Carotenoids. Medical search

The general name for a group of fat-soluble pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. They are aliphatic hydrocarbons consisting of a polyisoprene backbone.

Oxygenated forms of carotenoids. They are usually derived from alpha and beta carotene.

A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.

A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. It is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC). (From Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Engewood, CO, 1995.)

An enzyme that catalyzes the condensation of two molecules of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to give prephytoene diphosphate. The prephytoene diphosphate molecule is a precursor for CAROTENOIDS and other tetraterpenes.

A trans-carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. The compound is used as an oral suntanning agent and as a food and drug coloring agent. Oral ingestion of the compound causes canthaxanthin retinopathy.

Enzymes of the isomerase class that catalyze reactions in which a group can be regarded as eliminated from one part of a molecule, leaving a double bond, while remaining covalently attached to the molecule. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.5.

Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.

A monooxygenase that catalyzes the conversion of BETA-CAROTENE into two molecules of RETINAL. It was formerly characterized as EC 1.13.11.21 and EC 1.18.3.1.

The fleshy or dry ripened ovary of a plant, enclosing the seed or seeds.

A food group comprised of EDIBLE PLANTS or their parts.

Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in PLANTS; ANIMALS or micro-organisms.

Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment.

A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain substitutions on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus and a long hydrocarbon chain of isoprenoid units. They are antioxidants by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen. Tocopherols react with the most reactive form of oxygen and protect unsaturated fatty acids from oxidation.

Rhodopsin molecules found in microorganisms such as ARCHAEA and PROTEOBACTERIA.

A plant species of the family APIACEAE that is widely cultivated for the edible yellow-orange root. The plant has finely divided leaves and flat clusters of small white flowers.

Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues.

Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.

Pyrrole containing pigments found in photosynthetic bacteria.

A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.

In some animals, the jaws together with their horny covering. The beak usually refers to the bill of birds in which the whole varies greatly in form according of the food and habits of the bird. While the beak refers most commonly to birds, the anatomical counterpart is found also in the turtle, squid, and octopus. (From Webster, 3d ed & Storer, et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p491, 755)

Thirteen-carbon butene cyclohexene degradation products formed by the cleavage of CAROTENOIDS. They contribute to the flavor of some FRUIT. Ionone should not be confused with the similarly named ionol.

Non-heme iron-containing enzymes that incorporate two atoms of OXYGEN into the substrate. They are important in biosynthesis of FLAVONOIDS; GIBBERELLINS; and HYOSCYAMINE; and for degradation of AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS.

A somewhat heterogeneous class of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of alkyl or related groups (excluding methyl groups). EC 2.5.

Complexes containing CHLOROPHYLL and other photosensitive molecules. They serve to capture energy in the form of PHOTONS and are generally found as components of the PHOTOSYSTEM I PROTEIN COMPLEX or the PHOTOSYSTEM II PROTEIN COMPLEX.

Flat keratinous structures found on the skin surface of birds. Feathers are made partly of a hollow shaft fringed with barbs. They constitute the plumage.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.

Sets of enzymatic reactions occurring in organisms and that form biochemicals by making new covalent bonds.

The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms are associated with plants as pathogens, saprophytes, or as constituents of the epiphytic flora.

The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)

A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. The hot peppers yield CAPSAICIN, which activates VANILLOID RECEPTORS. Several varieties have sweet or pungent edible fruits that are used as vegetables when fresh and spices when the pods are dried.

A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped, phototrophic bacteria found in aquatic environments. Internal photosynthetic membranes are present as lamellae underlying the cytoplasmic membrane.

An enlarged underground root or stem of some plants. It is usually rich in carbohydrates. Some, such as POTATOES, are important human FOOD. They may reproduce vegetatively from buds.

A natural tocopherol and one of the most potent antioxidant tocopherols. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. It has four methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus. The natural d form of alpha-tocopherol is more active than its synthetic dl-alpha-tocopherol racemic mixture.

An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the posterior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. It is characterized by the presence of a yellow pigment diffusely permeating the inner layers, contains the fovea centralis in its center, and provides the best phototropic visual acuity. It is devoid of retinal blood vessels, except in its periphery, and receives nourishment from the choriocapillaris of the choroid. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

A phylum of photosynthetic EUKARYOTA bearing double membrane-bound plastids containing chlorophyll a and b. They comprise the classical green algae, and represent over 7000 species that live in a variety of primarily aquatic habitats. Only about ten percent are marine species, most live in freshwater.

An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.

Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. PLASTID GENOMES are used in phylogenetic studies.

A plant species of the family SOLANACEAE, native of South America, widely cultivated for their edible, fleshy, usually red fruit.

Compounds used in food or in food preparation to replace dietary fats. They may be carbohydrate-, protein-, or fat-based. Fat substitutes are usually lower in calories but provide the same texture as fats.

Analysis of the intensity of Raman scattering of monochromatic light as a function of frequency of the scattered light.

The visually perceived property of objects created by absorption or reflection of specific wavelengths of light.

A plant genus of the family EBENACEAE, order Ebenales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida best known for the edible fruit and the antibacterial activity and compounds of the wood.

The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.

The transfer of energy of a given form among different scales of motion. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed). It includes the transfer of kinetic energy and the transfer of chemical energy. The transfer of chemical energy from one molecule to another depends on proximity of molecules so it is often used as in techniques to measure distance such as the use of FORSTER RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER.

Protein complexes that take part in the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS. They are located within the THYLAKOID MEMBRANES of plant CHLOROPLASTS and a variety of structures in more primitive organisms. There are two major complexes involved in the photosynthetic process called PHOTOSYSTEM I and PHOTOSYSTEM II.

A plant genus, in the IRIDACEAE family, known as a source of Saffron.

Photosensitive protein complexes of varied light absorption properties which are expressed in the PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. They are OPSINS conjugated with VITAMIN A-based chromophores. Chromophores capture photons of light, leading to the activation of opsins and a biochemical cascade that ultimately excites the photoreceptor cells.

The food matrix of spinach is a limiting factor in determining the bioavailability of beta-carotene and to a lesser extent of lutein in humans. (1/2951)

Carotenoid bioavailability depends, amongst other factors, on the food matrix and on the type and extent of processing. To examine the effect of variously processed spinach products and of dietary fiber on serum carotenoid concentrations, subjects received, over a 3-wk period, a control diet (n = 10) or a control diet supplemented with carotenoids or one of four spinach products (n = 12 per group): whole leaf spinach with an almost intact food matrix, minced spinach with the matrix partially disrupted, enzymatically liquefied spinach in which the matrix was further disrupted and the liquefied spinach to which dietary fiber (10 g/kg wet weight) was added. Consumption of spinach significantly increased serum concentrations of all-trans-beta-carotene, cis-beta-carotene, (and consequently total beta-carotene), lutein, alpha-carotene and retinol and decreased the serum concentration of lycopene. Serum total beta-carotene responses (changes in serum concentrations from the start to the end of the intervention period) differed significantly between the whole leaf and liquefied spinach groups and between the minced and liquefied spinach groups. The lutein response did not differ among spinach groups. Addition of dietary fiber to the liquefied spinach had no effect on serum carotenoid responses. The relative bioavailability as compared to bioavailability of the carotenoid supplement for whole leaf, minced, liquefied and liquefied spinach plus added dietary fiber for beta-carotene was 5.1, 6.4, 9.5 and 9.3%, respectively, and for lutein 45, 52, 55 and 54%, respectively. We conclude that the bioavailability of lutein from spinach was higher than that of beta-carotene and that enzymatic disruption of the matrix (cell wall structure) enhanced the bioavailability of beta-carotene from whole leaf and minced spinach, but had no effect on lutein bioavailability. (+info)

A survey of serum and dietary carotenoids in captive wild animals. (2/2951)

Accumulation of carotenoids varies greatly among animal species and is not fully characterized. Circulating carotenoid concentration data in captive wild animals are limited and may be useful for their management. Serum carotenoid concentrations and dietary intakes were surveyed and the extent of accumulation categorized for 76 species of captive wild animals at Brookfield Zoo. Blood samples were obtained opportunistically from 275 individual animals immobilized for a variety of reasons; serum was analyzed for alpha- and beta-carotene, lutein + zeaxanthin, lycopene, beta-cryptoxanthin and canthaxanthin. Total carotenoid content of diets was calculated from tables and chemical analyses of commonly consumed dietary components. Diets were categorized as low, moderate or high in carotenoid content as were total serum carotenoid concentrations. Animals were classified as unknown, high, moderate or low (non-) accumulators of dietary cartenoids. Nonaccumulators had total serum carotenoid concentrations of 0-101 nmol/L, whereas accumulators had concentrations that ranged widely, from 225 to 35,351 nmol/L. Primates were uniquely distinguished by the widest range of type and concentration of carotenoids in their sera. Most were classified as high to moderate accumulators. Felids had high accumulation of beta-carotene regardless of dietary intake, whereas a wide range of exotic birds accumulated only the xanthophylls, lutein + zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin or cryptoxanthin. The exotic ungulates, with the exception of the bovids, had negligible or nondetectable carotenoid serum concentrations despite moderate intakes. Bovids accumulated only beta-carotene despite moderately high lutein + zeaxanthin intakes. Wild captive species demonstrated a wide variety of carotenoid accumulation patterns, which could be exploited to answer remaining questions concerning carotenoid metabolism and function. (+info)

Accumulation of astaxanthin all-E, 9Z and 13Z geometrical isomers and 3 and 3' RS optical isomers in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is selective. (3/2951)

Concentrations of all-E-, 9Z- and 13Z- geometrical and (3R,3'R), (3R, 3'S) and (3S,3'S) optical isomers of astaxanthin were determined in rainbow trout liver, gut tissues, kidney, skin and blood plasma to evaluate their body distribution. Two cold-pelleted diets containing predominantly all-E-astaxanthin (36.9 mg/kg astaxanthin, 97% all-E-, 0.4% 9Z-, 1.5% 13Z-astaxanthin, and 1.1% other isomers, respectively) or a mixture of all-E- and Z-astaxanthins (35.4 mg/kg astaxanthin, 64% all-E-, 18.7% 9Z-, 12.3% 13Z-astaxanthin, and 2.0% other isomers, respectively), were fed to duplicate groups of trout for 69 d. Individual E/Z isomers were identified by VIS- and 1H-NMR-spectrometry, and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Significantly higher total carotenoid concentration was observed in plasma of trout fed diets with all-E-astaxanthin (P < 0.05). The relative E/Z-isomer concentrations of plasma, skin and kidney were not significantly different among groups, whereas all-E-astaxanthin was higher in intestinal tissues and 13Z-astaxanthin was lower in liver of trout fed all-E-astaxanthin (P < 0.05). The relative amount of hepatic 13Z-astaxanthin (39-49% of total astaxanthin) was higher than in all other samples (P < 0.05). Synthetic, optically inactive astaxanthin was used in all experiments, and the determined dietary ratio between the 3R,3'R:3R, 3'S (meso):3S,3'S optical isomers was 25.3:49.6:25.1. The distribution of R/S-astaxanthin isomers in feces, blood, liver and fillet was similar to that in the diets. The ratio between (3S,3'S)- and (3R,3'R)-astaxanthin in the skin and posterior kidney was ca. 2:1 and 3:1, respectively, regardless of dietary E/Z-astaxanthin composition. The results show that geometrical and optical isomers of astaxanthin are distributed selectively in different tissues of rainbow trout. (+info)

Carotenoid intakes, assessed by dietary questionnaire, are associated with plasma carotenoid concentrations in an elderly population. (4/2951)

High intakes of fruits and vegetables and of carotenoids are associated with a lower risk for a variety of chronic diseases. It is therefore important to test the validity of dietary questionnaires that assess these intakes. We compared intakes of five carotenoids, as calculated from responses to the Willett 126-item food-frequency questionnaire, with corresponding biochemical measures. Subjects included 346 women and 201 men, aged 67-93 y, in the Framingham Heart Study. Unadjusted correlations were higher among women than men as follows: alpha-carotene 0.33 and 0.18, beta-carotene, 0.36 and 0.25; beta-cryptoxanthin, 0.44 and 0.32; lycopene, 0.35 and 0.21; and lutein + zeaxanthin, 0.27 and 0.10, respectively. Adjustment for age, energy intake, body mass index (BMI, kg/m2), plasma cholesterol concentrations and smoking reduced the gender differences, respectively, to the following: alpha-carotene 0.30 and 0.28; beta-carotene, 0.34 and 0.31; beta-cryptoxanthin, 0.45 and 0.36; lycopene, 0.36 and 0.31; and lutein + zeaxanthin, 0.24 and 0.14. Plots of adjusted mean plasma carotenoid concentration by quintile of respective carotenoid intake show apparent greater responsiveness among women, compared with men, to dietary intake of alpha- and beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin, but similar blood-diet relationships for lycopene and lutein + zeaxanthin. Reported daily intake of fruits and vegetables correlated most strongly with plasma beta-cryptoxanthin and beta-carotene among women and with plasma alpha- and beta-carotene among men. With the exception of lutein + zeaxanthin, this dietary questionnaire does provide reasonable rankings of carotenoid status among elderly subjects, with the strongest correlations for beta-cryptoxanthin. Appropriate adjustment of confounders is necessary to clarify these associations among men. (+info)

Tomatoes, tomato-based products, lycopene, and cancer: review of the epidemiologic literature. (5/2951)

The epidemiologic literature in the English language regarding intake of tomatoes and tomato-based products and blood lycopene (a compound derived predominantly from tomatoes) level in relation to the risk of various cancers was reviewed. Among 72 studies identified, 57 reported inverse associations between tomato intake or blood lycopene level and the risk of cancer at a defined anatomic site; 35 of these inverse associations were statistically significant. No study indicated that higher tomato consumption or blood lycopene level statistically significantly increased the risk of cancer at any of the investigated sites. About half of the relative risks for comparisons of high with low intakes or levels for tomatoes or lycopene were approximately 0.6 or lower. The evidence for a benefit was strongest for cancers of the prostate, lung, and stomach. Data were also suggestive of a benefit for cancers of the pancreas, colon and rectum, esophagus, oral cavity, breast, and cervix. Because the data are from observational studies, a cause-effect relationship cannot be established definitively. However, the consistency of the results across numerous studies in diverse populations, for case-control and prospective studies, and for dietary-based and blood-based investigations argues against bias or confounding as the explanation for these findings. Lycopene may account for or contribute to these benefits, but this possibility is not yet proven and requires further study. Numerous other potentially beneficial compounds are present in tomatoes, and, conceivably, complex interactions among multiple components may contribute to the anticancer properties of tomatoes. The consistently lower risk of cancer for a variety of anatomic sites that is associated with higher consumption of tomatoes and tomato-based products adds further support for current dietary recommendations to increase fruit and vegetable consumption. (+info)

Cyclin D1 proteolysis: a retinoid chemoprevention signal in normal, immortalized, and transformed human bronchial epithelial cells. (6/2951)

BACKGROUND: Retinoids (derivatives of vitamin A) are reported to reduce the occurrence of some second primary cancers, including aerodigestive tract tumors. In contrast, beta-carotene does not reduce the occurrence of primary aerodigestive tract cancers. Mechanisms explaining these effective retinoid and ineffective carotenoid chemoprevention results are poorly defined. Recently, the all-trans-retinoic acid (RA)-induced proteolysis of cyclin D1 that leads to the arrest of cells in G1 phase of the cell cycle was described in human bronchial epithelial cells and is a promising candidate for such a mechanism. In this study, we have investigated this proteolysis as a common signal used by carotenoids or receptor-selective and receptor-nonselective retinoids. METHODS: We treated cultured normal human bronchial epithelial cells, immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B), and transformed human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2BNNK) with receptor-selective or receptor-nonselective retinoids or with carotenoids and studied the effects on cell proliferation by means of tritiated thymidine incorporation and on cyclin D1 expression by means of immunoblot analysis. We also examined whether calpain inhibitor I, an inhibitor of the 26S proteasome degradation pathway, affected the decline (i.e., proteolysis) of cyclin D1. RESULTS: Receptor-nonselective retinoids were superior to the carotenoids studied in mediating the decline in cyclin D1 expression and in suppressing the growth of bronchial epithelial cells. Retinoids that activated retinoic acid receptor beta or retinoid X receptor pathways preferentially led to a decrease in the amount of cyclin D1 protein and a corresponding decline in growth. The retinoid-mediated degradation of cyclin D1 was blocked by cotreatment with calpain inhibitor I. CONCLUSIONS: Retinoid-dependent cyclin D1 proteolysis is a common chemoprevention signal in normal and neoplastic human bronchial epithelial cells. In contrast, carotenoids did not affect cyclin D1 expression. Thus, the degradation of cyclin D1 is a candidate intermediate marker for effective retinoid-mediated cancer chemoprevention in the aerodigestive tract. (+info)

Protective effect of dietary tomato against endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic mice. (7/2951)

The effects of dietary ingestion of tomato were studied in mice that had been made hypercholesterolemic by feeding atherogenic diets. Mice which had been fed on the atherogenic diet without tomato for 4 months had significantly increased plasma lipid peroxide, and the vaso-relaxing activity in the aorta induced by acetylcholine (ACh) was harmed when compared with mice fed on a common commercial diet. On the other hand, mice which had been fed on the atherogenic diet containing 20% (w/w) lyophilized powder of tomato showed less increase in the plasma lipid peroxide level, and ACh-induced vaso-relaxation was maintained at the same level as that in normal mice. These results indicate that tomato has a preventive effect on atherosclerosis by protecting plasma lipids from oxidation. (+info)

Glutathione-S-transferase (GSTM1) genetic polymorphisms do not affect human breast cancer risk, regardless of dietary antioxidants. (8/2951)

Glutathione-S-transferases catalyze the detoxication of carcinogen metabolites and reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced through a number of mechanisms. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) M1 is polymorphic, and the null allele results in a lack of enzyme activity. Because there are indications that ROS may be involved in breast carcinogenesis, we sought to determine whether the GSTM1 null allele was associated with increased breast cancer, particularly among women with lower consumption of dietary sources of alpha-tocopherol, carotenoids and ascorbic acid. In a study of diet and cancer in western New York, women with primary, incident, histologically confirmed breast cancer (n = 740) and community controls (n = 810) were interviewed and an extensive food-frequency questionnaire administered. A subset of these women provided a blood specimen. DNA was extracted and genotyping performed for GSTM1. Data were available for 279 cases and 340 controls. The null allele did not increase breast cancer risk, regardless of menopausal status. There were also no differences in associations between the polymorphism and risk among lower and higher consumers of dietary sources of antioxidants or smokers and nonsmokers. These results indicate that GSTM1 genetic polymorphisms are not associated with breast cancer risk, even in an environment low in antioxidant defenses. (+info)

... Terpenoids Carotenoids as Flavor and Fragrance Precursors Carotenoid gene in aphids International Carotenoid Society ... In animals carotenoids play an important role to support oxygen in its transport, storage and metabolism. Carotenoids are ... Carotenoids can transfer excitation energy in one of two ways: 1) singlet-singlet energy transfer from carotenoid to ... Cooking carotenoid-containing vegetables in oil and shredding the vegetable both increase carotenoid bioavailability. There are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoid

Carotenoid+isomerooxygenase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology (EC 1.13.11) ... Carotenoid isomerooxygenase (EC 1.13.11.65, ninaB (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name zeaxanthin:oxygen 15,15'- ... "NinaB combines carotenoid oxygenase and retinoid isomerase activity in a single polypeptide". Proceedings of the National ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoid_isomerooxygenase

... s are a family of enzymes involved in the cleavage of carotenoids to produce, for example, retinol, ... Carotenoid oxygenases cleave a variety of carotenoids into a range of biologically important products, including apocarotenoids ... Carotenoid Oxygenase information More Carotenoid Oxygenase information This article incorporates text from the public domain ... Carotenoids such as beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein and beta-cryptoxanthin are produced in plants and certain bacteria, algae ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoid_oxygenase

... es are physical associations of carotenoids with other molecules. Carotenoids are hydrophobic molecules that ... Another carotenoid, lutein is also found in different organs but it is one of the most preferred carotenoids of the brain and ... The spectrum of carotenoids varies in different organs and different tissues. For example, lycopene can be found in most human ... Carotenoids with preferential affinity to different organs may serve as a vector for the whole particles and for more targeted ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoid_complex

... each binds carotenoid. The CCPs resolve into 2 major groups, and these proteins also bind carotenoid. Given these data, and the ... In OCPO, the carotenoid spans both domains, which are tightly associated in this form of protein. In 2013 Kerfeld and co- ... Orange carotenoid protein (OCP) is a water-soluble protein which plays a role in photoprotection in diverse cyanobacteria. It ... Moreover, carotenoids are widely investigated for their properties as anti-oxidants, and thus the protein may serve as a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_carotenoid_protein

Carotenoid+1,2-hydratase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology (EC 4.2.1). ... Carotenoid 1,2-hydratase (EC 4.2.1.131, CrtC) is an enzyme with systematic name lycopene hydro-lyase (1-hydroxy-1,2- ... Hiseni A, Arends IW, Otten LG (August 2011). "Biochemical characterization of the carotenoid 1,2-hydratases (CrtC) from ... and enzymatic characterization of the acyclic carotenoid 1,2-hydratase from Rubrivivax gelatinosus". Archives of Biochemistry ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoid_1,2-hydratase

Carotenoid-9',10'-cleaving+dioxygenase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology ( ... Carotenoid-9',10'-cleaving dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.71, BCO2 (gene), beta-carotene 9',10'-monooxygenase (misleading)) is an ... beta-ionone Carotenoid-9',10'-cleaving dioxygenase contains Fe2+. Kiefer C, Hessel S, Lampert JM, Vogt K, Lederer MO, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoid-9',10'-cleaving_dioxygenase

The carotenoid binding site is lined with a striking number of methionine residues. The N-terminal domain of OCP is usually ... In molecular biology the orange carotenoid N-terminal domain is a protein domain found predominantly at the N-terminus of the ... Orange carotenoid-binding proteins (OCP) were first identified in cyanobacterial species, where they occur associated with ... NUTF2 Orange Carotenoid Protein Carotenoprotein Fluorescence recovery protein NTF2 fold Kirilovsky D, Kerfeld CA (Jul 2013). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_carotenoid_N-terminal_domain

... (EC 1.13.12.12) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 8'-apo-beta-carotenol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apo-beta-carotenoid-14',13'-dioxygenase

... (EC 1.13.11.67) is an enzyme with systematic name 8'-apo-beta-carotenol:O2 ... 8'-apo-beta-carotenoid+14',13'-cleaving+dioxygenase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ... apo-beta-carotenoid 14',13'-cleaving dioxygenase is a thiol-dependent enzyme isolated from rat and rabbit. Dmitrovskii AA, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8'-apo-beta-carotenoid_14',13'-cleaving_dioxygenase

... or as provitamin A carotenoids, which are plant pigments digested into vitamin A after consuming carotenoid-rich plant foods, ... As some carotenoids can be converted into vitamin A, attempts have been made to determine how much of them in the diet is ... For ULs, carotenoids are not added when calculating total vitamin A intake for safety assessments. The European Food Safety ... The other carotenoids have no vitamin activity. Dietary retinol is absorbed from the digestive tract via passive diffusion. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A

... is one of the most common carotenoids in nature, and is used in the xanthophyll cycle. Synthesized in plants and ... "Carotenoids". Retrieved 6 May 2012. "Lutein + Zeaxanthin Content of Selected Foods". Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State ... Due to the commercial value of carotenoids, their biosynthesis has been studied extensively in both natural products and non- ... Zeaxanthin is one of the two primary xanthophyll carotenoids contained within the retina of the eye. Zeaxanthin supplements are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeaxanthin

... and were likely formed through chemical reactions of other dietary carotenoids. These species-specific carotenoids are ... Carotenoids. 504 (1): 142-153. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2010.08.006. ISSN 0003-9861. PMC 3887449. PMID 20709013. Barreiros, Marcelo ... This distinct colorization consists of pigments from eight different carotenoids, six of which are unique to the Xipholena ... Additionally, the complexity of the creation of these pigments allows for an added diversity in the carotenoid products ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompadour_cotinga

"Carotenoids". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. August 2016. ... What are dietary reference intakes?". Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Institute ... Included as nutritional constituents are provitamin A carotenoids, whereas those without nutrient status are diverse ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient

Carotenoids List of phytochemicals in food MSDS at Carl Roth (Lutein Rotichrom, German). "Lutein", Random House Webster's ... This includes chickens (usually in combination with other carotenoids), to get color in egg yolks, and fish farms to color the ... Skin health via orally consumed supplements is one of the fastest growing areas of the US$2 billion carotenoid market. ... Three subsequent meta-analyses of dietary lutein and zeaxanthin concluded that these carotenoids lower the risk of progression ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutein

"Carotenoids". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 1 July 2016. Retrieved 27 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum

Among carotenoids such as the tomato phytochemical, lycopene, the US Food and Drug Administration found insufficient evidence ... A converse exists in the case of carotenoids, such as lycopene present in tomatoes, which may remain stable or increase in ... "Carotenoids". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. July 2016 ... Food processing techniques like mechanical processing can also free carotenoids and other phytochemicals from the food matrix, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochemical

Lycopene, the unsaturated carotenoid that lycopane may be derived from, has a very characteristic Raman spectrum that is easily ... However, this process has been identified in other carotenoids (e.g. carotene to carotane). Sulfur has been proposed as a ... Carotenoids have long generated astrobiological interest given their diagnostic Raman spectra, their unlikelihood of being ... "Carotenoids , Linus Pauling Institute , Oregon State University". 2017-05-21. Archived from the original on 2017-05-21. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycopane

... carotenoids; siderophores; cholic acid derivatives and organic acids. It is hoped that further research into alkaliphilic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaliphile

... with β-carotene as the best-known provitamin A carotenoid. Others include α-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin. Carotenoid absorption ... The separation of β-carotene from the mixture of other carotenoids is based on the polarity of a compound. β-Carotene is a non- ... November 2006). "Intake of the major carotenoids and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in a pooled analysis of 10 cohort ... Sunless tanning with beta-carotene Vitamin A Retinol Carotenoids Hursthouse, M. B.; Nathani, S. C.; Moss, G. P. (2004). "CSD ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Β-Carotene

... (1,2-dihydro-ψ,ψ-caroten-1-ol) is a carotenoid. It is a major carotenoid of phototropic bacteria such as ... Britton G, Liaaen-Jensen S, Pfander HP (2004). Carotenoids: Handbook. Springer. p. 109. ISBN 978-3-7643-6180-8. v t e (Articles ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodopin

Over 600 carotenoids are known, each with a variety of functional groups that alter their absorption spectrum. Okenone appears ... Okenone is a carotenoid, a class of pigments ubiquitous across photosynthetic organisms. These conjugated molecules act as ... Finding any of these carotenoids in ancient rocks could constrain the depth of the oxic to anoxic transition as well as confine ... Cobbs, Cassidy; Heath, Jeremy; Stireman III, John O.; Abbot, Patrick (2013-08-01). "Carotenoids in unexpected places: Gall ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okenane

Leffingwell, John C. "Boronia: A Review". Aroma from Carotenoids. "Boronia megastigma Bartl". Atlas of Living Australia. ( ...

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"Macular Carotenoids Conference Chair appointed Chair Of Human Nutrition in WIT, Ireland". Macular Carotenoids Conference. 10 ... Carotenoids and Retinal Disease. Further conferences on Macular Carotenoids at Downing College were held in 2013 and 2015. The ... This was followed by the first Macular Carotenoids Conference also held at Downing College in July 2011 which led to a book, ... Landrum, John T; Nolan, John (18 October 2013). Carotenoids and Retinal Disease. CRC Press. ISBN 9781466502055. "Brain and ...

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Leffingwell, John C. (1999). "Rose (Rosa damascena)". Aroma from Carotenoids. Leffingwell & Associates. Retrieved 2006-06-08. ...

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In contrast to all other carotenoids, phytoene and phytofluene, the first carotenoid precursors in the biosynthetic pathway of ... Accumulation of these carotenoids in the skin may protect the skin by several mechanisms: acting as UV absorbers, as ... The synthesis of phytoene is the first committed step in the synthesis of carotenoids in plants. Phytoene is produced from two ... "Carotenoid Biosynthesis". Archived from the original on 2016-11-05. Retrieved 2009-02-25. Phytoene synthase Khachik F, Carvalho ...

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Carotenoids formed in fungi are presumably formed from mevalonic acid precursors. Carotenoids are formed by a head-to-head ... In plants, carotenoids can occur in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. Carotenoids have two important functions in ... Carotenoid "Tetraterpenes and Carotenoids". www.life.illinois.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-03-20. (Articles needing ... Xanthophylls are carotenoids with molecules containing oxygen, such as lutein and zeaxanthin. Carotenes are carotenoids with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_secondary_metabolism

Synthetic carotenoid pigments colored yellow, red or orange represent about 15-25% of the cost of production of commercial ... Astaxanthin, and other chemically related asta-carotenoids, has also been found in a number of lichen species of the arctic ... Astaxanthin /æstəˈzænθɪn/ is a keto-carotenoid within a group of chemical compounds known as terpenes. Astaxanthin is a ... Cooper, R. D. G.; Davis, J. B.; Leftwick, A. P.; Price, C.; Weedon, B. (1975). "Carotenoids and related compounds. XXXII. ...

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Carotenoids are long-lasting. In addition, carotenoids have been linked to a more attractive skin tone (defined as a more ... Armstrong GA, Hearst JE (1996). "Carotenoids 2: Genetics and molecular biology of carotenoid pigment biosynthesis". The FASEB ... 11 January 2011). "Carotenoids linked to attractive skin tone". PsyPost. Stahl W, Sies H (November 2012). "β-Carotene and other ... Lycopene may be the most powerful carotenoid quencher of singlet oxygen. Due to its strong color and non-toxicity, lycopene is ...

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Carotenoids are important simple isoprenoids that function as antioxidants and as precursors of vitamin A. Another biologically ... Some dietary fat is necessary to facilitate absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) and carotenoids.: 903 Humans ... Rao AV, Rao LG (March 2007). "Carotenoids and human health". Pharmacological Research. 55 (3): 207-16. doi:10.1016/j.phrs. ... including the carotenoids, are made by the assembly and modification of isoprene units donated from the reactive precursors ...

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Early 2003 Deming Regression Analysis for A/E/Carotenoids Y(CDC)=X(CTI) in μg/dL. Test. n. Y(CDC)=X(CTI) r2 ... Late 2004 Deming Regression Analysis for A/E/Carotenoids Y(CDC)=X(CTI) in μg/dL. Test. n. Y(CDC)=X(CTI) r2 ... Combined Deming Regression Analysis for A/E/Carotenoids Y(CDC)=X(CTI) in μg/dL. Test. n. Y(CDC)=X(CTI) r2 ... Vitamin A, Vitamin E & Carotenoids (L45VIT_C) Data File: L45VIT_C.xpt First Published: October 2007. Last Revised: NA Note: ...

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... of the total carotenoid content of plants. It is also the most active carotenoid, with the highest bioconversibility in the ... Carotenoids are C40 tetraterpenoids, which stand out for their antioxidant activity. Among them are carotenes (very apolar ... The biological activity of carotenoids depends on their bioaccessibility and solubilization in the gastrointestinal tract. The ... β-Carotene is the most commonly found carotenoid, accounting for 25-30% ...

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Perhaps the best case for the effects of supplementation can be made for carotenoids associated with eye health, says an expert ... Related topics Research Markets Antioxidants/carotenoids Cognitive function Eye health Inflammation Related news. Show more * ... For research backing, carotenoids are king, eye health expert says. By Hank Schultz 13-Apr-2017. - Last updated on 14-Apr-2017 ... These carotenoids have both a physical and metabolic function, Stringham said. From a purely physical, mechanical point of view ...

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... the carotenoids beta-carotene and lycopene, and tocopherol (vitamin E) with the risk of prostate cancer in a nested case- ... Retinol, carotenoids, and tocopherol and risk of prostate cancer J Natl Cancer Inst. 1990 Jun 6;82(11):941-6. doi: 10.1093/jnci ... We investigated the associations of serum retinol, the carotenoids beta-carotene and lycopene, and tocopherol (vitamin E) with ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2342127/

α1-α2 helices of the AstaPo1 FAS1 domain embrace the carotenoid polyene like a jaw, forming a hydrophobic tunnel, too short to ... FAS1 domains, a family of cell adhesion molecules, have a carotenoid-binding function in an astaxanthin-binding protein AstaP ... A unique microalgal FAS1-containing astaxanthin (AXT)-binding protein (AstaP) binds a broad repertoire of carotenoids by a ... AXT-contacting AstaPo1 residues exhibit different conservation in AstaPs with the tentative carotenoid-binding function and in ...

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Results for Round Robin LXXIV Fat-Soluble Vitamins and Carotenoids in Human Serum and Round Robin 39 Ascorbic Acid in Human ... Results for Round Robin LXXIV Fat-Soluble Vitamins and Carotenoids in Human Serum and Round Robin 39 Ascorbic Acid in Human ...

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Moise, A. R., Al-Babili, S., & Wurtzel, E. T. (2014). MECHANISTIC ASPECTS OF CAROTENOID BIOSYNTHESIS. Chemical Reviews, 114(1 ...

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Category results Anti-Aging and subcategory Carotenoids ...

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C30 carotenoid synthase CrtM from Staphylococcus aureus produces novel carotenoids with the asymmetrical C35 backbone. The ... Umeno, Daisuke and Arnold, Frances H. (2003) A C35 Carotenoid Biosynthetic Pathway. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69 ... This result highlights the plastic and expansible nature of carotenoid pathways and illustrates how combinatorial biosynthesis ... thus creating a C35 carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in E. coli. Directed evolution to modulate desaturase step number, together ...

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Goodwin The Biochemistry of the Carotenoids: Volume II Animals: 2 9789401089456 Springer V9789401089456 ... Reviews for The Biochemistry of the Carotenoids: Volume II Animals: 2 Goodreads reviews for The Biochemistry of the Carotenoids ... Description for The Biochemistry of the Carotenoids: Volume II Animals: 2 Paperback. Num Pages: 240 pages, biography. BIC ... The Biochemistry of the Carotenoids: Volume II Animals: 2 T. W. Goodwin € 87.69 ...

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Biofortified high-carotenoid (HC) maize is a good component of feed for poultry, according to a study conducted by scientists ... High-carotenoid Maize Does Not Compromise Vitamin A Absorption in Poultry, Study. June 28, 2017 ... Results showed that provitamin A carotenoids were not used up in similar ways. Beta-carotene was converted into retinol in the ... HC maize is a genetically engineered biofortified crop that accumulates provitamin A carotenoids beta-carotene, beta- ...

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This website uses cookies. By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of cookies. Click Here to learn more about how we use cookies ...

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The role of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases in the regulation of carotenoid profiles during maturation in citrus fruit. Author ... The role of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases in the regulation of carotenoid profiles during maturation in citrus fruit ...

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You are here: Home / Book and Report Series / IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention / Carotenoids ... In this volume on carotenoids their chemical and physical characteristics, occurrence, production, use, analysis and human ... Chemical and physical characteristics of Carotenoid. Chapter 2. Occurrence, commercial sources, use and application, analysis ...

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... In light-harvesting complexes, carotenoids act as light-absorbers in the blue-green region of ... The energy levels of carotenoids and BChls The energy levels of carotenoids and Chls depicted in the figure suggest two ... We have also studied the mechanism of excitation transfer between carotenoids and chlorophylls [1]. The calculations show that ... Energy transfer between carotenoids and bacteriochlorophylls in a light harvesting protein. Ana Damjanović, Thorsten Ritz, and ...

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Antioxidant Carotenoids For A Longer, Healthier Life - InVite Health Podcast, Episode 283. Carotenoids are colorful pigments ... We can look at carotenoids, tocopherols, tocotrienols, flavonoids and vitamins A, C and E that are yielded from those fruits ... ANTIOXIDANT CAROTENOIDS FOR A LONGER, HEALTHIER LIFE - INVITE HEALTH PODCAST, EPISODE 283. Listen Now,, ...

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2. Carotenoids. Carotenoids are yellow to orange pigments, mostly tetraterpens and these pigments absorb light strongly in the ... Almost all carotenoid pigments have 40 carbon atoms. Ripening of fruits, floral colours and leaf colour change during autumn is ... Chlorophyll, Carotenoids, Phycobilins - Photosynthetic Pigments- , 11th Botany : Chapter 13 : Photosynthesis. Posted On : 06.05 ... Tags : Chlorophyll, Carotenoids, Phycobilins , 11th Botany : Chapter 13 : Photosynthesis Study Material, Lecturing Notes, ...

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Distribution of mycosporine-like amino acids and photoprotective carotenoids among freshwater phytoplankton assemblages. ... The concentration and qualitative composition of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) and photoprotective carotenoids (PPCs) ... including the synthesis of UV-absorbing compounds that act as sunscreens and carotenoids that provide protection against ... Distribution of mycosporine-like amino acids and photoprotective carotenoids among freshwater phytoplankton assemblages. ...

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Carotenoids : views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Cancer Preventive Agents, Lyon, 10-16 ... Carotenoids -- therapeutic use , Antineoplastic agents -- chemistry , Neoplasms -- prevention and control -- drug therapy , ...

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2018 Types of CarotenoidsBenefitsOutlookWhat are carotenoids?Carotenoids are pigments in plants, algae, and photosynthetic ... Carotenoids: Everything You Need to Know From www.healthline.com Medically reviewed by Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., ... Posts Carotenoids: Everything You Need to Know Carotenoids: Everything You Need to Know. Carotenoids: Everything You Need to ... Types of Carotenoids. Benefits. Outlook. What are carotenoids?. Carotenoids are pigments in plants, algae, and photosynthetic ...

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Carotenoids. Carotenoids are fat-soluble vitamins. (Beta carotene is the most studied, but there are 600+ carotenoids we know ... A lot of sources will say that one particular carotenoid, beta carotene, is the same thing as vitamin A, which isnt exactly ... Foods high in carotenoids include apricots, beef liver, beets, broccoli, cantaloupe, carrots, guava, mangoes, salmon, and ... Antioxidant vitamins can be broken down into flavonoids and carotenoids.. Flavonoids. Flavonoids (also called bioflavonoids) ...

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Carotenoids. Lycopene, β-carotene, and total carotenoids were extracted using 30 mg of freeze-dried powdered material per ... carotenoids. =. Abs. 485. ×. 2.7. weight. ×. 181. ×. 100. Total Nitrogen and Carbon. A sample of 0.5 g of freeze-dried and ... total carotenoids, and total carbon (Table 2). Except for lycopene and total carotenoid content, F-ratio values of the G × N ... Both H2 and CVP estimates for lycopene and total carotenoid content showed values of 0. We attribute this phenomenon not to the ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.633957/full

... chlorophyll and carotenoids content. At 640 nm laser wavelength both activity descriptors (C4 and ε) provided similar results, ... linear regression models showed that biospeckle activity descriptors had a higher correlation with chlorophyll and carotenoids ... chlorophyll and carotenoids content. The statistical significance of the tested relationships were investigated by means of ... In this study carotenoids were found in tomato tissues at the very beginning of the shelf life experiment confirming that they ...

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The best known carotenoid is beta-carotene. Beta carotene also has the most vitamin A activity of all of the carotenoids. Other ... Carotenoids are oil-soluble plant pigments that the body can convert to vitamin A. They are responsible for the bright colors ... carotenoids include alpha carotene, lycopene, lutein, astaxanthin, beta crpytoxanthin, and zeaxanthin. A ...

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... of carotenoids in PCs. No significant carotenoid degradation was observed in the PCs packaged under nitrogen conditions during ... Packaging under nitrogen conditions and lipid composition may be considered to optimize the shelf life and carotenoid retention ... A higher lipid content in the chips with palm oil enhanced the carotenoid retention in PCs. Moreover, a greater retention (p , ... The aim of the study was to evaluate the degradation kinetics of carotenoids (CTs) in vacuum-fried papaya (Carica papaya L.) ...

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HC maize is a genetically engineered biofortified crop that accumulates provitamin A carotenoids beta-carotene, beta-crytoxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin. (isaaa.org)
In the study, HC maize was tested as feed component in a chicken feeding trial to evaluate the bioavailability of provitamin A carotenoids in the kernel matrix compared to the synthetic and natural color additives currently used in the poultry industry. (isaaa.org)
Results showed that provitamin A carotenoids were not used up in similar ways. (isaaa.org)
These provitamin A carotenoids include alpha carotene, beta carotene, and beta cryptoxanthin. (eynsmassage.com)
Non-provitamin A carotenoids include lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene. (eynsmassage.com)
Provitamin A carotenoids can be converted into vitamin A, which is essential for growth, immune system function, and eye health. (eynsmassage.com)
Provitamin A carotenoids: Carotenoids are plant pigments (dyes). (medlineplus.gov)
The purpose of this investigation was to examine the association between dietary intake of vitamin A in the form of retinol and provitamin A carotenoids and the prevalence of bronchial squamous metaplasia in a sample of asbestos workers from an industrial clinic. (cdc.gov)
Pulmonary function testing was done and in-person interviews were conducted to estimate dietary intake of retinol and provitamin A carotenoids, tobacco exposure, and asbestos exposure. (cdc.gov)

We investigated the associations of serum retinol, the carotenoids beta-carotene and lycopene, and tocopherol (vitamin E) with the risk of prostate cancer in a nested case-control study. (nih.gov)
Relationship of Plasma Carotenoids, Retinol and Tocopherols in Mothers and Newborn Infants. (bvsalud.org)

Like those other dietary ingredients these carotenoids, especially lutein, can be found in many tissues, too, but their prevalence in the retina really stands apart. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
However, the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin found in the retina can help to absorb blue light. (eynsmassage.com)

Carotenoids are yellow to orange pigments, mostly tetraterpens and these pigments absorb light strongly in the blue to violet region of visible spectrum. (brainkart.com)
Almost all carotenoid pigments have 40 carbon atoms. (brainkart.com)
Carotenoids are pigments in plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. (eynsmassage.com)
Carotenoids are oil-soluble plant pigments that the body can convert to vitamin A. They are responsible for the bright colors of produce. (onlinehome.us)

Ripening of fruits, floral colours and leaf colour change during autumn is due to Carotenoids (Carotene and Xanthophyll) (Figure 13.3). (brainkart.com)
Xanthophyll carotenoids protect you from too much sunlight. (eynsmassage.com)

β-Carotene is the most commonly found carotenoid, accounting for 25-30% of the total carotenoid content of plants. (intechopen.com)
Carotene desaturases and carotene cyclases from C40 or C30 pathways accepted and converted the C35 substrate, thus creating a C35 carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in E. coli. (caltech.edu)
Carotene carotenoids play a significant role in helping plants grow. (eynsmassage.com)
Beta carotene and lycopene fall under this category of carotenoids. (eynsmassage.com)
Beta carotene is the most studied, but there are 600+ carotenoids we know about so far. (marksdailyapple.com)
A lot of sources will say that one particular carotenoid, beta carotene, is the same thing as vitamin A, which isn't exactly true. (marksdailyapple.com)
The best known carotenoid is beta-carotene. (onlinehome.us)
Beta carotene also has the most vitamin A activity of all of the carotenoids. (onlinehome.us)
One such carotenoid is beta-carotene. (medlineplus.gov)

Serum concentrations of vitamin A, vitamin E and carotenoids were tested on participants 3 years and older in 2001- 2002 and on participants 6 years and older in 2003-2004. (cdc.gov)
Carotenoids are rich sources of pro-vitamin A. These compounds are usually obtained from pumpkins (Cucurbita maxima, C. pepo, and C. moschata), as well as orange and yellow sweet potatoes. (intechopen.com)
Some carotenoids are rich sources of pro-vitamin A and carrots ( Daucus carota L.) were the first raw plant material source of carotenoids, which were isolated in 1831 [ 1 ], while the first separation and purification procedures were performed by Tswett [ 2 ]. (intechopen.com)
In addition, some carotenoids can be converted into vitamin A, an essential component for human health and growth. (eynsmassage.com)
Some carotenoids can break down into vitamin A, a nutrient that protects against premature skin damage from sun exposure. (eynsmassage.com)
Once ingested, the body converts these compounds into vitamin A. There are more than 500 known carotenoids. (medlineplus.gov)

We can look at carotenoids, tocopherols, tocotrienols, flavonoids and vitamins A, C and E that are yielded from those fruits and vegetables. (invitehealth.com)
Antioxidant vitamins can be broken down into flavonoids and carotenoids. (marksdailyapple.com)

Carotenoids are fat-soluble vitamins. (marksdailyapple.com)
We examined the association between the frequency of translocations (the most stable form of CA) and the intakes of vitamins C and E, and carotenoids among 82 male airline pilots. (cdc.gov)

A very early- branching Staphylococcus aureus lineage lacking the carotenoid pigment staphyloxanthin. (cdc.gov)

Perhaps the best case for the effects of supplementation can be made for carotenoids associated with eye health, says an expert who has studied the compounds. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
But in the case of the macular carotenoids, the effect of these compounds is clear, and evidence is mounting. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
Phytoplankton have evolved different strategies to minimize the potential damage caused by solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR), including the synthesis of UV-absorbing compounds that act as sunscreens and carotenoids that provide protection against photooxidative stress. (inrs.ca)
Carotenoids are fat-soluble compounds, meaning they are best absorbed with fat. (eynsmassage.com)

Upon coexpression with Erwinia geranylgeranyldiphosphate (GGDP) synthase in Escherichia coli, C30 carotenoid synthase CrtM from Staphylococcus aureus produces novel carotenoids with the asymmetrical C35 backbone. (caltech.edu)

Carotenoids are classified into two main groups: xanthophylls and carotenes. (eynsmassage.com)

This result highlights the plastic and expansible nature of carotenoid pathways and illustrates how combinatorial biosynthesis coupled with directed evolution can rapidly access diverse chemical structures. (caltech.edu)

Carotenoids are C40 tetraterpenoids, which stand out for their antioxidant activity. (intechopen.com)
Carotenoids act as a type of antioxidant for humans. (eynsmassage.com)
Both types of carotenoids have antioxidant properties. (eynsmassage.com)

Stringham, who is now a research scientist at the University of Georgia, has in the past studied visual performance and the role carotenoids play in other career stops including a stint as senior vision scientist at the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). (nutraingredients-usa.com)

Americans consume 40-50 of these carotenoids, mostly in fruits and vegetables (Khachik 1992). (cdc.gov)

Carotenoids must be consumed through the diet. (eynsmassage.com)
Increasing carotenoids via your diet can increase the amount of antioxidants and protective cells in your body. (eynsmassage.com)
Though mixed in results, one study showed a small decrease in risk from lung cancer when incorporating carotenoids into your diet. (eynsmassage.com)
It is even healthier to stop smoking and increase carotenoids in your diet to help your lungs heal as you move past the addiction. (eynsmassage.com)
Adding more carotenoid-rich foods to your diet can strengthen your immune system and overall health. (eynsmassage.com)

Unlike some protein-rich foods and vegetables, cooking and chopping carotenoid-rich foods increase the strength of the nutrients when they enter the bloodstream. (eynsmassage.com)

However, there exist certain dietary and non-dietary factors that may affect the skin carotenoid levels independently of the dietary intake of carotenoids . (bvsalud.org)

Eating carotenoid-rich foods can protect the healthy cells in the eye and prevent the growth of cancerous cells. (eynsmassage.com)

A unique microalgal FAS1-containing astaxanthin (AXT)-binding protein (AstaP) binds a broad repertoire of carotenoids by a largely unknown mechanism. (nature.com)
Energy transfer between carotenoids and bacteriochlorophylls in a light harvesting protein. (uiuc.edu)

The purpose of this chapter is to offer information about some raw plant materials containing carotenoids. (intechopen.com)

We have also studied the mechanism of excitation transfer between carotenoids and chlorophylls [1] . (uiuc.edu)

Stringham worked the other way, so to speak, starting with the obvious and profound concentration of these carotenoids in the eye and working backward to fill in the blanks as to why there are there. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
The concentration and qualitative composition of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) and photoprotective carotenoids (PPCs) were investigated in natural phytoplankton assemblages of 26 lakes located below and above the treeline in the Alps and the Pyrenees. (inrs.ca)

Carotenoids are beneficial antioxidants that can protect you from disease and enhance your immune system. (eynsmassage.com)
Carotenoids are antioxidants, lowering inflammation in the body. (eynsmassage.com)

In not offering they play an download carotenoids volume 2 of efficient and adjuvant results that is us a few field only how, and why, residential suggestions of Photosynthesis and Internet was' logged' in additional and preset flesh attention. (ask-media.org)

At least 700 carotenoids are found in nature (Britton 2004). (cdc.gov)

Efficient light harvesting through carotenoids. (uiuc.edu)

Therefore, this narrative review seeks to summarize the available research on factors that may affect the skin carotenoid levels, determine current gaps in knowledge , and provide guidance for future research efforts seeking to validate spectroscopy -measured skin carotenoid levels as a means of accurately estimating the FV intake among various populations . (bvsalud.org)

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Similarly, carotenoids have been associated with reducing the risk of skin cancer. (eynsmassage.com)
A Narrative Review of Factors Associated with Skin Carotenoid Levels. (bvsalud.org)
A promising method for quantifying the FV intake via proxy that has gained interest in recent years is the measurement of skin carotenoid levels via spectroscopy -based devices . (bvsalud.org)

The products of condensation of farnesyldiphosphate and GDP, C35 structures comprise 40 to 60% of total carotenoid accumulated. (caltech.edu)

These structure-activity relationships provide the first step towards the sequence-based prediction of the carotenoid-binding FAS1 members. (nature.com)

These carotenoids have both a physical and metabolic function, Stringham said. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
AXT-contacting AstaPo1 residues exhibit different conservation in AstaPs with the tentative carotenoid-binding function and in FAS1 proteins generally, which supports the idea of AstaP neofunctionalization within green algae. (nature.com)

There are more than 600 different types of carotenoids. (eynsmassage.com)

Though it's still being researched, carotenoid anti-inflammatory properties have been associated with improving cardiovascular health. (eynsmassage.com)

It is also the most active carotenoid, with the highest bioconversibility in the human body. (intechopen.com)

In this volume on carotenoids their chemical and physical characteristics, occurrence, production, use, analysis and human exposure, metabolism, kinetics and genetic variation are studied, as well as their cancer-preventive effects, other beneficial effects, carcinogenicity and other toxic effects. (who.int)

How do carotenoids work? (eynsmassage.com)

Carotenoids : views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Cancer Preventive Agents, Lyon, 10-16 December 1997. (who.int)

Carotenoids have been associated with lowering cancer risk, specifically lung cancer. (eynsmassage.com)

Anatomy6

Organisms9

Chemicals and Drugs26

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment4

Phenomena and Processes7

Technology, Industry, Agriculture6

The food matrix of spinach is a limiting factor in determining the bioavailability of beta-carotene and to a lesser extent of lutein in humans. (1/2951)

A survey of serum and dietary carotenoids in captive wild animals. (2/2951)

Accumulation of astaxanthin all-E, 9Z and 13Z geometrical isomers and 3 and 3' RS optical isomers in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is selective. (3/2951)

Carotenoid intakes, assessed by dietary questionnaire, are associated with plasma carotenoid concentrations in an elderly population. (4/2951)

Tomatoes, tomato-based products, lycopene, and cancer: review of the epidemiologic literature. (5/2951)

Cyclin D1 proteolysis: a retinoid chemoprevention signal in normal, immortalized, and transformed human bronchial epithelial cells. (6/2951)

Protective effect of dietary tomato against endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic mice. (7/2951)

Glutathione-S-transferase (GSTM1) genetic polymorphisms do not affect human breast cancer risk, regardless of dietary antioxidants. (8/2951)

Carotenoids

Xanthophylls

Lutein

beta Carotene

Geranylgeranyl-Diphosphate Geranylgeranyltransferase

Canthaxanthin

Intramolecular Lyases

Vitamin A

beta-Carotene 15,15'-Monooxygenase

Fruit

Vegetables

Pigments, Biological

Pigmentation

Tocopherols

Rhodopsins, Microbial

Daucus carota

Chlorophyll

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

Antioxidants

Diet

Bacteriochlorophylls

Vitamin E

Beak

Norisoprenoids

Dioxygenases

Alkyl and Aryl Transferases

Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes

Feathers

Light

Biosynthetic Pathways

Photosynthesis

Erwinia

Oxidoreductases

Capsicum

Rhodopseudomonas

Plant Tubers

alpha-Tocopherol

Macula Lutea

Chlorophyta

Singlet Oxygen

Plastids

Lycopersicon esculentum

Fat Substitutes

Spectrum Analysis, Raman

Color

Diospyros

Spectrophotometry

Energy Transfer

Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins

Crocus

Retinal Pigments

The food matrix of spinach is a limiting factor in determining the bioavailability of beta-carotene and to a lesser extent of lutein in humans. (1/2951)

A survey of serum and dietary carotenoids in captive wild animals. (2/2951)

Accumulation of astaxanthin all-E, 9Z and 13Z geometrical isomers and 3 and 3' RS optical isomers in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is selective. (3/2951)

Carotenoid intakes, assessed by dietary questionnaire, are associated with plasma carotenoid concentrations in an elderly population. (4/2951)

Tomatoes, tomato-based products, lycopene, and cancer: review of the epidemiologic literature. (5/2951)

Cyclin D1 proteolysis: a retinoid chemoprevention signal in normal, immortalized, and transformed human bronchial epithelial cells. (6/2951)

Protective effect of dietary tomato against endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic mice. (7/2951)

Glutathione-S-transferase (GSTM1) genetic polymorphisms do not affect human breast cancer risk, regardless of dietary antioxidants. (8/2951)

Carotenoid

Carotenoid isomerooxygenase

Carotenoid oxygenase

Carotenoid complex

Orange carotenoid protein

Carotenoid 1,2-hydratase

Carotenoid-9',10'-cleaving dioxygenase

Orange carotenoid N-terminal domain

Apo-beta-carotenoid-14',13'-dioxygenase

8'-apo-beta-carotenoid 14',13'-cleaving dioxygenase

Vitamin A

Zeaxanthin

Pompadour cotinga

Nutrient

Lutein

Taraxacum

Phytochemical

Lycopane

Alkaliphile

Β-Carotene

Rhodopin