Carotid Arteries: Either of the two principal arteries on both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head and neck; each divides into two branches, the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery.Carotid Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)Carotid Artery Diseases: Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.Endarterectomy, Carotid: The excision of the thickened, atheromatous tunica intima of a carotid artery.Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized CONNECTIVE TISSUE located outside the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Carotid Artery, Internal: Branch of the common carotid artery which supplies the anterior part of the brain, the eye and its appendages, the forehead and nose.Retinal Ganglion Cells: Neurons of the innermost layer of the retina, the internal plexiform layer. They are of variable sizes and shapes, and their axons project via the OPTIC NERVE to the brain. A small subset of these cells act as photoreceptors with projections to the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS, the center for regulating CIRCADIAN RHYTHM.Carotid Artery, Common: The two principal arteries supplying the structures of the head and neck. They ascend in the neck, one on each side, and at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage, each divides into two branches, the external (CAROTID ARTERY, EXTERNAL) and internal (CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL) carotid arteries.Carotid Body: A small cluster of chemoreceptive and supporting cells located near the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. The carotid body, which is richly supplied with fenestrated capillaries, senses the pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations in the blood and plays a crucial role in their homeostatic control.Ganglia, Spinal: Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres.Carotid Sinus: The dilated portion of the common carotid artery at its bifurcation into external and internal carotids. It contains baroreceptors which, when stimulated, cause slowing of the heart, vasodilatation, and a fall in blood pressure.Ganglia, Sympathetic: Ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system including the paravertebral and the prevertebral ganglia. Among these are the sympathetic chain ganglia, the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia, and the aorticorenal, celiac, and stellate ganglia.Ganglia, Autonomic: Clusters of neurons and their processes in the autonomic nervous system. In the autonomic ganglia, the preganglionic fibers from the central nervous system synapse onto the neurons whose axons are the postganglionic fibers innervating target organs. The ganglia also contain intrinsic neurons and supporting cells and preganglionic fibers passing through to other ganglia.Trigeminal Ganglion: The semilunar-shaped ganglion containing the cells of origin of most of the sensory fibers of the trigeminal nerve. It is situated within the dural cleft on the cerebral surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone and gives off the ophthalmic, maxillary, and part of the mandibular nerves.Carotid Artery, External: Branch of the common carotid artery which supplies the exterior of the head, the face, and the greater part of the neck.Ganglia, Parasympathetic: Ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system, including the ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia in the cranial region and intrinsic (terminal) ganglia associated with target organs in the thorax and abdomen.Ganglia, Sensory: Clusters of neurons in the somatic peripheral nervous system which contain the cell bodies of sensory nerve axons. Sensory ganglia may also have intrinsic interneurons and non-neuronal supporting cells.Carotid Artery Thrombosis: Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.Carotid Artery Injuries: Damages to the CAROTID ARTERIES caused either by blunt force or penetrating trauma, such as CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; THORACIC INJURIES; and NECK INJURIES. Damaged carotid arteries can lead to CAROTID ARTERY THROMBOSIS; CAROTID-CAVERNOUS SINUS FISTULA; pseudoaneurysm formation; and INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY DISSECTION. (From Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1997, 18:251; J Trauma 1994, 37:473)Stellate Ganglion: A paravertebral sympathetic ganglion formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical and first thoracic ganglia.Carotid Intima-Media Thickness: A measurement of the thickness of the carotid artery walls. It is measured by B-mode ULTRASONOGRAPHY and is used as a surrogate marker for ATHEROSCLEROSIS.Spiral Ganglion: The sensory ganglion of the COCHLEAR NERVE. The cells of the spiral ganglion send fibers peripherally to the cochlear hair cells and centrally to the COCHLEAR NUCLEI of the BRAIN STEM.Nodose Ganglion: The inferior (caudal) ganglion of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. The unipolar nodose ganglion cells are sensory cells with central projections to the medulla and peripheral processes traveling in various branches of the vagus nerve.Tunica Intima: The innermost layer of an artery or vein, made up of one layer of endothelial cells and supported by an internal elastic lamina.Tunica Media: The middle layer of blood vessel walls, composed principally of thin, cylindrical, smooth muscle cells and elastic tissue. It accounts for the bulk of the wall of most arteries. The smooth muscle cells are arranged in circular layers around the vessel, and the thickness of the coat varies with the size of the vessel.Superior Cervical Ganglion: The largest and uppermost of the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia.Ganglia, Invertebrate: Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in invertebrates. Invertebrate ganglia may also contain neuronal processes and non-neuronal supporting cells. Many invertebrate ganglia are favorable subjects for research because they have small numbers of functional neuronal types which can be identified from one animal to another.Carotid Body Tumor: Benign paraganglioma at the bifurcation of the COMMON CAROTID ARTERIES. It can encroach on the parapharyngeal space and produce dysphagia, pain, and cranial nerve palsies.Carotid Artery, Internal, Dissection: The splitting of the vessel wall in one or both (left and right) internal carotid arteries (CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL). Interstitial hemorrhage into the media of the vessel wall can lead to occlusion of the internal carotid artery and aneurysm formation.Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.Endarterectomy: Surgical excision, performed under general anesthesia, of the atheromatous tunica intima of an artery. When reconstruction of an artery is performed as an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called ATHERECTOMY.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.Geniculate Ganglion: The sensory ganglion of the facial (7th cranial) nerve. The geniculate ganglion cells send central processes to the brain stem and peripheral processes to the taste buds in the anterior tongue, the soft palate, and the skin of the external auditory meatus and the mastoid process.Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex: Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect combined with real-time imaging. The real-time image is created by rapid movement of the ultrasound beam. A powerful advantage of this technique is the ability to estimate the velocity of flow from the Doppler shift frequency.Cerebral Angiography: Radiography of the vascular system of the brain after injection of a contrast medium.Ischemic Attack, Transient: Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)Stents: Devices that provide support for tubular structures that are being anastomosed or for body cavities during skin grafting.Chemoreceptor Cells: Cells specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptor cells may monitor external stimuli, as in TASTE and OLFACTION, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE in the blood.Neurons, Afferent: Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Stroke: A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Angioplasty: Reconstruction or repair of a blood vessel, which includes the widening of a pathological narrowing of an artery or vein by the removal of atheromatous plaque material and/or the endothelial lining as well, or by dilatation (BALLOON ANGIOPLASTY) to compress an ATHEROMA. Except for ENDARTERECTOMY, usually these procedures are performed via catheterization as minimally invasive ENDOVASCULAR PROCEDURES.Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.Cerebrovascular Disorders: A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Magnetic Resonance Angiography: Non-invasive method of vascular imaging and determination of internal anatomy without injection of contrast media or radiation exposure. The technique is used especially in CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY as well as for studies of other vascular structures.Risk Factors: An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.Denervation: The resection or removal of the nerve to an organ or part. (Dorland, 28th ed)Cerebrovascular Circulation: The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS of the BRAIN.Action Potentials: Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.Angioplasty, Balloon: Use of a balloon catheter for dilation of an occluded artery. It is used in treatment of arterial occlusive diseases, including renal artery stenosis and arterial occlusions in the leg. For the specific technique of BALLOON DILATION in coronary arteries, ANGIOPLASTY, BALLOON, CORONARY is available.Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic: NERVE FIBERS which project from the central nervous system to AUTONOMIC GANGLIA. In the sympathetic division most preganglionic fibers originate with neurons in the intermediolateral column of the SPINAL CORD, exit via ventral roots from upper thoracic through lower lumbar segments, and project to the paravertebral ganglia; there they either terminate in SYNAPSES or continue through the SPLANCHNIC NERVES to the prevertebral ganglia. In the parasympathetic division the fibers originate in neurons of the BRAIN STEM and sacral spinal cord. In both divisions the principal transmitter is ACETYLCHOLINE but peptide cotransmitters may also be released.Arterial Occlusive Diseases: Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.Intracranial Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel in the SKULL by an EMBOLUS which can be a blood clot (THROMBUS) or other undissolved material in the blood stream. Most emboli are of cardiac origin and are associated with HEART DISEASES. Other non-cardiac sources of emboli are usually associated with VASCULAR DISEASES.Pressoreceptors: Receptors in the vascular system, particularly the aorta and carotid sinus, which are sensitive to stretch of the vessel walls.Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections or echoes of ultrasonic pulses directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz.Brain Ischemia: Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.Blood Pressure: PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.Blood Flow Velocity: A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed.Angiography, Digital Subtraction: A method of delineating blood vessels by subtracting a tissue background image from an image of tissue plus intravascular contrast material that attenuates the X-ray photons. The background image is determined from a digitized image taken a few moments before injection of the contrast material. The resulting angiogram is a high-contrast image of the vessel. This subtraction technique allows extraction of a high-intensity signal from the superimposed background information. The image is thus the result of the differential absorption of X-rays by different tissues.Angiography: Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium.Cats: The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)Atherosclerosis: A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.Intracranial Arteriosclerosis: Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.Amaurosis Fugax: Transient complete or partial monocular blindness due to retinal ischemia. This may be caused by emboli from the CAROTID ARTERY (usually in association with CAROTID STENOSIS) and other locations that enter the central RETINAL ARTERY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p245)Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial: A non-invasive technique using ultrasound for the measurement of cerebrovascular hemodynamics, particularly cerebral blood flow velocity and cerebral collateral flow. With a high-intensity, low-frequency pulse probe, the intracranial arteries may be studied transtemporally, transorbitally, or from below the foramen magnum.Tomography, X-Ray Computed: Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Plaque, Atherosclerotic: Lesions formed within the walls of ARTERIES.Sensory Receptor Cells: Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Sometimes sensory receptors for external stimuli are called exteroceptors; for internal stimuli are called interoceptors and proprioceptors.Amacrine Cells: INTERNEURONS of the vertebrate RETINA. They integrate, modulate, and interpose a temporal domain in the visual message presented to the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS, with which they synapse in the inner plexiform layer.Cell Count: The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Optic Nerve Injuries: Injuries to the optic nerve induced by a trauma to the face or head. These may occur with closed or penetrating injuries. Relatively minor compression of the superior aspect of orbit may also result in trauma to the optic nerve. Clinical manifestations may include visual loss, PAPILLEDEMA, and an afferent pupillary defect.Electric Stimulation: Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.Electrophysiology: The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.Cervical Plexus: A network of nerve fibers originating in the upper four CERVICAL SPINAL CORD segments. The cervical plexus distributes cutaneous nerves to parts of the neck, shoulders, and back of the head. It also distributes motor fibers to muscles of the cervical SPINAL COLUMN, infrahyoid muscles, and the DIAPHRAGM.Basal Ganglia Hemorrhage: Bleeding within the subcortical regions of cerebral hemispheres (BASAL GANGLIA). It is often associated with HYPERTENSION or ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS. Clinical manifestations may include HEADACHE; DYSKINESIAS; and HEMIPARESIS.Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color: Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect, with the superposition of flow information as colors on a gray scale in a real-time image. This type of ultrasonography is well-suited to identifying the location of high-velocity flow (such as in a stenosis) or of mapping the extent of flow in a certain region.Follow-Up Studies: Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.Cavernous Sinus: An irregularly shaped venous space in the dura mater at either side of the sphenoid bone.Chick Embryo: The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Membrane Potentials: The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).Vagus Nerve: The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx).Nerve Growth Factors: Factors which enhance the growth potentialities of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells.Animals, Newborn: Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Predictive Value of Tests: In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.Postoperative Complications: Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.Axotomy: Transection or severing of an axon. This type of denervation is used often in experimental studies on neuronal physiology and neuronal death or survival, toward an understanding of nervous system disease.Cranial Nerve Injuries: Dysfunction of one or more cranial nerves causally related to a traumatic injury. Penetrating and nonpenetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; NECK INJURIES; and trauma to the facial region are conditions associated with cranial nerve injuries.Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from INTUBATION in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions.Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic: Nerve fibers which project from cell bodies of AUTONOMIC GANGLIA to SYNAPSES on target organs.Globus Pallidus: The representation of the phylogenetically oldest part of the corpus striatum called the paleostriatum. It forms the smaller, more medial part of the lentiform nucleus.Vertebral Artery: The first branch of the SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY with distribution to muscles of the NECK; VERTEBRAE; SPINAL CORD; CEREBELLUM; and interior of the CEREBRUM.Retrospective Studies: Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.Circle of Willis: A polygonal anastomosis at the base of the brain formed by the internal carotid (CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL), proximal parts of the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries (ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY; POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), the anterior communicating artery and the posterior communicating arteries.Hexamethonium Compounds: Compounds containing the hexamethylenebis(trimethylammonium) cation. Members of this group frequently act as antihypertensive agents and selective ganglionic blocking agents.Hypogastric Plexus: A complex network of nerve fibers in the pelvic region. The hypogastric plexus distributes sympathetic fibers from the lumbar paravertebral ganglia and the aortic plexus, parasympathetic fibers from the pelvic nerve, and visceral afferents. The bilateral pelvic plexus is in its lateral extent.Axonal Transport: The directed transport of ORGANELLES and molecules along nerve cell AXONS. Transport can be anterograde (from the cell body) or retrograde (toward the cell body). (Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3d ed, pG3)Glossopharyngeal Nerve: The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and CHEMORECEPTOR CELLS of the carotid sinus.Cerebral Arteries: The arterial blood vessels supplying the CEREBRUM.Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis: Embolism or thrombosis involving blood vessels which supply intracranial structures. Emboli may originate from extracranial or intracranial sources. Thrombosis may occur in arterial or venous structures.Nerve Regeneration: Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.Severity of Illness Index: Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.Neural Pathways: Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.Regional Blood Flow: The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Nerve Tissue ProteinsLigation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part.Jugular Veins: Veins in the neck which drain the brain, face, and neck into the brachiocephalic or subclavian veins.Risk Assessment: The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)Visual Pathways: Set of cell bodies and nerve fibers conducting impulses from the eyes to the cerebral cortex. It includes the RETINA; OPTIC NERVE; optic tract; and geniculocalcarine tract.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Ganglionic Blockers: Agents having as their major action the interruption of neural transmission at nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Because their actions are so broad, including blocking of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, their therapeutic use has been largely supplanted by more specific drugs. They may still be used in the control of blood pressure in patients with acute dissecting aortic aneurysm and for the induction of hypotension in surgery.Ultrasonography, Doppler: Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect, with frequency-shifted ultrasound reflections produced by moving targets (usually red blood cells) in the bloodstream along the ultrasound axis in direct proportion to the velocity of movement of the targets, to determine both direction and velocity of blood flow. (Stedman, 25th ed)Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.Mice, Inbred C57BLCerebral Revascularization: Microsurgical revascularization to improve intracranial circulation. It usually involves joining the extracranial circulation to the intracranial circulation but may include extracranial revascularization (e.g., subclavian-vertebral artery bypass, subclavian-external carotid artery bypass). It is performed by joining two arteries (direct anastomosis or use of graft) or by free autologous transplantation of highly vascularized tissue to the surface of the brain.Neck: The part of a human or animal body connecting the HEAD to the rest of the body.Glaucoma: An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)Asymptomatic Diseases: Diseases that do not exhibit symptoms.Stilbamidines: STILBENES with AMIDINES attached.Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide: Calcitonin gene-related peptide. A 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The neuropeptide is widely distributed in neural tissue of the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. The peptide produces multiple biological effects and has both circulatory and neurotransmitter modes of action. In particular, it is a potent endogenous vasodilator.In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.Autonomic Nerve Block: Interruption of sympathetic pathways, by local injection of an anesthetic agent, at any of four levels: peripheral nerve block, sympathetic ganglion block, extradural block, and subarachnoid block.Nerve Crush: Treatment of muscles and nerves under pressure as a result of crush injuries.Satellite Cells, Perineuronal: The non-neuronal cells that surround the neuronal cell bodies of the GANGLIA. They are distinguished from the perineuronal satellite oligodendrocytes (OLIGODENDROGLIA) found in the central nervous system.Calcinosis: Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of PAIN, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses.Transcription Factor Brn-3A: A POU domain factor that activates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of GENES encoding NEUROFILAMENT PROTEINS; alpha internexin; SYNAPTOSOMAL-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 25; and BCL-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS.Patch-Clamp Techniques: An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.Auscultation: Act of listening for sounds within the body.Sympathectomy: The removal or interruption of some part of the sympathetic nervous system for therapeutic or research purposes.Dogs: The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-tyrosine, tetrahydrobiopterin, and oxygen to 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine, dihydrobiopterin, and water. EC 1.14.16.2.Basal Ganglia Cerebrovascular Disease: A pathological condition caused by impaired blood flow in the basal regions of cerebral hemispheres (BASAL GANGLIA), such as INFARCTION; HEMORRHAGE; or ISCHEMIA in vessels of this brain region including the lateral lenticulostriate arteries. Primary clinical manifestations include involuntary movements (DYSKINESIAS) and muscle weakness (HEMIPARESIS).Aneurysm: Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.Intracranial Aneurysm: Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (>2.5 cm in diameter) may compress adjacent structures, including the OCULOMOTOR NERVE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p841)Constriction, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.Neurites: In tissue culture, hairlike projections of neurons stimulated by growth factors and other molecules. These projections may go on to form a branched tree of dendrites or a single axon or they may be reabsorbed at a later stage of development. "Neurite" may refer to any filamentous or pointed outgrowth of an embryonal or tissue-culture neural cell.Capsaicin: An alkylamide found in CAPSICUM that acts at TRPV CATION CHANNELS.Hemodynamics: The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.Cranial Nerves: Twelve pairs of nerves that carry general afferent, visceral afferent, special afferent, somatic efferent, and autonomic efferent fibers.Transcription Factor Brn-3B: A POU domain factor that represses GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of GENES encoding NEUROFILAMENT PROTEINS, alpha internexin, and SYNAPTOSOMAL-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 25.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.Superior Colliculi: The anterior pair of the quadrigeminal bodies which coordinate the general behavioral orienting responses to visual stimuli, such as whole-body turning, and reaching.Sensitivity and Specificity: Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)Muscle, Smooth, Vascular: The nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.Rod Opsins: Photosensitive proteins expressed in the ROD PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. They are the protein components of rod photoreceptor pigments such as RHODOPSIN.Hypertension: Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.Neurons, Efferent: Neurons which send impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells.Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other NEURONS.Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (LUNG COMPLIANCE) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure.Anoxia: Relatively complete absence of oxygen in one or more tissues.Image Processing, Computer-Assisted: A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.Reproducibility of Results: The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.Femoral Artery: The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery.Age Factors: Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.Middle Cerebral Artery: The largest of the cerebral arteries. It trifurcates into temporal, frontal, and parietal branches supplying blood to most of the parenchyma of these lobes in the CEREBRAL CORTEX. These are the areas involved in motor, sensory, and speech activities.Photic Stimulation: Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.Baroreflex: A response by the BARORECEPTORS to increased BLOOD PRESSURE. Increased pressure stretches BLOOD VESSELS which activates the baroreceptors in the vessel walls. The net response of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM is a reduction of central sympathetic outflow. This reduces blood pressure both by decreasing peripheral VASCULAR RESISTANCE and by lowering CARDIAC OUTPUT. Because the baroreceptors are tonically active, the baroreflex can compensate rapidly for both increases and decreases in blood pressure.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Intraoperative Complications: Complications that affect patients during surgery. They may or may not be associated with the disease for which the surgery is done, or within the same surgical procedure.Horner Syndrome: A syndrome associated with defective sympathetic innervation to one side of the face, including the eye. Clinical features include MIOSIS; mild BLEPHAROPTOSIS; and hemifacial ANHIDROSIS (decreased sweating)(see HYPOHIDROSIS). Lesions of the BRAIN STEM; cervical SPINAL CORD; first thoracic nerve root; apex of the LUNG; CAROTID ARTERY; CAVERNOUS SINUS; and apex of the ORBIT may cause this condition. (From Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, pp500-11)Leeches: Annelids of the class Hirudinea. Some species, the bloodsuckers, may become temporarily parasitic upon animals, including man. Medicinal leeches (HIRUDO MEDICINALIS) have been used therapeutically for drawing blood since ancient times.Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology.Collateral Circulation: Maintenance of blood flow to an organ despite obstruction of a principal vessel. Blood flow is maintained through small vessels.Embolization, Therapeutic: A method of hemostasis utilizing various agents such as Gelfoam, silastic, metal, glass, or plastic pellets, autologous clot, fat, and muscle as emboli. It has been used in the treatment of spinal cord and INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS, renal arteriovenous fistulas, gastrointestinal bleeding, epistaxis, hypersplenism, certain highly vascular tumors, traumatic rupture of blood vessels, and control of operative hemorrhage.Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart.Herpes Simplex: A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.Macaca fascicularis: A species of the genus MACACA which typically lives near the coast in tidal creeks and mangrove swamps primarily on the islands of the Malay peninsula.Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.Constriction: The act of constricting.Aplysia: An opisthobranch mollusk of the order Anaspidea. It is used frequently in studies of nervous system development because of its large identifiable neurons. Aplysiatoxin and its derivatives are not biosynthesized by Aplysia, but acquired by ingestion of Lyngbya (seaweed) species.Subclavian Artery: Artery arising from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right side and from the arch of the aorta on the left side. It distributes to the neck, thoracic wall, spinal cord, brain, meninges, and upper limb.Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.Heart Rate: The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. (Stedman, 26th ed)Gerbillinae: A subfamily of the Muridae consisting of several genera including Gerbillus, Rhombomys, Tatera, Meriones, and Psammomys.
Inferior tympanic canaliculus
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Spinal trigeminal nucleus
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Autonomic Nervous System FlashcardsArteryPlexusCervicalArteriesVagus nerveCiliaryTrigeminal ganglionPterygopalatineParasympatheticNeuronsBifurcationNervesBranchesNodoseBasal ganglionSensoryPetrosalInternal carotidSuperiorFibersGlossopharyngeal nerveCeliacOticAutonomic gangliaGeniculateSemilunar ganglionSheathBaroreceptorsSinus and the carotidSphenopalatinePosteriorMesentericArterialNeckOcclusionRetinal gangLeft basal gangliaStellate ganglion blockCavernousTumorSympathetic nervouCell bodiesPetrous
Artery50
- A group of nerve cell bodies associated with each carotid artery. (thefreedictionary.com)
- A ganglion formed by filaments from the carotid plexus beneath the carotid artery. (tabers.com)
- The internal carotid plexus (internal carotid plexus) is situated on the lateral side of the internal carotid artery, and in the plexus there occasionally exists a small gangliform swelling, the carotid ganglion, on the under surface of the artery. (wikipedia.org)
- Postganglionic sympathetic fibres ascend from the superior cervical ganglion, along the walls of the internal carotid artery, to enter the internal carotid plexus. (wikipedia.org)
- it distributes filaments to the wall of the internal carotid artery, and also communicates with the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve. (wikipedia.org)
- The left vagus crosses in front of the left subclavian artery to enter the thorax between the left common carotid and subclavian arteries. (medscape.com)
- CCA, contralateral carotid artery. (ajnr.org)
- Perfusion characteristics in our study group of 20 patients with symptomatic carotid artery stenosis. (ajnr.org)
- Lateral and inferior to the parapharyngeal space is the carotid sheath , containing the internal carotid artery and cranial nerves IX , X and XI . (wikipedia.org)
- Anterior to the parapharyngeal space is the masticator space which contains the lower dental row, muscles of mastication, the inferior alveolar nerve as well as branches of cranial nerve V . Lateral to the parapharyngeal space lies the parotid space , which contains the parotid gland, the external carotid artery and cranial nerve VII . (wikipedia.org)
- This area includes the jugular and hypoglossal canal and the foramen lacerum (through which the internal carotid artery passes superiorly across). (wikipedia.org)
- Exaggerated carotid sinus massage responses are related to severe coronary artery disease in patients being evaluated for chest pain. (semanticscholar.org)
- CN7 (facial), retromandibular vein & ext carotid artery with a few of their branches/tributaries. (studystack.com)
- What branches of the exteral carotid artery come off in the parotid gland? (studystack.com)
- Carotid baroreceptors detect the blood pressure in the carotid artery, which supplies blood to the brain. (frontiersin.org)
- The nerve terminals of carotid baroreceptors are located bilaterally at the carotid artery bifurcations, close to the internal carotid artery. (frontiersin.org)
- The afferent activity of this chemosensory pathway is initiated at oxygen-sensitive cells in the carotid body that lies in the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. (jneurosci.org)
- It is somewhat crescentic in shape, with its convexity directed forward: Medially, it is in relation with the internal carotid artery and the posterior part of the cavernous sinus . (wikipedia.org)
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Sympathetic Ganglion in a Patient with Internal Carotid Artery Dissection. (nih.gov)
- There is a 2.5 millimeter relatively wide necked inferiorly projecting aneurysm of the supraclinoid left internal carotid artery. (radiopaedia.org)
- No abnormal enhancement to suggest underlying mass. 2.5 millimeter aneurysm of the supraclinoid left internal carotid artery. (radiopaedia.org)
- The left internal carotid artery and vagus nerve have been retracted medially to expose the origins of the external carotid and pharyngeal plexuses. (stanford.edu)
- An autonomic plexus accompanying the common carotid artery and formed by fibers from the middle cervical ganglion. (dictionary.com)
- Aberrant internal carotid artery is a variant of the internal carotid artery and represents a collateral pathway resulting from involution of the normal cervical portion (first embryonic segment) of the internal carotid artery 5 . (radiopaedia.org)
- The vessels rejoin the horizontal segment of the petrous portion of the internal carotid artery. (radiopaedia.org)
- Aberrant carotid artery: radiologic diagnosis with emphasis on high-resolution computed tomography. (radiopaedia.org)
- Lateralized petrous internal carotid artery: imaging features and distinction from the aberrant internal carotid artery. (radiopaedia.org)
- From Internal Carotid Bifurcation to Anterior Communicating Artery. (luc.edu)
- However, re‑examination of cerebral magnetic resonance imaging in the present hospital revealed an old infarction in the region of the left basal ganglia with a normal appearance of the left middle cerebral artery. (spandidos-publications.com)
- The carotid sheath enclosing the common carotid artery, vein, and vagus nerve now can be exposed, if necessary. (scribd.com)
- In human anatomy , the internal carotid artery is a major artery of the head and neck that helps supply blood to the brain . (wikidoc.org)
- An older clinical classification is based on work by Fischer in 1938 is also commonly used, as well as classification schemes based on the embryologic anatomy of the carotid artery. (wikidoc.org)
- it arises around the level of the third cervical vertebra when the common carotid bifurcates into this artery and its more superficial counterpart, external carotid artery . (wikidoc.org)
- At its origin, the internal carotid artery is somewhat dilated. (wikidoc.org)
- This part of the artery is known as the carotid sinus or the carotid bulb. (wikidoc.org)
- Unlike the external carotid artery , the internal carotid normally has no branches in the neck . (wikidoc.org)
- The external carotid plexus sends axons to the smooth muscles of the face and upper neck along branches of the external carotid artery. (tabers.com)
- Some axons leave the internal carotid artery at the foramen lacerum, inside the skull, to form the deep petrosal nerve, which runs to the pterygopalatine ganglion. (tabers.com)
- The internal carotid artery enters the skull and supplies the anterior part of the brain (via cerebral branches), the eye and its appendages, and sends branches to the forehead and nose. (innerbody.com)
- The internal carotid artery rests on the external carotid artery's outer side at first and then it goes behind it. (innerbody.com)
- The internal carotid artery starts is in the superior carotid triangle and as it rises, it lays deeper, under the parotid gland, the digastric muscle's posterior belly, stylopharyngeus and stylohyoid muscles and styloid process. (innerbody.com)
- Branches of the two internal carotids and the basilar artery join at the base of the brain to form a ring of blood vessels called the circle of Willis. (innerbody.com)
- This claim, however, may be erroneous, for Tauber (1743) described a struc- ture at the bifurcation on the common carotid artery and called it the ganglion minutum. (springer.com)
- Vagus nerve (X)- extends posteriorly from the nodose ganglion and running along the common carotid artery in a sheath closely applied to the trachea. (majortests.com)
- Fibres ascend along the internal carotid artery to enter the cavernous sinus. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
- Repeat head and neck computed tomography (CT) scan showed progression of his tumor, now completely encasing his left internal carotid artery at its bifurcation from the left common carotid artery (Figure 2 ). (hindawi.com)
- We investigated this question in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy, hypothesizing that cardiorespiratory changes during this procedure would reduce cerebral perfusion.Methods In a nonrandomized, observational study of 16 patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II) undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy, internal carotid artery blood velocity was measured by Doppler ultrasound at four time points: awake, after anesthesia induction, after induction of pneumoperitoneum, and after head-up tilt. (medworm.com)
- Vessel diameter was obtained each time, and internal carotid artery blood flow, the main outcome variable, was calculated. (medworm.com)
- l) Internal carotid artery. (anatomyatlases.org)
- MR angiography revealed marked narrowing of supraclinoid and intracavernous portion of left internal carotid artery and nonvisualization of right middle cerebral artery and anterior cerebral (A-1 segment) arteries (fig-2). (thefreelibrary.com)
Plexus15
- Either of the paired prevertebral autonomic ganglia in the nerve plexus surrounding the aortic roots of the renal arteries. (tabers.com)
- Either of a pair of connected prevertebral autonomic ganglia in the celiac plexus. (tabers.com)
- A ganglion located in the coccygeal plexus and found at the inferior junction of the sympathetic trunks. (tabers.com)
- Some of the fibres from the internal carotid plexus converge to form the deep petrosal nerve. (wikipedia.org)
- Carotid plexus visible center top. (wikipedia.org)
- The splenic plexus ( lienal plexus in older texts) is formed by branches from the celiac plexus , the left celiac ganglion , and from the right vagus nerve . (bionity.com)
- It can go from sympath plexus onto MMA and go thru otic ganglion with auriculotemporal nerve to get to parotid. (studystack.com)
- The ganglion receives, on its medial side, filaments from the carotid plexus of the sympathetic. (wikipedia.org)
- postganglionic fibers, having cell bodies in the superior cervical ganglion, branching from the carotid plexus passing through the ciliary ganglion without synapse to reach the eyeball. (drugs.com)
- Most of the postganglionic nerve fibers of these choroidal ganglion cells (CGCs) join the perivascular nerve fiber plexus that supports the vasodilative innervation of the choroidal vasculature. (arvojournals.org)
- Other carotid plexus axons continue along the anterior and middle cerebral arteries to provide sympathetic innervation to arteries of the brain. (tabers.com)
- 2. A venous plexus that exits the skull through the carotid canal and interconnects the cavernous sinus inside the skull with the internal jugular vein outside the skull. (tabers.com)
- The plexus interconnects the two large celiac ganglia. (tabers.com)
- For a while the carotid body remained forgotten, to be rediscovered in 1833 by Mayer of Bonn who again remarked upon the branches of the sympathetic, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves as sources of a nerve plexus which innervated the ganglion intercaroticurtl. (springer.com)
- Here we describe ultrasound-guided methods for hydrodissection of deep nerve structures in the upper torso, including the stellate ganglion, brachial plexus, cervical nerve roots, and paravertebral spaces. (hindawi.com)
Cervical10
- Control by the superior cervical ganglion of the state of contraction and pulsatile expansion of the carotid sinus arterial wall. (semanticscholar.org)
- article{Kezdi1954ControlBT, title={Control by the superior cervical ganglion of the state of contraction and pulsatile expansion of the carotid sinus arterial wall. (semanticscholar.org)
- Sympathetic connections of the ciliary and superior cervical ganglia. (wikipedia.org)
- Eränkö, O., Härkönen, M.: Monoamine containing small cells in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat and an organ composed of them. (springer.com)
- Level of 6th cervical vertebrae -- still at level of common carotid, but relationships are similar to those of cervical segment of internal carotid. (wikidoc.org)
- The cervical segment , or C1, of the internal carotid extends from the carotid bifurcation until it enters the carotid canal in the skull anterior to the jugular foramen. (wikidoc.org)
- 9 Evidence has shown that these fibers derive from the superior cervical ganglion. (arvojournals.org)
- All carotid plexuses receive postganglionic sympathetic axons from the superior cervical ganglia. (tabers.com)
- Superior cervical and nodose ganglia- a pair of swellings, which occur just ventral to the hpoglossal nerve. (majortests.com)
- They exit the cord at T1 and ascend to the superior cervical ganglion (C3-C4). (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
Arteries12
- These ganglia are a meshwork of visceral afferent, sympathetic, and parasympathetic axons that coat the lower part of the trachea, its bifurcation, the aorta, the pulmonary trunk, and the coronary arteries. (tabers.com)
- The internal carotid and vertebral arteries. (wikipedia.org)
- The vagus nerve descends vertically within the carotid sheath posterolateral to the internal and common carotid arteries and medial to the internal jugular vein (IJV) at the root of the neck. (medscape.com)
- There are two arterial baroreceptors, namely, the aortic baroreceptors and carotid baroreceptors, located in the adventitia layer of the aortic arch and carotid arteries, respectively. (frontiersin.org)
- The common and internal carotid arteries bilaterally are unremarkable. (radiopaedia.org)
- Bilateral aberrant internal carotid arteries with bilateral persistent stapedial arteries and bilateral duplicated internal carotid arteries. (radiopaedia.org)
- Medial Lenticulostriate Arteries (supply basal ganglia, anterior limb of internal capsule). (luc.edu)
- 1. Any of the autonomic nerve plexuses that invest the carotid arteries. (tabers.com)
- The carotid arteries have two sensory regions in the neck: the carotid sinus and the carotid body. (innerbody.com)
- The internal carotid and maxillary arteries of 25 adult and 4 foetal heads were injected with a 10% mixture of India ink and gelatin, and their TGs subsequently underwent microdissection, observation and morphometry under a stereoscopic microscope. (viamedica.pl)
- The morphometric data on TG vasculature provide anatomical basis for better understanding the complex TG blood supply from the internal and external carotid arteries. (viamedica.pl)
- TE, 84 ms), and MR angiogram covering the cerebral and carotid arteries within 3 days after admission. (ahajournals.org)
Vagus nerve2
- The vagus nerve is joined by the cranial root of the accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI), just below the inferior ganglion. (medscape.com)
- Higher up, it is separated from the external carotid by the styloglossus and stylopharyngeus muscles, the tip of the styloid process and the stylohyoid ligament , the glossopharyngeal nerve and the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve . (wikidoc.org)
Ciliary6
- Any of the four parasympathetic ganglia (ciliary ganglion, otic ganglion, pterygopalatine ganglion, submandibular ganglion) of the head. (tabers.com)
- Nerves of the orbit, and the ciliary ganglion. (wikipedia.org)
- Pathways in the Ciliary Ganglion. (wikipedia.org)
- It is well established that the uvea in most species is innervated by two parasympathetic pathways, namely by nerves deriving from the ciliary ganglion and by those deriving from the sphenopalatine ganglion. (arvojournals.org)
- With short ciliary nerves to ciliary ganglion. (anatomyatlases.org)
- the ciliary ganglion (s. ophthalmicum). (anatomyatlases.org)
Trigeminal ganglion10
- Trigeminal ganglion. (tabers.com)
- The trigeminal ganglion (or Gasserian ganglion , or semilunar ganglion , or Gasser's ganglion ) is a sensory ganglion of the trigeminal nerve (CN V) that occupies a cavity ( Meckel's cave ) in the dura mater , covering the trigeminal impression near the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone . (wikipedia.org)
- After recovery from a primary herpes infection, the virus is not cleared from the body, but rather lies dormant in a non-replicating state within the trigeminal ganglion. (wikipedia.org)
- The trigeminal ganglion is damaged, by infection or surgery, in Trigeminal trophic syndrome . (wikipedia.org)
- The thermocoagulation or injection of glycerol into the trigeminal ganglion has been used in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia . (wikipedia.org)
- In rodents, the trigeminal ganglion is important as it is the first part of the pathway from the whiskers to the brain. (wikipedia.org)
- There are around 26,000-43,000 cell bodies in rodent Trigeminal ganglion. (wikipedia.org)
- In this study, we explored the specific microanatomical properties of the trigeminal ganglion (TG) blood supply and its close neurovascular relationships with the surrounding vessels. (viamedica.pl)
- Stereological analysis of the human fetal trigeminal ganglion microcirculatory bed. (viamedica.pl)
- Anatomy of Meckel's cave and the trigeminal ganglion: anatomical landmarks for a safer approach to them. (viamedica.pl)
Pterygopalatine3
- The GSPN, pterygopalatine ganglion, lacrimal gland, and conjunctiva were evaluated by light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). (arvojournals.org)
- The authors suggest that continuous neural drive of the pterygopalatine ganglion is necessary to maintain adequate tear flow and mucin secretion. (arvojournals.org)
- 6 Parasympathetic innervation of the LG and conjunctival goblet cells is mediated through the pterygopalatine ganglion (PPG). (arvojournals.org)
Parasympathetic9
- the parasympathetic and the sympathetic ganglia combined. (thefreedictionary.com)
- 1. Either of two types of groups of nerve cells (sympathetic ganglion, parasympathetic ganglion) in the autonomic nervous system. (tabers.com)
- Any of the ganglia of autonomic (mainly postganglionic parasympathetic) neurons clumped in the superficial and deep cardiac plexuses. (tabers.com)
- This ganglion receives preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the midbrain via the oculomotor nerve (CN III). (tabers.com)
- 1 , 2 The rationale for supporting this approach is that electric activation of the carotid baroreflex leads to activation of the cardiac parasympathetic drive and inhibition of sympathetic activity to the heart and peripheral vessels. (ahajournals.org)
- Any of the nerve plexuses of sympathetic or parasympathetic axons, often containing autonomic neurons or ganglia and visceral afferent fibers. (tabers.com)
- It is composed of parasympathetic axons from the vagus nerves, visceral afferents, and sympathetic fibers from the sympathetic trunks, and cells of the cardiac ganglion. (tabers.com)
- The parasympathetic pathway originates from the superior salivatory nucleus and passes through the geniculate ganglion without synapsing, and the fibers emerge as the greater superficial petrosal nerve (GSPN), which then joins the deep petrosal nerve to form the vidian nerve. (arvojournals.org)
- The output of these ganglion cells, the postganglionic axons, provide the parasympathetic secretory drive to the LG and conjunctiva, including the goblet cells. (arvojournals.org)
Neurons9
- A ganglion of postganglionic autonomic neurons in the peripheral nervous system that are surrounded by a capsule of loose connective tissue. (tabers.com)
- Dendrites of the neurons can be limited to the neuropil inside the ganglion, or they can pierce the capsule and extend into the surrounding regions. (tabers.com)
- Microscopically, the peripheral processes of dorsal root ganglion neurons look identical to axons. (tabers.com)
- Calcium sensitivity of petrosal ganglion neurons (PGNs) to chemical stimuli with and without PC-12 cells in co-culture instead of glomus is not known- the idea being that two types of unusual cells could form synapse and provide a model for studies of chemotransduction. (biomedsearch.com)
- Furthermore, aortic baroreceptor neurons show a lower pressure threshold than that of carotid baroreceptor neurons. (frontiersin.org)
- Secondly, uniaxial stretching of baroreceptor neurons, that mimics the forces exerted on blood vessels, elicited a larger increase in intracellular Ca 2+ rise in aortic baroreceptor neurons than in carotid baroreceptor neurons. (frontiersin.org)
- The present study therefore provides for a basic physiological understanding on the pressure sensitivity of the two baroreceptor neurons and suggests that aortic baroreceptors have a higher pressure sensitivity than carotid baroreceptors. (frontiersin.org)
- These cells release neurotransmitters that activate the peripheral axons of neurons lying in the petrosal ganglion. (jneurosci.org)
- Kanerva, L., Hervonen, A.: SIF-cells, short adrenergic neurons and vacuolated nerve cells of the paracervical (Frankenhäuser) ganglion. (springer.com)
Bifurcation1
- Thus it is evident that the anatomists of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries regarded the structure in the carotid bifurcation as one of the many ganglia which are interspersed in the course of the sympathetic nervous system. (springer.com)
Nerves5
- Low-pressure-sensitive baroreceptor fibers recorded from rabbit carotid sinus nerves. (semanticscholar.org)
- Distribution of the maxillary and mandibular nerves, and the submaxillary ganglion. (wikipedia.org)
- Anatomy of human extrinsic cardiac nerves and ganglia. (semanticscholar.org)
- The nerve signals from the carotid baroreceptors travel along carotid sinus nerves (CSN) to their soma localized in the petrosal ganglion (PG). (frontiersin.org)
- Dopamine is present in the adrenal medulla and cortex, kidneys, peripheral nerves, carotid body, and sympathetic ganglia (6). (ericcressey.com)
Branches2
- From the branches off the external carotid. (studystack.com)
- The otic ganglion and its branches. (wikipedia.org)
Nodose3
- The superior ganglion (jugular) is less than 0.5 cm in diameter, while the inferior (nodose) ganglion is larger (2.5 cm) and lies 1 cm distal to the superior ganglion (see the image below). (medscape.com)
- The cell bodies (soma) of the aortic baroreceptors are located at the nodose ganglion (NG) (Figure 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
- The nerve signals from the aortic baroreceptor nerve terminals are transmitted to the nodose ganglion through a sensory nerve named aortic depressor nerve (ADN) (Figure 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Basal ganglion1
- 4. My father recently had what is diagnosed as a hemorrhagic basal ganglion stroke caused by high blood pressure. (medhelp.org)
Sensory3
- The sensory ganglion of the facial nerve (CN VII). (tabers.com)
- It leaves the skull through the middle compartment of the jugular foramen, where it has upper and lower ganglionic swellings, which are the sensory ganglia of the nerve. (medscape.com)
- In vitro carotid body sensory discharge during hypoxia was greater in null than control mice. (jneurosci.org)
Petrosal2
- Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated Kv1.1 in the afferent limb of the carotid body chemoreflex (the major regulator in the response to hypoxia), consisting of the carotid body, petrosal ganglion, and nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). (jneurosci.org)
- The greater superficial petrosal nerve lies also underneath the ganglion. (wikipedia.org)
Internal carotid2
- The internal carotid runs perpendicularly upward in the carotid sheath , and enters the skull through the carotid canal . (wikidoc.org)
- The petrous segment , or C2, of the internal carotid is that which is inside the petrous part of the temporal bone . (wikidoc.org)
Superior3
- The meningeal branch arises at the superior ganglion and reenters the cranium through the jugular foramen to supply the posterior fossa dura. (medscape.com)
- It arises also from the superior ganglion and enters the mastoid canaliculus in the lateral part of the jugular foramen. (medscape.com)
- From behind, it's near the superior ganglion of the sympathetic nerve, the superior laryngeal nerve, and the rectus capitis anticus major muscle. (innerbody.com)
Fibers1
- Trigeminal V3 branch: auriculotemporal Fibers go from gland back to trigem ganglion. (studystack.com)
Glossopharyngeal nerve3
- The branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve to the carotid sinus is the nerve which primarily receives information from baroreceptors to help maintain a more consistent blood pressure . (bionity.com)
- It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Branch_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve_to_carotid_sinus" . (bionity.com)
- He was found to be suffering from neurocardiogenic reflex-mediated syncope secondary to mechanical compression of the carotid baroreceptors and glossopharyngeal nerve by the tumor. (hindawi.com)
Celiac2
- They are in the mesenteric nervous plexuses near the abdominal aorta and include the celiac and mesenteric ganglia. (tabers.com)
- The celiac ganglia with the sympathetic plexuses of the abdominal viscera radiating from the ganglia. (bionity.com)
Otic1
- Otic ganglion. (tabers.com)
Autonomic ganglia1
- The autonomic ganglia develop from the neural crest during embryonic development. (tabers.com)
Geniculate1
- Geniculate ganglion. (tabers.com)
Semilunar ganglion3
- Semilunar ganglion visible near bottom. (wikipedia.org)
- Semilunar ganglion visible in upper left. (wikipedia.org)
- semilunar ganglion. (anatomyatlases.org)
Sheath4
- Posteriorly it is bordered by carotid sheath posteriolaterally and the retropharyngeal space posteriomedially. (wikipedia.org)
- Retract the sternocleidomastoid and the carotid sheath laterally, and the strap muscles, trachea, and esophagus medially to expose the longus colli muscle and pretracheal fascia. (scribd.com)
- Retract the sternocleidomastoid muscle and carotid sheath laterally, and the strap muscles and thyroid structures medially, then split the longus colli muscle longitudinally in the midline (cross-section). (scribd.com)
- carotid sheath and its contents are protected by the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. (scribd.com)
Baroreceptors3
- Signal transduction of aortic and carotid sinus baroreceptors is not modified by central command during spontaneous motor activity in decerebrate cats. (semanticscholar.org)
- Effects of epinephrine on firing characteristics of two functionally different types of carotid baroreceptors. (semanticscholar.org)
- It has long been suggested that the two arterial baroreceptors, aortic and carotid baroreceptors, have different pressure sensitivities. (frontiersin.org)
Sinus and the carotid1
- These data demonstrate that carotid chemoreceptor activation attenuates the reflex hypotension caused by combined electric stimulation of the carotid sinus and the carotid sinus nerve in conscious rats. (ahajournals.org)
Sphenopalatine3
- Sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation of acute ischemic stroke patients boosted cerebral blood flow and improved 90-day outcomes in patients with confirmed cortical infarctions. (mdedge.com)
- MONTREAL - Stimulation of the sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) using a small, implanted electrode for 5 days in patients who had just had an acute ischemic stroke led to statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements in the subset of patients with confirmed cortical involvement in a pivotal, sham-controlled trial. (mdedge.com)
- Apparatus for modifying a property of a brain of a patient is provided, including one or more electrodes (7), adapted to be applied to a site selected from a group of sites consisting of: a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) (6) of the patient and a neural tract originating in or leading to the SPG. (google.com)
Posterior2
- A roughly spherical ganglion of unipolar neuronal cell bodies in the posterior roots of each spinal nerve near the intervertebral foramina. (tabers.com)
- Supplies basal ganglia structures: Part of head and body of caudate, globus pallidus, putamen, and the posterior limb of the internal capsule. (luc.edu)
Mesenteric2
- Elfvin, L.-C.: A new granule-containing nerve cell in the interferior mesenteric ganglion of the rabbit. (springer.com)
- 5 Trpv4 , in particular, is sensitive to osmotic perturbations 6,7 and is found along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, mesenteric vessels, liver, cholangiocytes, dorsal root ganglia, and other locations throughout the body. (ahajournals.org)
Arterial4
- The state of contraction and resistance to stretch of the arterial wall of the carotid sinus modulates sensitivity of pressoreceptors to intra-arterial pressure. (semanticscholar.org)
- He suffered from acute infarction of left basal ganglia, resulting from occlusion of the left middle cerebral arterial 6 months prior to admission. (spandidos-publications.com)
- The arterial stiffness was tested by measuring the carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity with an oscillometric automatic device. (ovid.com)
- We found that, in a cohort of hypertensive individuals, the arterial stiffness is associated with the total load of the cSVD, especially with lacunes and basal ganglia EPVS. (ovid.com)
Neck1
- STELLATE ganglion block (SGB) is performed to treat sympathetically maintained pain and circulatory disturbances of the head, neck, and upper limbs. (asahq.org)
Occlusion3
- Cerebral infarction due to carotid occlusion and carbon monoxide exposure. (semanticscholar.org)
- I have residual problems from that but she says it is the result of the carotid occlusion and should not be considered TIA/stroke. (medhelp.org)
- Usually occlusion is embolic in nature - thrombotic occlusion more common in carotids. (luc.edu)
Retinal gang2
Left basal ganglia1
- MRI revealed areas of chronic infarcts with associated early encephalomalacia changes and gliosis in left frontal region and left basal ganglia (fig-1). (thefreelibrary.com)
Stellate ganglion block1
- 2004. An unusual complication of sinus arrest following right-sided stellate ganglion block: A case report . (cardiff.ac.uk)
Cavernous1
- The authors report a very rare presentation of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) with extensive edema of the basal ganglia and brainstem because of an anatomical variation of the basal vein of Rosenthal (BVR). (thejns.org)
Tumor1
- In one case was noted the concomitant presence of a neurinoma of the VIII cranial nerve with a ipsilateral glomus tumor, and in another case there was a concomitancy of carotid body tumor with temporal glomus jugularis tumor. (scielo.br)
Sympathetic nervou1
- Any of several ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system. (tabers.com)
Cell bodies1
- An enlargement on a nerve that does not contain neuronal cell bodies and is therefore not a true ganglion. (tabers.com)
Petrous1
- will goes into the carotid canal, which is located in the temporal bone's petrous portion. (innerbody.com)
