Bone Regeneration: Renewal or repair of lost bone tissue. It excludes BONY CALLUS formed after BONE FRACTURES but not yet replaced by hard bone.Cartilage: A non-vascular form of connective tissue composed of CHONDROCYTES embedded in a matrix that includes CHONDROITIN SULFATE and various types of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are three major types: HYALINE CARTILAGE; FIBROCARTILAGE; and ELASTIC CARTILAGE.Cartilage, Articular: A protective layer of firm, flexible cartilage over the articulating ends of bones. It provides a smooth surface for joint movement, protecting the ends of long bones from wear at points of contact.Regeneration: The physiological renewal, repair, or replacement of tissue.Bone and Bones: A specialized CONNECTIVE TISSUE that is the main constituent of the SKELETON. The principle cellular component of bone is comprised of OSTEOBLASTS; OSTEOCYTES; and OSTEOCLASTS, while FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and hydroxyapatite crystals form the BONE MATRIX.Osteogenesis: The process of bone formation. Histogenesis of bone including ossification.Guided Tissue Regeneration: Procedures for enhancing and directing tissue repair and renewal processes, such as BONE REGENERATION; NERVE REGENERATION; etc. They involve surgically implanting growth conducive tracks or conduits (TISSUE SCAFFOLDING) at the damaged site to stimulate and control the location of cell repopulation. The tracks or conduits are made from synthetic and/or natural materials and may include support cells and induction factors for CELL GROWTH PROCESSES; or CELL MIGRATION.Bone Substitutes: Synthetic or natural materials for the replacement of bones or bone tissue. They include hard tissue replacement polymers, natural coral, hydroxyapatite, beta-tricalcium phosphate, and various other biomaterials. The bone substitutes as inert materials can be incorporated into surrounding tissue or gradually replaced by original tissue.Cartilage Diseases: Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).Nerve Regeneration: Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.Liver Regeneration: Repair or renewal of hepatic tissue.Bone Remodeling: The continuous turnover of BONE MATRIX and mineral that involves first an increase in BONE RESORPTION (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive BONE FORMATION (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium HOMEOSTASIS. An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as OSTEOPOROSIS.Tissue Scaffolds: Cell growth support structures composed of BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS. They are specially designed solid support matrices for cell attachment in TISSUE ENGINEERING and GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION uses.X-Ray Microtomography: X-RAY COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY with resolution in the micrometer range.Calcium Phosphates: Calcium salts of phosphoric acid. These compounds are frequently used as calcium supplements.Skull: The SKELETON of the HEAD including the FACIAL BONES and the bones enclosing the BRAIN.Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2: A potent osteoinductive protein that plays a critical role in the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into OSTEOBLASTS.Bone Matrix: Extracellular substance of bone tissue consisting of COLLAGEN fibers, ground substance, and inorganic crystalline minerals and salts.Bone Density: The amount of mineral per square centimeter of BONE. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY or TOMOGRAPHY, X RAY COMPUTED. Bone density is an important predictor for OSTEOPOROSIS.Tissue Engineering: Generating tissue in vitro for clinical applications, such as replacing wounded tissues or impaired organs. The use of TISSUE SCAFFOLDING enables the generation of complex multi-layered tissues and tissue structures.Bone Diseases: Diseases of BONES.Chondrocytes: Polymorphic cells that form cartilage.Biocompatible Materials: Synthetic or natural materials, other than DRUGS, that are used to replace or repair any body TISSUES or bodily function.Bone Development: The growth and development of bones from fetus to adult. It includes two principal mechanisms of bone growth: growth in length of long bones at the epiphyseal cartilages and growth in thickness by depositing new bone (OSTEOGENESIS) with the actions of OSTEOBLASTS and OSTEOCLASTS.Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells which secrete an EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. HYDROXYAPATITE crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone.Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee.Parietal Bone: One of a pair of irregularly shaped quadrilateral bones situated between the FRONTAL BONE and OCCIPITAL BONE, which together form the sides of the CRANIUM.Bone Transplantation: The grafting of bone from a donor site to a recipient site.Platelet-Rich Plasma: A preparation consisting of PLATELETS concentrated in a limited volume of PLASMA. This is used in various surgical tissue regeneration procedures where the GROWTH FACTORS in the platelets enhance wound healing and regeneration.Bone Marrow Cells: Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells (see ADIPOCYTES); STROMAL CELLS; MEGAKARYOCYTES; and the immediate precursors of most blood cells.Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.Absorbable Implants: Implants constructed of materials designed to be absorbed by the body without producing an immune response. They are usually composed of plastics and are frequently used in orthopedics and orthodontics.Implants, Experimental: Artificial substitutes for body parts and materials inserted into organisms during experimental studies.Bone Resorption: Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity.Nasal Cartilages: Hyaline cartilages in the nose. There are five major nasal cartilages including two lateral, two alar, and one septal.Guided Tissue Regeneration, Periodontal: Techniques for enhancing and directing cell growth to repopulate specific parts of the PERIODONTIUM that have been damaged by PERIODONTAL DISEASES; TOOTH DISEASES; or TRAUMA, or to correct TOOTH ABNORMALITIES. Repopulation and repair is achieved by guiding the progenitor cells to reproduce in the desired location by blocking contact with surrounding tissue by use of membranes composed of synthetic or natural material that may include growth inducing factors as well.Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Bone-marrow-derived, non-hematopoietic cells that support HEMATOPOETIC STEM CELLS. They have also been isolated from other organs and tissues such as UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD, umbilical vein subendothelium, and WHARTON JELLY. These cells are considered to be a source of multipotent stem cells because they include subpopulations of mesenchymal stem cells.Calcification, Physiologic: Process by which organic tissue becomes hardened by the physiologic deposit of calcium salts.Bone Morphogenetic Proteins: Bone-growth regulatory factors that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of proteins. They are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. The active form can consist of a dimer of two identical proteins or a heterodimer of two related bone morphogenetic proteins.Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.Fracture Healing: The physiological restoration of bone tissue and function after a fracture. It includes BONY CALLUS formation and normal replacement of bone tissue.Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.Tibia: The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the FIBULA laterally, the TALUS distally, and the FEMUR proximally.Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the FACE constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth.Ear Cartilage: Cartilage of the EAR AURICLE and the EXTERNAL EAR CANAL.Hyaline Cartilage: A type of CARTILAGE characterized by a homogenous amorphous matrix containing predominately TYPE II COLLAGEN and ground substance. Hyaline cartilage is found in ARTICULAR CARTILAGE; COSTAL CARTILAGE; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; and the NASAL SEPTUM.Periosteum: Thin outer membrane that surrounds a bone. It contains CONNECTIVE TISSUE, CAPILLARIES, nerves, and a number of cell types.Osseointegration: The growth action of bone tissue as it assimilates surgically implanted devices or prostheses to be used as either replacement parts (e.g., hip) or as anchors (e.g., endosseous dental implants).Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.Laryngeal Cartilages: The nine cartilages of the larynx, including the cricoid, thyroid and epiglottic, and two each of arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform.Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue.Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content.Knee Joint: A synovial hinge connection formed between the bones of the FEMUR; TIBIA; and PATELLA.Bone Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1.Osteogenesis, Distraction: Bone lengthening by gradual mechanical distraction. An external fixation device produces the distraction across the bone plate. The technique was originally applied to long bones but in recent years the method has been adapted for use with mandibular implants in maxillofacial surgery.Porosity: Condition of having pores or open spaces. This often refers to bones, bone implants, or bone cements, but can refer to the porous state of any solid substance.Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of SKIN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; and the organic substance of bones (BONE AND BONES) and teeth (TOOTH).Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7: A bone morphogenetic protein that is widely expressed during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. It is both a potent osteogenic factor and a specific regulator of nephrogenesis.Nanofibers: Submicron-sized fibers with diameters typically between 50 and 500 nanometers. The very small dimension of these fibers can generate a high surface area to volume ratio, which makes them potential candidates for various biomedical and other applications.Alveolar Bone Loss: Resorption or wasting of the tooth-supporting bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS) in the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE.Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein: Major component of chondrocyte EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX of various tissues including bone, tendon, ligament, SYNOVIUM and blood vessels. It binds MATRILIN PROTEINS and is associated with development of cartilage and bone.Nanocomposites: Nanometer-scale composite structures composed of organic molecules intimately incorporated with inorganic molecules. (Glossary of Biotechnology and Nanobiotechology Terms, 4th ed)Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.Osteoarthritis, Knee: Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)Aggrecans: Large HYALURONAN-containing proteoglycans found in articular cartilage (CARTILAGE, ARTICULAR). They form into aggregates that provide tissues with the capacity to resist high compressive and tensile forces.Materials Testing: The testing of materials and devices, especially those used for PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; SUTURES; TISSUE ADHESIVES; etc., for hardness, strength, durability, safety, efficacy, and biocompatibility.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Compressive Strength: The maximum compression a material can withstand without failure. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed, p427)Chondrogenesis: The formation of cartilage. This process is directed by CHONDROCYTES which continually divide and lay down matrix during development. It is sometimes a precursor to OSTEOGENESIS.Collagen Type II: A fibrillar collagen found predominantly in CARTILAGE and vitreous humor. It consists of three identical alpha1(II) chains.Dental Implants: Biocompatible materials placed into (endosseous) or onto (subperiosteal) the jawbone to support a crown, bridge, or artificial tooth, or to stabilize a diseased tooth.Bony Callus: The bony deposit formed between and around the broken ends of BONE FRACTURES during normal healing.Bone Cements: Adhesives used to fix prosthetic devices to bones and to cement bone to bone in difficult fractures. Synthetic resins are commonly used as cements. A mixture of monocalcium phosphate, monohydrate, alpha-tricalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate with a sodium phosphate solution is also a useful bone paste.Hematocele: Hemorrhage into a canal or cavity of the body, such as the space covered by the serous membrane (tunica vaginalis) around the TESTIS leading to testicular hematocele or scrotal hematocele.Ceramics: Products made by baking or firing nonmetallic minerals (clay and similar materials). In making dental restorations or parts of restorations the material is fused porcelain. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)Microscopy, Electron, Scanning: Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.Maxillary Sinus: The air space located in the body of the MAXILLARY BONE near each cheek. Each maxillary sinus communicates with the middle passage (meatus) of the NASAL CAVITY on the same side.Polyglycolic Acid: A biocompatible polymer used as a surgical suture material.Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit: A transcription factor that dimerizes with CORE BINDING FACTOR BETA SUBUNIT to form core binding factor. It contains a highly conserved DNA-binding domain known as the runt domain and is involved in genetic regulation of skeletal development and CELL DIFFERENTIATION.Glycosaminoglycans: Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine.Skull Fractures: Fractures of the skull which may result from penetrating or nonpenetrating head injuries or rarely BONE DISEASES (see also FRACTURES, SPONTANEOUS). Skull fractures may be classified by location (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE, BASILAR), radiographic appearance (e.g., linear), or based upon cranial integrity (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE, DEPRESSED).Mandibular Injuries: Injuries to the lower jaw bone.Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone COLLAGEN. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories.Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation: Transfer of MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS between individuals within the same species (TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS) or transfer within the same individual (TRANSPLANTATION, AUTOLOGOUS).Mandibular Osteotomy: Intraoral OSTEOTOMY of the lower jaw usually performed in order to correct MALOCCLUSION.Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., COLLAGEN; ELASTIN; FIBRONECTINS; and LAMININ).Fractures, Bone: Breaks in bones.Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.Cell Proliferation: All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.Hydrogels: Water swollen, rigid, 3-dimensional network of cross-linked, hydrophilic macromolecules, 20-95% water. They are used in paints, printing inks, foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Matrilin Proteins: PROTEOGLYCANS-associated proteins that are major components of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX of various tissues including CARTILAGE; and INTERVERTEBRAL DISC structures. They bind COLLAGEN fibers and contain protein domains that enable oligomer formation and interaction with other extracellular matrix proteins such as CARTILAGE OLIGOMERIC MATRIX PROTEIN.Mandibular Fractures: Fractures of the lower jaw.Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of BONE MARROW from one human or animal to another for a variety of purposes including HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION or MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION.Growth Plate: The area between the EPIPHYSIS and the DIAPHYSIS within which bone growth occurs.Dental Implantation, Endosseous: Insertion of an implant into the bone of the mandible or maxilla. The implant has an exposed head which protrudes through the mucosa and is a prosthodontic abutment.Biomechanical Phenomena: The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Apatites: A group of phosphate minerals that includes ten mineral species and has the general formula X5(YO4)3Z, where X is usually calcium or lead, Y is phosphorus or arsenic, and Z is chlorine, fluorine, or OH-. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Hydrogel: A network of cross-linked hydrophilic macromolecules used in biomedical applications.Models, Animal: Non-human animals, selected because of specific characteristics, for use in experimental research, teaching, or testing.Polyesters: Polymers of organic acids and alcohols, with ester linkages--usually polyethylene terephthalate; can be cured into hard plastic, films or tapes, or fibers which can be woven into fabrics, meshes or velours.Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Alveolar Process: The thickest and spongiest part of the maxilla and mandible hollowed out into deep cavities for the teeth.Silk: A continuous protein fiber consisting primarily of FIBROINS. It is synthesized by a variety of INSECTS and ARACHNIDS.Stifle: In horses, cattle, and other quadrupeds, the joint between the femur and the tibia, corresponding to the human knee.Alginates: Salts of alginic acid that are extracted from marine kelp and used to make dental impressions and as absorbent material for surgical dressings.Chitosan: Deacetylated CHITIN, a linear polysaccharide of deacetylated beta-1,4-D-glucosamine. It is used in HYDROGEL and to treat WOUNDS.Osteocytes: Mature osteoblasts that have become embedded in the BONE MATRIX. They occupy a small cavity, called lacuna, in the matrix and are connected to adjacent osteocytes via protoplasmic projections called canaliculi.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Fractures, Cartilage: Breaks in CARTILAGE.Silicone Elastomers: Polymers of silicone that are formed by crosslinking and treatment with amorphous silica to increase strength. They have properties similar to vulcanized natural rubber, in that they stretch under tension, retract rapidly, and fully recover to their original dimensions upon release. They are used in the encapsulation of surgical membranes and implants.Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere.Patella: The flat, triangular bone situated at the anterior part of the KNEE.Extremities: The farthest or outermost projections of the body, such as the HAND and FOOT.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Mice, Inbred C57BLIntegrin-Binding Sialoprotein: A highly glycosylated and sulfated phosphoprotein that is found almost exclusively in mineralized connective tissues. It is an extracellular matrix protein that binds to hydroxyapatite through polyglutamic acid sequences and mediates cell attachment through an RGD sequence.Biomimetic Materials: Materials fabricated by BIOMIMETICS techniques, i.e., based on natural processes found in biological systems.Mandibular Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the MANDIBLE.Tooth Socket: A hollow part of the alveolar process of the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE where each tooth fits and is attached via the periodontal ligament.Epiphyses: The head of a long bone that is separated from the shaft by the epiphyseal plate until bone growth stops. At that time, the plate disappears and the head and shaft are united.Menisci, Tibial: The interarticular fibrocartilages of the superior surface of the tibia.Collagen Type I: The most common form of fibrillar collagen. It is a major constituent of bone (BONE AND BONES) and SKIN and consists of a heterotrimer of two alpha1(I) and one alpha2(I) chains.Nephroblastoma Overexpressed Protein: A CCN protein family member found at high levels in NEPHROBLASTOMA cells. It is found both intracellularly and in the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX and may play a role in the regulation of CELL PROLIFERATION and EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX synthesis.Osteocalcin: Vitamin K-dependent calcium-binding protein synthesized by OSTEOBLASTS and found primarily in BONES. Serum osteocalcin measurements provide a noninvasive specific marker of bone metabolism. The protein contains three residues of the amino acid gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla), which, in the presence of CALCIUM, promotes binding to HYDROXYAPATITE and subsequent accumulation in BONE MATRIX.Femoral Fractures: Fractures of the femur.Ricinus: A plant genus of the family EUPHORBIACEAE, order Euphorbiales, subclass Rosidae. The seed of Ricinus communis L. is the CASTOR BEAN which is the source of CASTOR OIL; RICIN; and other lectins.Dental Implantation: The grafting or inserting of a prosthetic device of alloplastic material into the oral tissue beneath the mucosal or periosteal layer or within the bone. Its purpose is to provide support and retention to a partial or complete denture.Weight-Bearing: The physical state of supporting an applied load. This often refers to the weight-bearing bones or joints that support the body's weight, especially those in the spine, hip, knee, and foot.Membranes, Artificial: Artificially produced membranes, such as semipermeable membranes used in artificial kidney dialysis (RENAL DIALYSIS), monomolecular and bimolecular membranes used as models to simulate biological CELL MEMBRANES. These membranes are also used in the process of GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION.Planarians: Nonparasitic free-living flatworms of the class Turbellaria. The most common genera are Dugesia, formerly Planaria, which lives in water, and Bipalium, which lives on land. Geoplana occurs in South America and California.Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts; atomic number, 22; atomic weight, 47.90; symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures. (Dorland, 28th ed)Minerals: Native, inorganic or fossilized organic substances having a definite chemical composition and formed by inorganic reactions. They may occur as individual crystals or may be disseminated in some other mineral or rock. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Hepatectomy: Excision of all or part of the liver. (Dorland, 28th ed)Bone Diseases, MetabolicNasal Septum: The partition separating the two NASAL CAVITIES in the midplane. It is formed by the SEPTAL NASAL CARTILAGE, parts of skull bones (ETHMOID BONE; VOMER), and membranous parts.Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Siloxanes: Silicon polymers that contain alternate silicon and oxygen atoms in linear or cyclic molecular structures.Alveolar Ridge Augmentation: Preprosthetic surgery involving rib, cartilage, or iliac crest bone grafts, usually autologous, or synthetic implants for rebuilding the alveolar ridge.Neovascularization, Physiologic: The development of new BLOOD VESSELS during the restoration of BLOOD CIRCULATION during the healing process.Glass: Hard, amorphous, brittle, inorganic, usually transparent, polymerous silicate of basic oxides, usually potassium or sodium. It is used in the form of hard sheets, vessels, tubing, fibers, ceramics, beads, etc.Polypropylenes: Propylene or propene polymers. Thermoplastics that can be extruded into fibers, films or solid forms. They are used as a copolymer in plastics, especially polyethylene. The fibers are used for fabrics, filters and surgical sutures.Joints: Also known as articulations, these are points of connection between the ends of certain separate bones, or where the borders of other bones are juxtaposed.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Stress, Mechanical: A purely physical condition which exists within any material because of strain or deformation by external forces or by non-uniform thermal expansion; expressed quantitatively in units of force per unit area.Ameloblastoma: An immature epithelial tumor of the JAW originating from the epithelial rests of Malassez or from other epithelial remnants of the ENAMEL from the developmental period. It is a slowly growing tumor, usually benign, but displays a marked propensity for invasive growth.Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.Salamandridae: A family of Urodela consisting of 15 living genera and about 42 species and occurring in North America, Europe, Asia, and North Africa.Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.Periodontal Ligament: The fibrous CONNECTIVE TISSUE surrounding the TOOTH ROOT, separating it from and attaching it to the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS).Polytetrafluoroethylene: Homopolymer of tetrafluoroethylene. Nonflammable, tough, inert plastic tubing or sheeting; used to line vessels, insulate, protect or lubricate apparatus; also as filter, coating for surgical implants or as prosthetic material. Synonyms: Fluoroflex; Fluoroplast; Ftoroplast; Halon; Polyfene; PTFE; Tetron.Ambystoma mexicanum: A salamander found in Mexican mountain lakes and accounting for about 30 percent of the urodeles used in research. The axolotl remains in larval form throughout its life, a phenomenon known as neoteny.Prostheses and Implants: Artificial substitutes for body parts, and materials inserted into tissue for functional, cosmetic, or therapeutic purposes. Prostheses can be functional, as in the case of artificial arms and legs, or cosmetic, as in the case of an artificial eye. Implants, all surgically inserted or grafted into the body, tend to be used therapeutically. IMPLANTS, EXPERIMENTAL is available for those used experimentally.Adult Stem Cells: Cells with high proliferative and self renewal capacities derived from adults.Matrix Metalloproteinase 13: A secreted matrix metalloproteinase that plays a physiological role in the degradation of extracellular matrix found in skeletal tissues. It is synthesized as an inactive precursor that is activated by the proteolytic cleavage of its N-terminal propeptide.Elastic Modulus: Numerical expression indicating the measure of stiffness in a material. It is defined by the ratio of stress in a unit area of substance to the resulting deformation (strain). This allows the behavior of a material under load (such as bone) to be calculated.Arytenoid Cartilage: One of a pair of small pyramidal cartilages that articulate with the lamina of the CRICOID CARTILAGE. The corresponding VOCAL LIGAMENT and several muscles are attached to it.Coated Materials, Biocompatible: Biocompatible materials usually used in dental and bone implants that enhance biologic fixation, thereby increasing the bond strength between the coated material and bone, and minimize possible biological effects that may result from the implant itself.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Cricoid Cartilage: The small thick cartilage that forms the lower and posterior parts of the laryngeal wall.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Thyroid Cartilage: The largest cartilage of the larynx consisting of two laminae fusing anteriorly at an acute angle in the midline of the neck. The point of fusion forms a subcutaneous projection known as the Adam's apple.Osteochondritis: Inflammation of a bone and its overlaying CARTILAGE.Hyaluronic Acid: A natural high-viscosity mucopolysaccharide with alternating beta (1-3) glucuronide and beta (1-4) glucosaminidic bonds. It is found in the UMBILICAL CORD, in VITREOUS BODY and in SYNOVIAL FLUID. A high urinary level is found in PROGERIA.Femur Head: The hemispheric articular surface at the upper extremity of the thigh bone. (Stedman, 26th ed)Rats, Nude: A mutant strain of Rattus norvegicus without a thymus and with depressed or absent T-cell function. This strain of rats may have a small amount of hair at times, but then lose it.Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.Hexuronic Acids: Term used to designate tetrahydroxy aldehydic acids obtained by oxidation of hexose sugars, i.e. glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, etc. Historically, the name hexuronic acid was originally given to ascorbic acid.Nerve Crush: Treatment of muscles and nerves under pressure as a result of crush injuries.Multipotent Stem Cells: Specialized stem cells that are committed to give rise to cells that have a particular function; examples are MYOBLASTS; MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS; and skin stem cells. (Stem Cells: A Primer [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US); 2000 May [cited 2002 Apr 5]. Available from: http://www.nih.gov/news/stemcell/primer.htm)Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.Anthraquinones: Compounds based on ANTHRACENES which contain two KETONES in any position. Substitutions can be in any position except on the ketone groups.Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.Polyurethanes: A group of thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers containing polyisocyanate. They are used as ELASTOMERS, as coatings, as fibers and as foams.Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.Cell Culture Techniques: Methods for maintaining or growing CELLS in vitro.Temporal Bone: Either of a pair of compound bones forming the lateral (left and right) surfaces and base of the skull which contains the organs of hearing. It is a large bone formed by the fusion of parts: the squamous (the flattened anterior-superior part), the tympanic (the curved anterior-inferior part), the mastoid (the irregular posterior portion), and the petrous (the part at the base of the skull).Humerus: Bone in humans and primates extending from the SHOULDER JOINT to the ELBOW JOINT.Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed)Smad5 Protein: A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS. It regulates BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN signaling and is essential for PHYSIOLOGICAL ANGIOGENESIS.Tissue Culture Techniques: A technique for maintaining or growing TISSUE in vitro, usually by DIFFUSION, perifusion, or PERFUSION. The tissue is cultured directly after removal from the host without being dispersed for cell culture.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Notophthalmus viridescens: A species of newt in the Salamandridae family in which the larvae transform into terrestrial eft stage and later into an aquatic adult. They occur from Canada to southern United States. Viridescens refers to the greenish color often found in this species.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Animal Fins: Membranous appendage of fish and other aquatic organisms used for locomotion or balance.Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.SOX9 Transcription Factor: A SOXE transcription factor that plays a critical role in regulating CHONDROGENESIS; OSTEOGENESIS; and male sex determination. Loss of function of the SOX9 transcription factor due to genetic mutations is a cause of CAMPOMELIC DYSPLASIA.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Surface Properties: Characteristics or attributes of the outer boundaries of objects, including molecules.Drug Delivery Systems: Systems for the delivery of drugs to target sites of pharmacological actions. Technologies employed include those concerning drug preparation, route of administration, site targeting, metabolism, and toxicity.Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes SYNOVIAL FLUID.Staining and Labeling: The marking of biological material with a dye or other reagent for the purpose of identifying and quantitating components of tissues, cells or their extracts.Craniosynostoses: Premature closure of one or more CRANIAL SUTURES. It often results in plagiocephaly. Craniosynostoses that involve multiple sutures are sometimes associated with congenital syndromes such as ACROCEPHALOSYNDACTYLIA; and CRANIOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS.Hindlimb: Either of two extremities of four-footed non-primate land animals. It usually consists of a FEMUR; TIBIA; and FIBULA; tarsals; METATARSALS; and TOES. (From Storer et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p73)Tooth Extraction: The surgical removal of a tooth. (Dorland, 28th ed)Mandibular Condyle: The posterior process on the ramus of the mandible composed of two parts: a superior part, the articular portion, and an inferior part, the condylar neck.Knee Injuries: Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.Tomography, X-Ray Computed: Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
عامل النمو شبيه الانسولين-1 - ويكيبيديا، الموسوعة الحرة
Pancreatic islets
فاکتور رشد شبه انسولین ۱ - ویکیپدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
Control of articular synovitis for bone and cartilage regeneration in rheumatoid arthritis | SpringerLink
Bone, Flesh & Cartilage Regeneration Soak
Researchers: Cartilage Regeneration for Bone and Joint Repair is Closer for Patients
IJMS | Free Full-Text | Usefulness of Mesenchymal Cell Lines for Bone and Cartilage Regeneration Research
Amorphous polyphosphate, a smart bioinspired nano-/bio-material for bone and cartilage regeneration: towards a new paradigm in...
Unlike Bone, Cartilage Regeneration Remains Elusive | Science
In Vitro Mimetic Models for the Bone-Cartilage Interface Regeneration | Springer for Research & Development
Regeneration of human bones in hip osteonecrosis and human cartilage in knee osteoarthritis with autologous adipose-tissue...
KAKEN - Research Projects | Basic research for the molecular mechanism of regeneration in bone and cartilage by the fibroblast...
KAKEN - Research Projects | Development of next-generation technologies for bone-cartilage regeneration on the basis of Raman...
Regeneration of human bones in hip osteonecrosis and human cartilage in knee osteoarthritis with autologous adipose-tissue...
Cartilage Regeneration Bone Marrow Cells Seeded Scaffolds
Science/AAAS | Special Issue: Biomaterials
Cord Blood Used for Bone and Cartilage RegenerationThe Cartilage Regeneration Center at Bone & Joint Clinic of Baton Rouge
US20030125782A1 - Methods for the regeneration of bone and cartilage
- Google Patents
Materials | Free Full-Text | How Can Nanotechnology Help to Repair the Body? Advances in Cardiac, Skin, Bone, Cartilage and...
Influence of bone morphogenetic protein on articular cartilage regeneration following periosteal grafting - pdf descargar
Cartilage Repair and Regeneration | IntechOpen
Cartilage Autograft Implantation System (CAIS) for the Repair of Knee Cartilage Through Cartilage Regeneration - Full Text View...
Table of Contents - November 16, 2012, 338 (6109) | Science
Cartilage - Volume 3: Repair Strategies and Regeneration | Susanne Grässel | Springer
Tissue Engineered Nasal Cartilage for Regeneration of Articular Cartilage - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Advances and Prospects in Stem Cells for Cartilage Regeneration
Advances in Porous Scaffold Design for Bone and Cartilage Tissue Engineering and Regeneration<...
Jay Stubblefield, PA-C - Reviews - Hendersonville, TN
https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Mesenchymal+Stem+Cells+for+Cartilage+Regeneration+of+TMJ...-a0555409824
Autologous resurfacing and fracture dowelling : a manual of transplantation technique (eBook, 2012) [WorldCat.org]
Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells are best suited for cartilage and bone regeneration - Proceedings of the Texas A...
OsteoarthritisRegenerateJointsStemSubchondral BoneLesionsOsteochondralProgenitor cellsFemoralPlatelet-rich plasmaRheumatoid arthritisMarrow stimulationNerveDegenerationHealthy cartilageBiologyCellsTissue Engineering and RegenerationJoint cartilageNative cartilageScaffold for cartilageHuman articular cartilageStrategies for Cartilage RepairRegenerative medicineDamageMusculoskeletal tissueArticular Cartilage RepairInternational Cartilage Repair SocietyFractureGrowthBiologicalIsolated cartilage loss
Osteoarthritis22
- Therefore, this interface has attracted a great deal of interest in order to understand the mechanisms of regeneration or disease progression in osteoarthritis. (springer.com)
- Goldring SR, Goldring MB (2016) Changes in the osteochondral unit during osteoarthritis: structure, function and cartilage-bone cross talk. (springer.com)
- This is a series of clinical case reports demonstrating that a combination of percutaneously injected autologous adipose-tissue-derived stem cells, hyaluronic acid, platelet rich plasma and calcium chloride may be able to regenerate bones in human osteonecrosis, and with addition of a very low dose of dexamethasone, cartilage in human knee osteoarthritis. (nih.gov)
- For cartilage regeneration, a 70-year-old Korean woman and a 79-year-old Korean woman, both with a long history of knee pain due to osteoarthritis, were injected with stem cells along with hyaluronic acid, platelet rich plasma, calcium chloride and a nanogram dose of dexamethasone. (nih.gov)
- Probable bone formation was clear in the patients with osteonecrosis, and cartilage regeneration in the patients with osteoarthritis. (nih.gov)
- If you've been diagnosed with cartilage damage and osteoarthritis in your knee and are looking for an alternative to total joint replacement, cartilage regeneration may be an option for you. (cartilageregenerationcenter.com)
- Therefore, traumatic articular cartilage injury and early osteoarthritis (OA) cause pain, accelerate arthrosis, and cause severe dysfunction. (hindawi.com)
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Cartilage Regeneration of TMJ Osteoarthritis. (thefreelibrary.com)
- Osteoarthritis (OA) is a group of degenerative diseases primarily affecting the joint, characterized by progressive cartilage degradation, subchondral bone remodeling, synovitis, and chronic pain [2, (thefreelibrary.com)
- This chapter reviews the structure and function of articular cartilage and the pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis (OA) before exploring the challenges associated with cartilage repair and regeneration. (igi-global.com)
- Results thus far for cartilage regeneration in experimental injury models, as well as the excellent safety profile of AC-100, provide strong support for initiating clinical development of AC-100 in osteoarthritis and traumatic cartilage injury," said Dr. Dawn McGuire, Chief Medical Officer of Acologix. (bio-medicine.org)
- The Kirsch Laboratory studies novel mechanisms involved in the regulation of cartilage homeostasis, maintenance and pathology with the ultimate goal to define novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of osteoarthritis. (nyu.edu)
- The molecular markers of BioTime's cell lines suggest the lines may therefore be applicable to the repair of different types of bone, cartilage, and tendon for the treatment of degenerative diseases afflicting these tissue types such as non-healing bone fractures, osteoarthritis and degeneration of intervertebral discs, and tendon tears (tendinosis). (thestreet.com)
- Joint distraction (the use of a surgical frame around a degenerated joint to strengthen and promote repair) promotes cartilage repair in severe end stage osteoarthritis of the knee, as demonstrated for the first time by data presented today at EULAR 2008, the Annual Congress of the European League Against Rheumatism in Paris. (brightsurf.com)
- Scientists have revealed the intricate structure of cartilage in what they hope will provide clues to how the crippling joint disease osteoarthritis might one day be treated. (brightsurf.com)
- The study, published in the medical journal Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, found that monocytes, the white blood cells necessary to regulate immune responses, were more activated and pro-inflammatory in women with osteoarthritis, and that elevated inflammation and body mass index were associated with this increased activation. (brightsurf.com)
- Among patients with knee osteoarthritis, an injection of a corticosteroid every three months over two years resulted in significantly greater cartilage volume loss and no significant difference in knee pain compared to patients who received a placebo injection, according to a study published by JAMA. (brightsurf.com)
- 2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the joint is a knee joint affected with osteoarthritis and variable amounts of energy absorption occurs while the bones of the knee joint follow their path of motion. (google.co.uk)
- Osteoarthritis is a common condition of cartilage failure that can lead to limited range of motion, bone damage and invariably, pain. (wikipedia.org)
- Due to a combination of acute stress and chronic fatigue, osteoarthritis directly manifests itself in a wearing away of the articular surface and, in extreme cases, bone can be exposed in the joint. (wikipedia.org)
- One ACI treatment, called Carticel, is designated for young, healthy patients with medium to large sized damage to cartilage and is not applicable to osteoarthritis patients. (wikipedia.org)
- Injury to cartilage can lead to pain and stiffness and is the precursor to the development of osteoarthritis (degenerative joint arthritis). (wikipedia.org)
Regenerate5
- It has proven much easier to regenerate bone than cartilage, despite the greater simplicity of cartilage. (sciencemag.org)
- Thus far, very few studies have been focused on matrix designs for endochondral ossification to regenerate and repair long bone," says Nukavarapu, who holds joint appointments in the departments of biomedical engineering and materials science and engineering. (eurekalert.org)
- Although native coral is an excellent material for bone repair, as a stand-alone material implant, it does not regenerate hyaline cartilage. (nih.gov)
- Brown University nanotechnology engineer Thomas Webster has published a first-ever study that shows how a surface of carbon nanotubes combined with electrical pulses could help regenerate cartilage naturally in the body. (brightsurf.com)
- In particular, mesenchymal stem cells have been shown in animal models to regenerate cartilage. (wikipedia.org)
Joints18
- Although regeneration of the damaged joints is considered very rare, accumulating evidence shows that it actually occurs in routine clinical practice as a result of strong inhibition of synovitis using highly potent medications. (springer.com)
- In situations where strong inhibition of synovitis combined with self-regeneration cannot repair severe joint destruction, regenerative medicine may in the future play a crucial role in the regeneration of damaged joints. (springer.com)
- Newer, smaller sensing devices that more accurately measure stress loads on joints are giving researchers testing newly grown engineered cartilage within a joint a better understanding of the healing process. (medindia.net)
- Articular cartilage is the elegantly organized tissue that allows for smooth motion in diarthrodial joints. (sciencemag.org)
- Joints allow movement, and support the structure of the musculoskeletal system by connecting bones and ligaments. (nutrametrix.com)
- While the body sustains healthy joint maintenance by continually rebuilding and regenerating cartilage, a person's lifestyle and increasing age can cause wear and tear on joints. (nutrametrix.com)
- Few people consider the health and well-being of their bones and joints. (nutrametrix.com)
- Bones and joints are intended to work together to provide structure and flexibility. (nutrametrix.com)
- This is what allows the bones and joints to uphold their shock-absorbing capabilities. (nutrametrix.com)
- Glucosatrin® contains various key ingredients like vitamins, minerals and herbs that support healthy bones and joints. (nutrametrix.com)
- Glucosamine supports healthy joint function and promotes the normal production of synovial fluid, which lubricates your joints and regenerates cartilage. (nutrametrix.com)
- Olaregen's pipeline will focus on developing Excellasome® for the regeneration of bones, joints and cartilage. (businesswire.com)
- Cartilage regeneration, along with strengthening muscles around the joint, can help some patients delay joint replacement surgery for damaged joints. (brighamandwomens.org)
- however, it is not an ideal replacement for the smooth, glassy articular cartilage that normally covers the surface of joints. (wikipedia.org)
- Researchers have shown that sliding forces applied to cartilage surfaces prompt cells in that tissue to produce molecules that lubricate and protect joints, an important step toward their goal of eventually growing joint tissue for transplantation. (brightsurf.com)
- Supports regeneration of joints and bones by providing ingredients necessary for their formation. (slideshare.net)
- The human body's own cartilage is still the best material for lining knee joints. (wikipedia.org)
- Healthy cartilage is essential to the proper functioning of joints within the body. (wikipedia.org)
Stem35
- Stem cell-delivery therapeutics for periodontal tissue regeneration. (semanticscholar.org)
- Adipose-derived stem cells in articular cartilage regeneration: current concepts and optimization strategies. (semanticscholar.org)
- Uninduced adipose-derived stem cells repair the defect of full-thickness hyaline cartilage. (semanticscholar.org)
- Increased knee cartilage volume in degenerative joint disease using percutaneously implanted, autologous mesenchymal stem cells. (semanticscholar.org)
- Unfortunately, the fibrocartilage resulting from microfracture has neither the structure nor the mechanical properties of hyaline cartilage, even though the adult mesenchymal stem cells, which immigrate into the defect, are supposed to differentiate into chondrocytes. (gulfcoaststemcell.com)
- One of the ways that stem cells collected via umbilical cord blood banking are being utilized is for use in bone and cartilage regeneration. (caricord.com)
- A recent study out of London and Greece explored functional alternatives to bone autografts using stem cells collected through family cord banking. (caricord.com)
- When it comes to using stem cells for bone and cartilage regeneration, it seems that stem cells collected through cord blood and tissue banking benefits the patient more than using stem cells derived from bone marrow. (caricord.com)
- Board-certified orthopedic surgeon, Dr Joseph Broyles has completed a clinical trial with 21 knee patients with a procedure that utilizes your body's own stem cells to regrow lost cartilage and has been invited to present his research at various regional and national meetings. (cartilageregenerationcenter.com)
- Stem cells have emerged as a promising option in the field of cartilage tissue engineering and regenerative medicine and could lead to cartilage repair. (hindawi.com)
- Much research has examined cartilage regeneration utilizing stem cells. (hindawi.com)
- This review presents a summary of emerging trends with regard to using stem cells in cartilage tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. (hindawi.com)
- In particular, it focuses on the characterization of cartilage stem cells, the chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells, and the various strategies and approaches involving stem cells that have been used in cartilage repair and clinical studies. (hindawi.com)
- Studies have shown the beneficial use of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), however, emerging research shows that Wharton jelly derived MSCs (WJ-MSCs) are best suited for cartilage regeneration. (tamhsc.edu)
- Mesenchymal stem cells are a great alternative option for cartilage and bone repair. (tamhsc.edu)
- Goldberg A, Mitchell K, Soans J, Kim L, Zaidi R. The use of mesenchymal stem cells for cartilage repair and regeneration: a systematic review. (tamhsc.edu)
- Immune characterization of mesenchymal stem cells in human umbilical cord Wharton's jelly and derived cartilage cells. (tamhsc.edu)
- Zigdon-Giladi H, Rudich U, Michaeli Geller G, Evron A. Recent advances in bone regeneration using adult stem cells. (tamhsc.edu)
- As a subpopulation of stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have become vital seed cells for tissue regeneration due to their easy obtainment and multilineage differentiation potential. (thefreelibrary.com)
- MF is a bone marrow stimulation (BMS) technique aimed at recruiting bone marrow cells by creating a communication between cartilage lesions and subchondral bone, thus allowing stem cells to migrate to the fibrin clot of the defect and form a fibrocartilaginous repair tissue [ 36 ]. (springer.com)
- This is the first report, to our knowledge, of the preparation of an injectable in situ-forming click-crosslinked hyaluronic acid (Cx-HA) hydrogel (Cx-HA-CM) containing chemical immobilized cytomodulin-2 (CM), a chondrogenic differentiation factor, and on the utility of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPLSCs) as a cell source for cartilage tissue engineering. (nature.com)
- First, we chose human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPLSCs) as a cell source for the cartilage tissue engineering in this work because hPLSCs can easily be harvested in large quantities from teeth obtained during dental repair or surgical procedures. (nature.com)
- Human stem cells have shown potential in medicine as they can transform into various specialized cell types such as bone and cartilage cells. (eurekalert.org)
- Researchers at Texas A&M University have explored a new class of clay nanoparticles that can direct stem cells to become bone or cartilage cells. (eurekalert.org)
- Dr. Akhilesh Gaharwar, an assistant professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering, and his students have demonstrated that a specific type of two-dimensional (2-D) nanoparticles, also known as nanosilicates, can grow bone and cartilage tissue from stem cells in the absence of growth factors. (eurekalert.org)
- For both processes, generic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are needed to trigger the growth of new bone. (eurekalert.org)
- Fibrin gel mimics human bone mesenchymal stem cells and facilitates their condensation, which is required for MSC differentiation into chondrogenic cells. (eurekalert.org)
- BioTime, Inc. (NYSE MKT: BTX), a biotechnology company that develops and markets products in the field of regenerative medicine, and its subsidiaries OrthoCyte Corporation and LifeMap Sciences reported today a means of manufacturing seven distinct types of cartilage, bone, and tendon cells from human embryonic stem cells. (thestreet.com)
- Recapitulation of endochondral bone formation using human adult mesenchymal stem cells as a paradigm for developmental engineering. (nih.gov)
- Chitosan stabilizes platelet growth factors and modulates stem cell differentiation toward tissue regeneration. (nih.gov)
- Regeneration of articular cartilage by adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells: perspectives from stem cell biology and molecular medicine. (nih.gov)
- Cartilage-like gene expression in differentiated human stem cell spheroids: a comparison of bone marrow-derived and adipose tissue-derived stromal cells. (nih.gov)
- Recently, there have been several published case reports of successful cartilage growth in human knees using autologous cultured mesenchymal stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Surgical techniques currently being studied include: bone marrow stimulation osteochondral autograft transplantation osteochondral allograft transplantation autologous chondrocyte implantation cell-based (using chondrocytes or stem-cells) or acellular scaffolding Articular cartilage stem cell paste grafting is another technique in use and is undergoing continued investigation. (wikipedia.org)
- Published descriptions of the articular cartilage stem cell paste grafting technique are readily available. (wikipedia.org)
Subchondral Bone4
- Parameters to be evaluated are: filling of the defect, integration of the border zone to the adjacent cartilage, intactness of the subchondral lamina, intactness of the subchondral bone, and relative signal intensities of the repair tissue compared to the adjacent native cartilage. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- The treatment strategy for TMJ OA aims at preventing the progressive destruction of cartilage and the subchondral bone, relieving joint pain and restoring TMJ function. (thefreelibrary.com)
- Although those abovementioned treatments can prevent disease progression to a certain degree, they are unable to completely restore degraded cartilage or subchondral bone lesions, as well as disc deteriorations. (thefreelibrary.com)
- Group 1 implants were replaced by newly formed hyaline cartilage and subchondral bone (combined histological evaluation according to the ICRS II-2010 and O'Driscoll et al. (nih.gov)
Lesions3
- CAIS is indicated for the repair of articular cartilage lesions and osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the knee through cartilage regeneration. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- This third volume provides insight into current and future treatment strategies for repair of cartilage lesions. (springer.com)
- Isolated femoral condyle lesions account for 75 percent of the cartilage repair procedures performed in the knee joint, and physicians have a variety of techniques to consider as part of surgical treatment. (brightsurf.com)
Osteochondral2
- Surgical techniques for cartilage repair are critically reviewed and special emphasis is placed upon arthroscopic lavage and debridement, microfracture, bone marrow stimulation, and autologous osteochondral allografting. (igi-global.com)
- The value of autologous osteochondral paste for in-vitro treatment of damage to articular cartilage. (wikipedia.org)
Progenitor cells3
- Without access to abundant nutrients or circulating progenitor cells and by possessing a nearly acellular nature, cartilage lacks innate abilities to mount a sufficient healing response ( Fig. 1 ). (sciencemag.org)
- Progenitor cells undergo direct bone formation, or intramembranous ossification, along the periosteal and endosteal surfaces. (biologists.org)
- This regeneration process also restores the physiological respiratory function of the lungs, which is mediated by amplification of various epithelial progenitor cells and regeneration of the alveolar sacs," says Dr. Ding. (bio-medicine.org)
Femoral4
- This study was performed to examine the capacity of a resorbable implant made from polylactide-co-glycolide acid (PGLA)-fleece combined with autologous bone marrow cells fixed with a fibrin/thrombin-clot in the weight-bearing area of the femoral condyle of mature sheep. (gulfcoaststemcell.com)
- Methods: 16 healthy 15 week-old New Zealand white rabbits of both sexes 32 knees were randomly divided into experimental group group A and control group group B. A4.0 mmdiameter full-thickness articular cartilage defect was created in the femoral intercondylar fossa in all rabbits. (duhnnae.com)
- Age-Related Changes in the Tensile Properties of Human Articular Cartilage: a Comparative Study Between the Femoral head of the Hip Join and the Talus of the Ankle Joint. (patentgenius.com)
- 15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the area in need of regeneration of articular cartilage is the femoral condyle. (google.ca)
Platelet-rich plasma3
- Siclari A, Mascaro G, Gentili C et al (2014) Cartilage repair in the knee with subchondral drilling augmented with a platelet-rich plasma-immersed polymer-based implant. (springer.com)
- Effect of platelet-rich plasma and latissimus dorsi muscle flap on osteogenesis and vascularization of tissue-engineered bone in dogs. (semanticscholar.org)
- Autologous injectable tissue-engineered cartilage by using platelet-rich plasma: experimental study in a rabbit model. (semanticscholar.org)
Rheumatoid arthritis2
- Background Bone loss in inflammatory diseases like periodontitis, rheumatoid arthritis, septic arthritis and loosened joint prosthesis or tooth implants is being considered a consequence of cytokine induced RANKL and subsequent enhanced osteoclast formation. (bmj.com)
- R&D efforts will address the use of Excellasome® in the treatment Osteo and Rheumatoid Arthritis, cartilage repair and plantar fasciitis. (businesswire.com)
Marrow stimulation3
- Traditional techniques for cartilage repair include marrow stimulation, allografts, and autografts ( Fig. 2 ). (sciencemag.org)
- Improved cartilage regeneration by implantation of acellular biomaterials after bone marrow stimulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies. (tamhsc.edu)
- A biomimetic coll-HA scaffold was studied, and bone marrow stimulation (BMS) was used as reference intervention. (springer.com)
Nerve3
- These cells, found in teeth as well as in the bone marrow, can form a variety of cell types in the laboratory, including fat cells, cartilage, bone, tendon and ligaments, muscle cells, skin cells and even nerve cells. (bioeden.com)
- The present invention relates generally to the treatment of SCI by stimulating axon regeneration within the central nerve system. (google.com)
- When cartilage is damaged or worn down, bone hits bone where the sensitive nerve endings are located, causing pain. (brighamandwomens.org)
Degeneration1
- Since TMJ OA is a multifactorial disorder , understanding of the pathogenesis of cartilage degeneration in TMJ OA could help to identify potential therapeutic targets and interventions. (thefreelibrary.com)
Healthy cartilage2
- The Cartilage Autograft Implantation System (CAIS) is designed as a single surgical treatment of damaged knee cartilage using the subject's own healthy cartilage obtained from a non-weight or low weight-bearing region. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- However, as the body ages or incurs injuries, it is sometimes more difficult to sustain healthy cartilage regeneration. (nutrametrix.com)
Biology3
- The current paper focuses on the ( in silico ) biology of the bone regeneration process, taking place after bone traumata such as fractures or implant placement. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- The second edition of Bones and Cartilage includes the most recent knowledge of molecular, cellular, developmental and evolutionary processes, which are integrated to outline a unified discipline of developmental and evolutionary skeletal biology. (indigo.ca)
- The ICRS (International Cartilage Regeneration and Joint Preservation Society) is the main forum for international collaboration in cartilaginous tissue research that brings together basic scientists, clinical researchers, physicians and members of industry, engaged or interested in the field of articular biology, its genetic basis and regenerative medicine. (yahoo.com)
Cells16
- The unavailability of sufficient numbers of human primary cells is a major roadblock for in vitro repair of bone and/or cartilage, and for performing disease modelling experiments. (mdpi.com)
- These results may indicate that FLS could be the candidate target cells of regeneration therapy. (nii.ac.jp)
- This could be one of the cord tissue benefits in the future, provided that umbilical cord blood cells can be effectively used to produce atraumatic and perhaps autologous bone and cartilage grafts, that are as cost effective as umbilical cord tissue banking, through family cord blood services like CariCord. (caricord.com)
- Autologous cartilage is the gold standard for cartilage seed cells in regenerative medicine [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
- The procedure most often used in cartilage tissue engineering involves a suitable combination of seeded cells, a biocompatible scaffold, and biological factors that support cartilage formation. (nature.com)
- In this work, we attempted to design a suitable combination of cells and biological factors and a suitable scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering. (nature.com)
- These cells presented signaling typically observed during regeneration of bone and cartilage. (eurekalert.org)
- HAYWARD, Calif., Sept. 12 /PRNewswire/ -- Acologix, Inc., a privately held biopharmaceutical company, today announced the results of two preclinical studies demonstrating that AC-100, its therapeutic product candidate derived from an endogenous human protein produced by bone and dental cells, promotes cartilage regeneration in large animal models. (bio-medicine.org)
- Despite this similarity, IO is significantly easier to recreate in the lab since MSCs can directly differentiate, or become specialized, into bone-forming cells without taking any additional steps. (eurekalert.org)
- Additionally, coverage includes how the molecular and cellular aspects of bones and cartilage differ in different skeletal systems and across species, along with the latest studies and hypotheses of relationships between skeletal cells and the most recent information on coupling between osteocytes and osteoclasts All chapters have been revised and updated to include the latest research. (indigo.ca)
- Dr. Rafii and his researchers had previously uncovered growth factors that control regeneration in the liver and bone marrow, and in both cases, they found that endothelial cells produce the key inductive growth factors, which they defined as "angiocrine factors. (bio-medicine.org)
- In the current lung study, they discovered the same phenomenon -- that blood vessel cells in the lungs jump-start regeneration of alveoli. (bio-medicine.org)
- GM-MSCs have been widely reported that they are able to increase bone and cartilage tissue regeneration not only by secreting transgene products such as growth factors in a long-term manner, also by inducing MSCs into tissue-specific cells. (kaist.ac.kr)
- BioTime's cell lines displayed markers that indicated the cells were progenitors of diverse cartilage, bone, and tendon cell types in the body. (thestreet.com)
- Differential effect of BMP4 on NIH/3T3 and C2C12 cells: implications for endochondral bone formation. (nih.gov)
- This drives efforts to develop ways of using a person's own cells to grow, or re-grow cartilage tissue to replace missing or damaged cartilage. (wikipedia.org)
Tissue Engineering and Regeneration4
- The global market for tissue engineering and regeneration should grow from $24.7 billion in 2018 to $109.9 billion by 2023 with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 34.8% from 2018 to 2023. (bccresearch.com)
- The global tissue engineering and regeneration market is primarily categorized by segment, material, application and region. (bccresearch.com)
- The report provides an in-depth analysis of key companies operating in the global tissue engineering and regeneration market. (bccresearch.com)
- The authors are all recognized experts in the field of tissue engineering and regeneration. (weltbild.de)
Joint cartilage2
- The 3-D images produced by CT scans are now being used to create patient-specific implantable scaffold systems that support joint cartilage while the tissue grows and gains strength. (medindia.net)
- Glucosamine Glucosamine is an aminopolysaccharide (a combination of the amino acid - glutamine and a sugar - glucose).Glucosamine is concentrated in joint cartilage where it is incorporated in longer chains known as glycosaminoglycans and finally into very large structures known as proteoglycans. (nutrametrix.com)
Native cartilage2
- Furthermore many techniques show unsatisfactory long term results due to inferior quality of repair tissue as compared to native cartilage or have yet to prove the cost versus benefit. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- It has been generally accepted that scaffold structure and composition would be the best when it mimics the structure of native cartilage. (frontiersin.org)
Scaffold for cartilage1
- Comparative evaluation of MSCs from bone marrow and adipose tissue seeded in PRP-derived scaffold for cartilage regeneration. (nih.gov)
Human articular cartilage1
- Liu Y, Lian Q, He J et al (2011) Study on the microstructure of human articular cartilage/bone Interface. (springer.com)
Strategies for Cartilage Repair1
- additionally, several advanced strategies for cartilage repair are discussed. (hindawi.com)
Regenerative medicine4
- The hyaline cartilage is a tissue that challenges tissue engineering and regenerative medicine because of its avascular nature. (intechopen.com)
- However, the field of regenerative medicine has shown promising developments in the repair of damaged cartilage. (hindawi.com)
- How these bones form and how they are repaired if injured varies, and has posed a challenge for many researchers in the field of regenerative medicine. (eurekalert.org)
- At the 2019 ICRS Summit, Dr. Alberto Gobbi, world-renowned specialist in arthroscopic surgery, cartilage repair and regenerative medicine, will present findings from a 10-year follow-up study of patients treated with HYALOFAST HA scaffold with Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate (BMAC) in a one-step surgery. (yahoo.com)
Damage8
- 11. The method of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the wound for which wound healing is to be promoted is selected from the group consisting of dermal ulcers, burns, oral wounds, eye wounds, non-cutaneous wounds, ischemia-reperfusion injury, bone and cartilage damage and warfarin-related skin necrosis. (freepatentsonline.com)
- Sportärztezeitung 03/2018 (Cartilage Damage to the Hip. (yahoo.com)
- Kiapour AM, Fleming BC, Murray MM. Structural and Anatomic Restoration of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Is Associated With Less Cartilage Damage 1 Year After Surgery: Healing Ligament Properties Affect Cartilage Damage. (childrenshospital.org)
- The Cartilage Repair Center (CRC) at Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH) is recognized around the world as one of the leading institutions for the treatment of cartilage damage and early arthritis in the knees. (brighamandwomens.org)
- Founded more than 10 years ago as the first U.S. center solely dedicated to the treatment of cartilage damage, the CRC continues to be one of the busiest cartilage transplant centers in the country. (brighamandwomens.org)
- Due to their invasiveness as well as the complex properties of articular cartilage current treatments often fail to restore cartilage damage. (rice.edu)
- There are several different repair options available for cartilage damage or failure. (wikipedia.org)
- Once cartilage damage is assessed there are two methods to access the joint to proceed with the AMIC surgery. (wikipedia.org)
Musculoskeletal tissue2
- Challenges in musculoskeletal tissue regeneration affect millions of patients globally. (uthscsa.edu)
- The modern laboratory space in the Bioengineering Institute is being shared between the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at NYU School of Medicine and the Department of Biomedical Engineering at NYU Tandon School of Engineering to foster a collaborative environment for the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies for musculoskeletal tissue repair and regeneration. (nyu.edu)
Articular Cartilage Repair2
- Collectively the data indicated that a successful articular cartilage repair require lower stiffness of the scaffold compared to surrounding cartilage yet matching the strain compliance both in static and dynamic conditions. (frontiersin.org)
- The results encourage further development of intelligent scaffold structures for optimal articular cartilage repair rather than simply trying to imitate the respective original tissue. (frontiersin.org)
International Cartilage Repair Society2
- Subjective relief of pain for the patient will be assessed using the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) Cartilage Injury Evaluation Package which includes the pre- and postsurgical evaluation of general medical conditions, pain, activity level as well as functional and morphological status. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Anika Therapeutics, Inc. ( ANIK ), a global, integrated orthopedic and regenerative medicines company specializing in therapeutics based on its proprietary hyaluronic acid ("HA") technology , today announced plans to showcase HYALOFAST , a biodegradable, HA-based cartilage repair scaffold, at the 2019 International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) Summit. (yahoo.com)
Fracture13
- The role of bone morphogenic protein was evaluated using a rat model to determine how it impacts fracture healing. (tamhsc.edu)
- Fracture healing begins with an acute inflammatory response that produces a hematoma to isolate the damaged tissue, and then new bone arises by both intramembranous and endochondral ossification. (biologists.org)
- When this happens it may lead to the bone fracture. (jointhealthmagazine.com)
- With the ideal changes in medication and lifestyle, it is easier to hinder bone fracture. (jointhealthmagazine.com)
- This supplement is also said to prevent Osteoporosis, a condition that causes the bone fracture. (jointhealthmagazine.com)
- Recently, there has been increasing evidence suggesting that T2DM also adversely affects the skeletal system, causing detrimental bone effects such as bone quality deterioration, loss of bone strength, increased fracture risk, and impaired bone healing. (frontiersin.org)
- The aim of this review was to synthesize current knowledge on the different factors influencing the impairment of bone fracture healing under T2DM conditions. (frontiersin.org)
- Here, we discuss new approaches used in recent studies to unveil the mechanisms and fill the existing gaps in the scientific understanding of the relationship between T2DM, bone tissue, and bone fracture healing. (frontiersin.org)
- Currently, there are evidences suggesting that the process of bone healing after trauma (fracture) is compromised under T2DM conditions ( 5 - 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Despite these reported evidences, the exact mechanisms of the pathology that T2DM causes on bone fracture healing remains poorly understood. (frontiersin.org)
- In this review, we revised the different T2DM-related factors that have been suggested to affect the bone fracture healing process and discussed recent findings to fill the current gaps in the scientific understanding of the impact of T2DM in bone repair. (frontiersin.org)
- The following question was posed to define the content of this review article: what are the possible causes of impaired bone fracture healing in T2DM? (frontiersin.org)
- An articulated robotic arm to carry a human & respiration synchronization method) Surgeon-Robot Interaction for Bone-Fracture Reposition Robot Lab - Robotic Assistant Robot for Bone-Fracture Reposition Surgery, which replaces assistant surgeons who align the broken bone to reduce their exposure to X-ray and labor-intensive work. (wikipedia.org)
Growth13
- The sensors also transmit their measurements wirelessly, enabling patients undergoing cartilage growth therapy to monitor their own joint stress loads in real time. (medindia.net)
- Another advance in the ability of researchers to successfully use cartilage growth for joint repair is the use of computerized tomography, or CT, scans, which are computer-generated medical images used in the diagnosis of tumors and cancer. (medindia.net)
- Using a 3-D scan of a patient''s joint to custom build an implantable scaffold to support new cartilage growth -- as well as an implanted sensor that provides real-time activity monitoring for the rehabilitated patient -- represent major milestones in cartilage tissue engineering. (medindia.net)
- Hayes AJ, MacPherson S, Morrison H et al (2001) The development of articular cartilage: evidence for an appositional growth mechanism. (springer.com)
- Bone morphogenic protein (BMP), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and Transforming growth factor (TGF) are all important players in angiogenesis and cartilage regeneration. (tamhsc.edu)
- These models were followed by the development of bioregulatory models where mechanics was neglected and regeneration was regulated only by biological stimuli such as growth factors. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- The rationale for using a scaffold is to offer a temporary 3-dimensional structure of biodegradable polymers to mimic cartilage architecture and favour cell growth [ 24 ]. (springer.com)
- Nukavarapu says that the "use of cartilage-template matrices would lead to the development of novel bone repair strategies that do not involve harmful growth factors. (eurekalert.org)
- Each organ uses different growth factors within its local vascular system to promote regeneration. (bio-medicine.org)
- Direct chemical cross-linking of platelet-derived growth factor-BB to the demineralized bone matrix improves cellularization and vascularization. (semanticscholar.org)
- In this review, we introduce several growth factors for gene delivery to MSCs and strategies for bone and cartilage tissue regeneration using GM-MSCs. (kaist.ac.kr)
- The overarching objective of this thesis was to investigate synthetic hydrogel delivery of growth factors and demineralized bone matrix (DBM) for bone augmentation. (rice.edu)
- The active growth factor is preferably a composition containing at least one bone morphogenetic protein and. (google.ca)
Biological3
- Tissue engineering of bone and cartilage has progressed from simple to sophisticated materials with defined porosity, surface features, and the ability to deliver biological factors. (uthscsa.edu)
- It starts with a summary of the most important biological processes taking place during bone regeneration, and subsequently discusses the modelling efforts that have been undertaken in this research domain hitherto. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- Biological signals that direct the development of bone and cartilage at specific skeletal locations are stimulated by movement in the womb. (brightsurf.com)
Isolated cartilage loss1
- This minimally invasive procedure is an option for some patients who have one or two areas of isolated cartilage loss, which occurs over time. (brighamandwomens.org)
![Lecture notes for Pathology course] (January 7, 1936)](https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/BGBBGG~24.jpg)
