Cartilage. Medical search

A non-vascular form of connective tissue composed of CHONDROCYTES embedded in a matrix that includes CHONDROITIN SULFATE and various types of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are three major types: HYALINE CARTILAGE; FIBROCARTILAGE; and ELASTIC CARTILAGE.

A protective layer of firm, flexible cartilage over the articulating ends of bones. It provides a smooth surface for joint movement, protecting the ends of long bones from wear at points of contact.

Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).

Polymorphic cells that form cartilage.

Hyaline cartilages in the nose. There are five major nasal cartilages including two lateral, two alar, and one septal.

A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.

Cartilage of the EAR AURICLE and the EXTERNAL EAR CANAL.

The nine cartilages of the larynx, including the cricoid, thyroid and epiglottic, and two each of arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform.

A type of CARTILAGE characterized by a homogenous amorphous matrix containing predominately TYPE II COLLAGEN and ground substance. Hyaline cartilage is found in ARTICULAR CARTILAGE; COSTAL CARTILAGE; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; and the NASAL SEPTUM.

A synovial hinge connection formed between the bones of the FEMUR; TIBIA; and PATELLA.

Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content.

Major component of chondrocyte EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX of various tissues including bone, tendon, ligament, SYNOVIUM and blood vessels. It binds MATRILIN PROTEINS and is associated with development of cartilage and bone.

Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)

Large HYALURONAN-containing proteoglycans found in articular cartilage (CARTILAGE, ARTICULAR). They form into aggregates that provide tissues with the capacity to resist high compressive and tensile forces.

A fibrillar collagen found predominantly in CARTILAGE and vitreous humor. It consists of three identical alpha1(II) chains.

Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine.

PROTEOGLYCANS-associated proteins that are major components of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX of various tissues including CARTILAGE; and INTERVERTEBRAL DISC structures. They bind COLLAGEN fibers and contain protein domains that enable oligomer formation and interaction with other extracellular matrix proteins such as CARTILAGE OLIGOMERIC MATRIX PROTEIN.

The formation of cartilage. This process is directed by CHONDROCYTES which continually divide and lay down matrix during development. It is sometimes a precursor to OSTEOGENESIS.

Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., COLLAGEN; ELASTIN; FIBRONECTINS; and LAMININ).

The area between the EPIPHYSIS and the DIAPHYSIS within which bone growth occurs.

Breaks in CARTILAGE.

A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of SKIN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; and the organic substance of bones (BONE AND BONES) and teeth (TOOTH).

In horses, cattle, and other quadrupeds, the joint between the femur and the tibia, corresponding to the human knee.

The flat, triangular bone situated at the anterior part of the KNEE.

The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the FIBULA laterally, the TALUS distally, and the FEMUR proximally.

The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee.

The interarticular fibrocartilages of the superior surface of the tibia.

The partition separating the two NASAL CAVITIES in the midplane. It is formed by the SEPTAL NASAL CARTILAGE, parts of skull bones (ETHMOID BONE; VOMER), and membranous parts.

The head of a long bone that is separated from the shaft by the epiphyseal plate until bone growth stops. At that time, the plate disappears and the head and shaft are united.

One of a pair of small pyramidal cartilages that articulate with the lamina of the CRICOID CARTILAGE. The corresponding VOCAL LIGAMENT and several muscles are attached to it.

The small thick cartilage that forms the lower and posterior parts of the laryngeal wall.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

The largest cartilage of the larynx consisting of two laminae fusing anteriorly at an acute angle in the midline of the neck. The point of fusion forms a subcutaneous projection known as the Adam's apple.

Inflammation of a bone and its overlaying CARTILAGE.

A secreted matrix metalloproteinase that plays a physiological role in the degradation of extracellular matrix found in skeletal tissues. It is synthesized as an inactive precursor that is activated by the proteolytic cleavage of its N-terminal propeptide.

The physical state of supporting an applied load. This often refers to the weight-bearing bones or joints that support the body's weight, especially those in the spine, hip, knee, and foot.

Also known as articulations, these are points of connection between the ends of certain separate bones, or where the borders of other bones are juxtaposed.

Generating tissue in vitro for clinical applications, such as replacing wounded tissues or impaired organs. The use of TISSUE SCAFFOLDING enables the generation of complex multi-layered tissues and tissue structures.

The maximum compression a material can withstand without failure. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed, p427)

A specialized CONNECTIVE TISSUE that is the main constituent of the SKELETON. The principle cellular component of bone is comprised of OSTEOBLASTS; OSTEOCYTES; and OSTEOCLASTS, while FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and hydroxyapatite crystals form the BONE MATRIX.

A natural high-viscosity mucopolysaccharide with alternating beta (1-3) glucuronide and beta (1-4) glucosaminidic bonds. It is found in the UMBILICAL CORD, in VITREOUS BODY and in SYNOVIAL FLUID. A high urinary level is found in PROGERIA.

The hemispheric articular surface at the upper extremity of the thigh bone. (Stedman, 26th ed)

The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes SYNOVIAL FLUID.

A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere.

Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.

The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE. It contains mucin, albumin, fat, and mineral salts and serves to lubricate joints.

A purely physical condition which exists within any material because of strain or deformation by external forces or by non-uniform thermal expansion; expressed quantitatively in units of force per unit area.

Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.

The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.

Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.

The posterior process on the ramus of the mandible composed of two parts: a superior part, the articular portion, and an inferior part, the condylar neck.

ARTHRITIS that is induced in experimental animals. Immunological methods and infectious agents can be used to develop experimental arthritis models. These methods include injections of stimulators of the immune response, such as an adjuvant (ADJUVANTS, IMMUNOLOGIC) or COLLAGEN.

The application of LUBRICANTS to diminish FRICTION between two surfaces.

A SOXE transcription factor that plays a critical role in regulating CHONDROGENESIS; OSTEOGENESIS; and male sex determination. Loss of function of the SOX9 transcription factor due to genetic mutations is a cause of CAMPOMELIC DYSPLASIA.

An extracellular endopeptidase which excises a block of peptides at the amino terminal, nonhelical region of the procollagen molecule with the formation of collagen. Absence or deficiency of the enzyme causes accumulation of procollagen which results in the inherited connective tissue disorder--dermatosparaxis. EC 3.4.24.14.

Acids derived from monosaccharides by the oxidation of the terminal (-CH2OH) group farthest removed from the carbonyl group to a (-COOH) group. (From Stedmans, 26th ed)

A strong ligament of the knee that originates from the posteromedial portion of the lateral condyle of the femur, passes anteriorly and inferiorly between the condyles, and attaches to the depression in front of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia.

Surgical techniques used to correct or augment healing of chondral defects in the joints (CARTILAGE, ARTICULAR). These include abrasion, drilling, and microfracture of the subchondral bone to enhance chondral resurfacing via autografts, allografts, or cell transplantation.

An extracellular endopeptidase of vertebrate tissues similar to MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 1. It digests PROTEOGLYCAN; FIBRONECTIN; COLLAGEN types III, IV, V, and IX, and activates procollagenase. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992)

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Microscopy using polarized light in which phenomena due to the preferential orientation of optical properties with respect to the vibration plane of the polarized light are made visible and correlated parameters are made measurable.

A technique for maintaining or growing TISSUE in vitro, usually by DIFFUSION, perifusion, or PERFUSION. The tissue is cultured directly after removal from the host without being dispersed for cell culture.

Methods of delivering drugs into a joint space.

A fibril-associated collagen usually found crosslinked to the surface of COLLAGEN TYPE II fibrils. It is a heterotrimer containing alpha1(IX), alpha2(IX) and alpha3(IX) subunits.

A set of twelve curved bones which connect to the vertebral column posteriorly, and terminate anteriorly as costal cartilage. Together, they form a protective cage around the internal thoracic organs.

A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Enzymes that catalyze the degradation of collagen by acting on the peptide bonds.

A class of animal lectins that bind to carbohydrate in a calcium-dependent manner. They share a common carbohydrate-binding domain that is structurally distinct from other classes of lectins.

The growth and development of bones from fetus to adult. It includes two principal mechanisms of bone growth: growth in length of long bones at the epiphyseal cartilages and growth in thickness by depositing new bone (OSTEOGENESIS) with the actions of OSTEOBLASTS and OSTEOCLASTS.

Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

A non-fibrillar collagen found primarily in terminally differentiated hypertrophic CHONDROCYTES. It is a homotrimer of three identical alpha1(X) subunits.

Bone in humans and primates extending from the SHOULDER JOINT to the ELBOW JOINT.

Endoscopic examination, therapy and surgery of the joint.

Abnormal development of cartilage and bone.

A plastic surgical operation on the nose, either reconstructive, restorative, or cosmetic. (Dorland, 28th ed)

The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.

The process of bone formation. Histogenesis of bone including ossification.

Cell growth support structures composed of BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS. They are specially designed solid support matrices for cell attachment in TISSUE ENGINEERING and GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION uses.

Process by which organic tissue becomes hardened by the physiologic deposit of calcium salts.

A fibrillar collagen found primarily in interstitial CARTILAGE. Collagen type XI is heterotrimer containing alpha1(XI), alpha2(XI) and alpha3(XI) subunits.

A low-osmolar, ionic contrast medium used in various radiographic procedures.

Thin outer membrane that surrounds a bone. It contains CONNECTIVE TISSUE, CAPILLARIES, nerves, and a number of cell types.

Either of two extremities of four-footed non-primate land animals. It usually consists of a FEMUR; TIBIA; and FIBULA; tarsals; METATARSALS; and TOES. (From Storer et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p73)

A type of CARTILAGE whose matrix contains ELASTIC FIBERS and elastic lamellae, in addition to the normal components of HYALINE CARTILAGE matrix. Elastic cartilage is found in the EXTERNAL EAR; EUSTACHIAN TUBE; EPIGLOTTIS; and LARYNX.

Proteoglycans consisting of proteins linked to one or more CHONDROITIN SULFATE-containing oligosaccharide chains.

A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)

A family of zinc-dependent metalloendopeptidases that is involved in the degradation of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX components.

A soluble factor produced by MONOCYTES; MACROPHAGES, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. Interleukin-1 is a general term refers to either of the two distinct proteins, INTERLEUKIN-1ALPHA and INTERLEUKIN-1BETA. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

The region corresponding to the human WRIST in non-human ANIMALS.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

An articulation between the condyle of the mandible and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone.

Methods of maintaining or growing biological materials in controlled laboratory conditions. These include the cultures of CELLS; TISSUES; organs; or embryo in vitro. Both animal and plant tissues may be cultured by a variety of methods. Cultures may derive from normal or abnormal tissues, and consist of a single cell type or mixed cell types.

A copper-containing dye used as a gelling agent for lubricants, for staining of bacteria and for the dyeing of histiocytes and fibroblasts in vivo.

Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid.

Inflammation of a synovial membrane. It is usually painful, particularly on motion, and is characterized by a fluctuating swelling due to effusion within a synovial sac. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Bone-growth regulatory factors that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of proteins. They are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. The active form can consist of a dimer of two identical proteins or a heterodimer of two related bone morphogenetic proteins.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

The physiological renewal, repair, or replacement of tissue.

A clear, homogenous, structureless, eosinophilic substance occurring in pathological degeneration of tissues.

A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.

The maximum stress a material subjected to a stretching load can withstand without tearing. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed, p2001)

A family of membrane-anchored glycoproteins that contain a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain. They are responsible for the proteolytic cleavage of many transmembrane proteins and the release of their extracellular domain.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The second largest of the TARSAL BONES. It articulates with the TIBIA and FIBULA to form the ANKLE JOINT.

Bony outgrowth usually found around joints and often seen in conditions such as ARTHRITIS.

A type of CARTILAGE whose matrix contains large bundles of COLLAGEN TYPE I. Fibrocartilage is typically found in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISK; PUBIC SYMPHYSIS; TIBIAL MENISCI; and articular disks in synovial JOINTS. (From Ross et. al., Histology, 3rd ed., p132,136)

The SKELETON of the HEAD including the FACIAL BONES and the bones enclosing the BRAIN.

A technique for maintenance or growth of animal organs in vitro. It refers to three-dimensional cultures of undisaggregated tissue retaining some or all of the histological features of the tissue in vivo. (Freshney, Culture of Animal Cells, 3d ed, p1)

A family of structurally related collagens that form the characteristic collagen fibril bundles seen in CONNECTIVE TISSUE.

A type of osteochondritis in which articular cartilage and associated bone becomes partially or totally detached to form joint loose bodies. Affects mainly the knee, ankle, and elbow joints.

Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue.

Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

A dead body, usually a human body.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

A potent osteoinductive protein that plays a critical role in the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into OSTEOBLASTS.

A group of elongate elasmobranchs. Sharks are mostly marine fish, with certain species large and voracious.

Bone-marrow-derived, non-hematopoietic cells that support HEMATOPOETIC STEM CELLS. They have also been isolated from other organs and tissues such as UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD, umbilical vein subendothelium, and WHARTON JELLY. These cells are considered to be a source of multipotent stem cells because they include subpopulations of mesenchymal stem cells.

Large, hoofed mammals of the family EQUIDAE. Horses are active day and night with most of the day spent seeking and consuming food. Feeding peaks occur in the early morning and late afternoon, and there are several daily periods of rest.

Any of a group of bone disorders involving one or more ossification centers (EPIPHYSES). It is characterized by degeneration or NECROSIS followed by revascularization and reossification. Osteochondrosis often occurs in children causing varying degrees of discomfort or pain. There are many eponymic types for specific affected areas, such as tarsal navicular (Kohler disease) and tibial tuberosity (Osgood-Schlatter disease).

The joint that is formed by the inferior articular and malleolar articular surfaces of the TIBIA; the malleolar articular surface of the FIBULA; and the medial malleolar, lateral malleolar, and superior surfaces of the TALUS.

The articulation between a metacarpal bone and a phalanx.

The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.

Enzymes which catalyze the elimination of glucuronate residues from chondroitin A,B, and C or which catalyze the hydrolysis of sulfate groups of the 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose 6-sulfate units of chondroitin sulfate. EC 4.2.2.-.

Water swollen, rigid, 3-dimensional network of cross-linked, hydrophilic macromolecules, 20-95% water. They are used in paints, printing inks, foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A benign neoplasm derived from mesodermal cells that form cartilage. It may remain within the substance of a cartilage or bone (true chondroma or enchondroma) or may develop on the surface of a cartilage (ecchondroma or ecchondrosis). (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)

Numerical expression indicating the measure of stiffness in a material. It is defined by the ratio of stress in a unit area of substance to the resulting deformation (strain). This allows the behavior of a material under load (such as bone) to be calculated.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The joint that is formed by the articulation of the head of FEMUR and the ACETABULUM of the PELVIS.

Transference of tissue within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species.

Extracellular substance of bone tissue consisting of COLLAGEN fibers, ground substance, and inorganic crystalline minerals and salts.

Presence of calcium salts, especially calcium pyrophosphate, in the cartilaginous structures of one or more joints. When accompanied by attacks of goutlike symptoms, it is called pseudogout. (Dorland, 27th ed)

A growth differentiation factor that plays a role in early CHONDROGENESIS and joint formation.

An autosomal dominant disorder that is the most frequent form of short-limb dwarfism. Affected individuals exhibit short stature caused by rhizomelic shortening of the limbs, characteristic facies with frontal bossing and mid-face hypoplasia, exaggerated lumbar lordosis, limitation of elbow extension, GENU VARUM, and trident hand. (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim, MIM#100800, April 20, 2001)

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

A network of cross-linked hydrophilic macromolecules used in biomedical applications.

The farthest or outermost projections of the body, such as the HAND and FOOT.

An interleukin-1 subtype that is synthesized as an inactive membrane-bound pro-protein. Proteolytic processing of the precursor form by CASPASE 1 results in release of the active form of interleukin-1beta from the membrane.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

A member of the metalloproteinase family of enzymes that is principally responsible for cleaving FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. It can degrade interstitial collagens, types I, II and III.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.

An interleukin-1 subtype that occurs as a membrane-bound pro-protein form that is cleaved by proteases to form a secreted mature form. Unlike INTERLEUKIN-1BETA both membrane-bound and secreted forms of interleukin-1alpha are biologically active.

A bone morphogenetic protein that is widely expressed during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. It is both a potent osteogenic factor and a specific regulator of nephrogenesis.

Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

Non-human animals, selected because of specific characteristics, for use in experimental research, teaching, or testing.

An acquired disease of unknown etiology, chronic course, and tendency to recur. It is characterized by inflammation and degeneration of cartilage and can result in deformities such as floppy ear and saddle nose. Loss of cartilage in the respiratory tract can lead to respiratory obstruction.

Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape.

A cytokine with both pro- and anti-inflammatory actions that depend upon the cellular microenvironment. Oncostatin M is a 28 kDa monomeric glycoprotein that is similar in structure to LEUKEMIA INHIBITORY FACTOR. Its name derives from the the observation that it inhibited the growth of tumor cells and augmented the growth of normal fibroblasts.

Roentgenography of a joint, usually after injection of either positive or negative contrast medium.

The most common form of fibrillar collagen. It is a major constituent of bone (BONE AND BONES) and SKIN and consists of a heterotrimer of two alpha1(I) and one alpha2(I) chains.

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

Proteases which use a metal, normally ZINC, in the catalytic mechanism. This group of enzymes is inactivated by metal CHELATORS.

A region, of SOMITE development period, that contains a number of paired arches, each with a mesodermal core lined by ectoderm and endoderm on the two sides. In lower aquatic vertebrates, branchial arches develop into GILLS. In higher vertebrates, the arches forms outpouchings and develop into structures of the head and neck. Separating the arches are the branchial clefts or grooves.

Procedures for enhancing and directing tissue repair and renewal processes, such as BONE REGENERATION; NERVE REGENERATION; etc. They involve surgically implanting growth conducive tracks or conduits (TISSUE SCAFFOLDING) at the damaged site to stimulate and control the location of cell repopulation. The tracks or conduits are made from synthetic and/or natural materials and may include support cells and induction factors for CELL GROWTH PROCESSES; or CELL MIGRATION.

The outer part of the hearing system of the body. It includes the shell-like EAR AURICLE which collects sound, and the EXTERNAL EAR CANAL, the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE, and the EXTERNAL EAR CARTILAGES.

ENDOPEPTIDASES which use a metal such as ZINC in the catalytic mechanism.

A subclass of closely-related SOX transcription factors. In addition to a conserved HMG-BOX DOMAIN, members of this group contain a leucine zipper motif which mediates protein DIMERIZATION.

The largest and strongest bone of the FACE constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth.

A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.

The articulations between the various TARSAL BONES. This does not include the ANKLE JOINT which consists of the articulations between the TIBIA; FIBULA; and TALUS.

The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.

Reagent used as an intermediate in the manufacture of beta-alanine and pantothenic acid.

Study of intracellular distribution of chemicals, reaction sites, enzymes, etc., by means of staining reactions, radioactive isotope uptake, selective metal distribution in electron microscopy, or other methods.

The articulation between the articular surface of the PATELLA and the patellar surface of the FEMUR.

The process of generating three-dimensional images by electronic, photographic, or other methods. For example, three-dimensional images can be generated by assembling multiple tomographic images with the aid of a computer, while photographic 3-D images (HOLOGRAPHY) can be made by exposing film to the interference pattern created when two laser light sources shine on an object.

A long, narrow, and flat bone commonly known as BREASTBONE occurring in the midsection of the anterior thoracic segment or chest region, which stabilizes the rib cage and serves as the point of origin for several muscles that move the arms, head, and neck.

General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).

An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Unstable isotopes of sulfur that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. S 29-31, 35, 37, and 38 are radioactive sulfur isotopes.

A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Carica papaya. It is also the name used for a purified mixture of papain and CHYMOPAPAIN that is used as a topical enzymatic debriding agent. EC 3.4.22.2.

A TGF-beta subtype that plays role in regulating epithelial-mesenchymal interaction during embryonic development. It is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature TGF-beta3 and TGF-beta3 latency-associated peptide. The association of the cleavage products results in the formation a latent protein which must be activated to bind its receptor.

A non-fibrillar collagen that forms a network of MICROFIBRILS within the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. The alpha subunits of collagen type VI assemble into antiparallel, overlapping dimers which then align to form tetramers.

Enzymes which catalyze the elimination of delta-4,5-D-glucuronate residues from polysaccharides containing 1,4-beta-hexosaminyl and 1,3-beta-D-glucuronosyl or 1,3-alpha-L-iduronosyl linkages thereby bringing about depolymerization. EC 4.2.2.4 acts on chondroitin sulfate A and C as well as on dermatan sulfate and slowly on hyaluronate. EC 4.2.2.5 acts on chondroitin sulfate A and C.

A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1.

A region of the lower extremity immediately surrounding and including the KNEE JOINT.

Methods for maintaining or growing CELLS in vitro.

The continuous turnover of BONE MATRIX and mineral that involves first an increase in BONE RESORPTION (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive BONE FORMATION (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium HOMEOSTASIS. An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as OSTEOPOROSIS.

The development of bony substance in normally soft structures.

The region in the hindlimb of a quadruped, corresponding to the human ANKLE.

A computer based method of simulating or analyzing the behavior of structures or components.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

The bony deposit formed between and around the broken ends of BONE FRACTURES during normal healing.

Bleeding into the joints. It may arise from trauma or spontaneously in patients with hemophilia.

The rigid framework of connected bones that gives form to the body, protects and supports its soft organs and tissues, and provides attachments for MUSCLES.

The five long bones of the METATARSUS, articulating with the TARSAL BONES proximally and the PHALANGES OF TOES distally.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

Surgical reconstruction of the hearing mechanism of the middle ear, with restoration of the drum membrane to protect the round window from sound pressure, and establishment of ossicular continuity between the tympanic membrane and the oval window. (Dorland, 28th ed.)

The middle germ layer of an embryo derived from three paired mesenchymal aggregates along the neural tube.

Mechanisms of GDF-5 action during skeletal development. (1/3372)

Mutations in GDF-5, a member of the TGF-beta superfamily, result in the autosomal recessive syndromes brachypod (bp) in mice and Hunter-Thompson and Grebe-type chondrodysplasias in humans. These syndromes are all characterised by the shortening of the appendicular skeleton and loss or abnormal development of some joints. To investigate how GDF-5 controls skeletogenesis, we overexpressed GDF-5 during chick limb development using the retrovirus, RCASBP. This resulted in up to a 37.5% increase in length of the skeletal elements, which was predominantly due to an increase in the number of chondrocytes. By injecting virus at different stages of development, we show that GDF-5 can increase both the size of the early cartilage condensation and the later developing skeletal element. Using in vitro micromass cultures as a model system to study the early steps of chondrogenesis, we show that GDF-5 increases chondrogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. We did not detect changes in proliferation. However, cell suspension cultures showed that GDF-5 might act at these stages by increasing cell adhesion, a critical determinant of early chondrogenesis. In contrast, pulse labelling experiments of GDF-5-infected limbs showed that at later stages of skeletal development GDF-5 can increase proliferation of chondrocytes. Thus, here we show two mechanisms of how GDF-5 may control different stages of skeletogenesis. Finally, our data show that levels of GDF-5 expression/activity are important in controlling the size of skeletal elements and provides a possible explanation for the variation in the severity of skeletal defects resulting from mutations in GDF-5. (+info)

Fibrocartilage in tendons and ligaments--an adaptation to compressive load. (2/3372)

Where tendons and ligaments are subject to compression, they are frequently fibrocartilaginous. This occurs at 2 principal sites: where tendons (and sometimes ligaments) wrap around bony or fibrous pulleys, and in the region where they attach to bone, i.e. at their entheses. Wrap-around tendons are most characteristic of the limbs and are commonly wider at their point of bony contact so that the pressure is reduced. The most fibrocartilaginous tendons are heavily loaded and permanently bent around their pulleys. There is often pronounced interweaving of collagen fibres that prevents the tendons from splaying apart under compression. The fibrocartilage can be located within fascicles, or in endo- or epitenon (where it may protect blood vessels from compression or allow fascicles to slide). Fibrocartilage cells are commonly packed with intermediate filaments which could be involved in transducing mechanical load. The ECM often contains aggrecan which allows the tendon to imbibe water and withstand compression. Type II collagen may also be present, particularly in tendons that are heavily loaded. Fibrocartilage is a dynamic tissue that disappears when the tendons are rerouted surgically and can be maintained in vitro when discs of tendon are compressed. Finite element analyses provide a good correlation between its distribution and levels of compressive stress, but at some locations fibrocartilage is a sign of pathology. Enthesis fibrocartilage is most typical of tendons or ligaments that attach to the epiphyses of long bones where it may also be accompanied by sesamoid and periosteal fibrocartilages. It is characteristic of sites where the angle of attachment changes throughout the range of joint movement and it reduces wear and tear by dissipating stress concentration at the bony interface. There is a good correlation between the distribution of fibrocartilage within an enthesis and the levels of compressive stress. The complex interlocking between calcified fibrocartilage and bone contributes to the mechanical strength of the enthesis and cartilage-like molecules (e.g. aggrecan and type II collagen) in the ECM contribute to its ability to withstand compression. Pathological changes are common and are known as enthesopathies. (+info)

The use of variable lactate/malic dehydrogenase ratios to distinguish between progenitor cells of cartilage and bone in the embryonic chick. (3/3372)

The activities of LDH and MDH have been studied, both in differentiated cartilage and bone from the embryonic chick, and in the pool of mixed osteogenic and chondrogenic stem cells found on the quadratojugal, a membrane bone. In confirmation of the model proposed by Reddi & Huggins (1971) we found that the LDH/MDH ratio was greater than 1 in cartilage and less than 1 in bone. Furthermore we established, for the first time, that ratios occurred in the chondrogenic and osteogenic stem cells, similar to the ratios in their differentiated counterparts. Alteration in LDH/MDH resulted from variations in the level of LDH/mug protein. MDH/mug protein remained constant, even when LDH/MDH was changing. We interpret these results in terms of adaptation of chondrogenic progenitor cells for anaerobic metabolism and anticipate that our model will be applicable to other skeletal systems where stem cells are being studied. (+info)

Generation and characterization of aggrecanase. A soluble, cartilage-derived aggrecan-degrading activity. (4/3372)

A method was developed for generating soluble, active "aggrecanase" in conditioned media from interleukin-1-stimulated bovine nasal cartilage cultures. Using bovine nasal cartilage conditioned media as a source of the aggrecanase enzyme, an enzymatic assay was established employing purified aggrecan monomers as a substrate and monitoring specific aggrecanase-mediated cleavage products by Western analysis using the monoclonal antibody, BC-3 (which recognizes the new N terminus, ARGS, on fragments produced by cleavage between amino acid residues Glu373 and Ala374). Using this assay we have characterized cartilage aggrecanase with respect to assay kinetics, pH and salt optima, heat sensitivity, and stability upon storage. Aggrecanase activity was inhibited by the metalloprotease inhibitor, EDTA, while a panel of inhibitors of serine, cysteine, and aspartic proteinases had no effect, suggesting that aggrecanase is a metalloproteinase. Sensitivity to known matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors as well as to the endogenous tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases, TIMP-1, further support the notion that aggrecanase is a metalloproteinase potentially related to the ADAM family or MMP family of proteases previously implicated in the catabolism of the extracellular matrix. (+info)

gas2 is a multifunctional gene involved in the regulation of apoptosis and chondrogenesis in the developing mouse limb. (5/3372)

The growth-arrest-specific 2 (gas2) gene was initially identified on account of its high level of expression in murine fibroblasts under growth arrest conditions, followed by downregulation upon reentry into the cell cycle (Schneider et al., Cell 54, 787-793, 1988). In this study, the expression patterns of the gas2 gene and the Gas2 peptide were established in the developing limbs of 11.5- to 14. 5-day mouse embryos. It was found that gas2 was expressed in the interdigital tissues, the chondrogenic regions, and the myogenic regions. Low-density limb culture and Brdu incorporation assays revealed that gas2 might play an important role in regulating chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. Moreover, it might play a similar role during limb myogenesis. In addition to chondrogenesis and myogeneis, gas2 is involved in the execution of the apoptotic program in hindlimb interdigital tissues-by acting as a death substrate for caspase enzymes. TUNEL analysis demonstrated that the interdigital tissues underwent apoptosis between 13.5 and 15.5 days. Exactly at these time points, the C-terminal domain of the Gas2 peptide was cleaved as revealed by Western blot analysis. Moreover, pro-caspase-3 (an enzyme that can process Gas2) was cleaved into its active form in the interdigital tissues. The addition of zVAD-fmk, a caspase enzyme inhibitor, to 12.5-day-old hindlimbs maintained in organ culture revealed that the treatment inhibited interdigital cell death. This inhibition correlated with the absence of the Gas2 peptide and pro-caspase-3 cleavage. The data suggest that Gas2 might be involved in the execution of the apoptotic process. (+info)

Midpalatal suture of osteopetrotic (op/op) mice exhibits immature fusion. (6/3372)

The midpalatal suture was observed histologically in both toothless osteopetrotic (op/op) and normal (control) mice. The normal mice had a mature sutural structure, which consists of a well-developed cartilage cell zone and palatal bone. In contrast, the thickness of the cartilage cell zone was substantially greater in the op/op mice than that in the controls. Moreover, the cartilage cells in the op/op mice were frequently found in the palatal bone as well as in the sutural space, exhibiting an imperfect fusion. It seems that immature fusion at the sutural interface in the op/op mice is related to a decrease in biting or masticatory force accompanied by the failure of tooth eruption in addition to an essential defect in osteoclast differentiation, which is a congenital symptom in op/op mice. (+info)

Regulation of chondrocyte differentiation by Cbfa1. (7/3372)

Cbfa1, a developmentally expressed transcription factor of the runt family, was recently shown to be essential for osteoblast differentiation. We have investigated the role of Cbfa1 in endochondral bone formation using Cbfa1-deficient mice. Histology and in situ hybridization with probes for indian hedgehog (Ihh), collagen type X and osteopontin performed at E13.5, E14.5 and E17.5 demonstrated a lack of hypertrophic chondrocytes in the anlagen of the humerus and the phalanges and a delayed onset of hypertrophy in radius/ulna in Cbfa1-/- mice. Detailed analysis of Cbfa1 expression using whole mount in situ hybridization and a lacZ reporter gene reveled strong expression not only in osteoblasts but also in pre-hypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes. Our studies identify Cbfa1 as a major positive regulator of chondrocyte differentiation. (+info)

Strong induction of members of the chitinase family of proteins in atherosclerosis: chitotriosidase and human cartilage gp-39 expressed in lesion macrophages. (8/3372)

Atherosclerosis is initiated by the infiltration of monocytes into the subendothelial space of the vessel wall and subsequent lipid accumulation of the activated macrophages. The molecular mechanisms involved in the anomalous behavior of macrophages in atherogenesis have only partially been disclosed. Chitotriosidase and human cartilage gp-39 (HC gp-39) are members of the chitinase family of proteins and are expressed in lipid-laden macrophages accumulated in various organs during Gaucher disease. In addition, as shown in this study, chitotriosidase and HC gp-39 can be induced with distinct kinetics in cultured macrophages. We investigated the expression of these chitinase-like genes in the human atherosclerotic vessel wall by in situ hybridizations on atherosclerotic specimens derived from femoral artery (4 specimens), aorta (4 specimens), iliac artery (3 specimens), carotid artery (4 specimens), and coronary artery (1 specimen), as well as 5 specimens derived from apparently normal vascular tissue. We show for the first time that chitotriosidase and HC gp-39 expression was strongly upregulated in distinct subsets of macrophages in the atherosclerotic plaque. The expression patterns of chitotriosidase and HC gp-39 were compared and shown to be different from the patterns observed for the extracellular matrix protein osteopontin and the macrophage marker tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Our data emphasize the remarkable phenotypic variation among macrophages present in the atherosclerotic lesion. Furthermore, chitotriosidase enzyme activity was shown to be elevated up to 55-fold in extracts of atherosclerotic tissue. Although a function for chitotriosidase and HC gp-39 has not been identified, we hypothesize a role in cell migration and tissue remodeling during atherogenesis. (+info)

Some common types of cartilage diseases include:

1. Osteoarthritis: A degenerative condition that causes the breakdown of joint cartilage and bone damage.
2. Rheumatoid arthritis: An autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and pain in the joints, including the cartilage.
3. Cartilage tears: Tears in the cartilage of a joint can cause pain, stiffness, and limited mobility.
4. Cartilage thinning: A condition where the cartilage becomes thinner over time, leading to joint pain and stiffness.
5. Chondrocalcinosis: A condition where calcium deposits form in the cartilage, causing pain and stiffness in the affected joint.
6. Chondromalacia patellae: A condition where the cartilage on the underside of the kneecap deteriorates, leading to pain and instability in the knee joint.
7. Osteochondritis dissecans: A condition where a piece of cartilage and bone becomes detached from the joint surface, causing pain and stiffness.
8. Paget's disease of bone: A condition where the bones become enlarged and deformed due to abnormal bone growth, which can affect the cartilage.
9. Bone spurs: Bony outgrowths that can form in response to injury or inflammation, and can cause pain and limited mobility.
10. Avascular necrosis: A condition where the blood supply to a bone is disrupted, leading to bone death and cartilage damage.

These are just a few examples of cartilage diseases. There are many other conditions that can affect the cartilage in different parts of the body. Treatment options for cartilage diseases vary depending on the specific condition and its severity, but may include medication, physical therapy, or surgery.

The exact cause of osteoarthritis is not known, but it is thought to be due to a combination of factors such as genetics, wear and tear on joints over time, and injuries or trauma to the joint. Osteoarthritis can affect any joint in the body, but it most commonly affects the hands, knees, hips, and spine.

The symptoms of osteoarthritis can vary depending on the severity of the condition and which joint is affected. Common symptoms include:

* Pain or tenderness in the joint
* Stiffness, especially after periods of rest or inactivity
* Limited mobility or loss of flexibility
* Grating or crackling sensations when the joint is moved
* Swelling or redness in the affected joint
* Muscle weakness or wasting

There is no cure for osteoarthritis, but there are several treatment options available to manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These include:

* Pain relief medications such as acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
* Physical therapy to improve mobility and strength
* Lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, regular exercise, and avoiding activities that exacerbate the condition
* Bracing or orthotics to support the affected joint
* Corticosteroid injections or hyaluronic acid injections to reduce inflammation and improve joint function
* Joint replacement surgery in severe cases where other treatments have failed.

Early diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis can help manage symptoms, slow the progression of the disease, and improve quality of life for individuals with this condition.

The risk of developing osteoarthritis of the knee increases with age, obesity, and previous knee injuries or surgery. Symptoms of knee OA can include:

* Pain and stiffness in the knee, especially after activity or extended periods of standing or sitting
* Swelling and redness in the knee
* Difficulty moving the knee through its full range of motion
* Crunching or grinding sensations when the knee is bent or straightened
* Instability or a feeling that the knee may give way

Treatment for knee OA typically includes a combination of medication, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications. Medications such as pain relievers, anti-inflammatory drugs, and corticosteroids can help manage symptoms, while physical therapy can improve joint mobility and strength. Lifestyle modifications, such as weight loss, regular exercise, and avoiding activities that exacerbate the condition, can also help slow the progression of the disease. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace the damaged joint.

There are different types of fractures that can occur in cartilage, including:

1. Fissure fractures: These are small cracks or splits in the cartilage.
2. Fracture-linear fractures: These are longer, more linear cracks in the cartilage.
3. Fracture-bucket handle fractures: These are fractures that have a central crack with two smaller cracks radiating from it, resembling a bucket handle.
4. Fracture-segmental fractures: These are fractures that involve the entire thickness of the cartilage and can be complete or incomplete.

Fractures, cartilage can be caused by a variety of factors, including trauma, sports injuries, degenerative conditions such as osteoarthritis, and systemic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Symptoms of fractures, cartilage can include pain, stiffness, limited mobility, and locking or catching sensations in the affected joint.

Diagnosis of fractures, cartilage is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRI, and arthroscopy, which involves inserting a small camera into the joint to visualize the cartilage directly.

Treatment for fractures, cartilage depends on the severity of the injury and can include conservative measures such as rest, physical therapy, and medication, or surgical interventions such as repair or replacement of the damaged cartilage. In severe cases, fractures, cartilage may require joint fusion or replacement with an artificial joint.

This condition typically occurs in the joints of children and adolescents, although it can also affect adults. It is caused by a variety of factors, including injury, overuse, or genetics.

Osteochondritis can cause symptoms such as pain, stiffness, limited mobility, and locking or catching sensations within the affected joint. Treatment options may include rest, physical therapy, and medication, as well as surgery in severe cases.

1. Meniscal tears: The meniscus is a cartilage structure in the knee joint that can tear due to twisting or bending movements.
2. Ligament sprains: The ligaments that connect the bones of the knee joint can become stretched or torn, leading to instability and pain.
3. Torn cartilage: The articular cartilage that covers the ends of the bones in the knee joint can tear due to wear and tear or trauma.
4. Fractures: The bones of the knee joint can fracture as a result of a direct blow or fall.
5. Dislocations: The bones of the knee joint can become dislocated, causing pain and instability.
6. Patellar tendinitis: Inflammation of the tendon that connects the patella (kneecap) to the shinbone.
7. Iliotibial band syndrome: Inflammation of the iliotibial band, a ligament that runs down the outside of the thigh and crosses the knee joint.
8. Osteochondritis dissecans: A condition in which a piece of cartilage and bone becomes detached from the end of a bone in the knee joint.
9. Baker's cyst: A fluid-filled cyst that forms behind the knee, usually as a result of a tear in the meniscus or a knee injury.

Symptoms of knee injuries can include pain, swelling, stiffness, and limited mobility. Treatment for knee injuries depends on the severity of the injury and may range from conservative measures such as physical therapy and medication to surgical intervention.

These animal models allow researchers to study the underlying causes of arthritis, test new treatments and therapies, and evaluate their effectiveness in a controlled environment before moving to human clinical trials. Experimental arthritis models are used to investigate various aspects of the disease, including its pathophysiology, immunogenicity, and potential therapeutic targets.

Some common experimental arthritis models include:

1. Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA): This model is induced in mice by immunizing them with type II collagen, which leads to an autoimmune response and inflammation in the joints.
2. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) models: These models are developed by transferring cells from RA patients into immunodeficient mice, which then develop arthritis-like symptoms.
3. Osteoarthritis (OA) models: These models are induced in animals by subjecting them to joint injury or overuse, which leads to degenerative changes in the joints and bone.
4. Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) models: These models are developed by inducing psoriasis in mice, which then develop arthritis-like symptoms.

Experimental arthritis models have contributed significantly to our understanding of the disease and have helped to identify potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of arthritis. However, it is important to note that these models are not perfect representations of human arthritis and should be used as tools to complement, rather than replace, human clinical trials.

The term "Osteochondrodysplasias" comes from the Greek words "osteo," meaning bone; "chondro," meaning cartilage; and "dysplasia," meaning abnormal growth or development. These disorders can affect people of all ages, but are most commonly seen in children and young adults.

There are many different types of OCDs, each with its own unique set of symptoms and characteristics. Some of the most common types include:

* Brittle bone disease (osteogenesis imperfecta): This is a condition in which the bones are prone to fractures, often without any obvious cause.
* Camptodactyly-arthropathy-coxa vara-pericarditis (CACP) syndrome: This is a rare condition that affects the hands, feet, and joints, causing stiffness, pain, and limited mobility.
* Diaphyseal dysplasia: This is a condition in which the bones in the arms and legs are abnormally short and brittle.
* Epiphyseal dysplasia: This is a condition in which the growth plates at the ends of the long bones are abnormal, leading to short stature and other skeletal deformities.

There is no cure for OCDs, but treatment options are available to manage symptoms and improve quality of life. These may include physical therapy, braces or orthotics, medications to manage pain and inflammation, and in some cases, surgery. Early diagnosis and intervention are important to help manage the condition and prevent complications.

1. Osteoarthritis: A degenerative condition that causes the breakdown of cartilage in the joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and loss of mobility.
2. Rheumatoid arthritis: An autoimmune disease that causes inflammation in the joints, leading to pain, swelling, and deformity.
3. Gout: A condition caused by the buildup of uric acid in the joints, leading to sudden and severe attacks of pain, inflammation, and swelling.
4. Bursitis: Inflammation of the bursae, small fluid-filled sacs that cushion the joints and reduce friction between tendons and bones.
5. Tendinitis: Inflammation of the tendons, which connect muscles to bones.
6. Synovitis: Inflammation of the synovial membrane, a thin lining that covers the joints and lubricates them with fluid.
7. Periarthritis: Inflammation of the tissues around the joints, such as the synovial membrane, tendons, and ligaments.
8. Spondyloarthritis: A group of conditions that affect the spine and sacroiliac joints, leading to inflammation and pain in these areas.
9. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: A condition that affects children and causes inflammation and pain in the joints.
10. Systemic lupus erythematosus: An autoimmune disease that can affect many parts of the body, including the joints.

These are just a few examples of the many types of joint diseases that exist. Each type has its own unique symptoms and causes, and they can be caused by a variety of factors such as genetics, injury, infection, or age-related wear and tear. Treatment options for joint diseases can range from medication and physical therapy to surgery, depending on the severity of the condition and its underlying cause.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative condition that occurs when the cartilage that cushions the joints breaks down over time, causing the bones to rub together. It is the most common form of arthritis and typically affects older adults.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune condition that occurs when the body's immune system attacks the lining of the joints, leading to inflammation and pain. It can affect anyone, regardless of age, and is typically seen in women.

Other types of arthritis include psoriatic arthritis, gouty arthritis, and lupus-related arthritis. Treatment for arthritis depends on the type and severity of the condition, but can include medications such as pain relievers, anti-inflammatory drugs, and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Physical therapy and lifestyle changes, such as exercise and weight loss, can also be helpful. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged joints.

Arthritis is a leading cause of disability worldwide, affecting over 50 million adults in the United States alone. It can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life, making everyday activities such as walking, dressing, and grooming difficult and painful. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease.

There are several subtypes of chondrosarcoma, including:

1. Grade 1 (low-grade) chondrosarcoma: This is a slow-growing tumor that is less likely to spread to other parts of the body.
2. Grade 2 (intermediate-grade) chondrosarcoma: This type of tumor grows more quickly than grade 1 and may be more likely to spread.
3. Grade 3 (high-grade) chondrosarcoma: This is an aggressive tumor that can grow quickly and spread to other parts of the body.

The symptoms of chondrosarcoma can vary depending on the location of the tumor, but may include pain in the affected area, swelling, and limited mobility. Treatment for chondrosarcoma typically involves surgery to remove the tumor, followed by radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. The prognosis for chondrosarcoma varies depending on the grade of the tumor and the effectiveness of treatment.

Sources:

* American Cancer Society. (2020). Chondrosarcoma. Retrieved from
* Mayo Clinic. (2020). Chondrosarcoma. Retrieved from
* National Cancer Institute. (2020). Chondrosarcoma. Retrieved from

There are several possible causes of synovitis, including:

1. Infection: Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections can cause synovitis.
2. Autoimmune disorders: Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and gout can cause chronic synovitis.
3. Overuse injuries: Repetitive strain injuries, such as those caused by repetitive jumping or throwing, can lead to synovitis in the affected joint.
4. Trauma: A sudden injury, such as a fall or a blow to the joint, can cause acute synovitis.

Symptoms of synovitis may include:

1. Pain: Pain is the most common symptom of synovitis, and it can range from mild to severe.
2. Swelling: The affected joint or limb may become swollen and warm to the touch.
3. Limited range of motion: Synovitis can cause stiffness and limited mobility in the affected joint.
4. Redness: The affected area may become red and inflamed.
5. Fever: In some cases, synovitis may be accompanied by a fever.

Treatment for synovitis depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Conservative treatments such as rest, physical therapy, and anti-inflammatory medications are often effective in managing mild to moderate cases of synovitis. In more severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary.

In conclusion, synovitis is a common condition that can cause pain and limited mobility in the affected joint or limb. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as early diagnosis and treatment can help to prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes.

There are several symptoms of RA, including:

1. Joint pain and stiffness, especially in the hands and feet
2. Swollen and warm joints
3. Redness and tenderness in the affected areas
4. Fatigue, fever, and loss of appetite
5. Loss of range of motion in the affected joints
6. Firm bumps of tissue under the skin (rheumatoid nodules)

RA can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, blood tests, and imaging studies such as X-rays or ultrasound. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and biologic agents. Lifestyle modifications such as exercise and physical therapy can also be helpful in managing symptoms and improving quality of life.

There is no cure for RA, but early diagnosis and aggressive treatment can help to slow the progression of the disease and reduce symptoms. With proper management, many people with RA are able to lead active and fulfilling lives.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

Osteophytes can take many different forms, depending on the location and severity of the condition that is causing them. They may be small and pointed, or large and flat, and they can vary in color from yellow to red to black. In some cases, osteophytes may be covered with cartilage or other soft tissue.

Osteophytes are often painful and can interfere with joint movement and function. They may also cause inflammation and swelling in the affected area. In severe cases, osteophytes can lead to further complications such as bone fragments breaking off and causing damage to surrounding tissues or nerves.

Treatment for osteophytes usually involves managing the underlying condition that is causing them. This may include medications to reduce inflammation and pain, physical therapy to improve joint mobility and strength, or surgery to repair or replace damaged joints. In some cases, osteophytes may be removed surgically to relieve symptoms and improve joint function.

In summary, osteophyte is a term used to describe bony outgrowths that form on the surface of bones, typically in the joints. These growths can cause pain and interfere with joint movement and function, and may be associated with conditions such as osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. Treatment usually involves managing the underlying condition and may include medication, physical therapy, or surgery.

The exact cause of OD is not fully understood, but it is thought to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. It can occur as a result of repetitive trauma or injury to the joint, such as from sports or other physical activities, or it may develop gradually over time without any specific incident.

Symptoms of OD can include:

* Pain in the affected joint, which may be exacerbated by activity or movement
* Swelling and stiffness in the joint
* Limited range of motion in the joint
* A popping or snapping sensation in the joint

To diagnose OD, a healthcare provider will typically perform a physical examination of the affected joint and order imaging tests, such as X-rays or an MRI, to confirm the presence of the condition. Treatment for OD depends on the severity of the condition and may include:

* Rest and avoidance of activities that exacerbate the condition
* Physical therapy to improve joint mobility and strength
* Medications such as pain relievers or anti-inflammatory drugs to manage symptoms
* Surgery in more severe cases to repair or remove the damaged cartilage and bone.

The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint that connects the thigh bone (femur) to the pelvis. In a healthy hip joint, the smooth cartilage on the ends of the bones allows for easy movement and reduced friction. However, when the cartilage wears down due to age or injury, the bones can rub together, causing pain and stiffness.

Hip OA is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It is more common in older adults, but it can also occur in younger people due to injuries or genetic factors. Women are more likely to develop hip OA than men, especially after the age of 50.

The symptoms of hip OA can vary, but they may include:

* Pain or stiffness in the groin or hip area
* Limited mobility or range of motion in the hip joint
* Cracking or grinding sounds when moving the hip joint
* Pain or discomfort when walking, standing, or engaging in other activities

If left untreated, hip OA can lead to further joint damage and disability. However, there are several treatment options available, including medications, physical therapy, and surgery, that can help manage the symptoms and slow down the progression of the disease.

In medicine, cadavers are used for a variety of purposes, such as:

1. Anatomy education: Medical students and residents learn about the human body by studying and dissecting cadavers. This helps them develop a deeper understanding of human anatomy and improves their surgical skills.
2. Research: Cadavers are used in scientific research to study the effects of diseases, injuries, and treatments on the human body. This helps scientists develop new medical techniques and therapies.
3. Forensic analysis: Cadavers can be used to aid in the investigation of crimes and accidents. By examining the body and its injuries, forensic experts can determine cause of death, identify suspects, and reconstruct events.
4. Organ donation: After death, cadavers can be used to harvest organs and tissues for transplantation into living patients. This can improve the quality of life for those with organ failure or other medical conditions.
5. Medical training simulations: Cadavers can be used to simulate real-life medical scenarios, allowing healthcare professionals to practice their skills in a controlled environment.

In summary, the term "cadaver" refers to the body of a deceased person and is used in the medical field for various purposes, including anatomy education, research, forensic analysis, organ donation, and medical training simulations.

There are several types of osteochondrosis, including:

1. Osteoarthritis: A degenerative condition where the cartilage in the joint wears down over time, leading to bone-on-bone contact and pain.
2. Osteochondritis dissecans: A condition where a piece of cartilage or bone within the joint becomes detached, causing pain and stiffness.
3. Osteochondral lesions: Localized areas of damage to the cartilage and/or bone within the joint, often caused by injury or repetitive strain.
4. Osteochondritis dissecans of the talus: A condition specific to the ankle joint, where a piece of cartilage and bone becomes detached, causing pain and stiffness.

Treatment for osteochondrosis depends on the severity and location of the condition, and may include physical therapy, medication, or in some cases, surgery. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as untreated osteochondrosis can lead to further joint damage and decreased mobility.

Synonyms: cartilage tumor, chondroid tumor, chondromatosis.

Etymology: From the Greek words "chondros," meaning cartilage, and "oma," meaning tumor.

Examples of Chondroma in a sentence:

1. The patient was diagnosed with a chondroma in their knee joint, which was causing pain and stiffness.
2. The surgeon removed the chondroma from the patient's lung, which had been compressing the bronchus and causing difficulty breathing.
3. The chondroma in the patient's heart was monitored with regular imaging studies to ensure it did not grow or cause any further complications.
4. The patient was advised to avoid heavy lifting or bending to prevent exacerbating their chondroma in the spine.

Chondrocalcinosis is a type of calcifying disorder, which is a group of conditions characterized by the deposition of minerals such as calcium and phosphate in soft tissues. This condition can affect various joints in the body, including the hips, knees, shoulders, and elbows.

In this article, we will explore the definition, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of chondrocalcinosis. We will also discuss the surgical procedures used to treat this condition and the potential complications that can arise.

Definition of Chondrocalcinosis:

Chondrocalcinosis is a medical term that refers to the deposition of calcium pyrophosphate crystals within cartilage. This condition is also known as chondromalacia or calcifying joint disease. It is a type of calcifying disorder, which affects the cartilage in various joints throughout the body.

Causes of Chondrocalcinosis:

The exact cause of chondrocalcinosis is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to aging, genetics, and certain medical conditions. Some risk factors for developing chondrocalcinosis include:

Age: The risk of developing chondrocalcinosis increases with age, with most cases occurring in people over the age of 50.

Family history: People with a family history of chondrocalcinosis are more likely to develop the condition.

Rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis: These conditions can increase the risk of developing chondrocalcinosis.

Other medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as hypothyroidism and hyperparathyroidism, can increase the risk of developing chondrocalcinosis.

Symptoms of Chondrocalcinosis:

The symptoms of chondrocalcinosis can vary depending on the severity of the condition and the joints affected. Common symptoms include:

Pain: Pain is one of the most common symptoms of chondrocalcinosis, particularly in the affected joint.

Stiffness: Joint stiffness and limited range of motion can also occur as a result of chondrocalcinosis.

Swelling: Swelling in the affected joint is another common symptom of chondrocalcinosis.

Redness: The affected joint may become red and warm to the touch due to inflammation.

Crepitus: Crepitus, or a grinding sensation, may be felt in the affected joint as a result of the calcium pyrophosphate crystals rubbing against each other.

Treatment of Chondrocalcinosis:

There is no cure for chondrocalcinosis, but there are several treatment options available to manage the symptoms and slow down the progression of the condition. These may include:

Pain relief medication: Over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can help alleviate pain and reduce inflammation.

Physical therapy: Gentle exercises and stretches can help maintain joint mobility and strength.

Joint injections: Injecting corticosteroids or hyaluronic acid into the affected joint can help reduce inflammation and relieve pain.

Surgery: In severe cases of chondrocalcinosis, surgery may be necessary to remove the calcium pyrophosphate crystals or repair damaged tissue.

Prevention of Chondrocalcinosis:

There is no guaranteed way to prevent chondrocalcinosis, but there are several measures that can help reduce the risk of developing the condition. These may include:

Maintaining a healthy weight: Excessive weight can put additional strain on the joints and increase the risk of developing chondrocalcinosis.

Staying active: Regular exercise can help maintain joint mobility and strength, reducing the risk of developing chondrocalcinosis.

Wearing protective gear: Wearing protective gear such as knee pads or elbow pads when engaging in activities that involve repetitive stress on the joints can help reduce the risk of developing chondrocalcinosis.

Avoiding excessive stress on the joints: Avoiding activities that involve repetitive stress on the joints, such as heavy lifting or bending, can help reduce the risk of developing chondrocalcinosis.

Early diagnosis and treatment of chondrocalcinosis can help manage symptoms and slow down the progression of the condition. If you suspect you may have chondrocalcinosis, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment.

The diagnosis of achondroplasia is typically made based on physical examination, medical history, and imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans. There is no cure for achondroplasia, but treatment may include physical therapy, occupational therapy, and surgery to correct associated health problems such as spinal curvature or bowed legs.

The prognosis for individuals with achondroplasia varies depending on the severity of the condition and the presence of any associated health problems. With proper medical care and support, many individuals with achondroplasia can lead active and fulfilling lives. However, they may face challenges related to social stigma, access to education and employment, and other aspects of daily life.

The prevalence of achondroplasia is estimated to be about 1 in 25,000 to 1 in 40,000 births. It affects both males and females equally, and there is no known ethnic or racial predilection. There is a high risk of recurrence in families, with a 50% chance that an affected parent will pass the mutated gene to each child.

In conclusion, achondroplasia is a rare genetic disorder that affects the development of cartilage and bone, leading to short stature and characteristic physical features. While there is no cure for the condition, proper medical care and support can help individuals with achondroplasia lead fulfilling lives. With increased awareness and understanding of the condition, more individuals with achondroplasia are able to access education, employment, and other resources that support their well-being and independence.

A rare autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation and damage to cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, often leading to arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. The condition is often triggered by infections or exposure to certain medications, and can be difficult to diagnose due to its diverse range of symptoms. Treatment typically involves immunosuppressive medications and surgery to repair damaged tissue.

Polychondritis, relapsing: A rare autoimmune disorder affecting cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, often causing arthritis and skin rashes. The condition is difficult to diagnose due to its diverse range of symptoms, but treatment involves immunosuppressive medications and surgery to repair damaged tissue.

Polychondritis, relapsing is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body. The condition can cause a wide range of symptoms, including arthritis, skin rashes, and inflammation in various organs and joints. It is often triggered by infections or exposure to certain medications, and can be difficult to diagnose due to its diverse range of symptoms. Treatment typically involves immunosuppressive medications and surgery to repair damaged tissue.

Polychondritis, relapsing is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, causing arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment involves immunosuppressive medications and surgery to repair damaged tissue.

Polychondritis, relapsing is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation and damage to cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, often leading to arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment typically involves immunosuppressive medications and surgery to repair damaged tissue.

Polychondritis, relapsing is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, causing arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment involves immunosuppressive medications and surgery to repair damaged tissue.

Polychondritis, relapsing is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment typically involves immunosuppressive medications and surgery to repair damaged tissue.

Polychondritis, relapsing is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment often involves immunosuppressive medications and surgery to repair damaged tissue.

Polychondritis, relapsing is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment typically involves immunosuppressive medications and surgery to repair damaged tissue. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary.

Polychondritis, relapsing is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment usually involves immunosuppressive medications and surgery to repair damaged tissue. In severe cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary.

Polychondritis, relapsing is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment typically involves immunosuppressive medications and surgery to repair damaged tissue. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to treat severe cases of the disorder.

Polychondritis, relapsing is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment often involves a combination of medications and surgery to repair damaged tissue. In severe cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to treat the disorder effectively.

Polychondritis, relapsing is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications and surgery to repair damaged tissue. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to treat severe cases of the disorder effectively.

Polychondritis, relapsing is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment often involves a combination of medications and surgery to repair damaged tissue. In severe cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to treat the disorder effectively.

Polychondritis, relapsing is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications and surgery to repair damaged tissue. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to treat severe cases of the disorder effectively.

Polychondritis, relapsing is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment often involves a combination of medications and surgery to repair damaged tissue. In severe cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to treat the disorder effectively.

Polychondritis, relapsing is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications and surgery to repair damaged tissue. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to treat severe cases of the disorder effectively.

Polychondritis, relapsing is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment often involves a combination of medications and surgery to repair damaged tissue. In severe cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to treat the disorder effectively.

Polychondritis, relapsing is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications and surgery to repair damaged tissue. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to treat severe cases of the disorder effectively.

Polychondritis, relapsing is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment often involves a combination of medications and surgery to repair damaged tissue. In severe cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to treat the disorder effectively.

Polychondritis, relapsing is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment often involves a combination of medications and surgery to repair damaged tissue. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to treat severe cases of the disorder effectively.

Polychondritis, relapsing is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment often involves a combination of medications and surgery to repair damaged tissue. In severe cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to treat the disorder effectively.

Polychondritis, relapsing is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment often involves a combination of medications and surgery to repair damaged tissue. In severe cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to treat the disorder effectively.

Polychondritis is a rare autoimmune disorder that can cause inflammation in cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to symptoms such as arthritis and skin rashes. Treatment typically involves medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system, as well as surgery to repair damaged tissue. In severe cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to effectively treat the disorder.

Polychondritis is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to symptoms such as arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment typically involves medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system, as well as surgery to repair damaged tissue. In severe cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to effectively treat the disorder.

Polychondritis is a rare autoimmune disorder that can cause inflammation in cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to symptoms such as arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment typically involves medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system, as well as surgery to repair damaged tissue. In severe cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to effectively treat the disorder.

Polychondritis is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to symptoms such as arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment typically involves medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system, as well as surgery to repair damaged tissue. In severe cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to effectively treat the disorder.

Polychondritis is a rare autoimmune disorder that can cause inflammation in cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to symptoms such as arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment typically involves medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system, as well as surgery to repair damaged tissue. In severe cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to effectively treat the disorder.

Polychondritis is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to symptoms such as arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment typically involves medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system, as well as surgery to repair damaged tissue. In severe cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to effectively treat the disorder.

Polychondritis is a rare autoimmune disorder that can cause inflammation in cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to symptoms such as arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment typically involves medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system, as well as surgery to repair damaged tissue. In severe cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to effectively treat the disorder.

Polychondritis is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to symptoms such as arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment typically involves medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system, as well as surgery to repair damaged tissue. In severe cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to effectively treat the disorder.

Polychondritis is a rare autoimmune disorder that can cause inflammation in cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to symptoms such as arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment typically involves medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system, as well as surgery to repair damaged tissue. In severe cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to effectively treat the disorder.

Polychondritis is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to symptoms such as arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment typically involves medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system, as well as surgery to repair damaged tissue. In severe cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to effectively treat the disorder.

Polychondritis is a rare autoimmune disorder that can cause inflammation in cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to symptoms such as arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment typically involves medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system, as well as surgery to repair damaged tissue. In severe cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to effectively treat the disorder.

Polychondritis is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to symptoms such as arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment typically involves medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system, as well as surgery to repair damaged tissue. In severe cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to effectively treat the disorder.

Polychondritis is a rare autoimmune disorder that can cause inflammation in cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to symptoms such as arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment typically involves medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system, as well as surgery to repair damaged tissue. In severe cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to effectively treat the disorder.

Polychondritis is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to symptoms such as arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment typically involves medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system, as well as surgery to repair damaged tissue. In severe cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to effectively treat the disorder.

Polychondritis is a rare autoimmune disorder that can cause inflammation in cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to symptoms such as arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment typically involves medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system, as well as surgery to repair damaged tissue. In severe cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to effectively treat the disorder.

Polychondritis is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to symptoms such as arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment typically involves medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system, as well as surgery to repair damaged tissue. In severe cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to effectively treat the disorder.

Polychondritis is a rare autoimmune disorder that can cause inflammation in cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to symptoms such as arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment typically involves medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system, as well as surgery to repair damaged tissue. In severe cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to effectively treat the disorder.

Polychondritis is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to symptoms such as arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment typically involves medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system, as well as surgery to repair damaged tissue. In severe cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to effectively treat the disorder.

Polychondritis is a rare autoimmune disorder that can cause inflammation in cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to symptoms such as arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment typically involves medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system, as well as surgery to repair damaged tissue. In severe cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to effectively treat the disorder.

Polychondritis is a rare autoimmune disorder that can cause inflammation in cartilage and connective tissue throughout the body, leading to symptoms such as arthritis, skin rashes, and other symptoms. Treatment typically involves medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system, as well as surgery to repair damaged tissue. In severe cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to effectively treat the disorder.

Disease progression can be classified into several types based on the pattern of worsening:

1. Chronic progressive disease: In this type, the disease worsens steadily over time, with a gradual increase in symptoms and decline in function. Examples include rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and Parkinson's disease.
2. Acute progressive disease: This type of disease worsens rapidly over a short period, often followed by periods of stability. Examples include sepsis, acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), and stroke.
3. Cyclical disease: In this type, the disease follows a cycle of worsening and improvement, with periodic exacerbations and remissions. Examples include multiple sclerosis, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis.
4. Recurrent disease: This type is characterized by episodes of worsening followed by periods of recovery. Examples include migraine headaches, asthma, and appendicitis.
5. Catastrophic disease: In this type, the disease progresses rapidly and unpredictably, with a poor prognosis. Examples include cancer, AIDS, and organ failure.

Disease progression can be influenced by various factors, including:

1. Genetics: Some diseases are inherited and may have a predetermined course of progression.
2. Lifestyle: Factors such as smoking, lack of exercise, and poor diet can contribute to disease progression.
3. Environmental factors: Exposure to toxins, allergens, and other environmental stressors can influence disease progression.
4. Medical treatment: The effectiveness of medical treatment can impact disease progression, either by slowing or halting the disease process or by causing unintended side effects.
5. Co-morbidities: The presence of multiple diseases or conditions can interact and affect each other's progression.

Understanding the type and factors influencing disease progression is essential for developing effective treatment plans and improving patient outcomes.

There are several types of hypertrophy, including:

1. Muscle hypertrophy: The enlargement of muscle fibers due to increased protein synthesis and cell growth, often seen in individuals who engage in resistance training exercises.
2. Cardiac hypertrophy: The enlargement of the heart due to an increase in cardiac workload, often seen in individuals with high blood pressure or other cardiovascular conditions.
3. Adipose tissue hypertrophy: The excessive growth of fat cells, often seen in individuals who are obese or have insulin resistance.
4. Neurological hypertrophy: The enlargement of neural structures such as brain or spinal cord due to an increase in the number of neurons or glial cells, often seen in individuals with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's.
5. Hepatic hypertrophy: The enlargement of the liver due to an increase in the number of liver cells, often seen in individuals with liver disease or cirrhosis.
6. Renal hypertrophy: The enlargement of the kidneys due to an increase in blood flow and filtration, often seen in individuals with kidney disease or hypertension.
7. Ovarian hypertrophy: The enlargement of the ovaries due to an increase in the number of follicles or hormonal imbalances, often seen in individuals with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Hypertrophy can be diagnosed through various medical tests such as imaging studies (e.g., CT scans, MRI), biopsies, and blood tests. Treatment options for hypertrophy depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle changes, and surgery.

In conclusion, hypertrophy is a growth or enlargement of cells, tissues, or organs in response to an excessive stimulus. It can occur in various parts of the body, including the brain, liver, kidneys, heart, muscles, and ovaries. Understanding the underlying causes and diagnosis of hypertrophy is crucial for effective treatment and management of related health conditions.

Heterotopic ossification can cause a range of symptoms depending on its location and severity, including pain, stiffness, limited mobility, and difficulty moving the affected limb or joint. Treatment options for heterotopic ossification include medications to reduce inflammation and pain, physical therapy to maintain range of motion, and in severe cases, surgical removal of the abnormal bone growth.

In medical imaging, heterotopic ossification is often diagnosed using X-rays or other imaging techniques such as CT or MRI scans. These tests can help identify the presence of bone growth in an abnormal location and determine the extent of the condition.

Overall, heterotopic ossification is a relatively rare condition that can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life if left untreated. Prompt medical attention and appropriate treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent long-term complications.

Word in the news:

A recent study published in The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery found that hemarthrosis is a common complication of knee replacement surgery, occurring in up to 20% of patients. Researchers recommend that patients be carefully monitored for signs of hemarthrosis after surgery and receive prompt treatment to minimize the risk of long-term joint damage.

1. Leukemia: A type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, characterized by an overproduction of immature white blood cells.
2. Lymphoma: A type of cancer that affects the immune system, often involving the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues.
3. Multiple myeloma: A type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow, leading to an overproduction of abnormal plasma cells.
4. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS): A group of disorders characterized by the impaired development of blood cells in the bone marrow.
5. Osteopetrosis: A rare genetic disorder that causes an overgrowth of bone, leading to a thickened bone marrow.
6. Bone marrow failure: A condition where the bone marrow is unable to produce enough blood cells, leading to anemia, infection, and other complications.
7. Myelofibrosis: A condition characterized by the scarring of the bone marrow, which can lead to an overproduction of blood cells and an increased risk of bleeding and infection.
8. Polycythemia vera: A rare blood disorder that causes an overproduction of red blood cells, leading to an increased risk of blood clots and other complications.
9. Essential thrombocythemia: A rare blood disorder that causes an overproduction of platelets, leading to an increased risk of blood clots and other complications.
10. Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs): A group of rare blood disorders that are characterized by the overproduction of blood cells and an increased risk of bleeding and infection.

These are just a few examples of bone marrow diseases. There are many other conditions that can affect the bone marrow, and each one can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life. If you suspect that you or someone you know may have a bone marrow disease, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare professional can perform tests and provide a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.

1. Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI): This is a genetic disorder that affects the formation of collagen, which is essential for bone strength and density. People with OI have brittle bones that are prone to fractures, often from minimal trauma.
2. Achondroplasia: This is the most common form of short-limbed dwarfism, caused by a genetic mutation that affects the development of cartilage and bone. People with achondroplasia have short stature, short limbs, and characteristic facial features.
3. Cleidocranial dysostosis: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the development of the skull and collarbones. People with cleidocranial dysostosis may have misshapen or absent collarbones, as well as other skeletal abnormalities.
4. Fibrous dysplasia: This is a benign bone tumor that can affect any bone in the body. It is caused by a genetic mutation that causes an overgrowth of fibrous tissue in the bone, leading to deformity and weakness.
5. Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED): This is a group of disorders that affect the growth plates at the ends of long bones, leading to irregular bone growth and deformity. MED can be caused by genetic mutations or environmental factors.

These are just a few examples of developmental bone diseases. There are many other conditions that can affect the formation and development of bones during fetal life or childhood, each with its own unique set of symptoms and characteristics.

The term "lathyrism" was first used in the medical field in the early 20th century to describe this condition. It is considered a rare disease and is mostly seen in countries where sweet peas are consumed as a food source. The condition is usually diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies.

Treatment for lathyrism typically involves supportive care to manage symptoms, such as physical therapy to improve muscle strength and mobility, and medication to relieve twitching and spasticity. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to release contracted muscles or tendons.

Prevention of lathyrism is key to avoiding the condition altogether. This can be achieved by avoiding the consumption of sweet peas and products made from them, especially in areas where the plant is known to be toxic. Education and awareness about the risks of consuming sweet peas can also help prevent the condition.

FAI is a common cause of hip pain in young adults and athletes who participate in high-impact activities such as running or jumping. It can also occur in older individuals as a result of wear and tear on the joint over time. The condition is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as X-rays or MRIs, and patient history.

FAI can be classified into three types based on the location and severity of the impingement:

1. Cam impingement: This occurs when the femur is not properly positioned in the socket, causing the head of the femur to jam against the rim of the acetabulum.
2. Pincer impingement: This occurs when the acetabulum is too deep and covers the femur head, causing it to be pinched between the bone and soft tissue.
3. Combination impingement: This occurs when both cam and pincer impingements are present.

Treatment for FAI typically involves a combination of non-surgical and surgical options, depending on the severity of the condition and the individual patient's needs. Non-surgical treatment may include physical therapy to improve strength and range of motion, medication to reduce pain and inflammation, and lifestyle modifications such as avoiding activities that exacerbate the condition. Surgical options may include hip arthroscopy to remove any bone spurs or repair damaged tissue, or hip replacement surgery if the joint is severely damaged.

Other type of cartilage found in Limulus polyphemus is the endosternite cartilage, a fibrous-hyaline cartilage with ... The cartilage covering bones (articular cartilage-a subset of hyaline cartilage) is thinned, eventually completely wearing away ... The cephalopod cranial cartilage is the invertebrate cartilage that shows more resemblance to the vertebrate hyaline cartilage ... Cartilage is classified in three types, elastic cartilage, hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage, which differ in relative ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage

Johann Friedrich Meckel, the Younger discovered this cartilage in 1820. Meckel's cartilage is a piece of cartilage from which ... Meckel's cartilage arises from the first pharyngeal arch. The dorsal end of each cartilage is connected with the ear-capsule ... the cartilage is covered in bone - although in their embryos the jaw initially develops as the Meckelian Cartilage. In all ... Originally it was the lower of two cartilages which supported the first branchial arch in early fish. Then it grew longer and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meckel's_cartilage

... is a dietary supplement made from the dried and powdered cartilage of a shark; that is, from the tough material ... "Shark Cartilage, Not a Cancer Therapy". New York Times. 3 June 2007. "Facts endangering sharks: Cartilage". Shark Foundation, ... "Shark Cartilage". American Cancer Society. 1 November 2008. Szabo, Liz (4 June 2007). "Shark cartilage flounders; flaxseed ... Controlled trials have shown no benefit to shark cartilage supplements, and shark cartilage contains potentially toxic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_cartilage

The cartilage ear piercing is known to be more sore than the lobe as in the cartilage there is less blood so it takes longer to ... A cartilage piercing can refer to any area of cartilage on the body with a perforation created for the purpose of wearing ... Snug: The lower ridge of cartilage of the antihelix. A snug piercing also has a unique appearance as the cartilage is pierced ... Antihelix: The raised ridge of cartilage between the helix and ear canal. Rook: The upper ridge of cartilage of the antihelix; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage_piercing

... all these use the local words for cartilage), and style cartilage may be encountered in French, often referring to work in ... the shapes may give the impression of imitating flayed skin or cartilage, including the cartilage giving the ear its shape, ... Cartilage Baroque, or Bruskbarokk and similar terms, denotes a stylistic period centering around the middle of the 17th century ... Cartilage Baroque draws heavily on established Renaissance art forms, but gets its distinctive style from added ornamental ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage_Baroque

The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the nine cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, the cartilage structure in and ... The cartilage also serves as an attachment for several muscles. The English term thyroid cartilage is derived from the Latin ... A counterpart notch at the bottom of the cartilage is called the inferior thyroid notch. The two halves of the cartilage that ... It does not completely encircle the larynx (only the cricoid cartilage encircles it). The thyroid cartilage is a hyaline ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_cartilage

The costal cartilages are bars of hyaline cartilage that serve to prolong the ribs forward and contribute to the elasticity of ... Surgery is typically used to fix the costal cartilage back onto either the rib or sternum. Costal cartilage may be harvested ... The medial ends of the eighth, ninth, and tenth costal cartilages are pointed, and are connected each with the cartilage ... Position of the costal cartilages (shown in red). Animation. Anterior surface of sternum and costal cartilages. Costochondral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costal_cartilage

... s, also known as chondrogenic tumors, are a type of bone tumor that develop in cartilage, and are divided into ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage_tumor

Cartilage is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal that covers research in the field of sports medicine, especially the ... Cartilage is abstracted and indexed in Chemical Abstracts and Scopus. Official website (Articles with short description, Short ... It was established in 2010 and is currently published by SAGE Publications on behalf of the International Cartilage Repair ... musculoskeletal system with particular attention to cartilage repair, function, and degeneration. The editor-in-chief is Roy D ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage_(journal)

In cartilage conduction, sound (vibrational) energy stimulates the cartilages of the external auditory canal and induces air ... In contrast, cartilage conduction is accounted for by sound (vibration) energy stimulating the cartilage at the external ... The basic premise of cartilage conduction hearing aids is that cartilage located outside the ear canal is vibrated, such that ... Cartilage conduction is a pathway in which sound signals are transmitted to the inner ear. This pathway is distinct from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage_conduction

Cartilage Hyaline Articular cartilage injuries Articular cartilage damage Articular cartilage repair Adele, Knibbs (2003). "The ... Hyaline cartilage is the glass-like (hyaline) and translucent cartilage found on many joint surfaces. It is also most commonly ... Hyaline cartilage is the most prevalent type of cartilage. It also forms the temporary embryonic skeleton, which is gradually ... Articular cartilage is hyaline cartilage on the articular surfaces of bones, and lies inside the joint cavity of synovial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaline_cartilage

The vomeronasal cartilage (or Jacobson's cartilage) is a narrow strip of cartilage, low on the medial wall of the nasal cavity ... It lies between the septal nasal cartilage and the vomer. The cartilage lies below, but is not connected to, the rudimentary ... Google books: Jacobson's cartilage: Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, Volume 32 (Griffin, 1898, pp. 710-712) - Retrieved 2018- ... 08-27 jacobson's cartilage v t e v t e (Articles with TA98 identifiers, Nose, All stub articles, Musculoskeletal system stubs, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomeronasal_cartilage

The cricoid cartilage sits just inferior to the thyroid cartilage in the neck, at the level of the C6 vertebra, and is joined ... Cricoid cartilage. Larynx The cartilages of the larynx. Posterior view. Ligaments of the larynx. Posterior view. Sagittal ... Inferior to it are the rings of cartilage around the trachea (which are not continuous - rather they are C-shaped with a gap ... A medical procedure known as a cricoidectomy can be performed in which part or all of the cricoid cartilage is removed. This is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricoid_cartilage

Replacement of hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage) is the most common application of synthetic cartilage. Cartilage is an ... There are three types of cartilage in the human body: fibrocartilage, hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage. Each type of ... Synthetic cartilage will attempt to mimic the functional properties of natural cartilage, which can be broken down into two ... The artificial cartilage displayed the same strength and modulus as natural cartilage in terms of tension and compression, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_cartilage

The triradiate cartilage (in Latin cartilago ypsiloformis) is the 'Y'-shaped epiphyseal plate between the ilium, ischium and ... In children, the triradiate cartilage closes at an approximate bone age of 12 years for girls and 14 years for boys. Evaluating ... the position of the triradiate cartilage on an AP radiograph of the pelvis with both Perkin's line and Hilgenreiner's line can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triradiate_cartilage

The arytenoid cartilages allow for movement of the vocal cords by articulating with the cricoid cartilage. It may be affected ... Arytenoid cartilage Arytenoid cartilage This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 1075 of the 20th edition ... The base of each cartilage is broad, and on it is a concave smooth surface, for articulation with the cricoid cartilage. Its ... the corniculate cartilage. It articulates with the cricoid lamina with a ball-and-socket joint. The arytenoid cartilages allow ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arytenoid_cartilage

... , fibroelastic cartilage or yellow fibrocartilage is a type of cartilage present in the pinnae (auricles) of ... Elastic cartilage is histologically similar to hyaline cartilage but contains many yellow elastic fibers lying in a solid ... cite web}}: ,last= has generic name (help) "Elastic cartilage histology". Kenhub. Retrieved 2021-03-12. "Elastic cartilage". ... "Elastic cartilage histology". Kenhub. Retrieved 2022-03-08. Editors, B. D. (2019-04-26). "Elastic Cartilage". Biology ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_cartilage

Trabecular cartilages (trabeculae cranii, sometimes simply trabeculae, prechordal cartilages) are paired, rod-shaped cartilages ... The trabecular cartilages generally appear as a paired, rod-shaped cartilages at the ventral side of the forebrain and lateral ... Recent experimental studies also showed that the cartilages are derived from the head mesoderm. The "trabecular cartilages" in ... "trabecular cartilages" in lamprey appear just beside the notochord, in a similar position to the parachordal cartilages in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabecular_cartilage

... (CHH) is a rare genetic disorder. Symptoms may include short-limbed dwarfism due to skeletal ... Bonafé L, Schmitt K, Eich G, Giedion A, Superti-Furga A (February 2002). "RMRP gene sequence analysis confirms a cartilage-hair ... Sulisalo, T; Sistonen, P; Hästbacka, J; Wadelius, C; Mäkitie, O; de la Chapelle, A; Kaitila, I (1993). "Cartilage-hair ... Mäkitie, O; Kaitila, I (1993). "Cartilage-hair hypoplasia--clinical manifestations in 108 Finnish patients". European Journal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage–hair_hypoplasia

Where the lateral cartilage meets the greater alar cartilage, the lateral cartilage often curls up, to join with an inward curl ... The lateral cartilage (upper lateral cartilage, lateral process of septal nasal cartilage) is situated below the inferior ... That curl of the inferior portion of the lateral cartilage is called its "scroll." Lateral nasal cartilage: Thieme Atlas of ... Its anterior margin is thicker than the posterior, and is continuous above with the septal nasal cartilage, but separated from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_nasal_cartilage

... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRTAP gene. The protein encoded by this gene is ... "Entrez Gene: cartilage associated protein". Tonachini L, Morello R, Monticone M, Skaug J, Scherer SW, Cancedda R, Castagnola P ... 1997). "Cartilage associated protein (CASP) is a novel developmentally regulated chick embryo protein". J. Cell Sci. 110. ( Pt ... December 2006). "Deficiency of cartilage-associated protein in recessive lethal osteogenesis imperfecta". N. Engl. J. Med. 355 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage_associated_protein

... also referred to as lesser alar or sesamoid cartilages or accessory cartilages. Lesser alar cartilages: An atlas of human ... in which are found three or four small nasal cartilages the minor alar cartilages, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_alar_cartilage

Since articular cartilage does not have a blood supply and chondrocytes (cells in articular cartilage) have limited mobility, ... Though articular cartilage damage is not life-threatening, it does strongly affect one's quality of life. Articular cartilage ... Articular cartilage damage may also be found in the shoulder causing pain, discomfort and limited movement. Articular cartilage ... Immobilization for long periods can also result in cartilage damage.[citation needed] Articular cartilage damage in the knee ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articular_cartilage_damage

The major alar cartilage (greater alar cartilage) (lower lateral cartilage) is a thin, flexible plate, situated immediately ... sesamoid cartilages). Above, it is connected by fibrous tissue to the lateral cartilage and front part of the cartilage of the ... In front, the greater alar cartilages are separated by a notch which corresponds with the apex of the nose. This article ... is loosely connected with the corresponding portion of the opposite cartilage, the two forming, together with the thickened ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_alar_cartilage

The main reason is that it takes a long time for the cartilage cells to adapt and mature into repair tissue. Cartilage is a ... Articular cartilage repair treatment is focused on the restoration of the surface of an articular joint's hyaline cartilage. ... First, cartilage cells are extracted arthroscopically from the patient's healthy articular cartilage that is located in a non ... First, the damaged section of bone and cartilage is removed from the joint. Then a new healthy dowel of bone with its cartilage ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articular_cartilage_repair

The septal nasal cartilage (cartilage of the septum or quadrangular cartilage) is composed of hyaline cartilage. It is somewhat ... and is continuous with the anterior margins of the lateral cartilages; below, it is connected to the medial crura of the major ... alar cartilages by fibrous tissue. Its posterior margin is connected with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid; its inferior ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septal_nasal_cartilage

... is monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering research in orthopedics and rheumatology. It is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoarthritis_and_Cartilage

Because mesenchymal stem cells may regenerate cartilage, cartilage growth in human knees using autologous cultured mesenchymal ... or re-grow cartilage tissue to replace missing or damaged cartilage. One cell-based replacement technique is called autologous ... Once cartilage damage is assessed there are two methods to access the joint to proceed with the AMIC surgery. First is to ... Articular cartilage, most notably that which is found in the knee joint, is generally characterized by very low friction, high ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knee_cartilage_replacement_therapy

A cartilage-derived angiogenesis inhibitor is an angiogenesis inhibitor produced from cartilage. Examples include the peptide ... Kern BE, Balcom JH, Antoniu BA, Warshaw AL, Fernández-del Castillo C (2003). "Troponin I peptide (Glu94-Leu123), a cartilage- ... Shukunami, C.; Hiraki, Y. (2001). "Role of cartilage-derived anti-angionec factor, chondromodulin-I, during endochondral bone ... They are usually highly expressed in cartilage and within chondrocytes. Their genetic transcription increases upon the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage-derived_angiogenesis_inhibitor

... (COMP), also known as thrombospondin-5, is an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein primarily ... Månsson B, Carey D, Alini M, Ionescu M, Rosenberg LC, Poole AR, Heinegård D, Saxne T (Mar 1995). "Cartilage and bone metabolism ... "Entrez Gene: COMP cartilage oligomeric matrix protein". Paulsson M, Heinegård D (Aug 1981). "Purification and structural ... Hecht JT, Deere M, Putnam E, Cole W, Vertel B, Chen H, Lawler J (Aug 1998). "Characterization of cartilage oligomeric matrix ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage_oligomeric_matrix_protein

Cartilage Diseases[majr:noexp] AND humans[mh] AND english[la] AND last 1 Year [edat] NOT (letter[pt] OR case reports[pt] OR ... Cartilage. 2023 Sep;14(3):351-374. doi: 10.1177/19476035221144746. Epub 2022 Dec 21. Cartilage. 2023. PMID: 36541701 Free ... Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2023 May;31(5):647-655. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2023.02.003. Epub 2023 Feb 16. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. ... The regulatory activities of MALAT1 in the development of bone and cartilage diseases. Zhang D, Xue J, Peng F. Zhang D, et al. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Cartilage+Diseases%22%5Bmajr%3Anoexp%5D+AND+humans%5Bmh%5D+AND+english%5Bla%5D+AND+%22last+1+Year%22+%5Bedat%5D+NOT+%28letter%5Bpt%5D+OR+case+reports%5Bpt%5D+OR+editorial%5Bpt%5D+OR+comment%5Bpt%5D%29+AND+free+full+text%5Bsb%5D+

Sports injuries and other disorders can cause cartilage problems. Learn how to take care of your cartilage. ... Cartilage is the tough but flexible tissue that covers the ends of your bones at a joint. It also gives shape and support to ... ClinicalTrials.gov: Cartilage Diseases (National Institutes of Health) * ClinicalTrials.gov: Polychondritis, Relapsing ( ... Healthy cartilage helps you move by allowing your bones to glide over each other. It also protects bones by preventing them ...

https://medlineplus.gov/cartilagedisorders.html

Keyword:Cartilage. Papers. Physiological Polyphosphate: a New Molecular Paradigm in Biomedical and Biocomputational ...

https://www.easychair.org/publications/keyword/n9vh

The fin cartilage in decapodiforms is a small, flat cartilage at the base of the fin that the fin muscles attach to. The ... Cephalopoda Fin Cartilage. Richard E. Young, Michael Vecchione, and Katharina M. Mangold (1922-2003) Cephalopoda Glossary ... Although the cartilage is flexible, it presumably aids in maintaining the somewhat rigid form of the fin. The fins of ... An isolated fin (left) and an isolated fin cartilage (right) attach to the shell via the shell sac (the shell sac is a thin, ...

http://www.tolweb.org/notes/?note_id=1969

The approach could lead to orthopedic implants to replace cartilage and other tissues. ... Researchers developed a 3-D scaffold that guides the development of stem cells into cartilage-producing cells. ... In osteoarthritis (the most common type of arthritis), cartilage breaks down and wears away. Replacing cartilage in this and ... Engineering Cartilage. Artistic rendering of human stem cells on the polymer scaffold.Charles Gersbach and Farshid Guilak, Duke ...

https://www.nih.gov/researchmatters/march2014/03032014cartilage.htm

The meaning of VOMERONASAL CARTILAGE is a narrow process of cartilage between the vomer and the cartilage of the nasal septum - ... a narrow process of cartilage between the vomer and the cartilage of the nasal septum called also Jacobsons cartilage ... Post the Definition of vomeronasal cartilage to Facebook Facebook Share the Definition of vomeronasal cartilage on Twitter ... "Vomeronasal cartilage." Merriam-Webster.com Medical Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/ ...

https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/vomeronasal%20cartilage

... biodegradable film that helps to regenerate the native cartilage at the site of damage. Their study, performed in rabbits, ... a painful condition that results from the deterioration of the cartilage in our joints - affects millions of people worldwide. ... Traditional surgical treatments for cartilage defects can involve a cartilage graft to replace the damaged tissue. These ... New cartilage growth is stained in red. Credit: Thanh lab at the University of Connecticut.. Then Nguyen and colleagues ...

https://www.nibib.nih.gov/news-events/newsroom/recharging-cartilage-after-knee-damage

Cartilage hair hypoplasia is a genetic disorder that affects the metaphyseal area of the long bone. ... What is cartilage hair hypoplasia?. Cartilage hair hypoplasia is a genetic disorder that affects the metaphyseal area of the ... Cartilage Hair Hypoplasia Treatment. There are multiple treatment options for the symptoms of cartilage hair hypoplasia based ... What are the symptoms of cartilage hair hypoplasia?. Individuals with cartilage hair hypoplasia have:. * Light, fine, sparse ...

https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/cartilage-hair-hypoplasia

... may be a viable printable material for creating a scaffold for cartilage cells. The patients own cartilage cells can be used to ... Posted in Hackaday Columns, Hackaday links, SliderTagged bioprinting, cartilage, collagen, delivery bot, ear, hackaday links, ... Often, cartilage from the ribcage is used when reconstructing a patients nose. However, this procedure is invasive and can ... Posted in 3d Printer hacks, Medical HacksTagged 3d printer, cartilage, medical. ...

https://hackaday.com/tag/cartilage/

... Arthritis Rheum. 1980 Dec;23(12):1413- ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7458978/?dopt=Abstract

Current strategies for treating cartilage damage, such as surgery or cartilage implants, are fairly limited, said Farshid ... Additionally, this laboratory-grown cartilage is not as durable as native cartilage. ... them in a laboratory to form new cartilage. However, it can take several months to grow a piece of cartilage large enough to be ... Cartilage is a type of connective tissue that lines the ends of bones, providing cushioning and a smooth surface for their ...

https://www.news-medical.net/news/2007/02/07/21755.aspx

... to damaged cartilage. However, the biological mechanism of TGF-β3 action in cartilage development and OA is not well understood ... In this review, we systematically summarize recent progress in the research on TGF-β3 in cartilage physiology and pathology, ... plays a versatile role in cartilage physiology and pathology. TGF-β3 influences the whole life cycle of chondrocytes and ... its regulatory role is especially important to cartilage development. Increased TGF-β3 plays a dual role: in healthy tissues, ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41413-022-00239-4?error=cookies_not_supported&code=5f093b0c-c526-4e72-b8ea-532b7fb15004

... which can help repair damaged knee cartilage-a first for autologous cartilage technology. ... Researchers recovered the cells that give rise to bone and cartilage from fetal and adult bone marrow and also derived them ... Scientists used a titanium wire framework to help ears made from collagen and sheep cartilage cells maintain their shape. ... Geckos injected with neural stem cells modified to block cartilage growth developed the skeletal and nervous components ...

https://www.the-scientist.com/tag/cartilage

The principal investigator for this work is Rocky Tuan, Ph.D., Chief of the Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch. The work ... The photograph was taken in the Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch at the Clinical Research Center on the NIH Campus. ... This photograph shows a sample of tissue engineered cartilage produced using a biodegradable nanofibrous scaffold seeded with ...

https://www.niams.nih.gov/niams-multimedia-library/search/nanofiber-based-engineered-cartilage-0

... user ratings and products that contain BOVINE CARTILAGE. ... Learn more about BOVINE CARTILAGE uses, effectiveness, possible ... Cartilage is a substance in the body that provides structural support. Bovine cartilage comes from cows (bovine). Its used in ... Bovine cartilage might work by providing chemicals needed for rebuilding cartilage in people with osteoarthritis. It might also ... Dont confuse bovine cartilage with shark cartilage or chondroitin sulfate. These are not the same.. ...

https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-155/bovine-cartilage

Growth cartilage. Joaquin Carrillo-Farga Affiliation. National University of Mexico. University City, Mexico. Technique. ...

https://www.nikonsmallworld.com/galleries/1990-photomicrography-competition/growth-cartilage

Shark cartilage is obtained from three species of shark found in the Pacific Ocean. The cartilage is cut, cleaned, crushed and ... Shark cartilage is usually not associated with any severe toxicity. However, it may leave a bad taste in the mouth or present ... The dried crushed cartilage is then reduced to a fine powder, sterilized and encapsulated. Some have attributed anticancer ... If shark cartilage does have the properties claimed, it should not be used following myocardial infarction or surgery. ...

https://www.uniprix.com/en/article/natural-health-products/shark-cartilage

Scientists engineered cartilage cells to produce an anti-inflammatory drug when placed under stress. ... By the end of that period, cartilage that didnt produce IL-1Ra was breaking down. In contrast, cartilage that produced the ... A cartilage cell, called a chondrocyte, is stimulated with a very small glass pipette, about 1/5 the diameter of a human hair. ... Joints such as those in the knees and hands rely on cartilage tissue to keep the bones from rubbing together. Wear and tear ...

https://www.nia.nih.gov/news/engineered-cartilage-produces-anti-inflammatory-drug

This RFA, Basic Research on Biomechanical Signaling Mechanisms in Cartilage, is related to the priority areas of chronic ... Identification of cellular and molecular signaling mechanisms in cartilage and their roles in normal and abnormal joints may ... Mechanical loading of articular cartilage is required for normal growth and maintenance of the tissue, and anomalous mechanical ... BASIC RESEARCH ON BIOMECHANICAL SIGNALING MECHANISMS IN CARTILAGE NIH GUIDE, Volume 26, Number 40, December 19, 1997 RFA: AR-98 ...

https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-AR-98-005.html

In the prophylactic efficacy portion, significantly less articular cartilage erosion was identified in product-treated versus ... Agreement between automated measurements of mJSW in the medial compartment and thickness of nonmineralized cartilage in ... https://avmajournals.avma.org/browse?access=all&page=3&pageSize=10&sort=datedescending&t=Bone%2C+Joint%2C+and+Cartilage. The ... degree of bone edema identified via MRI than did joints of placebo-treated horses but fewer microscopic articular cartilage ...

https://avmajournals.avma.org/browse?access=all&page=3&pageSize=10&sort=datedescending&t=Bone%2C+Joint%2C+and+Cartilage

All Videos for Shark Cartilage. * Shark Cartilage Supplements Put to the Test to Cure Cancer. Shark cartilage supplements carry ... The Risks of Shark Cartilage Supplements. Why are millions of dollars spent on shark cartilage supplements? ...

https://nutritionfacts.org/topics/shark-cartilage/

Repairing Cartilage with Processed Chondrocyte Constructs: A 6-Month Study Using a Porcine Model. Cartilage. 2021 12; 13(2_ ... Algorithm for Treatment of Focal Cartilage Defects of the Knee: Classic and New Procedures. Cartilage. 2021 12; 13(1_suppl): ... "Cartilage Diseases" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Cartilage Diseases" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Concept/Cartilage%20Diseases

The hierarchical organization of cartilage proteoglycans is investigated on different length and time scales using osmotic ... Hierarchical organization of cartilage proteoglycans Ferenc Horkay 1 , Peter J Basser, Anne-Marie Hecht, Erik Geissler ... Hierarchical organization of cartilage proteoglycans Ferenc Horkay et al. Macromol Symp. 2011 Sep. ... Structure and Properties of Cartilage Proteoglycans. Horkay F, Basser PJ, Hecht AM, Geissler E. Horkay F, et al. Macromol Symp ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23565043

Cartilage preservation and restoration for knee osteoarthritis / NIAMS, NIH. Author: NIAMS Roundtable on Cartilage Preservation ... Cartilage Preservation and Restoration for Knee Osteoarthritis. Download VideoCast. You can download this VideoCast and play it ... Over the last decade, a variety of regenerative medicine approaches that either preserve articular cartilage in people who ... CIT): Over the last decade, a variety of regenerative medicine approaches that either preserve articular cartilage in people ...

https://videocast.nih.gov/watch=45004

... i just recently took out my cartilage piercing after about 6 months and ive taken it out like 3 times. but today theres this ... oh, and when i first got my cartilage peirced they told me not to clean it with alcohol because it would clog the pores or ... i have an infection too on my cartilage piercing. and i pierced it back in october 2002. did you get it pierced wiff the gun? ... does anyone know what i should do? i just recently took out my cartilage piercing after about 6 months and ive taken it out ...

https://coldplaying.com/forums/topic/13291-infected-cartilage/

ï»¿ Microscopic Appearance of Hyaline Cartilage Similar to a transparent bar of soap, the matrix of hyaline cartilage has a ... Hyaline cartilage is widely located, and can be found, for example, on the ends of long bones. The nose... the trachea... and ... Hyaline cartilage has a strong matrix, so it provides structure and strength wherever its found. Lets finish by reviewing the ... At a low magnification, the cartilage can be identified as the bubbly looking tissue, many times, sandwiched between other ...

https://www.pearson.com/channels/anp/asset/ed49686d/microscopic-appearance-of-hyaline-cartilage

With osteoarthritis, the trick is in choosing the right exercise as doing too little may be as bad as doing too much. This post from The Globe and Mail shares what the scientists say. If youre among the three million Canadians whose joints are afflicted by osteoarthritis, then you face a puzzling dilemma. Regular exercise is among the most effective treatments available to ... Continue Reading ...

https://www.bewellbuzz.com/tag/healthy-cartilage/

"Cartilage turned out to be a perfect prototype for an ion-transporting material in batteries. It has amazing mechanics, and it ... In our bodies, cartilage combines mechanical strength and durability with the ability to let water, nutrients and other ... Battery Prototype Incorporates Cartilage-Like Material. By University of Michigan , January 11, 2019. ... Like cartilage, the membranes are composed of ultrastrong nanofibers interwoven with a softer ion-friendly material. ...

https://www.designworldonline.com/battery-prototype-incorporates-cartilage-like-material/

... uses regenerated cartilage grown from the patients own cartilage cells. A patients cartilage cells are harvested, embedded on ... Cartilage Restoration and Transplantation. We are at the forefront of successfully treating and repairing cartilage damage and ... As the cartilage cells regenerate and fill the cartilage defect, function and range of motion are restored. ... We routinely treat isolated areas of cartilage damage by removing a small section of the patients own bone and cartilage from ...

https://www.providence.org/locations/socal/st-jude-medical-center/orthopedics-and-sports-medicine/cartilage-restoration-and-transplantation

Researchers developed a 3-D scaffold that guides the development of stem cells into specialized cartilage-producing cells. (nih.gov)

Cartilage is the tough but flexible tissue that covers the ends of your bones at a joint. (medlineplus.gov)
Cartilage is the slippery tissue that covers the ends of bones in a joint. (nih.gov)
Replacing cartilage in this and other situations has been a major goal in tissue engineering. (nih.gov)
Scaffold-mediated lentiviral transduction for functional tissue engineering of cartilage. (nih.gov)
This persistent problem has been challenging to address, as joint repair techniques, such as cartilage grafts, have extensive limitations, and current tissue regeneration treatments have limited use in human patients. (nih.gov)
While most tissue engineering methods rely on growing artificial tissues in the lab, this regenerative medicine technique recruits the body's own cells to facilitate healing of the damaged cartilage," said David Rampulla, Ph.D., director of the division of Discovery Science & Technology at NIBIB. (nih.gov)
Traditional surgical treatments for cartilage defects can involve a cartilage graft to replace the damaged tissue. (nih.gov)
Other treatments under investigation include growing cartilage in a tissue dish, but so far, this process is time-consuming and has a variety of limitations. (nih.gov)
By taking a synthetic material that already has the properties of cartilage and combining it with living cells, we can build a human tissue that can be integrated rapidly into the body, representing a new approach in the field of tissue engineering," Moutos said. (news-medical.net)
Once implanted, the cartilage cells will grow throughout the scaffold, and over time the scaffold will slowly dissolve, leaving the new cartilage tissue" he said. (news-medical.net)
Cartilage is a type of connective tissue that lines the ends of bones, providing cushioning and a smooth surface for their movement within the joint. (news-medical.net)
Damage to cartilage is difficult to treat, the researchers said, because the tissue lacks a supply of blood, nerve and lymph and has limited capacity for repair. (news-medical.net)
Articular cartilage serves as a low-friction, load-bearing tissue without the support with blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves, making its repair a big challenge. (nature.com)
Articular cartilage, a smooth and wear-resistant tissue covering the surface of joints, supports and distributes applied loads. (nature.com)
The tissue, grown on a 3-D scaffold and seeded from the kids' own cells, was transplanted to correct deformities in their cartilage. (the-scientist.com)
This photograph shows a sample of tissue engineered cartilage produced using a biodegradable nanofibrous scaffold seeded with adult human mesenchymal stem cells. (nih.gov)
Joints such as those in the knees and hands rely on cartilage tissue to keep the bones from rubbing together. (nih.gov)
Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE). (harvard.edu)
At a low magnification, the cartilage can be identified as the bubbly looking tissue, many times, sandwiched between other tissue types. (pearson.com)
Notice the similarities and differences between the cartilage and the surrounding adipose tissue. (pearson.com)
For larger areas of bone and cartilage loss, our orthopedic surgeons use healthy cartilage from a tissue bank and transplant it to the damaged area of the knee. (providence.org)
Typically performed on active individuals under 50 with premature arthritis, the donated cartilage and bone eventually functions as the patient's own tissue. (providence.org)
By rebuilding the knee's natural shock absorber with meniscus cartilage from a tissue bank, we return function and stability. (providence.org)
MIT engineers have built a new tissue scaffold that can stimulate bone and cartilage growth when transplanted into the knees and other joints. (mit.edu)
In fact, they have already demonstrated that their high-efficiency approach can be used to produce potentially therapeutic amounts of human bone, cartilage, and heart tissue within a very short time frame. (nih.gov)
The subject technology discloses a tissue engineering method for treating cartilage damage. (nih.gov)
Literature review: The articular cartilage is a highly specialized tissue that reduces joint friction and distributes forces related to high mechanical loads between bone ends. (bvsalud.org)
Accordingly, tissue engineering could overcome these limitations by producing in vitro cartilage substitutes. (bvsalud.org)

Subchondral Drilling Independent of Drill Hole Number Improves Articular Cartilage Repair and Reduces Subchondral Bone Alterations Compared With Debridement in Adult Sheep. (harvard.edu)
Final considerations: Current treatments for articular cartilage repair have major limitations. (bvsalud.org)

They found that these conditions resulted in increased production of components that make up cartilage, such as collagen and glycosaminoglycans (a type of polysaccharide). (nih.gov)
Scientists used a titanium wire framework to help ears made from collagen and sheep cartilage cells maintain their shape. (the-scientist.com)
To sidestep these trade-offs, the researchers used zinc-a legitimate structural material-and branched nanofibers that resemble the collagen fibers of cartilage. (designworldonline.com)
In the batteries, aramid nanofibers-the stuff in bulletproof vests-stand in for collagen, with polyethylene oxide (a chain-like, carbon-based molecule) and a zinc salt replacing soft components of cartilage. (designworldonline.com)
A patient's cartilage cells are harvested, embedded on a special collagen membrane and grown in a laboratory culture. (providence.org)
Initial osteoarthritic changes include proteoglycan loss, deterioration of the collagen network, and increased water content within the articular cartilage and menisci. (nih.gov)

Don't confuse bovine cartilage with shark cartilage or chondroitin sulfate . (webmd.com)
Shark cartilage is obtained from three species of shark found in the Pacific Ocean. (uniprix.com)
It was thought that shark cartilage could inhibit the growth of new vessels required to nourish a growing tumor. (uniprix.com)
Shark cartilage is made up of about 40% proteins, 5-20% glycoaminoglycans as well as calcium salts. (uniprix.com)
Shark cartilage is usually not associated with any severe toxicity. (uniprix.com)
If shark cartilage does have the properties claimed, it should not be used following myocardial infarction or surgery. (uniprix.com)
Since there is no safety data available concerning its use during pregnancy and breast-feeding, pregnant and lactating women should avoid shark cartilage. (uniprix.com)
Back in the early 1990s, the shark cartilage craze was in full bloom. (nih.gov)
Inspired by a best-selling 1992 book "Sharks Don't Get Cancer," both healthy people and those stricken with cancer were popping pills of pulverized shark cartilage with hopes of staying healthy or even completely curing themselves of malignant tumors. (nih.gov)
Unfortunately, shark cartilage did not live up to its reputation. (nih.gov)
Gradually the research turned to shark cartilage, because pound for pound, sharks have more cartilage than cows. (nih.gov)
Also, researchers thought that shark cartilage might be more active than bovine cartilage in preventing new blood vessels from being formed. (nih.gov)
To date over a dozen clinical trials have been conducted on shark cartilage as a cancer treatment. (nih.gov)
The most recent clinical trials, sponsored by the NCI and the Mayo Clinic, involved a liquid extract of shark cartilage called Neovastat, administered orally. (nih.gov)

Current strategies for treating cartilage damage, such as surgery or cartilage implants, are fairly limited, said Farshid Guilak, Ph.D., director of orthopedic research at Duke and senior member of the research team. (news-medical.net)

Chondrocytes, cells found throughout cartilage, produce and maintain the structure. (nih.gov)
Raw material for the print was taken from the vestigial ear of the patient in the form of cartilage cells, or chondrocytes. (hackaday.com)
The research should be specifically targeted towards understanding the signal transduction and regulatory pathways through which articular cartilage chondrocytes sense and respond to mechanical stimuli. (nih.gov)
Cartilage is composed of sparsely distributed chondrocytes and an extracellular matrix (ECM). (nih.gov)

The use of this scaffold will also permit doctors to treat larger areas of cartilage damage, since the current approaches are only suitable for repairing smaller areas of cartilage damage or injury. (news-medical.net)
We routinely treat isolated areas of cartilage damage by removing a small section of the patient's own bone and cartilage from a non-weight bearing area and using it to resurface the damaged area of the knee. (providence.org)

In osteoarthritis (the most common type of arthritis), cartilage breaks down and wears away. (nih.gov)
The scaffold could offer a potential new treatment for sports injuries and other cartilage damage, such as arthritis, says Lorna Gibson, the Matoula S. Salapatas Professor of Materials Science and Engineering and co-leader of the research team with Professor William Bonfield of Cambridge University. (mit.edu)
Sharks may be less likely to get cancer than humans because of their abundance of ECM, which just so happens to be a major component of cartilage," said David Hall, group leader of the NIAMS Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch, who had studied the cartilage-anticancer connection for several years before turning more of his attention to osteoporosis and arthritis. (nih.gov)
Nature Insight: Bone and Cartilage , a special supplement to the journal Nature Medicine, is now available through the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS). (nih.gov)
Topics include patterning of skeletal structures, bone and cartilage development, the influence of genetics on human skeletal biology, factors that control bone mass, and disease-causing mechanisms in rheumatoid arthritis. (nih.gov)

Treatment options for cartilage hair hypoplasia vary depending on each patient's symptoms and may include surgery. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Often, cartilage from the ribcage is used when reconstructing a patient's nose. (hackaday.com)
The US Food and Drug Administration approves a device, seeded with a patient's own cells, which can help repair damaged knee cartilage-a first for autologous cartilage technology. (the-scientist.com)
The next generation of cartilage repair-called MACI (matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation) -uses regenerated cartilage grown from the patient's own cartilage cells. (providence.org)
New techniques use a bone-friendly scaffolding material, such as a sponge allograft, to hold the patient's own stem cells in place until new cartilage forms, assisting the body's natural healing process for torn ligaments and joints. (foothealthfacts.org)

Since TGF-β3 is involved in maintaining the balance between chondrogenic differentiation and chondrocyte hypertrophy, its regulatory role is especially important to cartilage development. (nature.com)
A cartilage cell, called a chondrocyte, is stimulated with a very small glass pipette, about 1/5 the diameter of a human hair. (nih.gov)
Repairing Cartilage with Processed Chondrocyte Constructs: A 6-Month Study Using a Porcine Model. (harvard.edu)
Etiology of Cartilage Lesions Does Not Affect Clinical Outcomes of Patellofemoral Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation. (harvard.edu)

ï»¿ Microscopic Appearance of Hyaline Cartilage Similar to a transparent bar of soap, the matrix of hyaline cartilage has a distinct, clear look. (pearson.com)
Hyaline cartilage is widely located, and can be found, for example, on the ends of long bones. (pearson.com)
Hyaline cartilage has a strong matrix, so it provides structure and strength wherever it's found. (pearson.com)
Let's finish by reviewing the microscopic appearance of hyaline cartilage. (pearson.com)
Hyaline cartilage at 40x. (pearson.com)
The new hyaline cartilage is stable and hypertrophy-resistant. (nih.gov)

articular cartilage progenitor cells causes osteoarthritis. (bvsalud.org)

Proteoglycans in Articular Cartilage and Their Contribution to Chondral Injury and Repair Mechanisms. (nih.gov)
The hierarchical organization of cartilage proteoglycans is investigated on different length and time scales using osmotic pressure measurements, small angle neutron scattering (SANS), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), static and dynamic light scattering and neutron spin echo techniques. (nih.gov)

Researchers recovered the cells that give rise to bone and cartilage from fetal and adult bone marrow and also derived them from induced pluripotent stem cells. (the-scientist.com)
When implanted into a joint, the scaffold can stimulate mesenchymal stem cells in the bone marrow to produce new bone and cartilage. (mit.edu)
Stem cells from bone marrow are attached to a novel scaffold, hyaluronic acid-coated fibrin microbeads, and transferred to a live host to form cartilage. (nih.gov)

Cartilage repair and regeneration are treated for an otherwise healthy knee not for the knees affected with osteoarthritis. (researchandmarkets.com)
Ground-breaking cartilage regeneration isn't exactly the Fountain of Youth. (foothealthfacts.org)
Foot and ankle surgeons are studying revolutionary advances in cartilage regeneration for foot and ankle injuries. (foothealthfacts.org)
According to Pennsylvania foot and ankle surgeon Stephen A. Brigido, DPM, FACFAS, these include bioengineered scaffolding for reconstruction surgery, microfracture techniques and stem cell cartilage regeneration. (foothealthfacts.org)
Whereas in the past, a loss of cartilage meant a loss of functionality, today's advances promote cartilage regeneration,' explains conference presenter and Orlando-based surgeon Robert J. Duggan, DPM, FACFAS. (foothealthfacts.org)
With today's scientific advances,' Dr. Brigido notes, 'joint reconstruction surgery with cartilage regeneration offers real hope for long-term functionality. (foothealthfacts.org)
Such advances in cartilage regeneration get all patients back to normal faster than ever before. (foothealthfacts.org)

Cells with these circuits were then grown to form cartilage. (nih.gov)

To combat this issue, NIBIB-funded researchers are developing an implantable, biodegradable film that helps to regenerate the native cartilage at the site of damage. (nih.gov)
Additionally, this laboratory-grown cartilage is not as durable as native cartilage. (news-medical.net)
In laboratory tests, the fabric scaffold that the researchers have created had the same mechanical properties as native cartilage. (news-medical.net)

Bovine cartilage comes from cows (bovine). (webmd.com)
Bovine cartilage might work by providing chemicals needed for rebuilding cartilage in people with osteoarthritis . (webmd.com)
People use bovine cartilage for osteoarthritis, wound healing, recovery from laser skin therapy, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses. (webmd.com)
Bovine cartilage is possibly safe. (webmd.com)
Bovine cartilage is possibly safe for most people. (webmd.com)
There isn't enough reliable information to know if bovine cartilage is safe to use when pregnant or breast-feeding. (webmd.com)
There isn't enough reliable information to know what an appropriate dose of bovine cartilage might be. (webmd.com)
Durie, B. G., Soehnlen, B., and Prudden, J. F. Antitumor activity of bovine cartilage extract (Catrix-S) in the human tumor stem cell assay. (webmd.com)
Schacht, E. and Roetz, R. Nephrotic syndrome after injections of bovine cartilage and marrow extract. (webmd.com)
Studies from the late 1960s revealed that bovine cartilage reduced inflammation. (nih.gov)
Building on this, research from the 1970s found that bovine cartilage contains a substance that blocks angiogenesis and thus could check tumor growth. (nih.gov)
The 1980s brought laboratory and animal studies and the first clinical trials testing bovine cartilage as a treatment for cancer. (nih.gov)

Glucosamine: Does It Protect Cartilage in Osteoarthritis? (medlineplus.gov)
Finally, the researchers tested whether production of IL-1Ra could protect cartilage cells in an inflammatory environment, similar to that seen in osteoarthritis. (nih.gov)

That way, when the joint bears weight from movement or exercise, the film produces an electrical charge that recruits and stimulates cells to regenerate cartilage at the area of damage. (nih.gov)

Transforming growth factor-beta 3 (TGF-β3), a vital member of the highly conserved TGF-β superfamily, plays a versatile role in cartilage physiology and pathology. (nature.com)
In this review, we systematically summarize recent progress in the research on TGF-β3 in cartilage physiology and pathology, providing up-to-date strategies for cartilage repair and preventive treatment. (nature.com)
Moreover, they have specialized and overlapping effects on cartilage physiology and pathology. (nature.com)
This analysis identified FGFR3 signalling as a therapeutic target, and injection of its activator, FGF18, caused proliferation of Grem1 -lineage CP cells , increased cartilage thickness, and reduced OA pathology . (bvsalud.org)

Recently, TGF-β3 has been recognized as a potential therapeutic target for osteoarthritis (OA) owing to its protective effect, which it confers by enhancing the recruitment of autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to damaged cartilage. (nature.com)

Instead, a nanocellulose hydrogel made from pulped softwood, combined with hyaluronic acid, may be a viable printable material for creating a scaffold for cartilage cells. (hackaday.com)
The patients own cartilage cells can be used to populate the scaffold, essentially growing a new nose structure from scratch. (hackaday.com)
Also, since the scaffold is a woven material, there are tiny spaces where cartilage cells can nestle and grow. (news-medical.net)
If someone had a damaged region in the cartilage, you could remove the cartilage and the bone below it and put our scaffold in the hole," said Gibson. (mit.edu)
The scaffold has two layers, one that mimics bone and one that mimics cartilage. (mit.edu)
In that study, the scaffold successfully stimulated bone and cartilage growth after being implanted in the goats' knees. (mit.edu)
Once that was done, the team decided to try to create a two-layer scaffold to regenerate both bone and cartilage (known as an osteochondral scaffold). (mit.edu)

Over the last decade, a variety of regenerative medicine approaches that either preserve articular cartilage in people who started with a focal cartilage injury and thus are at a higher risk of developing knee osteoarthritis (OA) or restore defective articular cartilage in patients with symptomatic knee OA have been investigated. (nih.gov)
Cartilage preservation and restoration for knee osteoarthritis / NIAMS, NIH. (nih.gov)
Electronic searches in PubMed were performed to identify relevant studies about T2 relaxation time measurements as non-invasive biomarker for knee osteoarthritis (OA) and cartilage repair procedures. (nih.gov)

Nature Insight: Bone and Cartilage was produced with support from the NIAMS, a part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' National Institutes of Health (NIH). (nih.gov)

The approach could allow for the creation of orthopedic implants to replace cartilage, bone, and other tissues. (nih.gov)
Research at NIH demonstrates how following up on the anticancer properties found in cartilage or other tissues has led to new types of therapeutics. (nih.gov)

This structure, called an extracellular matrix, allows cartilage to flex and absorb shock. (nih.gov)
Without any extra prompting, the cells created a cartilage-like extracellular matrix within 4 weeks. (nih.gov)

These cartilage grafts are either taken from somewhere else in the body (from a non-weight bearing joint, for example) or are taken from a donor. (nih.gov)
But instead of hooking up wires or a battery to a damaged joint, Nguyen and colleagues are using a different approach-inside the damaged cartilage, they are implanting biodegradable films with piezoelectric properties that generate an electrical charge when compressed. (nih.gov)
The first joints to be treated this way would likely be hips and shoulders, though the approach should work for cartilage damage in any joint. (news-medical.net)
The only bioengineering approach to such joint repair involves removing cartilage cells from patients and then "growing" them in a laboratory to form new cartilage. (news-medical.net)
Ivan Martin talks about the promise of using cell-based therapies to regenerate joint cartilage. (the-scientist.com)
We are at the forefront of successfully treating and repairing cartilage damage and its resulting joint pain. (providence.org)
Most often used to restore function to the knee, in some cases, cartilage transplantation can also successfully treat joint problems in the shoulder. (providence.org)
Ongoing advances in preserving and placing the newly grown or donor cartilage are creating successful, long-term solutions-helping to prevent arthritic changes while delaying or eliminating the need for joint replacement. (providence.org)
Articular cartilage is made up of a solid rubbery material which covers up to the end of the knee joint bones. (researchandmarkets.com)
Here, using lineage tracing in mice , we show that the BMP-antagonist Gremlin 1 ( Grem1 ) marks a novel chondrogenic progenitor (CP) cell population in the articular surface that generates joint cartilage and subchondral bone during development and adulthood. (bvsalud.org)

The regulatory activities of MALAT1 in the development of bone and cartilage diseases. (nih.gov)
But there aren't any reports of diseases being transmitted through cartilage products. (webmd.com)
Cartilage Diseases" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Cartilage Diseases" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Cartilage Diseases" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
Below are the most recent publications written about "Cartilage Diseases" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)
Thus, trauma and certain inflammatory diseases that affect the articular cartilage may severely compromise quality of life, causing pain and disability. (bvsalud.org)

Algorithm for Treatment of Focal Cartilage Defects of the Knee: Classic and New Procedures. (harvard.edu)

As we age, or if we suffer certain injuries, the smooth, slippery white cartilage covering the ends of our bones begins to fray and degrade. (nih.gov)

An isolated fin (left) and an isolated fin cartilage (right) attach to the shell via the shell sac (the shell sac is a thin, tough membrane tightly covering the shell and is not apparent in the drawing). (tolweb.org)
The researchers first identified a protein called TRPV4 in the membrane of cartilage cells that senses alterations within cells under compression. (nih.gov)
But in the rechargeable batteries, the cartilage-like membrane replaces the standard separator and alkaline electrolyte. (designworldonline.com)

This property allows aggrecan to play a role of ion reservoir that can mediate calcium metabolism in cartilage and bone. (nih.gov)

Nguyen explained how the electrical charge stimulated new cartilage growth: "We found that cells grown on the piezoelectric scaffolds under pressure had enhanced secretion of an important growth factor involved in wound healing, known as TGF-beta," he said. (nih.gov)
In the near future, surgeons will be able to impregnate custom-designed scaffolds with cartilage-forming stem cells and chemicals that stimulate their growth and then implant them into patients during a single procedure, the researchers said. (news-medical.net)
Geckos injected with neural stem cells modified to block cartilage growth developed the skeletal and nervous components normally lacking from regrown tails. (the-scientist.com)
The top section, indicated by the green arrow, stimulates bone growth, while the lower half, marked by the orange arrow, stimulates cartilage growth. (mit.edu)
While the use of cartilage as medicine has not yet proven fruitful, NIH intramural scientists have identified unique characteristics in cartilage that someday could be exploited to slow or stop cancer growth. (nih.gov)

Osteoarthritis-a painful condition that results from the deterioration of the cartilage in our joints-affects millions of people worldwide. (nih.gov)
Cartilage damage or deterioration are generally caused by the conditions like the natural cartilage damage from aging, sports injury or trauma, redundant utilization of the joints, congenital abnormalities and osteochondritis dessicans. (researchandmarkets.com)

Current therapies to repair cartilage damage are not effective, the researchers said. (news-medical.net)

Rather than treating osteoarthritis by using a cartilage graft at the site of injury, we wanted to develop a therapy that stimulates the native, damaged cartilage to regenerate itself," explained Thanh Nguyen, Ph.D., an associate professor at the University of Connecticut. (nih.gov)

Your knees and your smartphone battery have some surprisingly similar needs, a University of Michigan professor has discovered, and that new insight has led to a "structural battery" prototype that incorporates a cartilage-like material to make the batteries highly durable and easy to shape. (designworldonline.com)

In their study, the researchers first evaluated how well their piezoelectric films could enhance chondrogenesis, or cartilage formation, of stem cells grown in the lab. (nih.gov)
A research team led by Dr. Farshid Guilak from Washington University in St. Louis has been testing whether cartilage cells could be engineered to protect themselves from inflammation. (nih.gov)
In a proof-of-concept study, the team altered cartilage cells from pigs to produce an anti-inflammatory molecule when stressed. (nih.gov)
The team showed that, in response, TRPV4 activates specific genetic pathways in cartilage cells associated with inflammation and metabolism. (nih.gov)
As the cartilage cells regenerate and fill the cartilage defect, function and range of motion are restored. (providence.org)
or removing cartilage cells from the body, stimulating them to grow in the lab and re-implanting them. (mit.edu)
The tension supplied by the muscle cells is essential for proper development of those neatly organized cartilage rings. (nih.gov)
Human bone cell progenitors, derived from stem cells, were injected under the skin of mice and formed mineralized structures containing cartilage (1-2) and bone (3). (nih.gov)
Cartilage and the ECM have protection mechanisms in place to ensure that their environments limit the movement of invading cells, MMP activity and blood vessels formation. (nih.gov)
Objective: To review the literature regarding sources of cells, scaffolds, and morphogenic agents currently used to produce articular cartilage. (bvsalud.org)

The model discusses in detail the impact of COVID-19 on Cartilage Repair Devices market for the year 2020 and beyond. (researchandmarkets.com)

Cartilage Repair (Orthopedic Devices) - Global Market Analysis and Forecast Model (COVID-19 Market Impact) is built to visualize quantitative market trends within Orthopedic Devices therapeutic area. (researchandmarkets.com)
Annualized total Cartilage Repair Devices market revenue by segment and market outlooks from 2015-2030. (researchandmarkets.com)
SWOT analysis for Cartilage Repair Devices. (researchandmarkets.com)
Competitive dynamics insights and trends provided for Cartilage Repair Devices market. (researchandmarkets.com)
CMO executives who must have deep understanding of the Cartilage Repair marketplace to make strategic planning and investment decisions. (researchandmarkets.com)
Cartilage repair. (nih.gov)

The principal investigator for this work is Rocky Tuan, Ph.D., Chief of the Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch. (nih.gov)
The photograph was taken in the Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch at the Clinical Research Center on the NIH Campus. (nih.gov)
The logic, according to author William Lane, was that sharks rarely get cancer compared with most other animals, and the defining feature of their biology, aside from a healthy diet of fish, was a skeletal system made of cartilage rather than bone. (nih.gov)

Moreover, one should consider the application of mechanical stimuli and surface properties to produce an articular cartilage with satisfactory characteristics for in vivo application. (bvsalud.org)

Healthy cartilage helps you move by allowing your bones to glide over each other. (medlineplus.gov)
This minimally-invasive procedure replaces the damaged meniscus of the knee with healthy, donor cartilage. (providence.org)

A combination of two drugs appears to restore cartilage in rats. (the-scientist.com)

Osteochondroma is caused by herniation of the epiphyseal cartilage through a developmental defect in the epiphyseal plate. (medscape.com)

They exposed the engineered cartilage to both an inflammatory molecule and osmotic loading for three days. (nih.gov)

It was demonstrated that cartilage and meniscal T2 relaxation time values were significantly increased in subjects with compared to those without radiographic OA and focal knee lesions, respectively. (nih.gov)
Subjects with OA risk factors such as overweight/obesity showed significantly greater cartilage T2 values than normal controls. (nih.gov)
Elevated cartilage and meniscal T2 relaxation times were found in subjects with vs without knee pain. (nih.gov)

In our bodies, cartilage combines mechanical strength and durability with the ability to let water, nutrients and other materials move through it. (designworldonline.com)
Both develop from a precisely engineered balance between the flexibility of smooth muscle and the supportive strength and durability of cartilage. (nih.gov)

Researchers have known for decades that cartilage has therapeutic properties. (nih.gov)

This preclinical study, while early, describes a promising approach to regenerate damaged cartilage, which has the potential to benefit those with osteoarthritis and other forms of cartilage damage. (nih.gov)
In a study published in ACS Nano, the researchers describe how they made a damage-resistant rechargeable zinc battery with a cartilage-like solid electrolyte. (designworldonline.com)
For athletes, overuse and injury contribute to cartilage damage, especially. (foothealthfacts.org)

Researchers have been interested in growing new cartilage in the lab that could be implanted into joints. (nih.gov)

In contrast, cartilage that produced the molecule maintained its structure and strength. (nih.gov)

We don't currently have a satisfactory remedy for people who suffer a cartilage-damaging injury," Guilak said. (news-medical.net)

This RFA, Basic Research on Biomechanical Signaling Mechanisms in Cartilage, is related to the priority areas of chronic disabling conditions and of older adults and preventive services. (nih.gov)
FUNDS AVAILABLE It is anticipated that six to eight awards will be made as a result of applications for "Basic Research on Biomechanical Signaling Mechanisms in Cartilage. (nih.gov)
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The purpose of this RFA is to stimulate basic research in mechanisms of biomechanical signaling in cartilage. (nih.gov)
Whatever the cause of cartilage loss, research and testing to date have shown much promise in returning both athletes and boomers to their former, and sometimes greater, functionality and mobility. (foothealthfacts.org)

Anatomy65

Organisms7

Diseases31

Chemicals and Drugs77

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment43

Phenomena and Processes25

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Information Science5

Health Care2

Mechanisms of GDF-5 action during skeletal development. (1/3372)

Fibrocartilage in tendons and ligaments--an adaptation to compressive load. (2/3372)

The use of variable lactate/malic dehydrogenase ratios to distinguish between progenitor cells of cartilage and bone in the embryonic chick. (3/3372)

Generation and characterization of aggrecanase. A soluble, cartilage-derived aggrecan-degrading activity. (4/3372)

gas2 is a multifunctional gene involved in the regulation of apoptosis and chondrogenesis in the developing mouse limb. (5/3372)

Midpalatal suture of osteopetrotic (op/op) mice exhibits immature fusion. (6/3372)

Regulation of chondrocyte differentiation by Cbfa1. (7/3372)

Strong induction of members of the chitinase family of proteins in atherosclerosis: chitotriosidase and human cartilage gp-39 expressed in lesion macrophages. (8/3372)

No images available that match "cartilage"

Cartilage

Cartilage, Articular

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Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein

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Matrix Metalloproteinase 13

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