwarfism associated with T-cell ... Cartilage-hair hypoplasia and other short-limb dwarfism phenotypes are associated with metaphyseal or s... ... Cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH), which is Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) ... Cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH), which is Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) disease number 250250, is an autosomal ...
Cartilage hair hypoplasia is a genetic disorder that affects the metaphyseal area of the long bone. ... What is cartilage hair hypoplasia?. Cartilage hair hypoplasia is a genetic disorder that affects the metaphyseal area of the ... Cartilage Hair Hypoplasia Treatment. There are multiple treatment options for the symptoms of cartilage hair hypoplasia based ... What are the symptoms of cartilage hair hypoplasia?. Individuals with cartilage hair hypoplasia have:. * Light, fine, sparse ...
Cartilage-hair hypoplasia is a disorder of bone growth characterized by short stature with other skeletal abnormalities; fine, ... celiac disease). Affected individuals may have Hirschsprung disease, an intestinal disorder that causes severe constipation, ... Cartilage-hair hypoplasia is caused by mutations in the RMRP gene. Unlike many genes, the RMRP gene does not contain ... RNase MRP and disease. Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA. 2010 Jul-Aug;1(1):102-16. doi: 10.1002/wrna.9. Epub 2010 May 6. Citation on ...
Disease Programs. *Stories of Hope. *CIRM Stem Cellar Blog. *Stem Cell Videos ... Untreated cartilage defects often lead to joint pain and degeneration over time, often requiring joint replacement. The ... Approximately 10% of people under 50 have at least a single, high-grade defect in their knee cartilage; these lesions have a ... The proposed therapy could treat the major cartilage lesions present in more than 10% of people under 50; which often result in ...
... the official journal of the Turkish Joint Diseases Foundation, is an international, peer-reviewed, immediate open access ... Is osteoarthritis a disease involving only cartilage or other articular tissues?. Johanne Martel-Pelletier, Jean Pierre ... This review will highlight the involvement early in the disease process of not only the cartilage but also the synovial ... Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive and disabling disease resulting from a combination of risk factors, including advancing ...
In middle-aged people without clinical knee disease, higher systemic BMD was associated with increased early knee cartilage ... BMD and knee cartilage defect progression and cartilage volume loss in middle-aged people without clinical knee disease. Adults ... and tibial cartilage volume and tibiofemoral cartilage defects assessed by magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and follow up ... Further work is needed to clarify the effect of systemic BMD at different stages of the pathway from health through to disease ...
211 EVIDENCE FOR INCREASED TYPE I COLLAGEN BEING AN EARLY FEATURE OF CARTILAGE DISEASE IN ANTEROMEDIAL OSTEOARTHRITIS OF THE ... 211 EVIDENCE FOR INCREASED TYPE I COLLAGEN BEING AN EARLY FEATURE OF CARTILAGE DISEASE IN ANTEROMEDIAL OSTEOARTHRITIS OF THE ...
Genetic origins of bone and cartilage disease. Peter Reilly. Visiting Reader. Department of Bioengineering. Shoulder and elbow ...
Its caused by the deterioration of cartilage. This is the smooth, elastic tissue that protects joints. ... This disease is caused by the deterioration of cartilage. This is the smooth, elastic tissue that protects joints and provides ... These tests can check for bone damage, bone spurs, and loss of cartilage in your joints. Your doctor may order an X-ray or an ... In the early stages of the disease, you may only have pain in the mornings due to hours of inactivity. Since this is a ...
Relapsing polychondritis is an autoimmune disease that affects the cartilage in the body. It hits mostly the ears, nose, eyes, ... Diseases List. What are Autoimmune Diseases?. Our Stories. ACES Message Board. Coping Information. Poetry. Easy Cooking. ... mixed connective tissue disease/undifferienated connective tissue disease). He told me then that in a month I would be feeling ... No illness or disease is a deficiency of any drug. I believe the only way for me to get well is by researching what I am ...
... is a systemic inflammatory disease that results in cartilage and bone destruction. RA is characterized by a typical pattern and ... Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory disease that results in cartilage and bone destruction. RA is ... These diseases have occurred in patients with moderate to end-stage renal disease after being given a gadolinium-based contrast ... with the main thrust being detection of early disease at a stage at which disease-modifying drugs can be used; however, the ...
Thesis: The role of TAK1 mediated signaling in cartilage development and diseases ... Thesis: Pathogenic mechanisms and novel therapeutic strategies in Parkinsons disease. Karyn Schmidt, B.S. University of ... Thesis: The role of RBPjk-Dependent Notch Signaling During Cartilage Development of the Limb Skeleton ... Thesis: Cell and Stage-specific Impact of TNF-alpha Receptor Signaling in Alzheimers Disease ...
Mechanical behavior of cartilage including effects of disease and repair. Experimental and theoretical models of ... There are also opportunities related to evaluation of native cartilage, particularly as related to in vivo animal models of ... The recently demonstrated ability to grow relatively large (centimeter sized) pieces of cartilage in the Skeletal Research ... in vitro models of human diseases, and national security. Dr. Gurkans efforts in collaborative clinical research and teaching ...
Abnormal cartilage with normal forces. Primary cartilage disease. Osteochondrosis/OCD. Secondary Osteoarthritis ... Normal cartilage with abnormal forces. Repeated trauma/athletic trauma. Loss of cartilage ... Degenerative joint disease leads to structural and functional changes.. Osteoarthritis can be qualified as either primary or ... Cincinnati orthopaedic disease index. CODI, Gingerich. Used by our group and Lascelles. Canine brief pain inventory. CBPI, ...
... especially in articular cartilage and fibrocartilage. Although CPDD is often asymptomatic, with only radiographic changes seen ... Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPDD) is a metabolic arthropathy caused by the deposition of calcium pyrophosphate ... Ultrasound detection of cartilage calcification at knee level in calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. Arthritis Care Res ( ... Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. Radiograph of the knee showing chondrocalcinosis involving the meniscal cartilage, as ...
Certain diseases or infections (e.g., joint infection, eroded cartilage). *Torn or injured ligament ... Also called osteoarthritis, this is a degenerative disease that occurs in the joints and starts to worsen over time. Its ... As cats get older, the cartilage surrounding their joints starts to deteriorate. This causes the bones to start grinding into ... Chondroitin or glucosamine: This supplement can support bone and cartilage health.. *Omega-3 fatty acids: These supplements ...
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the joints. Learn about joint pain, swelling and other symptoms, how ... Rheumatoid arthritis causes pain and swelling in the joints; if untreated, the inflammatory disease may damage cartilage and ... RA is a progressive and chronic disease. Damage to the joint bones occurs very early in the progression of the disease, ... RA is not generally considered a lethal disease. The disease can usually be managed with medication. ...
Yet more evidence that osteoarthritis is not a cartilage disease. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:1261-4. ... considered by some to be a multi-tissue syndrome rather than simply a disease of cartilage.46 ... Lumbar disc disease shows linkage to chromosome 19 overlapping with a QTL for hand OA. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:117-19. ... Cancer and Parkinsons disease: the odd couple. Drugs Today (Barc) 2011;47:215-22. ...
... making Tai Chi a viable treatment alternative for people suffering with the degenerative disease, according to new research. ... Osteoarthritis, sometimes called degenerative joint disease, is a slowly progressive disease in which joint cartilage breaks ... Normally, cartilage on the ends of bones allows smooth, pain-free joint movements. In OA, cartilage becomes thin and irregular ... making Tai Chi a viable treatment alternative for people suffering with the degenerative disease, according to new research. ...
This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Bone and Cartilage Diseases). ... Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA ... Conditional Deletion of the Phd2 Gene in Articular Chondrocytes Accelerates Differentiation and Reduces Articular Cartilage ...
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of joint disease associated with cartilage breakdown. However, the role played by ...
The major site of disease is at the cricoid cartilage level, the narrowest part of the trachea. Acute airway obstruction may ... Infectious Diseases Society of America, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Phi Beta Kappa. Disclosure: Received research ... Infectious Diseases Society of America, Louisiana State Medical Society, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for ... Sujatha Rajan, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases Society ...
  • Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive, degenerative joint disease. (nature.com)
  • To retrospectively correlate radiographic findings of osteoarthritis of the tibiofemoral joint with arthroscopic findings of articular cartilage degeneration within the tibiofemoral joint in patients with chronic knee pain. (nih.gov)
  • The sensitivity and specificity of the radiographic features of osteoarthritis for the detection of articular cartilage degeneration within the medial and lateral compartments of the tibiofemoral joint were determined. (nih.gov)
  • Osteoarthritis is a bone disease caused by the breakdown of cartilage, the connective tissue found between bones. (supergene.com)
  • However, these methods are not able to reverse the damage to cartilage, hence will not 'cure' the underlying cause of osteoarthritis. (supergene.com)
  • Is osteoarthritis a disease involving only cartilage or other articular tissues? (jointdrs.org)
  • Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive and disabling disease resulting from a combination of risk factors, including advancing age, genetics, trauma, knee malalignment, increased biomechanical loading of joints through obesity, augmented bone density and an imbalance in physiological processes resulting in catabolic cascades on a molecular level. (jointdrs.org)
  • Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease affecting an estimated 27 million Americans. (healthline.com)
  • Since osteoarthritis of the spine has symptoms that are similar to other conditions, your doctor may also take your blood to rule out other diseases. (healthline.com)
  • There are also opportunities related to evaluation of native cartilage, particularly as related to in vivo animal models of osteoarthritis. (uhhospitals.org)
  • Osteoarthritis: An Important Disease? (vin.com)
  • Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disorder of diarthrodial joints characterized by deterioration of the articular cartilage, osteophyte formation and bone remodeling, changes in the periarticular tissues (synovium, joint capsule) and a low-grade inflammation of the synovial fluid. (vin.com)
  • Osteoarthritis has many forms: the most common one observed in veterinary medicine is degenerative joint disease. (vin.com)
  • If a patient has osteoarthritis involving the MCP joints and wrists, consider CPPD associated with an underlying metabolic disease. (medscape.com)
  • Also called osteoarthritis, this is a degenerative disease that occurs in the joints and starts to worsen over time. (centralillinoisproud.com)
  • With osteoarthritis, multiple causes may damage the cartilage that covers the ends of the bones in a joint. (everydayhealth.com)
  • The most common type of arthritis, osteoarthritis is considered more of a mechanical (wear and tear) disease. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Both Tai Chi and physical therapy positively impact pain, function and other symptoms of knee osteoarthritis - making Tai Chi a viable treatment alternative for people suffering with the degenerative disease, according to new research. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Both Tai Chi and physical therapy positively impact pain, function and other symptoms of knee osteoarthritis -- making Tai Chi a viable treatment alternative for people suffering with the degenerative disease, according to research presented this week at the American College of Rheumatology Annual Meeting in San Francisco. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Osteoarthritis, sometimes called degenerative joint disease, is a slowly progressive disease in which joint cartilage breaks down. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of joint disease associated with cartilage breakdown. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease that eventually leads to the complete degradation of articular cartilage. (cabi.org)
  • Osteoarthritis (OA) is described as a chronic degenerative disease characterized by the loss of articular cartilage. (cabi.org)
  • Mainstream medicine has yet to find true disease-modifying drugs for osteoarthritis, 5,6 leaving us mainly with drugs in the class called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, like ibuprofen), or with painkillers in the opioid narcotic category. (lifeextension.com)
  • The finding of reduced bone and cartilage destruction in arthritis joints, by direct examination of the affected joints, represents a disease-modifying effect that has never been shown with any pain-relieving drug (NSAIDs or opiates) commonly used to treat osteoarthritis. (lifeextension.com)
  • Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease characterized by progressive cartilage loss, subchondral bone remodeling, and synovial inflammation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Osteoarthritis - the most common type of arthritis, osteoarthritis involves wear-and-tear damage to your joint's cartilage - the hard, slick coating on the ends of bones where they form a joint. (mayoclinichealthsystem.org)
  • Like many aging animals, Shanthi had osteoarthritis, a degenerative disease affecting joint cartilage and the underlying bone with associated pain and stiffness. (si.edu)
  • Chronological age is a powerful epidemiologic risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA), a multifactorial disease that is characterized by articular cartilage (AC) degradation. (bepress.com)
  • According to Clegg, osteoarthritis is a very common disease in which a person's cartilage is abnormal and not as resilient. (dailyutahchronicle.com)
  • The chances of getting osteoarthritis dramatically increase with age, and while about 20 million Americans currently have the disease, the number will most likely double by 2020. (dailyutahchronicle.com)
  • In Paper III, we developed and validated a robust and specific ELISA assay measuring a MMP-1 and MMP-13 cleaved type II collagen fragment (T2CM) that we identified in the study for Paper I. It was elevated in response to pro-inflammatory cytokine treatment of bovine articular cartilage, and in osteoarthritis patients referred for a total knee joint replacement surgery compared to patients with moderate or severe disease. (lu.se)
  • Either alone or in a biomarker panel T2CM could be useful for assessing cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis. (lu.se)
  • Osteoarthritis was previously known as degenerative joint disease. (lu.se)
  • However, a direct injury to the knee, for example, often leads to osteoarthritis, which means that the disease also affects younger people. (lu.se)
  • He and his colleagues are now trying to look into the 'black hole', the period between the knee injury and the osteoarthritis diagnosis in which the disease has started but is not yet noticed by the patient. (lu.se)
  • Skeletal remains from the Stone Age show changes indicative of osteoarthritis, so the disease seems to have been around for a long time. (lu.se)
  • But he thinks that research into osteoarthritis gets too little support in comparison to other common diseases. (lu.se)
  • Osteoarthritis isn't a direct cause of death, it's true, but the disease does cause both great suffering and major costs to healthcare and through sick leave", he points out. (lu.se)
  • Degenerative joint disease leads to structural and functional changes. (vin.com)
  • Relapsing polychondritis is a rare immune-mediated degenerative disease that causes cartilage inflammation in a person's body, including the ears and nose. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A degenerative joint disease like HD (Hip Dysplasia, see below), ED causes arthritic changes to occur in the elbow joint. (bmdca.org)
  • I had torn my knee cartilage, had a detached ACL, and degenerative bone disease. (allears.net)
  • Coloured X-ray of a knee affected by arthrosis (yellow/red, also called degenerative joint disease or osteoarthrosis), viewed from the side. (lu.se)
  • The pathologic changes in OA joints include degradation of the articular cartilage, especially at the superficial zones, thickening of the subchondral bone, osteophyte formation, and variable degrees of synovial inflammation 11 . (nature.com)
  • Here is one of the most recent reaching consensus: "OA diseases are a result of both mechanical and biological events that destabilize the normal coupling of degradation and synthesis of articular chondrocytes and extracellular matrix, and subchondral bone. (vin.com)
  • In this study, scientists first examined the impact of the formulation on degradation of proteoglycans , essential components of the cartilage matrix. (lifeextension.com)
  • Dysregulated cartilage homeostasis, articular cartilage degradation and abnormal bone remodeling are common denominators in joint disease and can lead to severe disability for the patients. (lu.se)
  • In mice, we know how to slow down cartilage degradation. (lu.se)
  • A typical distinction of KBD from OA or other bone and joint diseases is the damage of epiphyseal cartilage and hyaline cartilage in the deep zones of cartilage 11 , 14 . (nature.com)
  • The nasal cartilages are made up of a flexible material called hyaline cartilage (packed collagen) in the distal portion of the nose. (wikipedia.org)
  • The septal nasal cartilage is a flat, quadrilateral piece of hyaline cartilage that separates both nasal cavities from one another. (wikipedia.org)
  • Like the septal nasal cartilage, the lateral nasal cartilage is composed of hyaline cartilage. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hyaline cartilage provides form and flexibility within a specific structure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Composed of hyaline cartilage, these structures are very thin and folded to form the lateral and medial crus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The classic radiologic findings include chondrocalcinosis of the hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage of the knees, the fibrocartilage of the triangular ligament of the wrist, the fibrocartilage of the symphysis pubis, and the acetabulum labrum of the hips. (medscape.com)
  • As the self-healing capacity of hyaline cartilage is limited, timely mechanical support during neo-cartilage formation is crucial to achieving optimal repair efficacy. (bvsalud.org)
  • Upon implantation, the scaffold facilitated the simultaneous regeneration of bone and cartilage tissue in a porcine model, resulting in (i) a smoother cartilage surface, (ii) more hyaline-like cartilage, and (iii) a superior integration into the adjacent host tissue. (bvsalud.org)
  • The cartilage of the rings is hyaline. (medscape.com)
  • Research to be published in the April 18 issue of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology provides the first explanation of an active rather than passive process that leads to heart valve degeneration, furthering a Northwestern researcher's effort to lead a paradigm shift in the medical community's beliefs about the cause of valve disease. (sciencedaily.com)
  • KEGG pathways enrichment and PPI network indicate four major pathways, including extracellular matrix -receptor interaction, focal adhesion, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Protein kinase B (Akt), and Ras signaling pathways were involved in the degeneration of cartilage. (nature.com)
  • Untreated cartilage defects often lead to joint pain and degeneration over time, often requiring joint replacement. (ca.gov)
  • The proposed candidate is a universal cell therapy designed to generate new articular cartilage in these defects and interrupt the cycle of degeneration. (ca.gov)
  • The proposed treatment may be of major public benefit, as it would represent the first curative strategy for cartilage injury and subsequent degeneration, likely decreasing economic burden on the state and its people. (ca.gov)
  • This review will highlight the involvement early in the disease process of not only the cartilage but also the synovial membrane and subchondral bone and the pathophysiological mechanisms of each of these tissues that lead to joint degeneration. (jointdrs.org)
  • Back on the "spare parts" front, both Novartis and Genentech are developing drugs to treat a form of eye disease known as dry macular degeneration. (bostonglobe.com)
  • 1 These herbs work to slow the progression of cartilage degeneration . (lifeextension.com)
  • Several techniques, such as histological scoring, magnetic resonance imaging, and tissue section staining, are available for detecting cartilage degeneration and lesions and evaluating cartilage repairs. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, the main sign of the disease is cartilage degeneration which impairs joint function. (lu.se)
  • The most common changes in an OA-affected joint are cartilage degeneration, bone spurs, and an inflamed joint capsule. (lu.se)
  • Misguided or excessive complement activation is involved in many common diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, vasculitis and age-related macula degeneration. (lu.se)
  • The recently demonstrated ability to grow relatively large (centimeter sized) pieces of cartilage in the Skeletal Research Center has opened up several opportunities related to evaluation of tissue mechanics. (uhhospitals.org)
  • Fractures and bony healing may produce many loose pieces of cartilage or bone that can slough into the joint, causing a coarse, grating, often audible crepitus usually more unpleasant for the observer than for the patient. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH), which is Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) disease number 250250, is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder that results in short-limb dwarfism associated with T-cell and B-cell immunodeficiency. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] Cartilage-hair hypoplasia and other short-limb dwarfism phenotypes are associated with metaphyseal or spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia. (medscape.com)
  • Cartilage-hair hypoplasia is a variant of short-limb dwarfism in which fine sparse hair is also present. (medscape.com)
  • The immunodeficiency in cartilage-hair hypoplasia may be an isolated T-cell immunodeficiency, isolated B-cell immunodeficiency, or combined T-cell and B-cell immunodeficiency. (medscape.com)
  • Although originally described by McKusik et al in 1964 in Amish children and known as metaphyseal chondrodysplasia McKusick type, cartilage-hair hypoplasia has been described in non-Amish persons throughout the United States, Europe, and Mexico. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 ] The genetic defect in cartilage-hair hypoplasia has been confirmed to be mutations in the RMRP gene. (medscape.com)
  • The genetic defect in cartilage-hair hypoplasia has been identified as a mutation in the gene for RNAase RMRP, mapped to 9p12. (medscape.com)
  • [ 15 ] The second consists of single nucleotide substitutions and other changes that involve at most 2 nucleotides in highly conserved regions of the gene.These are considered leaky mutations and result in variable expression of the gene, which may explain the variable phenotype seen in cartilage-hair hypoplasia. (medscape.com)
  • These latter mutations result in variable expression of the gene, which may explain the variable phenotype seen in cartilage-hair hypoplasia. (medscape.com)
  • G, which occurs in 30-50% of patients with cartilage-hair hypoplasia and causes an alteration in ribosomal processing. (medscape.com)
  • This suggests a common cell proliferation defect in cartilage-hair hypoplasia. (medscape.com)
  • Cartilage-hair hypoplasia is a rare defect. (medscape.com)
  • Cartilage hair hypoplasia is a hereditary condition. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Cartilage hair hypoplasia is commonly found in the Amish community. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • A full medical exam and X-rays will be done to diagnose cartilage hair hypoplasia. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Individuals with cartilage hair hypoplasia may experience additional orthopaedic conditions of the hip, spine and limbs. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Treatment options for cartilage hair hypoplasia vary depending on each patient's symptoms and may include surgery. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Cartilage hair hypoplasia is a genetic disorder that affects the metaphyseal area of the long bone - the wider part at the end - causing lower-extremity abnormalities. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • What are the symptoms of cartilage hair hypoplasia? (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • X-rays of the neck, spine, pelvis (hips) and legs will be ordered to diagnose cartilage hair hypoplasia and/or related conditions, like scoliosis and kyphosis. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • There are multiple treatment options for the symptoms of cartilage hair hypoplasia based on the area and severity of the condition. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • People with cartilage-hair hypoplasia have unusually short limbs and short stature from birth. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Most people with cartilage-hair hypoplasia are unusually flexible in some joints, but they may have difficulty extending their elbows fully. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The extent of the immune deficiency in cartilage-hair hypoplasia varies from mild to severe. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Autoimmune disorders, which occur when the immune system malfunctions and attacks the body's tissues and organs, occur in some people with cartilage-hair hypoplasia. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Some people with cartilage-hair hypoplasia experience gastrointestinal problems. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cartilage-hair hypoplasia occurs most often in the Old Order Amish population, where it affects about 1 in 1,300 newborns. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cartilage-hair hypoplasia is caused by mutations in the RMRP gene. (medlineplus.gov)
  • We found already that fibromodulin and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) are potent activators of complement. (lu.se)
  • OA diseases are characterized by joint pain, tenderness, limitation of movement, crepitus, occasional effusion and variable degrees of inflammation without systemic effects. (vin.com)
  • Both drugs aim to block the inflammation that can lead to the disease. (bostonglobe.com)
  • Three herbal extracts have been shown to reduce arthritis pain and inflammation, while limiting destruction of cartilage in afflicted joints. (lifeextension.com)
  • These herbs have been shown to reduce destruction of cartilage and bone in arthritis-afflicted joints, and to significantly reduce pain and inflammation. (lifeextension.com)
  • They noted that, after a few episodes of inflammation, the cartilage was replaced by fibrous connective tissue. (medscape.com)
  • Joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a common chronic inflammatory disease that causes long-term suffering and disability in 1% of our population, is a complex process also involving complement activation. (lu.se)
  • The clinical rationale for this project is based on the observation that cartilage contains molecules that initiate/enhance joint damage and inflammation in arthritis. (lu.se)
  • Indeed, when the cartilage is removed surgically, a dramatic decrease in inflammation and disease symptoms is observed. (lu.se)
  • Final considerations: Current treatments for articular cartilage repair have major limitations. (bvsalud.org)
  • The nasal cartilages associate with other cartilage structures of the nose or with bones of the facial skeleton. (wikipedia.org)
  • The septal nasal cartilage fits in a place between the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and vomer bones while also being covered by an internal mucous membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • The superior portion of the septal nasal cartilage attaches to the nasal bones, while the inferior portion attaches to the alar cartilages via fibrous tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • The lateral nasal cartilage lies inferiorly to the nasal bones while sitting superiorly to the major alar cartilage, separated by a narrow fissure. (wikipedia.org)
  • They typically have malformations in the cartilage near the ends of the long bones in the arms and legs (metaphyseal chondrodysplasia), which then affects development of the bone itself. (medlineplus.gov)
  • OA of the spine specifically affects the facet joints, the cartilage between the bones that make up the spine, and the ligaments in the spine. (healthline.com)
  • Normally, cartilage on the ends of bones allows smooth, pain-free joint movements. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Cartilage cushions the ends of the bones and allows nearly frictionless joint motion, but enough damage can result in bone grinding directly on bone, which causes pain and restricted movement. (mayoclinichealthsystem.org)
  • A healthy joint consists of a relatively thin layer of articular cartilage coating the surfaces of the two or more bones that meet inside the joint. (lu.se)
  • Joint cartilage is important as it acts as a "shock absorber" between the bones. (lu.se)
  • Therefore, when the cartilage gradually starts to degenerate, the bones in the joint are less protected. (lu.se)
  • The long-term effects of these infections include multiple cutaneous lesions and destruction of bones or cartilage. (medscape.com)
  • Arthrosis is a progressive condition causing damage to the cartilage and bones of a joint. (lu.se)
  • The knee cartilage samples were collected from gender- and age-matched KBD (n = 9) and OA (n = 9) patients. (nature.com)
  • Recent studies have already shown Tai Chi to be effective in treating the physical and mental symptoms associated with the disease, and researchers recently took this a step further to determine if Tai Chi would hold up against physical therapy -- a highly-regarded treatment for knee OA. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In cases of immune-mediated diseases, such as relapsing polychondritis, they can help prevent relapses of the disease or further damage to the joints or cartilage. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE). (uchicago.edu)
  • They then supplemented the stem cells with a gel containing hyaluronic acid, a type of molecule normally found in cartilage and connective tissue. (supergene.com)
  • One cause is connective tissue disease, like RP. (tripod.com)
  • Dr. Mansour's research concerns the mechanical behavior of soft tissues, focusing primarily on tissue engineered and native cartilage. (uhhospitals.org)
  • Literature review: The articular cartilage is a highly specialized tissue that reduces joint friction and distributes forces related to high mechanical loads between bone ends. (bvsalud.org)
  • Accordingly, tissue engineering could overcome these limitations by producing in vitro cartilage substitutes. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this study, we devised a biodegradable bilayered scaffold, comprising chondroitin sulfate (CS) hydrogel to regenerate chondral tissue and a porous pure zinc (Zn) scaffold for regeneration of the underlying bone as mechanical support for the cartilage layer. (bvsalud.org)
  • Background Joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis is comprised of cartilage and bone damage, which can be evaluated radiographically separately by the joint space narrowing (JSN) and erosion (ERO) scores. (bmj.com)
  • These data suggest that particular attention should be given to therapeutic interference with cartilage destruction. (bmj.com)
  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory disease that results in cartilage and bone destruction. (medscape.com)
  • 4,7 Suppressing these pro-inflammatory enzymes is an essential mechanism when seeking to protect against joint cartilage destruction. (lifeextension.com)
  • Ligamentous laxity, muscular hypotonia, and rapid destruction of joint cartilage are common, predisposing to joint dislocations, which also accelerate disease progression. (msdmanuals.com)
  • During later stages, pain may be more severe if the disease has caused rapid joint destruction (eg, periarticular fractures or tense hematomas). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Keshan Disease is a cardiomyopathy characterized by cardiac enlargement, abnormal ECG patterns, cardiogenic shock, and congestive heart failure, with multifocal necrosis of the myocardium. (cdc.gov)
  • Collagen turnover is an essential part of growth and can vary as a function of age and disease. (lu.se)
  • The evidence for an autoimmune etiology includes pathological findings of infiltrating T cells, the presence of antigen-antibody complexes in affected cartilage, cellular and humoral responses against collagen type II and other collagen antigens, and the observation that immunosuppressive regimens most often suppress the disease. (medscape.com)
  • Various studies find circulating antibodies to cartilage-specific collagen types II, IX, and XI to be present in 30%-70% of patients with relapsing polychondritis. (medscape.com)
  • Relapsing polychondritis is an autoimmune disease that affects the cartilage in the body. (tripod.com)
  • This disease most often affects the joints of the hands, wrists, and knees symmetrically. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Here, they demonstrated that the formulation reduced cartilage breakdown by 31.5% to 54.8% , depending on the dose used. (lifeextension.com)
  • The aim of this thesis is to investigate how the turnover (synthesis/breakdown) of cartilage extracellular matrix proteins responds to selected pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby, gaining knowledge about cartilage biology, function and pathology. (lu.se)
  • Long-term repair of porcine articular cartilage using cryopreservable, clinically compatible human embryonic stem cell-derived chondrocytes. (ca.gov)
  • Furthermore, levels of antibodies to matrilin 1, an extracellular matrix protein predominantly expressed in tracheal cartilage, were significantly higher in patients with relapsing polychondritis, especially in those with respiratory symptoms, than in patients with Wegener granulomatosis , systemic lupus erythematosus , or RA and in healthy controls. (medscape.com)
  • During cartilage injury, large quantities of complement factors are exposed to components of extracellular matrix, which are liberated from cartilage by proteases. (lu.se)
  • Our group of scientists and clinicians has been continuously funded by the California Institute of Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) to develop a first-in class pluripotent stem cell-based therapy for focal articular cartilage lesions. (ca.gov)
  • The work described in this proposal is designed to produce a universal treatment for articular cartilage lesions. (ca.gov)
  • Articular cartilage lesions remain a major challenge for clinicians and researchers. (bvsalud.org)
  • Untreated treponematosis may cause disfiguring cutaneous lesions and deformities of bone, cartilage (particularly the nose), and skin, potentially leading to significant disfigurement, pain, and disability. (medscape.com)
  • Over time, the inflamed synovium can damage the cartilage and bone within the joint, as well as weaken supportive muscles, ligaments, and tendons. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Radiography is cheap, is easily reproducible, and allows easy serial comparison for assessment of disease progression. (medscape.com)
  • Treatment often involves addressing a person's symptoms and helping prevent disease progression. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Treatment consists of external or sometimes surgical joint stabilization to slow disease progression and reduce pain. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Hemorrhagic joint effusions and multiple small fractures can occur, accelerating disease progression. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This disease is caused by the deterioration of cartilage. (healthline.com)
  • OA is caused by slow deterioration of cartilage around joints in the lower back. (healthline.com)
  • The exact cause of this deterioration is unknown, but some people have a higher risk for the disease. (healthline.com)
  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the joints. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Rheumatoid arthritis is a complex disease that is not well understood by medical practitioners or researchers. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Abnormalities or defects in the nasal cartilages affect airflow through the nasal cavity, resulting in respiratory issues. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unlike OA, Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) is a chronic and serious endemic osteoarticular disease, which has been in high prevalence and morbidity in Eastern Siberia of Russia, Northeast China to Sichuan-Tibet Plateau, and North Korea 4 , 5 . (nature.com)
  • Idea: Development of a Sarcopenia Center to diagnose and treat skeletal muscle loss due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Idea: Chronic Disease Self-Management Program (CDSMP) is an evidence-based, peer-led program for people living with chronic disease that empowers them to take charge of their own health. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • The Center for Community Health Workers plans to pilot CDSMP shared medical appointments to give our patients the tools to medically and emotionally manage their chronic diseases to improve quality of life and self-efficacy. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • She was first diagnosed with the chronic condition in her carpi (wrists) when she was in her teens, and elephant keepers and veterinarians have spent decades successfully managing her disease with multi-modal therapies. (si.edu)
  • www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2022/21_0277.htm Preventing Chronic Disease. (cdc.gov)
  • In Paper II we developed a novel biomarker ELISA assay for MMP-cleaved prolargin (PROM), that was elevated in psoriatic arthritis patients compared to healthy controls, indicating that this is a marker that is associated with disease. (lu.se)
  • Aortic valve disease can lead to heart failure, arrhythmia, infections in the heart, and sudden death may occur in 15 to 20 percent of people who have symptoms. (sciencedaily.com)
  • When they looked at these pigs twelve weeks after the treatment, they observed greater and more complete regeneration of cartilage compared to the pigs with injured knees that did not receive the stem cell transplant. (supergene.com)
  • In recent years, the cartilage regeneration potential of mesenchymal stem cells has been investigated in rats and rabbits. (supergene.com)
  • The long-term goal of our research is to understand the fundamental mechanisms that govern and reprogram cellular fate during development, regeneration and disease. (stanford.edu)
  • Our research is geared towards applying reprogramming approaches towards musculoskeletal regeneration especially cartilage regeneration that remains an unmet medical need. (stanford.edu)
  • We are exploring the role of these novel DNA demethylation regulators in cartilage development, regeneration and disease. (stanford.edu)
  • Mechanical behavior of cartilage including effects of disease and repair. (uhhospitals.org)
  • In addition, to address the main challenges for the production of functional cartilage: mechanical and lubricant properties. (bvsalud.org)
  • Moreover, one should consider the application of mechanical stimuli and surface properties to produce an articular cartilage with satisfactory characteristics for in vivo application. (bvsalud.org)
  • For knees, for example, Novartis has discovered an agent that in animal studies may help torn and worn cartilage rebuild to original form. (bostonglobe.com)
  • The lateral nasal cartilage and major alar cartilage curl up upon interaction with one another, forming a tight connection through fibrous tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • Superiorly, the major alar cartilages are connected to the lateral nasal cartilage via fibrous tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • Micro/nano-engineered strategies and engineered biological systems developed at CASE BML enable broad applications in musculoskeletal research, regenerative medicine, clinical diagnostics, pharmaceutical research, in vitro models of human diseases, and national security. (uhhospitals.org)
  • The possibility that biomarker technology could be used to detect occupational musculoskeletal disease at an early, preclinical stage and allow intervention methods to be taken prior to irreversible damage occurring was discussed. (cdc.gov)
  • While most musculoskeletal biomarkers are not specific for a particular disorder, they can be compatible with and aid in supporting the presence and extent of disease when used as part of a profile of appropriate tests and accurate work histories. (cdc.gov)
  • if untreated, the inflammatory disease may damage cartilage and bone. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Dr. Rajamannan has focused her research for the past seven years on advancing the knowledge of mechanisms of aortic and mitral valve disease using animal models and human studies. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In collaboration with clinicians we are studying molecular mechanisms of complement involvement in these diseases. (lu.se)
  • There is no cure, but RA can be managed with good treatment, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (everydayhealth.com)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends BMI categorization for children and teens between age 2 and 20. (calculator.net)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) BMI-for-age percentiles growth charts. (calculator.net)
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. (cdc.gov)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
  • Saving Lives, Protecting People Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • I'm Dr. Loretta Jackson-Brown and I'm representing the Clinician Outreach and Communication Activity, COCA in the Emergency Risk Communication Branch at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • Dr. Tauben and Dr. Robinson would like to disclose that their employer, the University of Washington, received a contract payment from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • Dr. Dowell is Senior Medical Advisor for the Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention and Control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • It may be found in children immigrating from areas of endemicity, and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has recommended screening of all refugee children from endemic regions with a nontreponemal test at initial health screening. (medscape.com)
  • Inclusion in the update does not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention nor does it imply endorsement of the article's methods or findings. (cdc.gov)
  • However, these tradition- ally measured factors fail to adequately explain patients' risk of The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. (cdc.gov)
  • However, most signs of OA are not visible on X-rays until the disease is in its later stages, which is the reason why OA primarily is a clinical diagnosis, meaning that the diagnosis is based on medical history, presence of risk factors, and symptoms. (lu.se)
  • Clinically, these findings have uncovered the possibility of unprecedented sources for patient-autologous cells with far reaching implications in a variety of diseases. (stanford.edu)
  • The specificity of autoimmune injury to cartilaginous tissues has led investigators to test the hypothesis that a cartilage-specific autoantibody is central to the pathogenesis of relapsing polychondritis. (medscape.com)
  • The observation system enabled the detection of autofluorescence emitted by the cartilage matrix without species specificity, facilitating both qualitative and quantitative analyses of the cartilage matrix. (bvsalud.org)
  • Since this is a progressive disease, symptoms typically worsen over time. (healthline.com)
  • Early signs of disease, such as joint swelling, joint pain, and joint stiffness, typically begin in a gradual and subtle way, with symptoms slowly developing over a period of weeks to months and getting worse over time. (everydayhealth.com)
  • In OA, cartilage becomes thin and irregular, resulting in symptoms of joint pain and stiffness. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Now these patients are approaching the end of the period in which the disease remains hidden and does not cause any symptoms. (lu.se)
  • Objective: To review the literature regarding sources of cells, scaffolds, and morphogenic agents currently used to produce articular cartilage. (bvsalud.org)
  • The utilization of the 3D fluorescence model may serve as a dependable option for the fabrication of cartilage matrix biomimetic scaffolds in future studies. (bvsalud.org)
  • Autoantibodies to minor cartilage-specific collagens (ie, types IX and XI) have been described. (medscape.com)
  • Therefore, we are investigating the possible modulatory effects that cartilage proteins may have on complement. (lu.se)
  • Carpal bone ankylosis is a common and fairly specific sign, particularly in the Asian population, in whom it tends to occur early in the disease process. (medscape.com)
  • Although occasional flares of joint pain occur throughout the course of the disease, these can usually be controlled with the use of anti-inflammatory medication, especially early in their course. (medscape.com)
  • Rear end paralysis can occur for a number of reasons (spinal embolism, back injuries / pinched nerves, cervical disc disease, spondylosis, etc. (bmdca.org)
  • In later stages of the disease, misalignment of the joint may occur. (lu.se)
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a relatively common autoimmune disease involving skin, joints and kidneys and is characterized by autoantibodies against self-antigens including DNA and histones. (lu.se)
  • Autoimmune diseases need more research money committed to finding a cure. (tripod.com)
  • Further we aim to study handling of apoptotic cells and DNA from various sources by complement, in relation to autoimmune diseases . (lu.se)
  • Treponema species typically associated with nonvenereal disease are transmitted among children living in tropical, subtropical, or warm arid climates, chiefly by direct contact. (medscape.com)
  • The pathological mechanism of Kashin-Beck disease (KBD), an endemic osteoarthritic disease, remains to be poorly understood. (nature.com)
  • Treponematosis, also known as treponemiasis, traditionally refers to the group of nonvenereal diseases (including endemic syphilis [nonvenereal syphilis]) caused by Treponema species that are morphologically and serologically identical to each other and to Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum, the cause of venereal syphilis. (medscape.com)
  • The molecular pathways behind the disease pathology can overlap across different joint diseases. (lu.se)