The direct continuation of the brachial trunk, originating at the bifurcation of the brachial artery opposite the neck of the radius. Its branches may be divided into three groups corresponding to the three regions in which the vessel is situated, the forearm, wrist, and hand.
Either of the two principal arteries on both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head and neck; each divides into two branches, the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery.
Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.
Branch of the common carotid artery which supplies the anterior part of the brain, the eye and its appendages, the forehead and nose.
The two principal arteries supplying the structures of the head and neck. They ascend in the neck, one on each side, and at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage, each divides into two branches, the external (CAROTID ARTERY, EXTERNAL) and internal (CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL) carotid arteries.
Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)
Branch of the common carotid artery which supplies the exterior of the head, the face, and the greater part of the neck.
The excision of the thickened, atheromatous tunica intima of a carotid artery.
Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.
The vessels carrying blood away from the heart.
The splitting of the vessel wall in one or both (left and right) internal carotid arteries (CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL). Interstitial hemorrhage into the media of the vessel wall can lead to occlusion of the internal carotid artery and aneurysm formation.
A small cluster of chemoreceptive and supporting cells located near the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. The carotid body, which is richly supplied with fenestrated capillaries, senses the pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations in the blood and plays a crucial role in their homeostatic control.
The innermost layer of an artery or vein, made up of one layer of endothelial cells and supported by an internal elastic lamina.
The dilated portion of the common carotid artery at its bifurcation into external and internal carotids. It contains baroreceptors which, when stimulated, cause slowing of the heart, vasodilatation, and a fall in blood pressure.
The arterial blood vessels supplying the CEREBRUM.
The middle layer of blood vessel walls, composed principally of thin, cylindrical, smooth muscle cells and elastic tissue. It accounts for the bulk of the wall of most arteries. The smooth muscle cells are arranged in circular layers around the vessel, and the thickness of the coat varies with the size of the vessel.
The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs.
Radiography of the vascular system of the brain after injection of a contrast medium.
The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery.
Devices that provide support for tubular structures that are being anastomosed or for body cavities during skin grafting.
A measurement of the thickness of the carotid artery walls. It is measured by B-mode ULTRASONOGRAPHY and is used as a surrogate marker for ATHEROSCLEROSIS.
The first branch of the SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY with distribution to muscles of the NECK; VERTEBRAE; SPINAL CORD; CEREBELLUM; and interior of the CEREBRUM.
Damages to the CAROTID ARTERIES caused either by blunt force or penetrating trauma, such as CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; THORACIC INJURIES; and NECK INJURIES. Damaged carotid arteries can lead to CAROTID ARTERY THROMBOSIS; CAROTID-CAVERNOUS SINUS FISTULA; pseudoaneurysm formation; and INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY DISSECTION. (From Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1997, 18:251; J Trauma 1994, 37:473)
Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect combined with real-time imaging. The real-time image is created by rapid movement of the ultrasound beam. A powerful advantage of this technique is the ability to estimate the velocity of flow from the Doppler shift frequency.
The artery formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries; it runs from the lower to the upper border of the pons, where it bifurcates into the two posterior cerebral arteries.
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.
A branch of the abdominal aorta which supplies the kidneys, adrenal glands and ureters.
Arteries which arise from the abdominal aorta and distribute to most of the intestines.
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)
Non-invasive method of vascular imaging and determination of internal anatomy without injection of contrast media or radiation exposure. The technique is used especially in CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY as well as for studies of other vascular structures.
Use of a balloon catheter for dilation of an occluded artery. It is used in treatment of arterial occlusive diseases, including renal artery stenosis and arterial occlusions in the leg. For the specific technique of BALLOON DILATION in coronary arteries, ANGIOPLASTY, BALLOON, CORONARY is available.
Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium.
A method of delineating blood vessels by subtracting a tissue background image from an image of tissue plus intravascular contrast material that attenuates the X-ray photons. The background image is determined from a digitized image taken a few moments before injection of the contrast material. The resulting angiogram is a high-contrast image of the vessel. This subtraction technique allows extraction of a high-intensity signal from the superimposed background information. The image is thus the result of the differential absorption of X-rays by different tissues.
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.
Artery arising from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right side and from the arch of the aorta on the left side. It distributes to the neck, thoracic wall, spinal cord, brain, meninges, and upper limb.
Surgical excision, performed under general anesthesia, of the atheromatous tunica intima of an artery. When reconstruction of an artery is performed as an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called ATHERECTOMY.
The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS of the BRAIN.
Reconstruction or repair of a blood vessel, which includes the widening of a pathological narrowing of an artery or vein by the removal of atheromatous plaque material and/or the endothelial lining as well, or by dilatation (BALLOON ANGIOPLASTY) to compress an ATHEROMA. Except for ENDARTERECTOMY, usually these procedures are performed via catheterization as minimally invasive ENDOVASCULAR PROCEDURES.
Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion.
Arteries originating from the subclavian or axillary arteries and distributing to the anterior thoracic wall, mediastinal structures, diaphragm, pectoral muscles and mammary gland.
Either of two large arteries originating from the abdominal aorta; they supply blood to the pelvis, abdominal wall and legs.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
The nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.
Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from INTUBATION in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
The continuation of the axillary artery; it branches into the radial and ulnar arteries.
The largest of the cerebral arteries. It trifurcates into temporal, frontal, and parietal branches supplying blood to most of the parenchyma of these lobes in the CEREBRAL CORTEX. These are the areas involved in motor, sensory, and speech activities.
Artery originating from the internal carotid artery and distributing to the eye, orbit and adjacent facial structures.
Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.
The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections or echoes of ultrasonic pulses directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz.
PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.
Blocking of a blood vessel in the SKULL by an EMBOLUS which can be a blood clot (THROMBUS) or other undissolved material in the blood stream. Most emboli are of cardiac origin and are associated with HEART DISEASES. Other non-cardiac sources of emboli are usually associated with VASCULAR DISEASES.
A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed.
Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect, with the superposition of flow information as colors on a gray scale in a real-time image. This type of ultrasonography is well-suited to identifying the location of high-velocity flow (such as in a stenosis) or of mapping the extent of flow in a certain region.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (>2.5 cm in diameter) may compress adjacent structures, including the OCULOMOTOR NERVE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p841)
A polygonal anastomosis at the base of the brain formed by the internal carotid (CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL), proximal parts of the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries (ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY; POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), the anterior communicating artery and the posterior communicating arteries.
Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.
A non-invasive technique using ultrasound for the measurement of cerebrovascular hemodynamics, particularly cerebral blood flow velocity and cerebral collateral flow. With a high-intensity, low-frequency pulse probe, the intracranial arteries may be studied transtemporally, transorbitally, or from below the foramen magnum.
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).
The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.
Microsurgical revascularization to improve intracranial circulation. It usually involves joining the extracranial circulation to the intracranial circulation but may include extracranial revascularization (e.g., subclavian-vertebral artery bypass, subclavian-external carotid artery bypass). It is performed by joining two arteries (direct anastomosis or use of graft) or by free autologous transplantation of highly vascularized tissue to the surface of the brain.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Arteries arising from the external carotid or the maxillary artery and distributing to the temporal region.
The veins and arteries of the HEART.
Embolism or thrombosis involving blood vessels which supply intracranial structures. Emboli may originate from extracranial or intracranial sources. Thrombosis may occur in arterial or venous structures.
Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.
Benign paraganglioma at the bifurcation of the COMMON CAROTID ARTERIES. It can encroach on the parapharyngeal space and produce dysphagia, pain, and cranial nerve palsies.
Transient complete or partial monocular blindness due to retinal ischemia. This may be caused by emboli from the CAROTID ARTERY (usually in association with CAROTID STENOSIS) and other locations that enter the central RETINAL ARTERY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p245)
Veins in the neck which drain the brain, face, and neck into the brachiocephalic or subclavian veins.
The physiological widening of BLOOD VESSELS by relaxing the underlying VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.
Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part.
An irregularly shaped venous space in the dura mater at either side of the sphenoid bone.
A method of hemostasis utilizing various agents such as Gelfoam, silastic, metal, glass, or plastic pellets, autologous clot, fat, and muscle as emboli. It has been used in the treatment of spinal cord and INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS, renal arteriovenous fistulas, gastrointestinal bleeding, epistaxis, hypersplenism, certain highly vascular tumors, traumatic rupture of blood vessels, and control of operative hemorrhage.
Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect, with frequency-shifted ultrasound reflections produced by moving targets (usually red blood cells) in the bloodstream along the ultrasound axis in direct proportion to the velocity of movement of the targets, to determine both direction and velocity of blood flow. (Stedman, 25th ed)
The largest branch of the celiac trunk with distribution to the spleen, pancreas, stomach and greater omentum.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Sudden ISCHEMIA in the RETINA due to blocked blood flow through the CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY or its branches leading to sudden complete or partial loss of vision, respectively, in the eye.
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
A branch of the celiac artery that distributes to the stomach, pancreas, duodenum, liver, gallbladder, and greater omentum.
The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
The arterial trunk that arises from the abdominal aorta and after a short course divides into the left gastric, common hepatic and splenic arteries.
Arteries originating from the subclavian or axillary arteries and distributing to the anterior thoracic wall, mediastinal structures, diaphragm, pectoral muscles, mammary gland and the axillary aspect of the chest wall.
The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.
The physiological narrowing of BLOOD VESSELS by contraction of the VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
Lesions formed within the walls of ARTERIES.
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Use of a balloon CATHETER to block the flow of blood through an artery or vein.
A large vessel supplying the whole length of the small intestine except the superior part of the duodenum. It also supplies the cecum and the ascending part of the colon and about half the transverse part of the colon. It arises from the anterior surface of the aorta below the celiac artery at the level of the first lumbar vertebra.
Specialized arterial vessels in the umbilical cord. They carry waste and deoxygenated blood from the FETUS to the mother via the PLACENTA. In humans, there are usually two umbilical arteries but sometimes one.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Not an aneurysm but a well-defined collection of blood and CONNECTIVE TISSUE outside the wall of a blood vessel or the heart. It is the containment of a ruptured blood vessel or heart, such as sealing a rupture of the left ventricle. False aneurysm is formed by organized THROMBUS and HEMATOMA in surrounding tissue.
Surgical insertion of BLOOD VESSEL PROSTHESES to repair injured or diseased blood vessels.
Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).
Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (LUNG COMPLIANCE) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure.
The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)
Rhythmic, intermittent propagation of a fluid through a BLOOD VESSEL or piping system, in contrast to constant, smooth propagation, which produces laminar flow.
An idiopathic, segmental, nonatheromatous disease of the musculature of arterial walls, leading to STENOSIS of small and medium-sized arteries. There is true proliferation of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS and fibrous tissue. Fibromuscular dysplasia lesions are smooth stenosis and occur most often in the renal and carotid arteries. They may also occur in other peripheral arteries of the extremity.
Delivery of drugs into an artery.
The first and largest artery branching from the aortic arch. It distributes blood to the right side of the head and neck and to the right arm.
The degree to which BLOOD VESSELS are not blocked or obstructed.
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.
Drugs used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)
Maintenance of blood flow to an organ despite obstruction of a principal vessel. Blood flow is maintained through small vessels.
The portion of the descending aorta proceeding from the arch of the aorta and extending to the DIAPHRAGM, eventually connecting to the ABDOMINAL AORTA.
The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.
The act of constricting.
Radiography of the vascular system of the heart muscle after injection of a contrast medium.
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.
A branch of the external carotid artery which distributes to the deep structures of the face (internal maxillary) and to the side of the face and nose (external maxillary).
Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape.
Operative procedures for the treatment of vascular disorders.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Left bronchial arteries arise from the thoracic aorta, the right from the first aortic intercostal or the upper left bronchial artery; they supply the bronchi and the lower trachea.
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.
The continuation of the femoral artery coursing through the popliteal fossa; it divides into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries.
Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.
The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.
Device constructed of either synthetic or biological material that is used for the repair of injured or diseased blood vessels.
The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.
Dysfunction of one or more cranial nerves causally related to a traumatic injury. Penetrating and nonpenetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; NECK INJURIES; and trauma to the facial region are conditions associated with cranial nerve injuries.
A subfamily of the Muridae consisting of several genera including Gerbillus, Rhombomys, Tatera, Meriones, and Psammomys.
The larger of the two terminal branches of the brachial artery, beginning about one centimeter distal to the bend of the elbow. Like the RADIAL ARTERY, its branches may be divided into three groups corresponding to their locations in the forearm, wrist, and hand.
Vascular filters or occlusive devices that provide mechanical protection of the distal end organ from blood clots or EMBOLISM-causing debri dislodged during ENDOVASCULAR PROCEDURES.
Diseases that do not exhibit symptoms.
Cells specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptor cells may monitor external stimuli, as in TASTE and OLFACTION, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE in the blood.
A branch arising from the internal iliac artery in females, that supplies blood to the uterus.
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
The part of a human or animal body connecting the HEAD to the rest of the body.
Changes in the observed frequency of waves (as sound, light, or radio waves) due to the relative motion of source and observer. The effect was named for the 19th century Austrian physicist Johann Christian Doppler.
A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults.
A syndrome associated with defective sympathetic innervation to one side of the face, including the eye. Clinical features include MIOSIS; mild BLEPHAROPTOSIS; and hemifacial ANHIDROSIS (decreased sweating)(see HYPOHIDROSIS). Lesions of the BRAIN STEM; cervical SPINAL CORD; first thoracic nerve root; apex of the LUNG; CAROTID ARTERY; CAVERNOUS SINUS; and apex of the ORBIT may cause this condition. (From Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, pp500-11)
The main trunk of the systemic arteries.
Act of listening for sounds within the body.
Arteries which supply the dura mater.
Drugs used to cause constriction of the blood vessels.
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.
The continuation of the subclavian artery; it distributes over the upper limb, axilla, chest and shoulder.
Pathological conditions of intracranial ARTERIES supplying the CEREBRUM. These diseases often are due to abnormalities or pathological processes in the ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY; and POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY.
A purely physical condition which exists within any material because of strain or deformation by external forces or by non-uniform thermal expansion; expressed quantitatively in units of force per unit area.
General or unspecified injuries to the neck. It includes injuries to the skin, muscles, and other soft tissues of the neck.
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.
Receptors in the vascular system, particularly the aorta and carotid sinus, which are sensitive to stretch of the vessel walls.
Localized or diffuse reduction in blood flow through the vertebrobasilar arterial system, which supplies the BRAIN STEM; CEREBELLUM; OCCIPITAL LOBE; medial TEMPORAL LOBE; and THALAMUS. Characteristic clinical features include SYNCOPE; lightheadedness; visual disturbances; and VERTIGO. BRAIN STEM INFARCTIONS or other BRAIN INFARCTION may be associated.
Aneurysm caused by a tear in the TUNICA INTIMA of a blood vessel leading to interstitial HEMORRHAGE, and splitting (dissecting) of the vessel wall, often involving the AORTA. Dissection between the intima and media causes luminal occlusion. Dissection at the media, or between the media and the outer adventitia causes aneurismal dilation.
A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.
Complications that affect patients during surgery. They may or may not be associated with the disease for which the surgery is done, or within the same surgical procedure.
A noninflammatory, progressive occlusion of the intracranial CAROTID ARTERIES and the formation of netlike collateral arteries arising from the CIRCLE OF WILLIS. Cerebral angiogram shows the puff-of-smoke (moyamoya) collaterals at the base of the brain. It is characterized by endothelial HYPERPLASIA and FIBROSIS with thickening of arterial walls. This disease primarily affects children but can also occur in adults.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the cardiovascular system, processes, or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers and other electronic equipment.
The failure by the observer to measure or identify a phenomenon accurately, which results in an error. Sources for this may be due to the observer's missing an abnormality, or to faulty technique resulting in incorrect test measurement, or to misinterpretation of the data. Two varieties are inter-observer variation (the amount observers vary from one another when reporting on the same material) and intra-observer variation (the amount one observer varies between observations when reporting more than once on the same material).
Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.
Homopolymer of tetrafluoroethylene. Nonflammable, tough, inert plastic tubing or sheeting; used to line vessels, insulate, protect or lubricate apparatus; also as filter, coating for surgical implants or as prosthetic material. Synonyms: Fluoroflex; Fluoroplast; Ftoroplast; Halon; Polyfene; PTFE; Tetron.
The process of generating three-dimensional images by electronic, photographic, or other methods. For example, three-dimensional images can be generated by assembling multiple tomographic images with the aid of a computer, while photographic 3-D images (HOLOGRAPHY) can be made by exposing film to the interference pattern created when two laser light sources shine on an object.
Direct myocardial revascularization in which the internal mammary artery is anastomosed to the right coronary artery, circumflex artery, or anterior descending coronary artery. The internal mammary artery is the most frequent choice, especially for a single graft, for coronary artery bypass surgery.

Variations in acute multifocal histoplasmic choroiditis in the primate. (1/1701)

Experimental histoplasmic choroiditis was produced in primates by intracarotid injections of living H. capsulatum organisms. The severity of the choroiditis varied with inoculum size, as well as with site of injection (common carotid vs. internal carotid artery). A reproducible model of histoplasmic choroiditis in primates was produced with an internal carotid injection of 5,000 to 10,000 organisms/lb. The clinical and histopathological course of this acute choroiditis over the first 30 days is presented.  (+info)

A new sign of occlusion of the origin of the internal carotid artery. (2/1701)

When the origin of the internal carotid artery is occluded, the transmission of cardiac sounds along the carotid stops at the site of the occlusion. This is a new neurovascular sign which is being reported.  (+info)

EEG surveillance as a means of extending operability in high risk carotid endarterectomy. (3/1701)

Some patients who have transient ischemic attacks are denied operation because severe occlusive lesions in other extra-cranial arteries may be inappropriately interpreted as constituting an unacceptable surgical risk, or because the lesion is so distal as to make its removal hazardous. Failure of endarterectomy is usually due to incomplete removal of the lesion or to thrombosis upon the frayed intima. Such lesions require excellent visualization and meticulous surgical technique -- not always possible with a shunt. Among 130 consecutive carotid endarterectomies performed under general anesthesia, EEG changes consistent with cerebral ischemia appeared in only nine (7%). These patients required a shunt. In 11 patients normal EEG tracings were obtained during endarterectomy despite contralateral carotid occlusion. None of these patients had a neurological deficit. Continuous EEG monitoring is a reliable method of detecting changes in cerebral perfusion, permits a more meticulous endarterectomy in high-lying lesions without a shunt, and extends operability in high risk patients. Angiographical findings may be an unreliable predictor concerning risk of endarterectomy.  (+info)

Ophthalmodynamometry in internal carotid artery occlusion. (4/1701)

Retinal artery pressure was measured by ophthalmodynamometry in 15 patients with occlusion of the internal carotid artery in its extracranial part. Nine of the patients had severe neurological deficit whereas the remaining six had slight or intermittent symptoms. Retinal artery pressure was reduced on the side of the internal carotid artery occlusion in all patients studied. Near-zero low diastolic retinal artery pressure on the affected side was a common finding among patients with severe deficit and was also seen in some patients with slight deficit. Its presence strongly suggests occlusion of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery.  (+info)

Effect of intracarotid prostaglandin E1 on regional cerebral blood flow in man. (5/1701)

The effect of prostaglandin E1 on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was studied with the intra-arterial 133Xe method in ten awake patients under local anesthesia. Measurements were taken from 16 areas of a hemisphere in seven patients, from 35 areas of a hemisphere in two patients and from 256 areas of a hemisphere in one patient. The prostaglandin was dissolved from the crystalline state without the aid of alcohol. It was given intracarotidly as a constant infusion at a rate of 5 ng per kilogram per minute for five minutes before the measurement and continued during the measurement. In every patient a mild increase in blood flow during the prostaglandin infusion was seen. The flow increase took place in all parts of the hemisphere. It averaged 11.2% (p less than 0.01). During the infusion, the skin supplied by the internal carotid artery and the conjunctiva on the infused side became red and sometimes swollen. A slight pressure was noted by most patients, but none had pain. No side effects of the infusion were noted.  (+info)

Carotid endarterectomy and intracranial thrombolysis: simultaneous and staged procedures in ischemic stroke. (6/1701)

PURPOSE: The feasibility and safety of combining carotid surgery and thrombolysis for occlusions of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and the middle cerebral artery (MCA), either as a simultaneous or as a staged procedure in acute ischemic strokes, was studied. METHODS: A nonrandomized clinical pilot study, which included patients who had severe hemispheric carotid-related ischemic strokes and acute occlusions of the MCA, was performed between January 1994 and January 1998. Exclusion criteria were cerebral coma and major infarction established by means of cerebral computed tomography scan. Clinical outcome was assessed with the modified Rankin scale. RESULTS: Carotid reconstruction and thrombolysis was performed in 14 of 845 patients (1.7%). The ICA was occluded in 11 patients; occlusions of the MCA (mainstem/major branches/distal branch) or the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) were found in 14 patients. In three of the 14 patients, thrombolysis was performed first, followed by carotid enarterectomy (CEA) after clinical improvement (6 to 21 days). In 11 of 14 patients, 0.15 to 1 mIU urokinase was administered intraoperatively, ie, emergency CEA for acute ischemic stroke (n = 5) or surgical reexploration after elective CEA complicated by perioperative intracerebral embolism (n = 6). Thirteen of 14 intracranial embolic occlusions and 10 of 11 ICA occlusions were recanalized successfully (confirmed with angiography or transcranial Doppler studies). Four patients recovered completely (Rankin 0), six patients sustained a minor stroke (Rankin 2/3), two patients had a major stroke (Rankin 4/5), and two patients died. In one patient, hemorrhagic transformation of an ischemic infarction was detectable postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Combining carotid surgery with thrombolysis (simultaneous or staged procedure) offers a new therapeutic approach in the emergency management of an acute carotid-related stroke. Its efficacy should be evaluated in interdisciplinary studies.  (+info)

Lumen reduction measurements of the internal carotid artery before and after Levovist enhancement: reproducibility and agreement with angiography. (7/1701)

Our aim was to assess reproducibility of three different lumen reduction measuring methods--North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial, European Carotid Surgery Trial, and common carotid--using power Doppler and color Doppler sonography before and after Levovist enhancement. We included 20 symptomatic patients with mild or severe carotid disease. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial, European Carotid Surgery Trial, and common carotid measurements on longitudinal views and European Carotid Surgery Trial measurements on transverse views were performed. Examinations were repeated and the results compared to assess reproducibility of measurements. Correlation with angiography was obtained by calculating Pearson correlation coefficients. Reproducibility was significantly better (P < 0.05) for European Carotid Surgery Trial and common carotid measurements (95% limits of agreement between -10% to 10% and -19% to 17%) as compared to North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial measurements (95% limits of agreement between -11% to 21% and -21% to 23%). Variability of measurements after enhancement increased slightly (not significant) for both power and color Doppler sonography. Additionally, European Carotid Surgery Trial measurements, using nonenhanced power Doppler or color Doppler sonography, did not correlate significantly with angiography, whereas North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial and common carotid measurements correlated well with angiography, particularly in power Doppler mode after enhancement (r = 0.88 and r = 0.82, respectively). We conclude that for lumen reduction measurements of the internal carotid artery with power and color Doppler sonography, the common carotid method is the only method that is reproducible and has good correlation with angiography, which slightly improves after Levovist enhancement.  (+info)

A policy of quality control assessment helps to reduce the risk of intraoperative stroke during carotid endarterectomy. (8/1701)

OBJECTIVES: A pilot study in our unit suggested that a combination of transcranial Doppler (TCD) plus completion angioscopy reduced incidence of intra-operative stroke (i.e. patients recovering from anaesthesia with a new deficit) during carotid endarterectomy (CEA). The aim of the current study was to see whether routine implementation of this policy was both feasible and associated with a continued reduction in the rate of intraoperative stroke (IOS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective study in 252 consecutive patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy between March 1995 and December 1996. RESULTS: Continuous TCD monitoring was possible in 229 patients (91%), while 238 patients (94%) underwent angioscopic examination. Overall, angioscopy identified an intimal flap requiring correction in six patients (2.5%), whilst intraluminal thrombus was removed in a further six patients (2.5%). No patient in this series recovered from anaesthesia with an IOS, but the rate of postoperative stroke was 2.8%. CONCLUSIONS: Our policy of TCD plus angioscopy has continued to contribute towards a sustained reduction in the risk of IOS following CEA, but requires access to reliable equipment and technical support. However, a policy of intraoperative quality control assessment may not necessarily alter the rate of postoperative stroke.  (+info)

The most common carotid artery disease is atherosclerosis, which is the buildup of plaque in the inner lining of the arteries. This buildup can lead to a narrowing or blockage of the arteries, reducing blood flow to the brain and increasing the risk of stroke. Other conditions that can affect the carotid arteries include:

1. Carotid artery stenosis: A narrowing of the carotid arteries caused by atherosclerosis or other factors.
2. Carotid artery dissection: A tear in the inner lining of the arteries that can cause bleeding and blockage.
3. Carotid artery aneurysm: A bulge in the wall of the arteries that can lead to rupture and stroke.
4. Temporal bone fracture: A break in the bones of the skull that can cause damage to the carotid arteries and result in stroke or other complications.

Carotid artery diseases are typically diagnosed using imaging tests such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) angiography, or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Treatment options for carotid artery diseases depend on the underlying condition and its severity, but may include lifestyle changes, medications, surgery, or endovascular procedures.

Prevention of carotid artery diseases is key to reducing the risk of stroke and other complications. This includes managing risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, and diabetes, as well as maintaining a healthy lifestyle and getting regular check-ups with your doctor.

There are two main types of carotid stenosis:

1. Internal carotid artery stenosis: This type of stenosis occurs when the internal carotid artery, which supplies blood to the brain, becomes narrowed or blocked.
2. Common carotid artery stenosis: This type of stenosis occurs when the common carotid artery, which supplies blood to the head and neck, becomes narrowed or blocked.

The symptoms of carotid stenosis can vary depending on the severity of the blockage and the extent of the affected area. Some common symptoms include:

* Dizziness or lightheadedness
* Vertigo (a feeling of spinning)
* Blurred vision or double vision
* Memory loss or confusion
* Slurred speech
* Weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg on one side of the body

If left untreated, carotid stenosis can lead to a stroke or other serious complications. Treatment options for carotid stenosis include medications to lower cholesterol and blood pressure, as well as surgical procedures such as endarterectomy (removing plaque from the artery) or stenting (placing a small mesh tube in the artery to keep it open).

In conclusion, carotid stenosis is a serious medical condition that can lead to stroke and other complications if left untreated. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Carotid artery thrombosis is often caused by atherosclerosis, which is the buildup of plaque in the arteries that can lead to the formation of blood clots. Other risk factors for carotid artery thrombosis include high blood pressure, smoking, high cholesterol, diabetes, and obesity.

Diagnosis of carotid artery thrombosis typically involves imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT or MRI scans, and Doppler studies to visualize the blood flow in the neck and brain. Treatment options for carotid artery thrombosis include anticoagulation medications to prevent further clotting, medications to dissolve the clot, and surgery to remove the clot or repair the affected artery.

In severe cases, carotid artery thrombosis can lead to stroke or brain damage if not treated promptly. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention immediately if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Symptoms of CAID may include sudden weakness or numbness on one side of the body, difficulty speaking, dizziness, and loss of vision in one eye. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, and Doppler ultrasound.

Treatment for CAID usually involves medications to dissolve blood clots and prevent further complications. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the damaged artery. Preventive measures include avoiding trauma to the neck and head, controlling high blood pressure, and managing underlying medical conditions that increase the risk of CAID.

The carotid arteries are located on either side of the neck and supply oxygen-rich blood to the brain, making them a critical part of the vascular system. Internal dissection of the carotid artery can lead to serious complications if left untreated, so prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential for preventing long-term damage.

There are several types of carotid artery injuries, including:

1. Carotid artery dissection: This is a tear in the inner lining of the artery that can lead to bleeding and inflammation.
2. Carotid artery thrombosis: This is the formation of a blood clot within the artery that can block blood flow to the brain.
3. Carotid artery occlusion: This is the complete blockage of the artery, which can cause a stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA).
4. Carotid artery injury due to trauma: This type of injury can occur as a result of a blow to the neck or head.
5. Carotid artery injury due to surgery: This type of injury can occur during surgical procedures that involve the carotid arteries, such as endarterectomy or stenting.

The symptoms of carotid artery injuries can vary depending on the severity of the injury and the location of the damage. Some common symptoms include:

* Sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg
* Sudden confusion or trouble speaking
* Sudden vision loss or double vision
* Sudden difficulty walking or maintaining balance
* Sudden severe headache

The diagnosis of carotid artery injuries is typically made using imaging tests such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) scans, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment options for carotid artery injuries depend on the severity and location of the injury, and may include medications, endovascular procedures, or surgery.

Prevention of carotid artery injuries is key to reducing the risk of complications. This can be achieved through:

* Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise and a balanced diet
* Avoiding smoking and limiting alcohol consumption
* Managing underlying medical conditions such as high blood pressure or diabetes
* Properly managing medications that may increase the risk of bleeding or injury
* Using appropriate precautions during surgical procedures, such as using sterile equipment and monitoring for signs of bleeding or injury.

In conclusion, carotid artery injuries can have serious consequences if left untreated. It is important to be aware of the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for these injuries in order to provide appropriate care and prevent complications. Proper precautions during surgical procedures and a healthy lifestyle can also help reduce the risk of carotid artery injuries.

Types of Arterial Occlusive Diseases:

1. Atherosclerosis: Atherosclerosis is a condition where plaque builds up inside the arteries, leading to narrowing or blockages that can restrict blood flow to certain areas of the body.
2. Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD): PAD is a condition where the blood vessels in the legs and arms become narrowed or blocked, leading to pain or cramping in the affected limbs.
3. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): CAD is a condition where the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart, become narrowed or blocked, leading to chest pain or a heart attack.
4. Carotid Artery Disease: Carotid artery disease is a condition where the carotid arteries, which supply blood to the brain, become narrowed or blocked, leading to stroke or mini-stroke.
5. Renal Artery Stenosis: Renal artery stenosis is a condition where the blood vessels that supply the kidneys become narrowed or blocked, leading to high blood pressure and decreased kidney function.

Symptoms of Arterial Occlusive Diseases:

1. Pain or cramping in the affected limbs
2. Weakness or fatigue
3. Difficulty walking or standing
4. Chest pain or discomfort
5. Shortness of breath
6. Dizziness or lightheadedness
7. Stroke or mini-stroke

Treatment for Arterial Occlusive Diseases:

1. Medications: Medications such as blood thinners, cholesterol-lowering drugs, and blood pressure medications may be prescribed to treat arterial occlusive diseases.
2. Lifestyle Changes: Lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, exercising regularly, and eating a healthy diet can help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease.
3. Endovascular Procedures: Endovascular procedures such as angioplasty and stenting may be performed to open up narrowed or blocked blood vessels.
4. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat arterial occlusive diseases, such as bypass surgery or carotid endarterectomy.

Prevention of Arterial Occlusive Diseases:

1. Maintain a healthy diet and lifestyle
2. Quit smoking and avoid exposure to secondhand smoke
3. Exercise regularly
4. Manage high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes
5. Avoid excessive alcohol consumption
6. Get regular check-ups with your healthcare provider

Early detection and treatment of arterial occlusive diseases can help manage symptoms, slow the progression of the disease, and prevent complications such as heart attack or stroke.

Example sentence: "The patient experienced a transient ischemic attack, which was caused by a temporary blockage in one of the blood vessels in their brain."

Synonyms: TIA, mini-stroke.

Arteriosclerosis can affect any artery in the body, but it is most commonly seen in the arteries of the heart, brain, and legs. It is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide and is often associated with aging and other factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, and smoking.

There are several types of arteriosclerosis, including:

1. Atherosclerosis: This is the most common type of arteriosclerosis and occurs when plaque builds up inside the arteries.
2. Arteriolosclerosis: This type affects the small arteries in the body and can cause decreased blood flow to organs such as the kidneys and brain.
3. Medial sclerosis: This type affects the middle layer of the artery wall and can cause stiffness and narrowing of the arteries.
4. Intimal sclerosis: This type occurs when plaque builds up inside the innermost layer of the artery wall, causing it to become thick and less flexible.

Symptoms of arteriosclerosis can include chest pain, shortness of breath, leg pain or cramping during exercise, and numbness or weakness in the limbs. Treatment for arteriosclerosis may include lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet and regular exercise, as well as medications to lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to open up or bypass blocked arteries.

1. Ischemic stroke: This is the most common type of stroke, accounting for about 87% of all strokes. It occurs when a blood vessel in the brain becomes blocked, reducing blood flow to the brain.
2. Hemorrhagic stroke: This type of stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, causing bleeding in the brain. High blood pressure, aneurysms, and blood vessel malformations can all cause hemorrhagic strokes.
3. Transient ischemic attack (TIA): Also known as a "mini-stroke," a TIA is a temporary interruption of blood flow to the brain that lasts for a short period of time, usually less than 24 hours. TIAs are often a warning sign for a future stroke and should be taken seriously.

Stroke can cause a wide range of symptoms depending on the location and severity of the damage to the brain. Some common symptoms include:

* Weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg
* Difficulty speaking or understanding speech
* Sudden vision loss or double vision
* Dizziness, loss of balance, or sudden falls
* Severe headache
* Confusion, disorientation, or difficulty with memory

Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability and can have a significant impact on the quality of life for survivors. However, with prompt medical treatment and rehabilitation, many people are able to recover some or all of their lost functions and lead active lives.

The medical community has made significant progress in understanding stroke and developing effective treatments. Some of the most important advances include:

* Development of clot-busting drugs and mechanical thrombectomy devices to treat ischemic strokes
* Improved imaging techniques, such as CT and MRI scans, to diagnose stroke and determine its cause
* Advances in surgical techniques for hemorrhagic stroke
* Development of new medications to prevent blood clots and reduce the risk of stroke

Despite these advances, stroke remains a significant public health problem. According to the American Heart Association, stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States and the leading cause of long-term disability. In 2017, there were over 795,000 strokes in the United States alone.

There are several risk factors for stroke that can be controlled or modified. These include:

* High blood pressure
* Diabetes mellitus
* High cholesterol levels
* Smoking
* Obesity
* Lack of physical activity
* Poor diet

In addition to these modifiable risk factors, there are also several non-modifiable risk factors for stroke, such as age (stroke risk increases with age), family history of stroke, and previous stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA).

The medical community has made significant progress in understanding the causes and risk factors for stroke, as well as developing effective treatments and prevention strategies. However, more research is needed to improve outcomes for stroke survivors and reduce the overall burden of this disease.

The term ischemia refers to the reduction of blood flow, and it is often used interchangeably with the term stroke. However, not all strokes are caused by ischemia, as some can be caused by other factors such as bleeding in the brain. Ischemic stroke accounts for about 87% of all strokes.

There are different types of brain ischemia, including:

1. Cerebral ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to the cerebrum, which is the largest part of the brain and responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thought, emotion, and voluntary movement.
2. Cerebellar ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to the cerebellum, which is responsible for coordinating and regulating movement, balance, and posture.
3. Brainstem ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to the brainstem, which is responsible for controlling many of the body's automatic functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.
4. Territorial ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to a specific area of the brain, often caused by a blockage in a blood vessel.
5. Global ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to the entire brain, which can be caused by a cardiac arrest or other systemic conditions.

The symptoms of brain ischemia can vary depending on the location and severity of the condition, but may include:

1. Weakness or paralysis of the face, arm, or leg on one side of the body
2. Difficulty speaking or understanding speech
3. Sudden vision loss or double vision
4. Dizziness or loss of balance
5. Confusion or difficulty with memory
6. Seizures
7. Slurred speech or inability to speak
8. Numbness or tingling sensations in the face, arm, or leg
9. Vision changes, such as blurred vision or loss of peripheral vision
10. Difficulty with coordination and balance.

It is important to seek medical attention immediately if you experience any of these symptoms, as brain ischemia can cause permanent damage or death if left untreated.

1. Stroke: A stroke occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted, either due to a blockage or a rupture of the blood vessels. This can lead to cell death and permanent brain damage.
2. Cerebral vasospasm: Vasospasm is a temporary constriction of the blood vessels in the brain, which can occur after a subarachnoid hemorrhage (bleeding in the space surrounding the brain).
3. Moyamoya disease: This is a rare condition caused by narrowing or blockage of the internal carotid artery and its branches. It can lead to recurrent transient ischemic attacks (TIs) or stroke.
4. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: This is a condition where abnormal protein deposits accumulate in the blood vessels of the brain, leading to inflammation and bleeding.
5. Cavernous malformations: These are abnormal collections of blood vessels in the brain that can cause seizures, headaches, and other symptoms.
6. Carotid artery disease: Atherosclerosis (hardening) of the carotid arteries can lead to a stroke or TIAs.
7. Vertebrobasilar insufficiency: This is a condition where the blood flow to the brain is reduced due to narrowing or blockage of the vertebral and basilar arteries.
8. Temporal lobe dementia: This is a type of dementia that affects the temporal lobe of the brain, leading to memory loss and other cognitive symptoms.
9. Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL): This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the blood vessels in the brain, leading to recurrent stroke-like events.
10. Moyamoya disease: This is a rare condition caused by narrowing or blockage of the internal carotid artery and its branches, leading to decreased blood flow to the brain and increased risk of stroke.

It's important to note that this list is not exhaustive and there may be other causes of stroke and TIAs that are not included here. A proper diagnosis can only be made by a qualified medical professional after conducting a thorough examination and reviewing the individual's medical history.

There are several types of aneurysms, including:

1. Thoracic aneurysm: This type of aneurysm occurs in the chest cavity and is usually caused by atherosclerosis or other conditions that affect the aorta.
2. Abdominal aneurysm: This type of aneurysm occurs in the abdomen and is usually caused by high blood pressure or atherosclerosis.
3. Cerebral aneurysm: This type of aneurysm occurs in the brain and can cause symptoms such as headaches, seizures, and stroke.
4. Peripheral aneurysm: This type of aneurysm occurs in the peripheral arteries, which are the blood vessels that carry blood to the arms and legs.

Symptoms of an aneurysm can include:

1. Pain or discomfort in the affected area
2. Swelling or bulging of the affected area
3. Weakness or numbness in the affected limb
4. Shortness of breath or chest pain (in the case of a thoracic aneurysm)
5. Headaches, seizures, or stroke (in the case of a cerebral aneurysm)

If an aneurysm is not treated, it can lead to serious complications such as:

1. Rupture: This is the most serious complication of an aneurysm and occurs when the aneurysm sac bursts, leading to severe bleeding and potentially life-threatening consequences.
2. Stroke or brain damage: If a cerebral aneurysm ruptures, it can cause a stroke or brain damage.
3. Infection: An aneurysm can become infected, which can lead to serious health problems.
4. Blood clots: An aneurysm can form blood clots, which can break loose and travel to other parts of the body, causing blockages or further complications.
5. Kidney failure: If an aneurysm is not treated, it can cause kidney failure due to the pressure on the renal arteries.
6. Heart problems: An aneurysm in the aorta can lead to heart problems such as heart failure or cardiac arrest.
7. Sepsis: If an aneurysm becomes infected, it can lead to sepsis, which is a life-threatening condition that can cause organ failure and death.

Treatment options for an aneurysm include:

1. Observation: Small aneurysms that are not causing any symptoms may not require immediate treatment and can be monitored with regular check-ups to see if they are growing or changing.
2. Surgery: Open surgery or endovascular repair are two common methods for treating aneurysms. In open surgery, the surgeon makes an incision in the abdomen to repair the aneurysm. In endovascular repair, a small tube is inserted into the affected blood vessel through an incision in the groin, and then guided to the site of the aneurysm where it is expanded to fill the aneurysm sac and seal off the aneurysm.
3. Embolization: This is a minimally invasive procedure where a small catheter is inserted into the affected blood vessel through an incision in the groin, and then guided to the site of the aneurysm where it releases tiny particles or coils that fill the aneurysm sac and seal off the aneurysm.
4. Medications: Certain medications such as antibiotics and blood thinners may be prescribed to treat related complications such as infection or blood clots.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of an aneurysm, such as sudden severe headache, vision changes, difficulty speaking, weakness or numbness in the face or limbs, as prompt treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

There are several types of intracranial embolism, including:

1. Cerebral embolism: This occurs when a blood clot or other foreign matter becomes lodged in the brain, blocking the flow of blood and oxygen to brain tissue.
2. Pulmonary embolism: This occurs when a blood clot forms in the lungs and travels to the brain, causing blockage of blood vessels.
3. Aortic embolism: This occurs when a blood clot or other foreign matter becomes lodged in the aorta, the main artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
4. Atrial myxoma embolism: This occurs when a tumor in the heart, known as an atrial myxoma, breaks loose and travels to the brain, causing blockage of blood vessels.

Intracranial embolism can be diagnosed through various imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, angiography, and Doppler ultrasound. Treatment options for intracranial embolism depend on the underlying cause and may include medications to dissolve blood clots, surgery to remove the blockage, or endovascular procedures such as stenting or coiling.

Preventive measures for intracranial embolism include managing risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and smoking cessation, as well as avoiding long periods of immobility during long-distance travel. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical in preventing long-term cognitive and neurological damage.

Intracranial aneurysms are relatively rare but can have serious consequences if they rupture and cause bleeding in the brain.

The symptoms of an unruptured intracranial aneurysm may include headaches, seizures, and visual disturbances.

If an intracranial aneurysm ruptures, it can lead to a subarachnoid hemorrhage (bleeding in the space around the brain), which is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment.

Diagnosis of an intracranial aneurysm typically involves imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, and may also involve catheter angiography.

Treatment for intracranial aneurysms usually involves surgical clipping or endovascular coiling, depending on the size, location, and severity of the aneurysm.

Preventing rupture of intracranial aneurysms is important, as they can be difficult to treat once they have ruptured.

Endovascular coiling is a minimally invasive procedure in which a catheter is inserted into the affected artery and a small coil is inserted into the aneurysm, causing it to clot and preventing further bleeding.

Surgical clipping involves placing a small metal clip across the base of the aneurysm to prevent further bleeding.

In addition to these treatments, medications such as anticonvulsants and antihypertensives may be used to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Intracranial arteriosclerosis is often caused by high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, and smoking, as well as other factors such as age, family history, and diabetes. The condition can be diagnosed using imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, and may be treated with medications to manage underlying risk factors, or surgery to open up narrowed arteries.

The disease begins with endothelial dysfunction, which allows lipid accumulation in the artery wall. Macrophages take up oxidized lipids and become foam cells, which die and release their contents, including inflammatory cytokines, leading to further inflammation and recruitment of more immune cells.

The atherosclerotic plaque can rupture or ulcerate, leading to the formation of a thrombus that can occlude the blood vessel, causing ischemia or infarction of downstream tissues. This can lead to various cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction (heart attack), stroke, and peripheral artery disease.

Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease that is influenced by genetic and environmental factors such as smoking, hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol levels, and obesity. It is diagnosed by imaging techniques such as angiography, ultrasound, or computed tomography (CT) scans.

Treatment options for atherosclerosis include lifestyle modifications such as smoking cessation, dietary changes, and exercise, as well as medications such as statins, beta blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. In severe cases, surgical interventions such as bypass surgery or angioplasty may be necessary.

In conclusion, atherosclerosis is a complex and multifactorial disease that affects the arteries and can lead to various cardiovascular diseases. Early detection and treatment can help prevent or slow down its progression, reducing the risk of complications and improving patient outcomes.

Cerebral infarction can result in a range of symptoms, including sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg on one side of the body, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, sudden vision loss, dizziness, and confusion. Depending on the location and severity of the infarction, it can lead to long-term disability or even death.

There are several types of cerebral infarction, including:

1. Ischemic stroke: This is the most common type of cerebral infarction, accounting for around 87% of all cases. It occurs when a blood clot blocks the flow of blood to the brain, leading to cell death and tissue damage.
2. Hemorrhagic stroke: This type of cerebral infarction occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, leading to bleeding and cell death.
3. Lacunar infarction: This type of cerebral infarction affects the deep structures of the brain, particularly the basal ganglia, and is often caused by small blockages or stenosis (narrowing) in the blood vessels.
4. Territorial infarction: This type of cerebral infarction occurs when there is a complete blockage of a blood vessel that supplies a specific area of the brain, leading to cell death and tissue damage in that area.

Diagnosis of cerebral infarction typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans. Treatment options vary depending on the cause and location of the infarction, but may include medication to dissolve blood clots, surgery to remove blockages, or supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

1. Atrial fibrillation (a type of irregular heartbeat)
2. Heart disease or valve problems
3. Blood clots in the legs or lungs
4. Infective endocarditis (an infection of the heart valves)
5. Cancer and its treatment
6. Trauma to the head or neck
7. High blood pressure
8. Atherosclerosis (the buildup of plaque in the arteries)

When a blockage occurs in one of the blood vessels of the brain, it can deprive the brain of oxygen and nutrients, leading to cell death and potentially causing a range of symptoms including:

1. Sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg
2. Sudden confusion or trouble speaking or understanding speech
3. Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes
4. Sudden severe headache
5. Dizziness or loss of balance
6. Fainting or falling

Intracranial embolism and thrombosis can be diagnosed through a variety of imaging tests, including:

1. Computed tomography (CT) scan
2. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
3. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
4. Cerebral angiography
5. Doppler ultrasound

Treatment options for intracranial embolism and thrombosis depend on the underlying cause of the blockage, but may include:

1. Medications to dissolve blood clots or prevent further clotting
2. Surgery to remove the blockage or repair the affected blood vessel
3. Endovascular procedures, such as angioplasty and stenting, to open up narrowed or blocked blood vessels
4. Supportive care, such as oxygen therapy and pain management, to help manage symptoms and prevent complications.

The exact cause of CBTs is not fully understood, but they are thought to be associated with genetic mutations and may be more common in people with a family history of similar tumors. The diagnosis of a carotid body tumor is typically made using imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT or MRI scans, and a biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment for CBTs usually involves surgical removal of the tumor, and in some cases, radiation therapy may also be recommended to reduce the risk of recurrence. The prognosis for patients with CBTs is generally good, but the tumors can recur in some cases.

Preventive measures: There are no specific preventive measures known to prevent carotid body tumors, but early detection and treatment can improve outcomes. Regular neck checks and imaging tests may be recommended for individuals with a family history of these tumors or those who experience symptoms.

Current research: Researchers are working to better understand the causes of CBTs and to develop new treatments that can improve outcomes for patients with these tumors. Studies are ongoing to investigate the genetic mutations that contribute to the development of CBTs and to identify potential targets for therapy. Additionally, researchers are exploring the use of minimally invasive surgical techniques and radiotherapy to treat CBTs.

In summary, carotid body tumors are rare but potentially symptomatic vascular tumors that can be diagnosed and treated with surgery and/or radiation therapy. Early detection and treatment can improve outcomes, and ongoing research is focused on understanding the causes of these tumors and developing new treatments.

Symptoms include:

* Sudden loss of vision in one eye
* Blind spot or dark area in the visual field
* No pain or discomfort

Diagnosis is typically made through a comprehensive eye exam, including visual acuity testing, dilated eye exam, and imaging tests such as fluorescein angiography.

Treatment for amaurosis fugax depends on the underlying cause, but may include:

* Medications to improve blood flow and reduce inflammation
* Laser or surgical procedures to improve blood flow or remove blockages
* Monitoring of blood pressure and cholesterol levels to prevent future episodes

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience a sudden loss of vision, as prompt treatment can help to prevent long-term damage and improve the chance of recovery.

There are two main types of retinal artery occlusion: central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) and branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO). Central retinal artery occlusion occurs when the central retinal artery, which supplies blood to the macula, becomes blocked. This can cause sudden vision loss in one eye, often with a painless, blinding effect. Branch retinal artery occlusion, on the other hand, occurs when one of the smaller retinal arteries that branch off from the central retinal artery becomes blocked. This can cause vision loss in a specific part of the visual field, often with some preserved peripheral vision.

Retinal artery occlusion is often caused by a blood clot or other debris that blocks the flow of blood through the retinal arteries. It can also be caused by other conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and atherosclerosis (the buildup of plaque in the arteries).

Retinal artery occlusion is a medical emergency that requires prompt treatment. Treatment options may include intravenous injection of medications to dissolve the clot or other debris, laser surgery to repair damaged retinal tissue, and/or vitrectomy (surgical removal of the vitreous gel) to remove any blood or debris that has accumulated in the eye.

In summary, retinal artery occlusion is a serious condition that can cause sudden vision loss and potentially lead to permanent blindness. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if you experience any symptoms of retinal artery occlusion, such as sudden vision loss or blurred vision in one eye, flashes of light, floaters, or pain in the eye.

Some examples of pathologic constrictions include:

1. Stenosis: A narrowing or constriction of a blood vessel or other tubular structure, often caused by the buildup of plaque or scar tissue.
2. Asthma: A condition characterized by inflammation and constriction of the airways, which can make breathing difficult.
3. Esophageal stricture: A narrowing of the esophagus that can cause difficulty swallowing.
4. Gastric ring constriction: A narrowing of the stomach caused by a band of tissue that forms in the upper part of the stomach.
5. Anal fissure: A tear in the lining of the anus that can cause pain and difficulty passing stools.

Pathologic constrictions can be caused by a variety of factors, including inflammation, infection, injury, or genetic disorders. They can be diagnosed through imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or endoscopies, and may require surgical treatment to relieve symptoms and improve function.

There are different types of hyperplasia, depending on the location and cause of the condition. Some examples include:

1. Benign hyperplasia: This type of hyperplasia is non-cancerous and does not spread to other parts of the body. It can occur in various tissues and organs, such as the uterus (fibroids), breast tissue (fibrocystic changes), or prostate gland (benign prostatic hyperplasia).
2. Malignant hyperplasia: This type of hyperplasia is cancerous and can invade nearby tissues and organs, leading to serious health problems. Examples include skin cancer, breast cancer, and colon cancer.
3. Hyperplastic polyps: These are abnormal growths that occur in the gastrointestinal tract and can be precancerous.
4. Adenomatous hyperplasia: This type of hyperplasia is characterized by an increase in the number of glandular cells in a specific organ, such as the colon or breast. It can be a precursor to cancer.

The symptoms of hyperplasia depend on the location and severity of the condition. In general, they may include:

* Enlargement or swelling of the affected tissue or organ
* Pain or discomfort in the affected area
* Abnormal bleeding or discharge
* Changes in bowel or bladder habits
* Unexplained weight loss or gain

Hyperplasia is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI, and biopsy. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and severity of the condition, and may include medication, surgery, or other interventions.

1. Infection: Bacterial or viral infections can develop after surgery, potentially leading to sepsis or organ failure.
2. Adhesions: Scar tissue can form during the healing process, which can cause bowel obstruction, chronic pain, or other complications.
3. Wound complications: Incisional hernias, wound dehiscence (separation of the wound edges), and wound infections can occur.
4. Respiratory problems: Pneumonia, respiratory failure, and atelectasis (collapsed lung) can develop after surgery, particularly in older adults or those with pre-existing respiratory conditions.
5. Cardiovascular complications: Myocardial infarction (heart attack), cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiac failure can occur after surgery, especially in high-risk patients.
6. Renal (kidney) problems: Acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease can develop postoperatively, particularly in patients with pre-existing renal impairment.
7. Neurological complications: Stroke, seizures, and neuropraxia (nerve damage) can occur after surgery, especially in patients with pre-existing neurological conditions.
8. Pulmonary embolism: Blood clots can form in the legs or lungs after surgery, potentially causing pulmonary embolism.
9. Anesthesia-related complications: Respiratory and cardiac complications can occur during anesthesia, including respiratory and cardiac arrest.
10. delayed healing: Wound healing may be delayed or impaired after surgery, particularly in patients with pre-existing medical conditions.

It is important for patients to be aware of these potential complications and to discuss any concerns with their surgeon and healthcare team before undergoing surgery.

Early detection and management of atherosclerosis through regular health check-ups, healthy lifestyle choices, and medications can help prevent or delay the progression of the disease and reduce the risk of complications.

There are several different types of calcinosis, each with its own unique causes and symptoms. Some common forms of calcinosis include:

1. Dystrophic calcinosis: This type of calcinosis occurs in people with muscular dystrophy, a group of genetic disorders that affect muscle strength and function. Dystrophic calcinosis can cause calcium deposits to form in the muscles, leading to muscle weakness and wasting.
2. Metastatic calcinosis: This type of calcinosis occurs when cancer cells spread to other parts of the body and cause calcium deposits to form. Metastatic calcinosis can occur in people with a variety of different types of cancer, including breast, lung, and prostate cancer.
3. Idiopathic calcinosis: This type of calcinosis occurs for no apparent reason, and the exact cause is not known. Idiopathic calcinosis can affect people of all ages and can cause calcium deposits to form in a variety of different tissues.
4. Secondary calcinosis: This type of calcidosis occurs as a result of an underlying medical condition or injury. For example, secondary calcinosis can occur in people with kidney disease, hyperparathyroidism (a condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone), or traumatic injuries.

Treatment for calcinosis depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, treatment may involve managing the underlying disease or condition that is causing the calcium deposits to form. Other treatments may include medications to reduce inflammation and pain, physical therapy to improve mobility and strength, and surgery to remove the calcium deposits.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

Example sentences for 'Aneurysm, False'

The patient was diagnosed with a false aneurysm after experiencing sudden severe pain in his leg following a fall.
The surgeon treated the false aneurysm by inserting a catheter into the affected blood vessel and using it to deliver a special coil that would seal off the dilated area.

Renal artery obstruction can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries): This is the most common cause of renal artery obstruction and occurs when plaque builds up in the arteries, leading to narrowing or blockages.
2. Stenosis (narrowing of the arteries): This can be caused by inflammation or scarring of the arteries, which can lead to a decrease in blood flow to the kidneys.
3. Fibromuscular dysplasia: This is a rare condition that causes abnormal growth of muscle tissue in the renal arteries, leading to narrowing or blockages.
4. Embolism (blood clot): A blood clot can break loose and travel to the kidneys, causing a blockage in the renal artery.
5. Renal vein thrombosis: This is a blockage of the veins that drain blood from the kidneys, which can lead to decreased blood flow and oxygenation of the kidneys.

Symptoms of renal artery obstruction may include:

1. High blood pressure
2. Decreased kidney function
3. Swelling in the legs or feet
4. Pain in the flank or back
5. Fatigue
6. Nausea and vomiting
7. Weight loss

Diagnosis of renal artery obstruction is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as:

1. Ultrasound: This can help identify any blockages or narrowing in the renal arteries.
2. Computed tomography (CT) scan: This can provide detailed images of the renal arteries and any blockages or narrowing.
3. Magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA): This is a non-invasive test that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the renal arteries.
4. Angiography: This is a minimally invasive test that involves inserting a catheter into the renal artery to visualize any blockages or narrowing.

Treatment for renal artery obstruction depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Some possible treatment options include:

1. Medications: Drugs such as blood thinners, blood pressure medication, and anticoagulants may be prescribed to manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease.
2. Endovascular therapy: This is a minimally invasive procedure in which a catheter is inserted into the renal artery to open up any blockages or narrowing.
3. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove any blockages or repair any damage to the renal arteries.
4. Dialysis: This is a procedure in which waste products are removed from the blood when the kidneys are no longer able to do so.
5. Kidney transplantation: In severe cases of renal artery obstruction, a kidney transplant may be necessary.

It is important to note that early detection and treatment of renal artery obstruction can help prevent complications and improve outcomes for patients.

The exact cause of FMD is not known, but it is believed to be associated with genetic mutations and environmental factors such as smoking, high blood pressure, and exposure to certain chemicals. The condition typically affects adults between the ages of 20 and 50, and is more common in women than men.

The symptoms of FMD can vary depending on the location and severity of the disease, but may include:

* High blood pressure
* Headaches
* Vision problems
* Pain in the abdomen or back
* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Numbness or tingling in the arms or legs
* Seizures

The diagnosis of FMD is based on a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as CT or MRI angiography, and laboratory tests. Treatment for FMD typically involves a multidisciplinary approach that may include medications to control blood pressure and manage symptoms, as well as surgical interventions to repair or replace affected vessels.

Overall, Fibromuscular Dysplasia is a complex and rare condition that requires specialized care and ongoing management to prevent complications and improve quality of life for affected individuals.

Infarction Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) is a type of ischemic stroke that occurs when there is an obstruction in the middle cerebral artery. This artery supplies blood to the temporal lobe of the brain, which controls many important functions such as memory, language, and spatial reasoning. When this artery becomes blocked or ruptured, it can cause a lack of blood supply to the affected areas resulting in tissue death (infarction).

The symptoms of an MCA infarction can vary depending on the location and severity of the blockage. Some common symptoms include weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, difficulty with speech and language, memory loss, confusion, vision problems, and difficulty with coordination and balance. Patients may also experience sudden severe headache, nausea, vomiting, and fever.

The diagnosis of MCA infarction is based on a combination of clinical examination, imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and laboratory tests. Imaging studies can help to identify the location and severity of the blockage, while laboratory tests may be used to rule out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms.

Treatment for MCA infarction depends on the underlying cause of the blockage or rupture. In some cases, medications such as thrombolytics may be given to dissolve blood clots and restore blood flow to the affected areas. Surgery may also be required to remove any blockages or repair damaged blood vessels. Other interventions such as endovascular procedures or brain bypass surgery may also be used to restore blood flow.

In summary, middle cerebral artery infarction is a type of stroke that occurs when the blood supply to the brain is blocked or interrupted, leading to damage to the brain tissue. It can cause a range of symptoms including weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, difficulty with speech and language, memory loss, confusion, vision problems, and difficulty with coordination and balance. The diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Treatment options include medications, surgery, endovascular procedures, or brain bypass surgery.

Recurrence can also refer to the re-emergence of symptoms in a previously treated condition, such as a chronic pain condition that returns after a period of remission.

In medical research, recurrence is often studied to understand the underlying causes of disease progression and to develop new treatments and interventions to prevent or delay its return.

Coronary disease is often caused by a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, smoking, obesity, and a lack of physical activity. It can also be triggered by other medical conditions, such as diabetes and kidney disease.

The symptoms of coronary disease can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include:

* Chest pain or discomfort (angina)
* Shortness of breath
* Fatigue
* Swelling of the legs and feet
* Pain in the arms and back

Coronary disease is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as electrocardiograms (ECGs), stress tests, and cardiac imaging. Treatment for coronary disease may include lifestyle changes, medications to control symptoms, and surgical procedures such as angioplasty or bypass surgery to improve blood flow to the heart.

Preventative measures for coronary disease include:

* Maintaining a healthy diet and exercise routine
* Quitting smoking and limiting alcohol consumption
* Managing high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, and other underlying medical conditions
* Reducing stress through relaxation techniques or therapy.

There are two types of hypertension:

1. Primary Hypertension: This type of hypertension has no identifiable cause and is also known as essential hypertension. It accounts for about 90% of all cases of hypertension.
2. Secondary Hypertension: This type of hypertension is caused by an underlying medical condition or medication. It accounts for about 10% of all cases of hypertension.

Some common causes of secondary hypertension include:

* Kidney disease
* Adrenal gland disorders
* Hormonal imbalances
* Certain medications
* Sleep apnea
* Cocaine use

There are also several risk factors for hypertension, including:

* Age (the risk increases with age)
* Family history of hypertension
* Obesity
* Lack of exercise
* High sodium intake
* Low potassium intake
* Stress

Hypertension is often asymptomatic, and it can cause damage to the blood vessels and organs over time. Some potential complications of hypertension include:

* Heart disease (e.g., heart attacks, heart failure)
* Stroke
* Kidney disease (e.g., chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal disease)
* Vision loss (e.g., retinopathy)
* Peripheral artery disease

Hypertension is typically diagnosed through blood pressure readings taken over a period of time. Treatment for hypertension may include lifestyle changes (e.g., diet, exercise, stress management), medications, or a combination of both. The goal of treatment is to reduce the risk of complications and improve quality of life.

There are several types of embolism, including:

1. Pulmonary embolism: A blood clot that forms in the lungs and blocks the flow of blood to the heart.
2. Cerebral embolism: A blood clot or other foreign substance that blocks the flow of blood to the brain.
3. Coronary embolism: A blood clot that blocks the flow of blood to the heart muscle, causing a heart attack.
4. Intestinal embolism: A blood clot or other foreign substance that blocks the flow of blood to the intestines.
5. Fat embolism: A condition where fat enters the bloodstream and becomes lodged in a blood vessel, blocking the flow of blood.

The symptoms of embolism can vary depending on the location of the blockage, but may include:

* Pain or tenderness in the affected area
* Swelling or redness in the affected limb
* Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
* Chest pain or pressure
* Lightheadedness or fainting
* Rapid heart rate or palpitations

Treatment for embolism depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the blockage. In some cases, medication may be used to dissolve blood clots or break up the blockage. In other cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the foreign substance or repair the affected blood vessel.

Prevention is key in avoiding embolism, and this can include:

* Managing underlying conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, or heart disease
* Avoiding long periods of immobility, such as during long-distance travel
* Taking blood-thinning medication to prevent blood clots from forming
* Maintaining a healthy weight and diet to reduce the risk of fat embolism.

Neointima can be observed in various cardiovascular conditions such as atherosclerosis, stenosis, and graft stenosis. The thickness of the neointima is an important predictor of cardiovascular events such as restenosis after angioplasty or stenting.

Neointima can be characterized using various imaging techniques such as intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT), which provide detailed information on the morphology and composition of the neointima.

Understanding the mechanisms of neointima formation and its role in cardiovascular disease can help to develop new therapeutic strategies for preventing or treating these conditions.

Here are some examples of how 'Aneurysm, Ruptured' is used in different contexts:

1. Medical literature: "The patient was rushed to the hospital with a ruptured aneurysm after experiencing sudden severe headaches and vomiting."
2. Doctor-patient communication: "You have a ruptured aneurysm, which means that your blood vessel has burst and is causing bleeding inside your body."
3. Medical research: "The study found that patients with a history of smoking are at increased risk of developing a ruptured aneurysm."
4. Emergency medical services: "The patient was transported to the hospital with a ruptured aneurysm and was in critical condition upon arrival."
5. Patient education: "To prevent a ruptured aneurysm, it is important to manage high blood pressure and avoid smoking."

Types of Cranial Nerve Injuries:

1. Traumatic brain injury (TBI): TBI can cause damage to the cranial nerves, leading to a range of symptoms such as double vision, facial weakness or paralysis, difficulty with swallowing, and cognitive impairment.
2. Stroke: A stroke can cause damage to the cranial nerves, leading to symptoms such as a drooping eyelid, facial weakness or paralysis, and difficulty with swallowing.
3. Brain tumors: Tumors in the brain can compress or damage the cranial nerves, causing a range of symptoms such as double vision, facial weakness or paralysis, and cognitive impairment.
4. Cerebral vasospasm: This is a condition where the blood vessels in the brain constrict, reducing blood flow and oxygen supply to the brain, which can cause damage to the cranial nerves.
5. Infections such as meningitis or encephalitis: These infections can cause inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, leading to damage to the cranial nerves.
6. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): These conditions can cause progressive damage to the cranial nerves leading to a range of symptoms such as tremors, weakness, and difficulty with movement and balance.

Symptoms of Cranial Nerve Injuries:

1. Double vision or loss of vision
2. Facial weakness or paralysis
3. Difficulty with swallowing
4. Slurred speech
5. Weakness or paralysis of the limbs on one side of the body
6. Difficulty with balance and coordination
7. Numbness or tingling in the face, arms, or legs
8. Seizures
9. Vision problems such as blurred vision, loss of peripheral vision, or loss of color vision
10. Cognitive impairment such as difficulty with concentration, memory loss, or difficulty with problem-solving.

Diagnosis of Cranial Nerve Injuries:

1. Physical examination and medical history: A doctor will perform a physical examination to check for signs of cranial nerve damage such as weakness or paralysis of the facial muscles, difficulty with swallowing, or abnormal reflexes.
2. Imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans: These tests can help doctors identify any structural problems in the brain or spinal cord that may be causing cranial nerve damage.
3. Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies (NCS): These tests can help doctors determine the extent of nerve damage by measuring the electrical activity of muscles and nerves.
4. Lumbar puncture: This test involves inserting a needle into the spinal canal to collect cerebrospinal fluid for laboratory testing.
5. Blood tests: These can help doctors rule out other conditions that may be causing symptoms such as infections or autoimmune disorders.

Treatment of Cranial Nerve Injuries:

1. Conservative management: Mild cases of cranial nerve injuries may not require surgical intervention and can be treated with conservative measures such as physical therapy, pain management, and monitoring.
2. Surgery: In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to relieve compression on the nerves or repair any structural damage.
3. Rehabilitation: After surgery or conservative treatment, rehabilitation is crucial to regain lost function and prevent further complications. This may include physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy.

Prognosis of Cranial Nerve Injuries:

The prognosis for cranial nerve injuries depends on the severity and location of the injury, as well as the promptness and effectiveness of treatment. In general, the sooner treatment is received, the better the outcome. Some people may experience a full recovery, while others may have persistent symptoms or long-term deficits.

Complications of Cranial Nerve Injuries:

1. Permanent nerve damage: In some cases, cranial nerve injuries can result in permanent nerve damage, leading to chronic symptoms such as weakness, numbness, or paralysis.
2. Seizures: Cranial nerve injuries can increase the risk of seizures, particularly if they involve the seizure-regulating nerves.
3. Infection: Any injury that penetrates the skull can increase the risk of infection, which can be life-threatening if left untreated.
4. Hydrocephalus: This is a condition in which cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the brain, leading to increased intracranial pressure and potentially life-threatening complications.
5. Cerebral edema: This is swelling of the brain tissue due to injury or inflammation, which can lead to increased intracranial pressure and potentially life-threatening complications.
6. Brain herniation: This is a condition in which the brain is pushed out of its normal position in the skull, leading to potentially life-threatening complications.
7. Vision loss: Cranial nerve injuries can cause vision loss or blindness, particularly if they involve the optic nerves.
8. Facial paralysis: Cranial nerve injuries can cause facial paralysis or weakness, which can be temporary or permanent.
9. Hearing loss: Cranial nerve injuries can cause hearing loss or deafness, particularly if they involve the auditory nerves.
10. Cognitive and behavioral changes: Depending on the location and severity of the injury, cranial nerve injuries can lead to cognitive and behavioral changes, such as difficulty with concentration, memory problems, or personality changes.

In summary, cranial nerve injuries can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, and it is important to seek medical attention immediately if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

The term "asymptomatic" means "not showing symptoms."

In medical terminology, the word asymptomatic is used to describe a person who has a disease or condition but does not show any symptoms. Symptoms are changes in the body or mind that indicate the presence of a disease or condition. For example, fever, pain, and fatigue are all symptoms of an infection.

Asymptomatic diseases can be difficult to diagnose because they do not cause any noticeable symptoms. In many cases, these diseases are only discovered through routine medical testing or exams. For example, a person may have high blood pressure without knowing it, as there are usually no noticeable symptoms until the condition is advanced.

The importance of screening tests and early diagnosis

Screening tests are medical tests that are performed on people who do not have any symptoms of a disease or condition. These tests are designed to detect diseases or conditions before they cause any noticeable symptoms. Examples of screening tests include blood pressure checks, cholesterol tests, mammograms, and colonoscopies.

Early diagnosis is critical for successfully treating many asymptomatic diseases. When a disease or condition is detected early, it can be treated more effectively before it causes any significant damage. In some cases, early diagnosis may even prevent the development of complications.

The importance of screening tests and early diagnosis cannot be overstated. By detecting diseases or conditions before they cause symptoms, individuals can receive treatment before any long-term damage occurs. This can help to improve their quality of life, increase their lifespan, and reduce the risk of complications.

The importance of screening tests and early diagnosis is particularly important for certain populations, such as older adults or those with a family history of certain diseases or conditions. These individuals may be at a higher risk for developing certain asymptomatic diseases, and screening tests can help to detect these conditions before they cause any noticeable symptoms.

The benefits of early diagnosis include:

1. Improved treatment outcomes: When a disease or condition is detected early, it can be treated more effectively before it causes any significant damage. This can improve the chances of successful treatment and reduce the risk of complications.
2. Prevention of long-term damage: By detecting diseases or conditions before they cause any noticeable symptoms, individuals can receive treatment before any long-term damage occurs. This can help to preserve their quality of life and increase their lifespan.
3. Reduced healthcare costs: Early diagnosis can reduce healthcare costs by preventing the need for more expensive treatments or hospitalizations that may be required if a condition is allowed to progress untreated.
4. Increased awareness: Screening tests and early diagnosis can increase awareness of certain diseases or conditions, which can lead to increased education and advocacy efforts aimed at prevention and treatment.
5. Improved patient outcomes: Early diagnosis can lead to improved patient outcomes by allowing for earlier intervention and treatment, which can improve the chances of successful treatment and reduce the risk of complications.
6. Reduced suffering: By detecting diseases or conditions before they cause any noticeable symptoms, individuals can receive treatment before they experience any unnecessary suffering.
7. Increased survival rates: Early diagnosis can lead to increased survival rates for certain diseases or conditions, particularly those that are more treatable when detected early.
8. Better management of chronic conditions: Screening tests and early diagnosis can help individuals with chronic conditions to manage their condition more effectively, which can improve their quality of life and increase their lifespan.
9. Improved patient satisfaction: Early diagnosis can lead to improved patient satisfaction by providing individuals with a sense of control over their health and well-being.
10. Reduced anxiety: By detecting diseases or conditions before they cause any noticeable symptoms, individuals may experience reduced anxiety about their health and well-being.

Overall, early diagnosis has the potential to significantly improve patient outcomes and quality of life for individuals with a wide range of medical conditions. It is important for healthcare providers to prioritize early diagnosis and screening tests in order to provide the best possible care for their patients.

The main symptoms of Horner syndrome include:

1. Pain and numbness in the face and arm on one side of the body
2. Weakness or paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face, arm, and hand
3. Difficulty swallowing
4. Reduced sweating on one side of the body
5. Increased heart rate and blood pressure
6. Narrowing of the pupil (anisocoria)
7. Dilation of the unaffected pupil (paralysis of the parasympathetic nervous system)
8. Decreased reflexes
9. Loss of sensation in the skin over the chest and abdomen
10. Pale or clammy skin on one side of the body

The symptoms of Horner syndrome can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Trauma to the thoracolumbar spine
2. Injury or tumor in the brainstem or spinal cord
3. Aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in the neck or chest
4. Multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or other neurodegenerative diseases
5. Inflammatory conditions such as sarcoidosis or tuberculosis
6. Infections such as meningitis or abscesses
7. Vasospasm or thrombosis of the blood vessels in the neck or chest.

The diagnosis of Horner syndrome is based on a combination of clinical findings, neuroimaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans), and laboratory tests to rule out other causes of the symptoms. Treatment of the condition depends on the underlying cause and may include surgery, medication, or other interventions. In some cases, Horner syndrome may be a sign of a more serious underlying condition that requires prompt medical attention.

There are several types of thrombosis, including:

1. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): A clot forms in the deep veins of the legs, which can cause swelling, pain, and skin discoloration.
2. Pulmonary embolism (PE): A clot breaks loose from another location in the body and travels to the lungs, where it can cause shortness of breath, chest pain, and coughing up blood.
3. Cerebral thrombosis: A clot forms in the brain, which can cause stroke or mini-stroke symptoms such as weakness, numbness, or difficulty speaking.
4. Coronary thrombosis: A clot forms in the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle, leading to a heart attack.
5. Renal thrombosis: A clot forms in the kidneys, which can cause kidney damage or failure.

The symptoms of thrombosis can vary depending on the location and size of the clot. Some common symptoms include:

1. Swelling or redness in the affected limb
2. Pain or tenderness in the affected area
3. Warmth or discoloration of the skin
4. Shortness of breath or chest pain if the clot has traveled to the lungs
5. Weakness, numbness, or difficulty speaking if the clot has formed in the brain
6. Rapid heart rate or irregular heartbeat
7. Feeling of anxiety or panic

Treatment for thrombosis usually involves medications to dissolve the clot and prevent new ones from forming. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the clot or repair the damaged blood vessel. Prevention measures include maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly, avoiding long periods of immobility, and managing chronic conditions such as high blood pressure and diabetes.

Types of cerebral arterial diseases include:

1. Cerebral vasospasm: A temporary constriction of the blood vessels in the brain, often seen after subarachnoid hemorrhage (bleeding in the space surrounding the brain).
2. Moyamoya disease: A rare condition caused by narrowing or blockage of the internal carotid artery and its branches, leading to decreased blood flow to the brain.
3. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: A condition in which abnormal protein deposits accumulate in the walls of blood vessels supplying the brain, leading to inflammation and damage.
4. Cerebral infarction (stroke): The loss of brain tissue due to reduced blood flow or a blockage in an artery supplying the brain.
5. Cerebral hemorrhage: Bleeding in the brain, often due to rupture of a blood vessel or aneurysm.

Symptoms of cerebral arterial diseases can vary depending on the location and severity of the affected blood vessels, but may include headache, confusion, weakness or numbness in the face or limbs, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, and vision problems.

Diagnosis of cerebral arterial diseases typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, neuroimaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans), and angiography (a test that uses dye and X-rays to visualize the blood vessels in the brain).

Treatment options for cerebral arterial diseases depend on the underlying cause and severity of the condition, but may include medications to control blood pressure, cholesterol levels, or inflammation, as well as surgical interventions such as endarterectomy (removing plaque from the affected blood vessel) or aneurysm repair. In some cases, cerebral arterial diseases may be treated with a combination of medical and surgical therapies.

Complications of cerebral arterial diseases can include stroke, seizures, and cognitive decline. With prompt and appropriate treatment, however, many individuals with cerebral arterial diseases can experience significant improvement in symptoms and quality of life.

There are several types of neck injuries that can occur, including:

1. Whiplash: This is a common type of neck injury caused by sudden movement or force, such as in a car accident or a fall. It can cause strain or sprain of the muscles and ligaments in the neck, leading to pain and stiffness.
2. Herniated discs: A herniated disc occurs when the soft tissue between the vertebrae bulges out due to injury or wear and tear. This can put pressure on the nerves and cause pain and numbness in the neck and arms.
3. Fractures: A fracture is a break in one of the bones of the neck, which can be caused by trauma such as a fall or a car accident.
4. Sprains and strains: These are common injuries that occur when the muscles or ligaments in the neck are stretched or torn due to sudden movement or overuse.
5. Cervical spine injuries: The cervical spine is the upper part of the spine, which can be injured due to trauma or compression. This can cause pain and numbness in the neck, arms, and hands.

Neck injuries can cause a range of symptoms, including:

1. Pain and stiffness in the neck
2. Limited mobility and range of motion
3. Numbness or tingling sensations in the arms and hands
4. Weakness or fatigue in the muscles of the neck and shoulders
5. Headaches and dizziness

Treatment for neck injuries depends on the severity of the injury and can range from conservative methods such as physical therapy, medication, and rest to surgical interventions in severe cases. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as untreated neck injuries can lead to long-term complications and disability.

The condition is often caused by atherosclerosis, a buildup of plaque in the arteries, which can reduce blood flow to the brain and cause damage to the blood vessels. Other factors that can contribute to vertebrobasilar insufficiency include blood clots, high blood pressure, and certain medical conditions such as diabetes and high cholesterol.

Vertebrobasilar insufficiency is typically diagnosed through a physical examination, imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, andDoppler ultrasound. Treatment options for the condition may include lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, a healthy diet, and stress management, as well as medications to lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to improve blood flow to the brain.

It is important to note that vertebrobasilar insufficiency can be a serious condition and can lead to more severe complications such as stroke if left untreated. If you are experiencing symptoms of the condition, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible.

Dissecting aneurysms are often caused by trauma, such as a car accident or fall, but they can also be caused by other factors such as atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) or inherited conditions. They can occur in any blood vessel, but are most common in the aorta, which is the main artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

Symptoms of dissecting aneurysms can include sudden and severe pain, numbness or weakness, and difficulty speaking or understanding speech. If left untreated, a dissecting aneurysm can lead to serious complications such as stroke, heart attack, or death.

Treatment for dissecting aneurysms typically involves surgery to repair the damaged blood vessel. In some cases, endovascular procedures such as stenting or coiling may be used to treat the aneurysm. The goal of treatment is to prevent further bleeding and damage to the blood vessel, and to restore normal blood flow to the affected area.

Preventive measures for dissecting aneurysms are not always possible, but maintaining a healthy lifestyle, avoiding trauma, and managing underlying conditions such as hypertension or atherosclerosis can help reduce the risk of developing an aneurysm. Early detection and treatment are key to preventing serious complications and improving outcomes for patients with dissecting aneurysms.

Some common examples of intraoperative complications include:

1. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding during surgery can lead to hypovolemia (low blood volume), anemia (low red blood cell count), and even death.
2. Infection: Surgical wounds can become infected, leading to sepsis or bacteremia (bacterial infection of the bloodstream).
3. Nerve damage: Surgery can sometimes result in nerve damage, leading to numbness, weakness, or paralysis.
4. Organ injury: Injury to organs such as the liver, lung, or bowel can occur during surgery, leading to complications such as bleeding, infection, or organ failure.
5. Anesthesia-related complications: Problems with anesthesia can include respiratory or cardiac depression, allergic reactions, or awareness during anesthesia (a rare but potentially devastating complication).
6. Hypotension: Low blood pressure during surgery can lead to inadequate perfusion of vital organs and tissues, resulting in organ damage or death.
7. Thromboembolism: Blood clots can form during surgery and travel to other parts of the body, causing complications such as stroke, pulmonary embolism, or deep vein thrombosis.
8. Postoperative respiratory failure: Respiratory complications can occur after surgery, leading to respiratory failure, pneumonia, or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
9. Wound dehiscence: The incision site can separate or come open after surgery, leading to infection, fluid accumulation, or hernia.
10. Seroma: A collection of serous fluid that can develop at the surgical site, which can become infected and cause complications.
11. Nerve damage: Injury to nerves during surgery can result in numbness, weakness, or paralysis, sometimes permanently.
12. Urinary retention or incontinence: Surgery can damage the bladder or urinary sphincter, leading to urinary retention or incontinence.
13. Hematoma: A collection of blood that can develop at the surgical site, which can become infected and cause complications.
14. Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs after surgery can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi and can lead to serious complications.
15. Sepsis: A systemic inflammatory response to infection that can occur after surgery, leading to organ dysfunction and death if not treated promptly.

It is important to note that these are potential complications, and not all patients will experience them. Additionally, many of these complications are rare, and the vast majority of surgeries are successful with minimal or no complications. However, it is important for patients to be aware of the potential risks before undergoing surgery so they can make an informed decision about their care.

The symptoms of moyamoya disease typically begin in childhood or adolescence and can include:

* Recurring transient ischemic attacks (TIA, or "mini-strokes")
* Stroke or cerebral infarction
* Seizures
* Cognitive impairment or developmental delays
* Weakness or paralysis of the limbs
* Vision problems or blindness

The disease is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including:

* Genetic mutations that affect the formation and maintenance of blood vessels
* Environmental factors such as infections, trauma, or exposure to toxins

Moyamoya disease can be diagnosed through a variety of imaging tests, including:

* Computed tomography (CT) scans
* Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
* Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
* Positron emission tomography (PET) scans

There is no cure for moyamoya disease, but various treatments can be used to manage its symptoms and slow its progression. These may include:

* Medications to prevent or treat seizures, high blood pressure, or other complications
* Surgical procedures to improve blood flow to the brain, such as direct revascularization or bypass surgery
* Rehabilitation therapies to help regain lost function and mobility

Early diagnosis and treatment of moyamoya disease can help manage its symptoms and improve quality of life for affected individuals. However, because the disease is so rare and complex, it can be challenging to diagnose and treat effectively.

A sudden and unexpected tearing or breaking open of a bodily structure, such as a blood vessel, muscle, or tendon, without any obvious external cause. This can occur due to various factors, including genetic predisposition, aging, or other underlying medical conditions.

Examples:

* Spontaneous rupture of the Achilles tendon
* Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD)
* Spontaneous pneumothorax (collapsed lung)

Symptoms and Signs:

* Sudden, severe pain
* Swelling and bruising in the affected area
* Difficulty moving or using the affected limb
* Palpitations or shortness of breath (in cardiac cases)

Diagnosis:

* Physical examination and medical history
* Imaging tests, such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans, to confirm the rupture and assess the extent of damage
* Blood tests to check for underlying conditions that may have contributed to the rupture

Treatment:

* Rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE) to reduce pain and swelling
* Immobilization of the affected limb with a cast or brace
* Medications to manage pain and inflammation
* Surgery may be required in some cases to repair the damaged tissue or organ

Prognosis:

* The prognosis for spontaneous rupture depends on the location and severity of the rupture, as well as the underlying cause. In general, the sooner treatment is received, the better the outcome.

Complications:

* Infection
* Further damage to surrounding tissues or organs
* Chronic pain or limited mobility
* In some cases, long-term disability or death

"Internal Carotid Artery". www.meddean.luc.edu. Retrieved 2021-07-09. "Internal carotid artery" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary ... Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysms of the Internal Carotid Artery Portal: Anatomy (Articles with short description, Short ... the internal carotid artery is somewhat dilated. This part of the artery is known as the carotid sinus or the carotid bulb. The ... The internal carotid artery is a terminal branch of the common carotid artery; it arises around the level of the fourth ...
The carotid artery divides into the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery. The internal carotid artery ... At the throat it forks into the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery. The internal carotid artery supplies ... Blood flows from the common carotid artery(bottom), and divides into the internal carotid artery (left) and external carotid ... The common carotid artery is the large vertical artery in red. The blood supply to the carotid artery starts at the arch of the ...
The incidence of spontaneous carotid artery dissection is low, and incidence rates for internal carotid artery dissection have ... Internal carotid artery dissection can also be associated with an elongated styloid process (known as Eagle syndrome when the ... Lucas C, Moulin T, Deplanque D, Tatu L, Chavot D (1998). "Stroke patterns of internal carotid artery dissection in 40 patients ... Carotid artery dissection is a separation of the layers of the artery wall supplying oxygen-bearing blood to the head and brain ...
When external carotid artery ascends the neck, it lies more lateral than internal carotid artery. The external carotid artery ... It arises from the common carotid artery when it splits into the external and internal carotid artery. External carotid artery ... Terminal branch of facial artery anastomose with ophthalmic artery of internal carotid artery. Posterior auricular artery ... At the origin, external carotid artery is more medial than internal carotid artery. ...
Internal carotid artery. Coronal section of right temporal bone. Prominence of the facial canal labeled at top, fourth from the ... At the internal auditory meatus, the facial nerve together with its intermediate nerve, enters through the anterosuperior part ... It runs from the internal acoustic meatus to the stylomastoid foramen. It contains the facial nerve (CN VII), after which it is ... The facial canal runs from the internal auditory meatus to the stylomastoid foramen. In humans it is approximately 3 cm long, ...
Internal carotid artery. Auditory ossicles. Tympanic cavity. Deep dissection. This article incorporates text in the public ... from which it is separated by a thin plate of bone perforated by the tympanic branch of the internal carotid artery, and by the ... deep petrosal nerve which connects the sympathetic plexus on the internal carotid artery with the tympanic plexus on the ... The anterior wall (or carotid wall) is wider above than below; it corresponds with the carotid canal, ...
Internal carotid artery. External auditory meatus This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 143 of the 20th ... The internal auditory meatus (also meatus acusticus internus, internal acoustic meatus, internal auditory canal, or internal ... and the labyrinthine artery (an internal auditory branch of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery in 85% of people) can pass ... The internal auditory meatus provides a passage through which the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII), the facial nerve (CN VII ...
Internal carotid artery. This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 132 of the 20th edition of Gray's ...
Internal carotid artery. Auditory ossicles. Tympanic cavity. Deep dissection. Aditory ossicles. Incus and malleus. Deep ...
"Aberrant internal carotid artery , Radiology Case , Radiopaedia.org". radiopaedia.org. Retrieved 2017-05-02. da Silva RA, Gross ... This sign is known as "Brown's sign". A deficient bony plate along the tympanic portion of the internal carotid artery ( ... particularly in the carotid bodies (at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery in the neck) and in aortic bodies (near the ... Carotid paraganglioma (carotid body tumor): Is the most common of the head and neck paragangliomas. It usually presents as a ...
... it crosses the internal carotid artery, the internal jugular vein, and the vagus and accessory nerves. It next ascends to the ... The occipital artery arises from the external carotid artery opposite the facial artery. Its path is below the posterior belly ... The internal carotid and vertebral arteries. Right side. The nerves of the scalp, face, and side of neck. Side of neck, showing ... Thus, branches of the occipital artery participate in anastomosis between the external carotid and the subclavian artery, ...
Inferior thyroid artery Diagram showing the origins of the main branches of the carotid arteries. The internal carotid and ... This artery branches from the superior thyroid artery near its bifurcation from the external carotid artery. Together with the ... The superior thyroid artery arises from the external carotid artery just below the level of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone ... Superior thyroid artery Muscles, arteries and nerves of neck.Newborn dissection. Muscles, nerves and arteries of neck.Deep ...
The internal carotid and vertebral arteries. Right side. Muscles of the palate seen from behind. Dissection of the pharyngeal ...
... "carotids" or "carotid", an artery on each side of the neck which divides into the external carotid artery and internal carotid ... neck and meninges Internal carotid artery, an artery on each side of the head and neck supplying blood to the brain This ... Carotid artery may refer to: Common carotid artery, often " ... artery External carotid artery, an artery on each side of the ... article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names). If an internal link incorrectly led you ...
The external and internal carotid artery 2. The internal jugular vein 3. The deep cervical lymph nodes 4. The 10th cranial ... and internal maxillary branches: more deeply are the internal carotid, the internal jugular vein, and the vagus nerve, ... are the submental artery and the mylohyoid artery and nerve. The posterior part of this triangle contains the external carotid ... the external carotid, being crossed by the facial nerve, and gives off in its course the posterior auricular, superficial ...
Spangler, E. L.; Brown, C.; Roberts, J. A.; Chapman, B. E. (2007). "Evaluation of internal carotid artery segmentation by ... in the following areas Craniofacial pathologies and anatomical studies KCOT Ameloblastoma Cysts Condyle Volumes Carotid artery ...
Abducens nerve Internal carotid artery accompanied by the internal carotid plexus These nerves, with the exception of CN V2, ... The carotid siphon of the internal carotid artery, and cranial nerves III, IV, V (branches V1 and V2) and VI all pass through ... If the internal carotid artery ruptures within the cavernous sinus, an arteriovenous fistula is created (more specifically, a ... Above: optic tract, optic chiasma, internal carotid artery. Inferiorly: foramen lacerum, and the junction of the body and ...
Maroon, J. C.; Campbell, R. L.; Dyken, M. L. (1970-04-01). "Internal carotid artery occlusion diagnosed by Doppler ultrasound ... and to assess ophthalmic artery reversal of flow indicating a thrombosis of the carotid artery (1969). Maroon et al. published ... they published the case of Golfer's Stroke from Vertebral Artery Dissection. Further groundbreaking publications include the ... golf-induced stroke from vertebral artery dissection". Surgical Neurology. 67 (2): 163-168, discussion 168. doi:10.1016/j. ...
"Internal Carotid Artery Dissection in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu". Journal of Cerebrovascular and Endovascular Neurosurgery. 19 (2): ... In BJJ, the chokes that are used put pressure on the carotid arteries, and may also apply pressure to the nerve baroreceptors ...
Barbour PJ, Castaldo JE, Rae-Grant AD, Gee W, Reed JF, Jenny D, Longennecker J (June 1994). "Internal carotid artery redundancy ... The other type, carotid artery dissection, involves the carotid arteries. Vertebral artery dissection is further classified as ... Vertebral artery dissection is less common than carotid artery dissection (dissection of the large arteries in the front of the ... or for symptoms of carotid artery dissection to occur at the same time as those of vertebral artery dissection. Some give a ...
The ophthalmic artery emerges from the internal carotid artery. This is usually just after the internal carotid artery emerges ... The ophthalmic artery (OA) is an artery of the head. It is the first branch of the internal carotid artery distal to the ... In some cases, the ophthalmic artery branches just before the internal carotid exits the cavernous sinus. The ophthalmic artery ... The supraorbital artery branches from the ophthalmic artery as it passes over the optic nerve. The supraorbital artery passes ...
... branches of the internal carotid artery inside the skull. When the internal carotid artery becomes completely blocked, the fine ... These vessels are the ACA (anterior cerebral artery), MCA (middle cerebral artery), and ICA (internal carotid artery). The ... middle cerebral artery or MCA). This procedure is also commonly referred to as an EC-IC (External Carotid-Internal Carotid) ... such as the external carotid artery or the superficial temporal artery to replace its circulation. The arteries are either sewn ...
The internal carotid and vertebral arteries. Right side. Course and distribution of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory ... Passing inferiorly and anteriorly between the internal and external carotid arteries, it divides upon the side of the tongue ...
The internal carotid and vertebral arteries. Right side. Distribution of the maxillary and mandibular nerves, and the ... The lingual vein passes medial to the hyoglossus, and the lingual artery passes deep to the hyoglossus. Laterally, in between ... the stylohyoid ligament and the lingual artery and lingual vein. ...
Lucas C, Moulin T, Deplanque D, Tatu L, Chavot D (December 1998). "Stroke patterns of internal carotid artery dissection in 40 ... Cervical arteries, as mentioned above, consist of two pairs of arteries: vertebral and carotid. As such, cervical artery ... Cervical artery dissection is dissection of one of the layers that compose the carotid and vertebral artery in the neck (cervix ... Carotid artery dissection, a separation of the layers of the artery wall supplying oxygen-bearing blood to the head and brain. ...
The anterior choroidal artery originates from the internal carotid artery. However, it may (rarely) arise from the middle ... The anterior choroidal artery originates from the distal carotid artery 5 mm after the origin of the posterior communicating ... However, the posterior limb of the internal capsule also receives lenticulostriate arteries from the middle cerebral artery, ... artery and just before the carotid terminus. It serves structures in the prosencephalon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon: ...
These arteries are both branches of the external carotid artery. The sublingual vein drains into the lingual vein, which then ... flows into the internal jugular system. The sublingual glands receive their parasympathetic input via the chorda tympani nerve ... which are branches of the lingual artery and facial artery, respectively. ... The sublingual glands receive their primary blood supply from the sublingual and submental arteries, ...
Dandy WE (May 1938). "Intracranial Aneurysm of the Internal Carotid Artery Cured by Operation". Annals of Surgery. 107 (5): 654 ... both carotid arteries and both vertebral arteries) that supply the brain. When the aneurysm has been located, platinum coils ... Those of the basilar artery and posterior cerebral artery are hard to reach surgically and are more accessible for endovascular ... a catheter is inserted into the femoral artery in the groin and advanced through the aorta to the arteries ( ...
Severing of the common carotid artery or jugular vein is highly lethal by causing hypovolemic shock and leads to death by ... "Successful management of suicidal cut throat injury with internal jugular, tracheal and esophageal transection: A case report ... Choi, Young Un (2017). "Common Carotid Artery Laceration Managed by Clamping at Emergency Department". Journal of Trauma and ...
... near the internal carotid artery. Clinical signs include unilateral or bilateral epistaxis due to erosion of the artery walls, ... The issue of necessary guttural pouch air flow rates, to provide rapid cooling of the internal carotid arteries, has been ... In other words, the horse's guttural pouches are 'brain-cooling devices', cooling blood within the internal carotid arteries ... This completes the triad of internal carotid artery cooling that protects the horse's brain from hyperthermia. The triad ...
... of carotid artery 443.22 Dissection of iliac artery 443.23 Dissection of renal artery 443.24 Dissection of vertebral artery ... internal w/o complication 455.2 Hemorrhoids, internal w/ complication 455.3 Hemorrhoids, external w/o complication 455.4 ... and stenosis of basilar artery 433.1 Occlusion and stenosis of carotid artery 433.2 Occlusion and stenosis of vertebral artery ... 435.0 Basilar artery syndrome 435.1 Vertebral artery syndrome 435.2 Subclavian steal syndrome 435.3 Vertebrobasilar artery ...
Ischemia within the arteries branching from the internal carotid artery may result in symptoms such as blindness in one eye, ... Ischemia within the arteries branching from the vertebral arteries in the back of the brain may result in symptoms such as ... endarterectomy and carotid stenting may be performed if the patient has a significant amount of plaque in the carotid arteries ... Individuals with sickle cell anemia, compressed blood vessels, ventricular tachycardia, plaque buildup in the arteries, blood ...
... the carotid artery and part of the sympathetic trunk Knee: the carpus of the horse (equivalent to the human wrist), the large ... The internal genitalia accessory sex glands are the vesicular glands, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands, which ... enclosing the rib cage and the major internal organs Buttock: the part of the hindquarters behind the thighs and below the root ...
... a part of the course of the internal carotid artery In biology: Animals: Lepton lacerum, a species of saltwater clam in the ... If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. (Disambiguation ...
The ideal site for palpating the carotid pulse is to gently press the common carotid artery against the carotid tubercle. There ... In front of it are the internal jugular and vertebral veins, and it is crossed by the inferior thyroid artery; the left ... The vertebral arteries are major arteries of the neck. Typically, the vertebral arteries originate from the subclavian arteries ... The carotid tubercle separates the vertebral artery which passes directly behind it from the common carotid artery which lies ...
Laranjeira, Manuel; Sadasivan, Balaji; Ausman, James I. (October 1990), "Direct surgery for carotid bifurcation artery ... having suffered internal bleeding the previous night. He is survived by his wife, Dr. Ma Swan Hoo, his son Dharma Yongwen and ... "Posterior inferior to posterior inferior cerebellar artery anastomosis combined with trapping for vertebral artery aneurysm", ... "Superficial temporal and occipital artery bypass pedicles to superior, anterior inferior, and posterior inferior cerebellar ...
It descends in the substance of the parotid gland, superficial to the external carotid artery (but beneath the facial nerve), ... which then drains into the internal jugular vein. a posterior, which is joined by the posterior auricular vein and becomes the ...
... combat instructors found that the folding rigging spike was useful for silent killing of sentries by opening the carotid artery ... The addition of the toggle, which is attached to an internal bellcrank-arm, will lift the lockback mechanism to allow the blade ... The illustration shows the internal parts of a 1960s Japanese import 'false' gravity knife. Other knives may be considered to ... internal surface) in the pivot area allowing the longer 11 and 13 inch-bladed models to easily flick open. Modern (post 1965) ...
The left and right internal carotid arteries arise from the left and right common carotid arteries. The posterior communicating ... Anterior cerebral artery (left and right) Anterior communicating artery Internal carotid artery (left and right) Posterior ... artery is given off as a branch of the internal carotid artery just before it divides into its terminal branches - the anterior ... In another variation the anterior communicating artery is a large vessel, such that a single internal carotid supplies both ...
... correlation with cerebral collaterals in internal carotid artery occlusive disease". Journal of Neurology. 253 (10): 1285-1291 ... The anterior communicating artery connects the two anterior cerebral arteries across the commencement of the longitudinal ... In case of narrowing of other arteries of the circle of Willis or the arteries supplying the circle, the anterior communicating ... Anatomical variations of the anterior communicating artery are relatively common. The artery is sometimes duplicated, ...
... a chemical compound Coronary artery spasm (CAS) Carotid artery stenting, endovascular surgery of the carotid artery Cassiopeia ... If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. (Disambiguation ...
... it is generally the common carotid artery. occludable - the JVP can be stopped by occluding the internal jugular vein by ... this is not always an accurate way to differentiate the JVP from the carotid pulse. The carotid artery only has one beat in the ... The a wave corresponds to right atrial contraction and ends synchronously with the carotid artery pulse. The peak of the 'a' ... The internal jugular vein is visualised when looking for the pulsation. In healthy people, the filling level of the jugular ...
The internal carotid arteries in birds run on the lateral sides of the basiparaspehnoid while in Sphenosuchus arteries are more ...
Association of postprandial triglyceride and retinyl palmitate responses with asymptomatic carotid artery atherosclerosis in ... Patsch began his career as a resident in the Department of Internal Medicine at the University of Innsbruck in 1971. He ... He was board-certified for internal medicine in 1987 and obtained his medical licensure for Texas in 1988. Patsch moved back to ... and candidate risk factors in well characterized populations using the intima-media thickness of the common carotid arteries as ...
These findings were observed in ligated carotid arteries of mice to mimic the effects of d-flow. Within 24 hours, pre-existing ... Pre-mRNA sequence of miR-712 is generated from the murine ribosomal RN45s gene at the internal transcribed spacer region 2 ( ... 87% of the cases are ischemic strokes, which results from blockage in the artery of the brain that carries oxygen-rich blood. ... providing the structural support and recoil properties of arteries. These fibers play a critical role in regulation of vascular ...
The facial artery anastomoses with (among others) the dorsal nasal artery of the internal carotid artery. The branches of the ... Facial artery Facial artery Facial artery Facial artery Facial artery Facial artery Facial artery Facial artery Facial artery ... The facial artery arises in the carotid triangle from the external carotid artery, a little above the lingual artery and, ... Facial artery Facial artery Facial artery Facial artery Facial artery.Deep dissection.Lateral view. Transverse facial artery ...
"Relationship of periodontal disease to carotid artery intima-media wall thickness: the atherosclerosis risk in communities ( ... Archives of Internal Medicine. 160 (18): 2749-55. doi:10.1001/archinte.160.18.2749. PMID 11025784. Beck JD, Elter JR, Heiss G, ... Journal of General Internal Medicine. 23 (12): 2079-86. doi:10.1007/s11606-008-0787-6. PMC 2596495. PMID 18807098. Martin- ...
Both lorisoids and cheirogaleid lemurs have replaced the internal carotid artery with an enlarged ascending pharyngeal artery. ...
This sign is 83% sensitive and 100% specific for thrombotic occlusion of the internal carotid artery. It can detect hemosiderin ... The T2*-weighted GRE sequence can detect a "middle cerebral artery susceptibility sign", which is a dark linear filling defect ... that is wider than the corresponding artery on the contralateral side. ...
ATC commonly causes symptoms by compressing local structures, such as the esophagus, carotid arteries, recurrent laryngeal ... Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th edition, p.2934 Haigh PI (2000). "Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma". Curr Treat ...
Flint AC, Duckwiler GR, Budzik RF, Liebeskind DS, Smith WS (2007). "Mechanical thrombectomy of intracranial internal carotid ... If cerebral infarction is caused by a thrombus occluding blood flow to an artery supplying the brain, definitive therapy is ... This is accomplished by inserting a catheter into the femoral artery, directing it into the cerebral circulation, and deploying ... is used to dissolve the clot and unblock the artery. Another intervention for acute cerebral ischaemia is removal of the ...
... the internal auditory artery which supplies the vestibular system of the inner ear. While vertigo is a common feature of VBI or ... Alternatively, carotid sinus hypersensitivity can cause episodes of dizziness and collapse on head turning if the neck brushes ... Rotational vertebral artery syndrome (sometimes referred to as Bow Hunter's Syndrome) results from vertebral artery compression ... Rotational vertebral artery syndrome is rare. The diagnosis of posterior circulation stroke or TIA can be made on the basis of ...
Sympathetic postganglionic fibres also join the nerve from the plexus on the internal carotid artery in the wall of the ... It passes between the superior cerebellar (below) and posterior cerebral arteries (above), and then pierces the dura mater ...
... the main legislative body of the Iranian government Internal carotid artery Intracranial aneurysm Islet cell antibodies (ICA), ... If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. (Disambiguation ...
... of the temporal bone Petrous portion of the internal carotid artery This article includes a list of related ... items that share the same name (or similar names). If an internal link incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change the ...
It is situated between the carotid artery and the ipsilateral optic nerve. It contains: The internal carotid artery The origin ... The anterior communicating artery Heubner's artery The hypothalamic arteries The origin of the fronto-orbital arteries Lumbar ... It contains: The anterior choroidal artery The medial posterior choroidal artery The basal vein Carotid cistern. ... The basilar artery and the origin of the anteroinferior cerebellar artery (AICA) The origin of the superior cerebellar arteries ...
It occasionally arises from the aorta, the right common carotid, the subclavian or the internal mammary. Aortic sac is the ... Soon after it emerges, the brachiocephalic artery divides into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery ... left common carotid artery and thymus Thymus typically sits atop the brachiocephalic artery, and separates the artery from the ... where it divides into the right common carotid artery and right subclavian arteries. The artery then crosses the trachea in ...
... flow of blood in the vertebral artery or the internal thoracic artery, due to a proximal stenosis (narrowing) and/or occlusion ... Neurally mediated syncope may also occur when an area in the neck known as the carotid sinus is pressed. The third type of ... This is sensed by stretch receptors in the walls of vessels in the carotid sinus and aortic arch. These receptors then trigger ... A normal response to carotid sinus massage is reduction in blood pressure and slowing of the heart rate. Especially in people ...
The build-up of plaque in the internal carotid artery may lead to narrowing and irregularity of the arterys lumen, preventing ... The build-up of plaque in the internal carotid artery may lead to narrowing and irregularity of the arterys lumen, preventing ... More commonly, as the narrowing worsens, pieces of plaque in the internal carotid artery can break free, travel to the brain ...
Dissection of the internal carotid artery causing Horner syndrome and palsy of cranial nerve XII. Neema Kasravi, Andrew Leung, ... Dissection of the internal carotid artery causing Horner syndrome and palsy of cranial nerve XII. CMAJ 2010;182:E373-E377. ... Dissection of the internal carotid artery causing Horner syndrome and palsy of cranial nerve XII ... Dissection of the internal carotid artery causing Horner syndrome and palsy of cranial nerve XII ...
Internal Carotid Artery Aplasia in a Patient With Nail-Patella Syndrome Jacqueline Kraus 1 2 , Muhammad Umair Jahngir 1 2 , ... Internal Carotid Artery Aplasia in a Patient With Nail-Patella Syndrome Jacqueline Kraus et al. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2020 ... Bilateral Internal Carotid Artery Agenesis in a Patient With a Family History of Intracranial Pathology. Liau YJ, Jabbour AJ, ... We report a case of confirmed NPS presenting with congenital aplasia of the internal carotid artery and believe this is the ...
Internal carotid artery aneurysm presenting as diplopia via telemedicine during COVID-19 Sally L Baxter 1 2 , David E Kuo 1 , ... Internal carotid artery aneurysm presenting as diplopia via telemedicine during COVID-19 Sally L Baxter et al. J Telemed ... Giant internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysm visualized on neuroimaging. The white arrows highlight various views of the ... Giant internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysm visualized on neuroimaging. The white arrows highlight… ...
... ,10mm) Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysms Treated with the ... We present periprocedural outcomes and early angiographic follow-up for 44 consecutive cases of internal carotid artery (ICA) ...
Start Over You searched for: Subjects Carotid Artery, Internal -- surgery ✖Remove constraint Subjects: Carotid Artery, Internal ... Carotid Artery, Internal -- surgery. Hemorrhage -- surgery. Ligation 2. Katy did, and Katy didnt: an inquiry concerning ... 1. A case of hæmorrhage from the internal carotid artery treated successfully by the ligature ... Katy did, and Katy didnt: an inquiry concerning priority in the ligation of the internal carotid artery1 ...
Unilateral internal carotid artery absence in trisomy 18. Shiota, Megumi; Ito, Keisuke; Shirato, Yuri; Takase, Nanako; Sano, ... Internal carotid artery (ICA) absence (agenesis or aplasia) is a rare congenital anomaly that is usually asymptomatic and found ... Unilateral internal carotid artery absence in trisomy 18. ... Internal carotid artery absence; Lies classification; Trisomy ... supplied from the ipsilateral posterior communicating artery and anterior communicating artery (ACoA), respectively, type A in ...
Atherosclerosis of internal carotid artery - illustration The build-up of plaque in the internal carotid artery may lead to ... carotid artery. Carotid angioplasty and stenting; CAS; Angioplasty - carotid artery; Carotid artery stenosis - angioplasty. ... Atherosclerosis of internal carotid artery - illustration The build-up of plaque in the internal carotid artery may lead to ... Carotid artery surgery is a procedure to treat carotid artery disease. The carotid artery brings needed blood to your brain and ...
Internal carotid artery stenting in patients over 80 years of age: single-center experience and review of the literature ...
... carotid bulb). ec = external carotid artery; f = facial artery; l = lingual artery; ic = internal carotid artery; im = internal ... carotid bulb). ec = external carotid artery; f = facial artery; l = lingual artery; ic = internal carotid artery; im = internal ... CCA = common carotid artery, D = narrowed diameter, ECA = external carotid artery, ICA = internal carotid artery, and N = ... CCA = common carotid artery, D = narrowed diameter, ECA = external carotid artery, ICA = internal carotid artery, and N = ...
Reconstructive surgery for segmental arterial mediolysis involving both the internal carotid artery and visceral arteries. In: ... Reconstructive surgery for segmental arterial mediolysis involving both the internal carotid artery and visceral arteries. / ... Reconstructive surgery for segmental arterial mediolysis involving both the internal carotid artery and visceral arteries」の研究 ... Reconstructive surgery for segmental arterial mediolysis involving both the internal carotid artery and visceral arteries. ...
CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL /parasitol-Incorrect. CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL /growth -Incorrect. CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL /abnorm- ... 1. Agenesis of the internal carotid artery. ... CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL /cytol-Incorrect. 2. Anatomy of ...
Treatment of iatrogenic internal carotid artery laceration and carotid cavernous fistula with endovascular stent-graft ... Intraoperative injuries of the internal carotid artery (ICA) have a high morbidity and mortality when they occur during trans- ... Emergency endovascular stent graft and coil placement for internal carotid artery injury during transsphenoidal surgery. Surg ... A protocol for management of a catastrophic complication of functional endoscopic sinus surgery: internal carotid artery injury ...
... or more in the unilateral internal carotid artery (ICA), and 71 patients had such plaques in both ICAs; these 512 arteries were ... AEccentricity index = (A − B)/A. B-D, Examples of stenotic internal carotid arteries with eccentricity index values of 0.5, 0.7 ... Eccentric internal carotid artery stenosis as a predictor of recent cerebrovascular events ... Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis ...
... and atherosclerosis in patients with Type II diabetes and evaluate the parameters of extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA ... and atherosclerosis in patients with Type II diabetes and evaluate the parameters of extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA ... Microalbuminuria and Atherosclerosis in Patients with Type II Diabetes and Evaluate the Parameters of Internal Carotid Artery ... Microalbuminuria and Atherosclerosis in Patients with Type II Diabetes and Evaluate the Parameters of Internal Carotid Artery ...
The carotid arteries are blood vessels that supply blood to the head, neck and brain. ... Both the right and left common carotid arteries branch into internal and external arteries: *Internal Carotid Artery - Supplies ... Carotid artery disease, also called carotid artery stenosis, is a condition in which carotid arteries become narrowed or ... The internal carotid artery supplies blood to both the brain and eyes while the external carotid artery supplies the throat, ...
... on the supraclinoid segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA) are an enigma of cerebrovascular disease. Neither has a ... A varied degree of parent artery sclerosis was observed in nine patients. Thirteen patients were treated with direct surgical ... From: Supraclinoid internal carotid artery blister-like aneurysms: hypothesized pathogenesis and microsurgical clipping ... The Bouthillier classification of internal carotid artery segments: C6, ophthalmic; C7, communicating ...
Internal carotid artery bypass (vascular). X. X. X. X. Ketamine. 2. 0. DDAVPa-4 μg. ...
PED offers a reasonably safe and effective treatment of large or giant intracranial internal carotid artery aneurysms, ... Conclusion: PED offers a reasonably safe and effective treatment of large or giant intracranial internal carotid artery ... single-arm trial of PED for the treatment of uncoilable or failed aneurysms of the internal carotid artery. Institutional ...
Be aware of anatomic variants of the internal carotid artery (aka aberrant carotid artery). In some patients, the carotid can ... The carotid artery lies lateral and posterior to the tonsil. Take care that the incision and dissection procedure is not ... Axial CT scan with contrast demonstrating a left aberrant carotid artery. View Media Gallery ... Medial and superior incisions are safer from the standpoint of potential injury to the carotid artery. ...
Two Cases of Common Carotid Artery Occlusion Combined with Patent Internal and External Carotid Arteries: Usefulness of Carotid ... Common carotid artery (CCA) occlusion is usually associated with occlusion of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery (ICA), ... the external carotid artery (ECA), or both. However, flow to the ipsilateral ICA may be maintained by collateral vessels in ...
MR Derived Volumetric Flow Rate Waveforms at Locations Within the Common Carotid, Internal Carotid, and Basilar Arteries ... Two Closely Spaced Aneurysms of the Supraclinoid Internal Carotid Artery: How Does One Influence the Other? Kevin Sunderland, ... Wall Shear Stress on Ruptured and Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms at the Internal Carotid Artery ... "Two Closely Spaced Aneurysms of the Supraclinoid Internal Carotid Artery: How Does One Influence the Other?." ASME. J Biomech ...
Common carotid artery (6 mL to 12 mL). *Internal carotid artery (8 mL to 10 mL) ... 5 mL to 15 mL for renal arteries. Injections may be repeated if indicated, but the total volume should not exceed: *290 mL of ... 30 mL to 60 mL for abdominal aorta and its branches (celiac, mesenteric, hepatic and splenic arteries) ... Angiocardiography (ventriculography, pulmonary arteriography, venography, and studies of the collateral arteries). *Aortography ...
Aberrant internal carotid artery in the middle ear with dehiscent high jugular bulb.. Lin YY; Wang CH; Liu SC; Chen HC. J ... CT diagnosis of an aberrant internal carotid artery in the middle ear.. Damsma H; Mali WP; Zonneveld FW. J Comput Assist Tomogr ... 7. Aberrant internal carotid artery lying within the middle ear. High resolution CT diagnosis and differential diagnosis. ... 9. [Glomus tumor? Aberrant internal carotid artery].. Hofmann E; Müller J; Schuknecht B. Radiologe; 1990 Nov; 30(11):555-6. ...
CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL, DISSECTION DISECCION DE LA ARTERIA CAROTIDA INTERNA DISSECAÇÃO DA ARTÉRIA VERTEBRAL VERTEBRAL ARTERY ... CAROTID ARTERY INJURIES TRAUMATISMOS DE LA ARTERIA CAROTIDA LINFOMA DE CÉLULA DO MANTO LYMPHOMA, MANTLE-CELL LINFOMA DE CELULAS ... INFARCTION, POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY INFARTO DE LA ARTERIA CEREBRAL POSTERIOR INFARTO ENCEFÁLICO BRAIN INFARCTION INFARTO DEL ... POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY ARTERIA CEREBRAL POSTERIOR ARTERITE DO SISTEMA NERVOSO CENTRAL ASSOCIADA A AIDS AIDS ARTERITIS, ...
... the near wall and far wall of the proximal 1 cm of the internal carotid artery, the near wall and far wall of the carotid ... Carotid artery intima-media thickness could predict the presence of coronary artery lesions. American journal of hypertension, ... Association of breast artery calcification with coronary artery disease and carotid intima-media thickness in premenopausal ... Intima-medial thickness of the common carotid artery is the significant predictor of angiographically proven coronary artery ...
ICA, internal carotid artery. Aneurysms arising from the cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) may produce a ... Larson JJ, Tew JM, Tomsick TA, et al. Treatment of aneurysms of the internal carotid artery by intravascular balloon occlusion ... middle cerebral artery (2), anterior communicating artery (1), posterior communicating artery (1), basilar artery (1), and ... Strategy for the treatment of inaccessible unruptured giant and large aneurysms of the internal carotid artery. Neurol Res 2001 ...
Dissecting carotid aneurysm - In one study, 44% (65/146) of patients with internal extracranial carotid artery dissections had ... Internal carotid artery dissection is life-threatening and carries a risk that the patient will experience a disabling stroke. ... Ophthalmologic manifestations of internal carotid artery dissection. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998 Oct. 126(4):565-77. [QxMD MEDLINE ... Internal carotid artery dissection (associated with sudden ipsilateral face or neck pain) [15] ...
... of a vessel microport into the external carotid artery for substance delivery into the CNS via the internal carotid artery. The ... and lack of occlusion of the common or internal carotid artery that allows carotid flow to be maintained. The feasibility of ... Carotid Artery, Internal/surgery*; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Delivery Systems/methods*; Mice; ...
  • A partial blockage is called carotid artery stenosis (narrowing). (limamemorial.org)
  • Carotid artery disease, also called carotid artery stenosis, is a condition in which carotid arteries become narrowed or blocked leading to a decrease in blood flow to the brain. (thoughtco.com)
  • A 52-year-old man with sudden hemiparesis of the right side was found to have an aneurysm of the left internal carotid artery and concomitant multiple aneurysms of the extrahepatic, celiac, and superior mesenteric arteries. (elsevier.com)
  • The Pipeline for Uncoilable or Failed Aneurysms is a multicenter, prospective, interventional, single-arm trial of PED for the treatment of uncoilable or failed aneurysms of the internal carotid artery. (nih.gov)
  • Two Closely Spaced Aneurysms of the Supraclinoid Internal Carotid Artery: How Does One Influence the Other? (silverchair.com)
  • Aneurysms arising from the cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) may produce a variety of neurological deficits, primarily those related to vision, including diplopia from single or multiple oculomotor nerve pareses, decreased visual acuity from compressive or ischaemic optic neuropathy, corneal and facial anaesthesia or hypaesthesia from involvement of the trigeminal nerve, and facial pain. (bmj.com)
  • Her findings prompted emergent neuroimaging, revealing a giant internal carotid artery aneurysm, which was successfully embolized to prevent debilitating and possibly fatal intracranial haemorrhage. (nih.gov)
  • 1 , 2 The presentation of this potentially fatal complication includes severe perioperative or postoperative bleeding, a false aneurysm of the ICA or a carotid cavernous fistula. (bmj.com)
  • The objective of this study was to use image-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques to analyze the impact that multiple closely spaced intracranial aneurysm (IAs) of the supra-clinoid segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA) have on each other's hemodynamic characteristics. (silverchair.com)
  • 17. Intrapetrous internal carotid aneurysm presenting as a middle ear tumor. (nih.gov)
  • 3 Instead, rupture of a cavernous carotid aneurysm (CCA) usually causes a carotid-cavernous sinus fistula or, rarely, epistaxis. (bmj.com)
  • 5, 6 Endovascular occlusion of the ipsilateral ICA is said to have lower risks of subsequent aneurysm rupture and cerebral ischaemic complications than carotid ligation, 6- 8 but this issue remains controversial. (bmj.com)
  • [ 1 ] About 15% of acute ischemic strokes are associated with extracranial carotid stenosis resulting from atherosclerosis. (medscape.com)
  • The factors that determine the risk of a carotid plaque resulting in a stroke include luminal stenosis, plaque composition, and plaque morphology. (medscape.com)
  • The detection of a clinically significant carotid stenosis represents an important first step in the prevention of cerebral infarction. (medscape.com)
  • [ 7 , 9 ] Duplex carotid ultrasound remains useful in the initial evaluation of symptomatic patients who present with nonspecific symptoms that may be related to stenotic or embolic carotid stenosis. (medscape.com)
  • The clincial management of coronary artery disease , peripheral arterial stenosis, and hypertension are likely to delay the development of carotid artery stenosis. (medscape.com)
  • There is good evidence in support of an evaluation for carotid stenosis prior to coronary artery bypass surgery. (medscape.com)
  • Eccentric stenosis of the coronary artery is associated with plaque disruption and acute coronary syndrome. (ajnr.org)
  • The purpose of the present study was to determine whether eccentric stenosis of the carotid artery contributes to cerebrovascular events. (ajnr.org)
  • Of 6859 patients with vascular diseases who underwent duplex carotid ultrasonography, we studied 512 internal carotid arteries in 441 patients who had a maximum area stenosis at or more than 70%, which corresponds with approximately 50% or more by the NASCET method. (ajnr.org)
  • In patients with an area carotid stenosis of 70% or more, eccentric plaque was associated with a significantly increased incidence of ipsilateral cerebrovascular events compared with patients with concentric stenosis. (ajnr.org)
  • It is critical to identify patients with carotid stenosis that can lead to ischemic stroke. (ajnr.org)
  • Several randomized prospective trials demonstrated that the degree of carotid stenosis is a common indicator that can be used to assess the risk of stroke. (ajnr.org)
  • 1 - 4 However, because most patients with carotid stenosis without surgical revascularization are free from occurrence or recurrence of ischemic cerebrovascular events after many years, the use of stenosis severity as a measure of stroke risk has a relatively poor specificity. (ajnr.org)
  • Plaque characteristics other than stenosis severity may be essential for assessing the risk of artery-to-artery embolism from a carotid plaque. (ajnr.org)
  • However, the correlation between the geometry of the carotid artery stenosis and cerebrovascular events has not been determined. (ajnr.org)
  • The purpose of the present study was to identify differences in the clinical findings between eccentric and concentric carotid artery stenosis and to elucidate the relationship between the geometry of the stenosis and cerebrovascular events. (ajnr.org)
  • Carotid artery stenosis, known more commonly as carotid artery disease, is a result of the narrowing or blocking of the arteries that leads to a decrease in blood flow to the brain. (thoughtco.com)
  • Essentially, this refers to the buildup of plaque within the walls of the artery which causes narrowing (stenosis). (dane101.com)
  • Studies have shown that individuals with moderate to severe stenosis in their carotids are more likely to experience high blood pressure than those without this condition. (dane101.com)
  • CASE REPORTS MR angiography in a Japanese male infant with trisomy 18 revealed left ICA absence with the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) and anterior cerebral artery (ACA) supplied from the ipsilateral posterior communicating artery and anterior communicating artery (ACoA), respectively, type A in Lie's classification . (bvsalud.org)
  • The distribution of the anterior cerebral artery to the hemisphere is shown. (stanford.edu)
  • The primary focus, however, is a review of the ease, smoking cessation improves exercise tol- evidence relevant to smoking and subclinical measures erance, reduces the risk of amputation after of atherosclerosis, including what is understood about peripheral artery surgery, and increases over- the role of smoking in the pathophysiologic processes all survival (USDHHS 1990, p. 260). (cdc.gov)
  • Discussion: Obesity was associated with progression of carotid atherosclerosis. (nih.gov)
  • Noninvasive modalities that can identify carotid plaque include ultrasonography, computed tomography, positron emission tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. (medscape.com)
  • 5 Thus, additional indicators are needed to identify carotid artery lesions associated with a higher risk of stroke. (ajnr.org)
  • More commonly, as the narrowing worsens, pieces of plaque in the internal carotid artery can break free, travel to the brain and block blood vessels that supply blood to the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The blood vessels that bring blood to your brain and face are called the carotid arteries. (limamemorial.org)
  • The carotid arteries are blood vessels that supply blood to the head, neck and brain . (thoughtco.com)
  • Shortly after the postganglionic fibers leave the superior cervical ganglion, vasomotor and sudomotor fibers branch off, traveling along the external carotid artery to innervate the blood vessels and sweat glands of the face. (medscape.com)
  • Although duplex imaging helps in the detection of carotid lesions in asymptomatic patients, the cost and risk associated with potentially unnecessary follow-up testing and the risk of unnecessary surgical procedures are arguments againt the wider application of carotid sonography in asymptomatic indivduals. (medscape.com)
  • The prevalence of premature coronary artery disease (CAD) and its risk factors has been increasing among Iranian men and women in recent years [1,2], and finding a noninvasive test to predict CAD has become more important. (who.int)
  • Fifteen patients (48%) were diagnosed after they developed cranial nerve pareses, four (13%) after they developed carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas (CCFs), and 12 (39%) by neuroimaging studies done for unrelated symptoms. (bmj.com)
  • The third-order pupillomotor fibers ascending along the internal carotid artery enter the cavernous sinus. (medscape.com)
  • The fibers then leave the carotid plexus briefly to join the abducens nerve (cranial nerve [CN] VI) in the cavernous sinus and enter the orbit through the superior orbital fissure along with the ophthalmic branch (V1) of the trigeminal nerve (CN V) via the long ciliary nerves. (medscape.com)
  • Common carotid artery (CCA) occlusion is usually associated with occlusion of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery (ICA), the external carotid artery (ECA), or both. (j-nn.org)
  • Other novel aspects of this surgical technique include the ability to perform multiple injections, study of conscious mice well removed from surgery, and lack of occlusion of the common or internal carotid artery that allows carotid flow to be maintained. (nih.gov)
  • The process of carotid arterial narrowing represents a long-term chronic disease. (medscape.com)
  • the difference was more evident when cerebrovascular events of presumed carotid arterial origin were assessed ( P = .005). (ajnr.org)
  • ABSTRACT This study investigated whether breast arterial calcification (BAC) has an association with coronary artery diseases (CAD) in young premenopausal women and evaluated the association of BAC with carotid intima-media thickness and standard CAD risk factors. (who.int)
  • Smoking cessation substantially reduces the This chapter is not an exhaustive review of the risk of peripheral artery occlusive disease com- now vast literature on tobacco smoking and heart and pared with continued smoking. (cdc.gov)
  • Among patients with peripheral artery dis- ject. (cdc.gov)
  • For those in shock, this can be a key measure as other peripheral arteries in the body may not have a detectable pulse. (thoughtco.com)
  • The build-up of plaque in the internal carotid artery may lead to narrowing and irregularity of the artery's lumen, preventing proper blood flow to the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The blood flow in this artery can become partly or totally blocked by fatty material called plaque. (limamemorial.org)
  • Sometimes part of a plaque can break off and block off another artery. (limamemorial.org)
  • Bost US and MRI offer insight into the nature of carotid plaques based on the amount of lipid material in the plaque and the presence of ulcerations. (medscape.com)
  • The vulnerability of the carotid plaque morphology has been recognized as an important predictor for stroke. (ajnr.org)
  • In the coronary artery, plaque distribution eccentricity is strongly associated with the acute coronary syndrome. (ajnr.org)
  • In the carotid arteries, plaque eccentricity may also be an important marker of subsequent ischemic stroke. (ajnr.org)
  • Methods: Carotid MRI was performed on 106 asymptomatic patients with hyperlipidemia at baseline and after 1 year (RIGHT study, Randomized Trial of Imaging Versus Risk Factor-Based Therapy for Plaque Regression). (nih.gov)
  • The use of carotid duplex ultrasonography has been widely recommended as a screening examination. (medscape.com)
  • However, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force U.S. Preventive Services Task Force has recommended against the usefulness of carotid duplex ultrasonography as a screening test in asymptomatic individuals. (medscape.com)
  • The detection of a carotid bruit is a common physical examination finding that may lead to a referral for carotid duplex ultrasonography. (medscape.com)
  • Carotid duplex ultrasonography, computed tomographic angiography (CTA), or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of the carotid artery may be most appropriate in a specific case (see the images below). (medscape.com)
  • From January 2004 to February 2006, a total of 6859 consecutive patients were examined with duplex carotid ultrasonography in our hospital. (ajnr.org)
  • Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) determined by doppler ultrasonography is a good predictor of the presence and severity of CAD [3,4]. (who.int)
  • Last branch to originate from Internal Carotid Artery. (luc.edu)
  • Branch of the common carotid artery which supplies the anterior part of the brain, the eye and its appendages, the forehead and nose. (nih.gov)
  • Was it a scuba dive, which is known to be associated with carotid and vertebral artery dissections? (cmaj.ca)
  • 18. Aberrant internal carotid artery in the middle ear with dehiscent high jugular bulb. (nih.gov)
  • 20. Paragangliomas of the jugular bulb and carotid body: MR imaging with short sequences and Gd-DTPA enhancement. (nih.gov)
  • The poststyloid compartment contains the carotid sheath with the internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein, the last four cranial nerves and lymph nodes. (ispub.com)
  • We report a case of confirmed NPS presenting with congenital aplasia of the internal carotid artery and believe this is the first report of cerebrovascular developmental abnormality associated with NPS. (nih.gov)
  • Internal carotid artery (ICA) absence (agenesis or aplasia) is a rare congenital anomaly that is usually asymptomatic and found coincidentally. (bvsalud.org)
  • Carotid artery surgery is a procedure to treat carotid artery disease. (limamemorial.org)
  • It is ranked as the third most common cause of death in the United States, after heart disease and cancer, and about one third of all strokes are related to carotid occlusive disease. (medscape.com)
  • Carotid artery disease can potentially be prevented by controlling the risk factors associated with the disease. (thoughtco.com)
  • By controlling these risk factors, individuals can help lessen the chance that they will develop carotid artery disease. (thoughtco.com)
  • A carotid ultrasound is a procedure that can help to diagnose carotid artery disease. (thoughtco.com)
  • Carotid artery disease can be both symptomatic or asymptomatic. (thoughtco.com)
  • National Heart Lung and Blood Institute , U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/carotid-artery-disease. (thoughtco.com)
  • Low T3 syndrome predicts severe neurological deficits of cerebral infarction inpatients with large artery artherosclerosis in internal carotid artery system. (nel.edu)
  • The usefulness of carotid artery screening has been demonstrated in patients prior to elective surgery. (medscape.com)
  • Carotid artery blockage is one of the main causes of stroke. (thoughtco.com)
  • A blockage in your carotid artery can reduce the blood supply to your brain. (limamemorial.org)
  • It is carefully moved up to your neck to the blockage in your carotid artery. (limamemorial.org)
  • These images can show whether or not one or both of the arteries has a blockage or is narrowed. (thoughtco.com)
  • Cisternal segment: Artery passes through crural cistern, supplies optic tract, posterior limb of internal capsule, branches to midbrain,and lateral geniculate nucleus. (luc.edu)
  • Purpose To report our experience with intraoperative complications involving the internal carotid artery (ICA) during trans-sphenoidal surgery and their outcome with reconstructive endovascular management. (bmj.com)
  • The carotid artery brings needed blood to your brain and face. (limamemorial.org)
  • This opens the artery and allows more blood to flow to your brain. (limamemorial.org)
  • The internal carotid artery supplies blood to both the brain and eyes while the external carotid artery supplies the throat, face, mouth, and similar structures. (thoughtco.com)
  • Internal Carotid Artery - Supplies oxygenated blood to the brain and eyes. (thoughtco.com)
  • The carotid arteries are located in your neck and are responsible for supplying oxygen-rich blood to your brain. (dane101.com)
  • The right common carotid artery branches from the brachiocephalic artery and extends up the right side of the neck. (thoughtco.com)
  • The left common carotid artery branches from the aorta and extends up the left side of the neck. (thoughtco.com)
  • Each carotid artery branches into internal and external vessels near the top of the thyroid. (thoughtco.com)
  • There are two main branches of the carotid arteries. (thoughtco.com)
  • The basilar artery is intact, but its branches to the left are all divided. (stanford.edu)
  • Two procedures can be used to treat a carotid artery that is narrowed or blocked. (limamemorial.org)
  • Carotid surgery (endarterectomy) is an older and effective way to treat narrowed or blocked arteries. (limamemorial.org)
  • Both of the common carotid arteries can be used to measure a person's pulse. (thoughtco.com)
  • The fibers ascend through the sympathetic chain and synapse in the superior cervical ganglion at the level of the bifurcation of the common carotid artery (C3-C4). (medscape.com)
  • The most common neoplasm was pleomorphic adenoma followed by carotid and vagal paraganglioma 2 . (ispub.com)
  • To our knowledge, a successfully treated case of SAM affecting both the carotid artery and visceral arteries has not previously been described. (elsevier.com)
  • The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of serial carotid MRI in an asymptomatic population. (nih.gov)
  • Intraoperative injuries of the internal carotid artery (ICA) have a high morbidity and mortality when they occur during trans-sphenoidal surgery. (bmj.com)
  • You have a carotid artery on each side of your neck. (limamemorial.org)
  • The person has had neck or carotid surgery in the past. (limamemorial.org)
  • One carotid artery is positioned on each side of the neck. (thoughtco.com)
  • The carotid arteries supply oxygenated and nutrient filled blood to the head and neck regions of the body. (thoughtco.com)
  • Risk factors for ICA rupture included two patients with carotid dehiscence, one with sphenoid septal attachment to the ICA, two with revision surgery, one with prior radiation to the tumor, one with bromocriptine treatment and two with acromegaly. (bmj.com)
  • Arteries are vessels that carry blood away from the heart . (thoughtco.com)
  • When your heart beats, it creates pumping action which pushes oxygenated blood throughout your body via vessels known as arteries. (dane101.com)
  • The selection of an initial carotid imaging study remains controversial. (medscape.com)
  • The location of the narrowing in the carotid artery makes surgery harder. (limamemorial.org)
  • The goals of carotid imaging are early detection, clinical staging, surgical road mapping, and postoperative therapeutic surveillance (see the images below). (medscape.com)
  • 14. CT diagnosis of an aberrant internal carotid artery in the middle ear. (nih.gov)
  • while blockages in your carotids won't always result in hypertension( fancy word alert ). (dane101.com)
  • Carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) is done using a small surgical cut. (limamemorial.org)
  • Such a procedure uses sound waves to produce detailed images of the carotid arteries. (thoughtco.com)
  • The procedure is based on the insertion of a vessel microport into the external carotid artery for substance delivery into the CNS via the internal carotid artery. (nih.gov)