A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
A class of drugs that differs from other alkylating agents used clinically in that they are monofunctional and thus unable to cross-link cellular macromolecules. Among their common properties are a requirement for metabolic activation to intermediates with antitumor efficacy and the presence in their chemical structures of N-methyl groups, that after metabolism, can covalently modify cellular DNA. The precise mechanisms by which each of these drugs acts to kill tumor cells are not completely understood. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2026)
An antineoplastic agent. It has significant activity against melanomas. (from Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p564)
A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle.
The treatment of a disease or condition by several different means simultaneously or sequentially. Chemoimmunotherapy, RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY, chemoradiotherapy, cryochemotherapy, and SALVAGE THERAPY are seen most frequently, but their combinations with each other and surgery are also used.
An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.
An enzyme that transfers methyl groups from O(6)-methylguanine, and other methylated moieties of DNA, to a cysteine residue in itself, thus repairing alkylated DNA in a single-step reaction. EC 2.1.1.63.
The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially in the drug therapy of neoplasms. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.
Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the LIVER to form the active aldophosphamide. It has been used in the treatment of LYMPHOMA and LEUKEMIA. Its side effect, ALOPECIA, has been used for defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer.
Transplantation of an individual's own tissue from one site to another site.
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)
Small containers or pellets of a solid drug implanted in the body to achieve sustained release of the drug.
A pyrimidine nucleoside analog that is used mainly in the treatment of leukemia, especially acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia. Cytarabine is an antimetabolite antineoplastic agent that inhibits the synthesis of DNA. Its actions are specific for the S phase of the cell cycle. It also has antiviral and immunosuppressant properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p472)
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.
Guanine is a purine nucleobase, one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA and RNA, involved in forming hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs in double-stranded DNA molecules.
Nitrosourea compounds are a class of alkylating agents used in cancer chemotherapy, which contain a nitro group (NO2) and a urea functional group (R-NH-CO-NH2), known for their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and damage DNA, thereby inhibiting tumor growth.
An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.
The transference of BONE MARROW from one human or animal to another for a variety of purposes including HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION or MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION.
An antitumor alkaloid isolated from VINCA ROSEA. (Merck, 11th ed.)
A lignan (LIGNANS) found in PODOPHYLLIN resin from the roots of PODOPHYLLUM plants. It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives.
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.
Transfer of HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS from BONE MARROW or BLOOD between individuals within the same species (TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS) or transfer within the same individual (TRANSPLANTATION, AUTOLOGOUS). Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been used as an alternative to BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION in the treatment of a variety of neoplasms.
Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases.
Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)
An alkylating agent of value against both hematologic malignancies and solid tumors.
A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function.
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.
A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.
Period after successful treatment in which there is no appearance of the symptoms or effects of the disease.
A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Teniposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. Teniposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cycle.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
A therapeutic approach, involving chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery, after initial regimens have failed to lead to improvement in a patient's condition. Salvage therapy is most often used for neoplastic diseases.
Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetius. It is a hydroxy derivative of DAUNORUBICIN.
Therapeutic act or process that initiates a response to a complete or partial remission level.
The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods.
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)
Preparative treatment of transplant recipient with various conditioning regimens including radiation, immune sera, chemotherapy, and/or immunosuppressive agents, prior to transplantation. Transplantation conditioning is very common before bone marrow transplantation.
An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of TETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA.
Time schedule for administration of a drug in order to achieve optimum effectiveness and convenience.
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE service for health professionals and consumers. It links extensive information from the National Institutes of Health and other reviewed sources of information on specific diseases and conditions.
It is a form of protection provided by law. In the United States this protection is granted to authors of original works of authorship, including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works. This protection is available to both published and unpublished works. (from Circular of the United States Copyright Office, 6/30/2008)
Patient health knowledge related to medications including what is being used and why as well as instructions and precautions.
Services providing pharmaceutic and therapeutic drug information and consultation.
Societies whose membership is limited to pharmacists.
Advanced programs of training to meet certain professional requirements in fields other than medicine or dentistry, e.g., pharmacology, nutrition, nursing, etc.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Maryland" is not a recognized medical term with a specific definition in the medical field. It refers to a state in the United States. If you have any questions about a medical condition or treatment, I would be happy to try and help answer those!

Electronic volume analysis of L1210 chemotherapy. (1/816)

The rapid analysis of in vivo chemotherapy on the L1210 ascites tumor grown in C57BL/6 X DBA/2F1 mice has been shown by means of an electronic volume analysis. The drugs were injected on the 4th day of tumor growth, and the cells in the peritoneal cavity were studied at 24-hr intervals on the 5th through 7th day. Using the electronic cell volume distributions, combined with labeling indices, cell morphology, and cell counts, it was found that the alkylating agents. 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and cyclophosphamide, at the dosages used, were more effective than the S-phase-specific drugs, palmitoyl ester of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, vincristine, and methotrexate.  (+info)

The minimum CD34 threshold depends on prior chemotherapy in autologous peripheral blood stem cell recipients. (2/816)

We analysed 57 patients with non-myeloid malignancies who received a non-purged autologous PBSCT. All had similar mobilisation and conditioning regimens. A high prior chemotherapy score and the number of chemotherapy lines used (P = 0.015 and P = 0.01, respectively) were adverse predictors of CD34 cell yields. Lower CD34 values (P = 0.002) were seen in patients treated with potent stem cell toxins (BCNU, melphalan, CCNU and mustine), designated toxicity factor 4 agents (TF4). All patients infused with grafts containing CD34 cell doses between 1.0 and 2.0 x 10(6)/kg (range 1.25-1.90) engrafted by day 51. The only variable associated with slow platelet recovery was exposure to TF4 (P = 0.007). The majority of patients with CD34 >1.0 x 10(6)/kg achieved rapid and sustained engraftment and the only predictive factor of delayed recovery is prior exposure to stem cell toxins. Potential PBSCT candidates should if possible avoid first line and salvage chemotherapy containing TF4 drugs. We therefore advocate a minimum CD34 threshold of >1.0 x 10(6)/kg in patients without extensive prior chemoradiotherapy, and > or = 2.0 x 10(6)/kg in all other patients.  (+info)

Combination of chemotherapy with interleukin-2 and interferon alfa for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. (3/816)

PURPOSE: The primary objective of this clinical study was to assess the feasibility of administering recombinant interleukin-2 and recombinant interferon alfa-2a before and after combination cytotoxic chemotherapy. After encouraging initial responses, the study was expanded to further evaluate the therapeutic potential, clarify the toxicities of this regimen, and explore any associated immunologic changes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighty-four patients with metastatic melanoma, including patients with brain metastases, were treated on this 6-week protocol. Patients received combination cisplatin (25 mg/m2/d) and dacarbazine (220 mg/m2/d) on days 1 through 3 and 22 through 24 plus carmustine (150 mg/m2) on day 1. Interleukin 2 (13.5 million IU/m2/d) and interferon alfa (6 MU/m2/d) were administered on days 4 through 8 and 17 through 21. RESULTS: Among 83 patients assessable for response, 12 complete and 34 partial responses were documented (55% response rate). The median time to disease progression was 7 months, the median survival from study entry was 12.2 months, and the median survival from diagnosis of metastatic disease was 15.5 months. Although patients were hospitalized to receive treatment, intensive care unit support generally was not needed. Dose-limiting toxicities were related to elevations in serum bilirubin and serum creatinine levels. No patient developed a grade 4 clinical toxicity. Treatment produced a skin depigmentation, which was associated with prolonged survival. CONCLUSION: A plateau in both the survival and time to progression curves beyond 2 years (15% of the patients) and a greater than 10% disease-free survival beyond 4 years indicate that there may be a long-term benefit for some patients. The limited toxicity of this regimen should permit its use in most oncology settings. A randomized trial of chemoimmunotherapy versus chemotherapy should be performed to establish the value of chemoimmunotherapy for melanoma.  (+info)

Early harvest and late transplantation as an effective therapeutic strategy in multiple myeloma. (4/816)

Transplantation after high-dose chemotherapy prolongs survival in patients with multiple myeloma compared with standard therapy. It is unclear whether the optimal timing of transplantation is immediately after induction chemotherapy or whether stem cells may be cryopreserved for transplantation at subsequent progression or relapse. In this study, stem cells were collected within 6 months of diagnosis, followed by transplantation only at progression of myeloma. One hundred and eighteen patients with multiple myeloma had stem cells collected and cryopreserved. Eleven had transplants early in the disease after they demonstrated failure to respond to primary therapy. The remaining 107 were eligible for transplants when there was evidence of progressive disease. Of the 118 patients, 67 had transplants, nine died of progressive disease before transplantation, and 42 remain alive in plateau phase. The median survival of the group is 58.5 months; 67 are alive. Serum beta2-microglobulin, bone marrow labeling index (S phase), and hemoglobin level predicted overall survival (P < 0.006, P < 0.001, and P < 0.01, respectively). We conclude that early cryopreservation of blood stem cells followed by transplantation at progression is a feasible approach to therapy in patients with myeloma. The underlying biology of the disease has a greater impact on survival than the timing of transplantation. A prospective randomized trial is required to answer definitively the question of the optimal timing of blood cell transplantation.  (+info)

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after autologous bone marrow transplantation and alpha-interferon immunotherapy. (5/816)

A patient with a stage IV mantle cell lymphoma (according to the REAL classification) was treated with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation. One year later while on alpha-interferon immunotherapy she suffered from progressive loss of short-term memory and reported difficulties in recognizing objects. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a vast ring-enhancing lesion of the left postcentral parietal area. Serial stereotactic biopsies disclosed progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy without JC-virus in the cerebrospinal fluid. Therapy with subcutaneous interleukin-2 (IL-2) every other day and intrathecal cytarabine once a week was started. After 4 weeks the patient refused further treatment. Nevertheless her condition improved over the next 8 months and MRI scans showed a marked improvement in the lesions.  (+info)

Role of antioxidant defenses against ethanol-induced damage in cultured rat gastric epithelial cells. (6/816)

Reactive oxygen species appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in vivo. Because ingested ethanol diffuses into the gastric mucosa, targeting both epithelium and endothelium, in the present study we examined the possible protective effect of antioxidants on ethanol damage in gastric epithelial cells and endothelial cells in vitro. Cytotoxicity by ethanol was quantified by measuring 51Cr release. The effects of impairment of the glutathione redox cycle and of inhibition of cellular catalase were examined. The generation of superoxide was assessed by the reduction in cytochrome c. Ethanol caused a time- and dose-dependent increase in 51Cr release from epithelial cells. Incubation of cells with DL-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine, while reducing glutathione production, dose dependently enhanced ethanol-induced injury. 1,3-Bis(chloroethyl)-nitrosourea, while inhibiting glutathione reductase activity, also sensitized cells to ethanol. In contrast, the inhibition of catalase with 3-amino-1,2, 4-triazole did not alter the susceptibility of epithelial cells to ethanol. Ethanol induced damage to endothelial cells in a similar fashion. In endothelial cells, however, neither impairment of the glutathione cycle nor inhibition of catalase influenced ethanol-induced damage. Epithelial cells, when exposed to ethanol, increased superoxide production as a function of ethanol concentration, whereas endothelial cells did not. The glutathione redox cycle, but not cellular catalase, plays a critical role in protecting epithelial cells against ethanol damage, whereas neither antioxidant seems to play a role in protection of endothelial cells. The distinct difference in antioxidant protection against ethanol appears to depend on the capability of each cell to produce cytotoxic oxygen species in response to ethanol exposure.  (+info)

Acute encephalopathy: a new toxicity associated with high-dose paclitaxel. (7/816)

The purpose of this study was to describe acute encephalopathy as a new toxicity associated with paclitaxel, when it is delivered at high doses (> or =600 mg/m2) with stem cell support. A total of 129 patients, included in clinical trials of paclitaxel-containing high-dose chemotherapy, were analyzed. A total of 114 patients received paclitaxel at a dose of > or =600 mg/m2. Six patients presented acute encephalopathy starting between 7 and 23 days after paclitaxel treatment; two of them had received prior whole-brain irradiation. Paclitaxel was given alone (one patient), with cyclophosphamide and cisplatin (two patients), and with cyclophosphamide and cisplatin plus 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (three patients). Central nervous system toxicity consisted of rapid obtundation and coma (five patients) and severe confusional picture with paranoid ideations (one patient). Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed diffuse white matter atrophy (one patient) or multiple small infarcts (one patient), or it was normal (four patients). Other complementary tests, including cerebrospinal fluid analysis and electroencephalography, were nondiagnostic. An effect from concomitant psychotropic medications or from other organ toxicities was excluded in all patients. Three patients recovered after 8-15 days, either spontaneously (two patients) or after high-dose steroids (one patient). Three patients died of irreversible coma. Necropsy, performed in two patients, showed generalized white matter atrophy and multiple brain parenchymal infarcts, respectively. No pharmacodynamic correlation between the occurrence of encephalopathy and a pharmacokinetic parameter of paclitaxel could be identified. Paclitaxel-containing high-dose chemotherapy can cause severe acute encephalopathy. An aggravating effect from prior brain irradiation or concurrent 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea seems possible.  (+info)

Influence of O6-benzylguanine on the anti-tumour activity and normal tissue toxicity of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and molecular combinations of 5-fluorouracil and 2-chloroethyl-1-nitrosourea in mice. (8/816)

Previous studies have demonstrated that novel molecular combinations of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and 2-chloroethyl-1-nitrosourea (CNU) have good preclinical activity and may exert less myelotoxicity than the clinically used nitrosoureas such as 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU). This study examined the effect of O6-alkylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase (ATase) depletion by the pseudosubstrate O6-benzylguanine (BG) on the anti-tumour activity and normal tissue toxicity in mice of three such molecular combinations, in comparison with BCNU. When used as single agents at their maximum tolerated dose, all three novel compounds produced a significant growth retardation of BCNU-resistant murine colon and human breast xenografts. This in vivo anti-tumour effect was potentiated by BG, but was accompanied by severe myelotoxicity as judged by spleen colony forming assays. However, while tumour resistance to BCNU was overcome using BG, this was at the expense of enhanced bone marrow, gut and liver toxicity. Therefore, although this ATase-depletion approach resulted in improved anti-tumour activity for all three 5-FU:CNU molecular combinations, the potentiated toxicities in already dose-limiting tissues indicate that these types of agents offer no therapeutic advantage over BCNU when they are used together with BG.  (+info)

Carmustine is a chemotherapy drug used to treat various types of cancer, including brain tumors, multiple myeloma, and Hodgkin's lymphoma. It belongs to a class of drugs called alkylating agents, which work by damaging the DNA in cancer cells, preventing them from dividing and growing.

Carmustine is available as an injectable solution that is administered intravenously (into a vein) or as implantable wafers that are placed directly into the brain during surgery. The drug can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and low blood cell counts, among others. It may also increase the risk of certain infections and bleeding complications.

As with all chemotherapy drugs, carmustine can have serious and potentially life-threatening side effects, and it should only be administered under the close supervision of a qualified healthcare professional. Patients receiving carmustine treatment should be closely monitored for signs of toxicity and other adverse reactions.

Antineoplastic agents, alkylating, are a class of chemotherapeutic drugs that work by alkylating (adding alkyl groups) to DNA, which can lead to the death or dysfunction of cancer cells. These agents can form cross-links between strands of DNA, preventing DNA replication and transcription, ultimately leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (programmed cell death). Examples of alkylating agents include cyclophosphamide, melphalan, and cisplatin. While these drugs are designed to target rapidly dividing cancer cells, they can also affect normal cells that divide quickly, such as those in the bone marrow and digestive tract, leading to side effects like anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and nausea/vomiting.

Dacarbazine is a medical term that refers to a chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of various types of cancer. It is an alkylating agent, which means it works by modifying the DNA of cancer cells, preventing them from dividing and growing. Dacarbazine is often used to treat malignant melanoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and soft tissue sarcomas.

The drug is typically administered intravenously in a hospital or clinic setting, and the dosage and schedule may vary depending on the type and stage of cancer being treated, as well as the patient's overall health and response to treatment. Common side effects of dacarbazine include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weakness or fatigue. More serious side effects, such as low white blood cell counts, anemia, and liver damage, may also occur.

It is important for patients receiving dacarbazine to follow their doctor's instructions carefully and report any unusual symptoms or side effects promptly. Regular monitoring of blood counts and other laboratory tests may be necessary to ensure safe and effective treatment.

Etoposide is a chemotherapy medication used to treat various types of cancer, including lung cancer, testicular cancer, and certain types of leukemia. It works by inhibiting the activity of an enzyme called topoisomerase II, which is involved in DNA replication and transcription. By doing so, etoposide can interfere with the growth and multiplication of cancer cells.

Etoposide is often administered intravenously in a hospital or clinic setting, although it may also be given orally in some cases. The medication can cause a range of side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and an increased risk of infection. It can also have more serious side effects, such as bone marrow suppression, which can lead to anemia, bleeding, and a weakened immune system.

Like all chemotherapy drugs, etoposide is not without risks and should only be used under the close supervision of a qualified healthcare provider. It is important for patients to discuss the potential benefits and risks of this medication with their doctor before starting treatment.

Combined modality therapy (CMT) is a medical treatment approach that utilizes more than one method or type of therapy simultaneously or in close succession, with the goal of enhancing the overall effectiveness of the treatment. In the context of cancer care, CMT often refers to the combination of two or more primary treatment modalities, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and systemic therapies (chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, etc.).

The rationale behind using combined modality therapy is that each treatment method can target cancer cells in different ways, potentially increasing the likelihood of eliminating all cancer cells and reducing the risk of recurrence. The specific combination and sequence of treatments will depend on various factors, including the type and stage of cancer, patient's overall health, and individual preferences.

For example, a common CMT approach for locally advanced rectal cancer may involve preoperative (neoadjuvant) chemoradiation therapy, followed by surgery to remove the tumor, and then postoperative (adjuvant) chemotherapy. This combined approach allows for the reduction of the tumor size before surgery, increases the likelihood of complete tumor removal, and targets any remaining microscopic cancer cells with systemic chemotherapy.

It is essential to consult with a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals to determine the most appropriate CMT plan for each individual patient, considering both the potential benefits and risks associated with each treatment method.

Melphalan is an antineoplastic agent, specifically an alkylating agent. It is used in the treatment of multiple myeloma and other types of cancer. The medical definition of Melphalan is:

A nitrogen mustard derivative that is used as an alkylating agent in the treatment of cancer, particularly multiple myeloma and ovarian cancer. Melphalan works by forming covalent bonds with DNA, resulting in cross-linking of the double helix and inhibition of DNA replication and transcription. This ultimately leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (programmed cell death) in rapidly dividing cells, such as cancer cells.

Melphalan is administered orally or intravenously, and its use is often accompanied by other anticancer therapies, such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Common side effects of Melphalan include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and bone marrow suppression, which can lead to anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia. Other potential side effects include hair loss, mucositis, and secondary malignancies.

It is important to note that Melphalan should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare professional, as it can cause serious adverse reactions if not administered correctly.

Antineoplastic combined chemotherapy protocols refer to a treatment plan for cancer that involves the use of more than one antineoplastic (chemotherapy) drug given in a specific sequence and schedule. The combination of drugs is used because they may work better together to destroy cancer cells compared to using a single agent alone. This approach can also help to reduce the likelihood of cancer cells becoming resistant to the treatment.

The choice of drugs, dose, duration, and frequency are determined by various factors such as the type and stage of cancer, patient's overall health, and potential side effects. Combination chemotherapy protocols can be used in various settings, including as a primary treatment, adjuvant therapy (given after surgery or radiation to kill any remaining cancer cells), neoadjuvant therapy (given before surgery or radiation to shrink the tumor), or palliative care (to alleviate symptoms and prolong survival).

It is important to note that while combined chemotherapy protocols can be effective in treating certain types of cancer, they can also cause significant side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, and an increased risk of infection. Therefore, patients undergoing such treatment should be closely monitored and managed by a healthcare team experienced in administering chemotherapy.

Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent, which is a type of chemotherapy medication. It works by interfering with the DNA of cancer cells, preventing them from dividing and growing. This helps to stop the spread of cancer in the body. Cyclophosphamide is used to treat various types of cancer, including lymphoma, leukemia, multiple myeloma, and breast cancer. It can be given orally as a tablet or intravenously as an injection.

Cyclophosphamide can also have immunosuppressive effects, which means it can suppress the activity of the immune system. This makes it useful in treating certain autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. However, this immunosuppression can also increase the risk of infections and other side effects.

Like all chemotherapy medications, cyclophosphamide can cause a range of side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, and increased susceptibility to infections. It is important for patients receiving cyclophosphamide to be closely monitored by their healthcare team to manage these side effects and ensure the medication is working effectively.

Autologous transplantation is a medical procedure where cells, tissues, or organs are removed from a person, stored and then returned back to the same individual at a later time. This is different from allogeneic transplantation where the tissue or organ is obtained from another donor. The term "autologous" is derived from the Greek words "auto" meaning self and "logos" meaning study.

In autologous transplantation, the patient's own cells or tissues are used to replace or repair damaged or diseased ones. This reduces the risk of rejection and eliminates the need for immunosuppressive drugs, which are required in allogeneic transplants to prevent the body from attacking the foreign tissue.

Examples of autologous transplantation include:

* Autologous bone marrow or stem cell transplantation, where stem cells are removed from the patient's blood or bone marrow, stored and then reinfused back into the same individual after high-dose chemotherapy or radiation therapy to treat cancer.
* Autologous skin grafting, where a piece of skin is taken from one part of the body and transplanted to another area on the same person.
* Autologous chondrocyte implantation, where cartilage cells are harvested from the patient's own knee, cultured in a laboratory and then implanted back into the knee to repair damaged cartilage.

Brain neoplasms, also known as brain tumors, are abnormal growths of cells within the brain. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign brain tumors typically grow slowly and do not spread to other parts of the body. However, they can still cause serious problems if they press on sensitive areas of the brain. Malignant brain tumors, on the other hand, are cancerous and can grow quickly, invading surrounding brain tissue and spreading to other parts of the brain or spinal cord.

Brain neoplasms can arise from various types of cells within the brain, including glial cells (which provide support and insulation for nerve cells), neurons (nerve cells that transmit signals in the brain), and meninges (the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord). They can also result from the spread of cancer cells from other parts of the body, known as metastatic brain tumors.

Symptoms of brain neoplasms may vary depending on their size, location, and growth rate. Common symptoms include headaches, seizures, weakness or paralysis in the limbs, difficulty with balance and coordination, changes in speech or vision, confusion, memory loss, and changes in behavior or personality.

Treatment for brain neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type, size, location, and grade of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these approaches. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence and manage any long-term effects of treatment.

A glioma is a type of tumor that originates from the glial cells in the brain. Glial cells are non-neuronal cells that provide support and protection for nerve cells (neurons) within the central nervous system, including providing nutrients, maintaining homeostasis, and insulating neurons.

Gliomas can be classified into several types based on the specific type of glial cell from which they originate. The most common types include:

1. Astrocytoma: Arises from astrocytes, a type of star-shaped glial cells that provide structural support to neurons.
2. Oligodendroglioma: Develops from oligodendrocytes, which produce the myelin sheath that insulates nerve fibers.
3. Ependymoma: Originate from ependymal cells, which line the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) in the brain and spinal cord.
4. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM): A highly aggressive and malignant type of astrocytoma that tends to spread quickly within the brain.

Gliomas can be further classified based on their grade, which indicates how aggressive and fast-growing they are. Lower-grade gliomas tend to grow more slowly and may be less aggressive, while higher-grade gliomas are more likely to be aggressive and rapidly growing.

Symptoms of gliomas depend on the location and size of the tumor but can include headaches, seizures, cognitive changes, and neurological deficits such as weakness or paralysis in certain parts of the body. Treatment options for gliomas may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

A drug implant is a medical device that is specially designed to provide controlled release of a medication into the body over an extended period of time. Drug implants can be placed under the skin or in various body cavities, depending on the specific medical condition being treated. They are often used when other methods of administering medication, such as oral pills or injections, are not effective or practical.

Drug implants come in various forms, including rods, pellets, and small capsules. The medication is contained within the device and is released slowly over time, either through diffusion or erosion of the implant material. This allows for a steady concentration of the drug to be maintained in the body, which can help to improve treatment outcomes and reduce side effects.

Some common examples of drug implants include:

1. Hormonal implants: These are small rods that are inserted under the skin of the upper arm and release hormones such as progestin or estrogen over a period of several years. They are often used for birth control or to treat conditions such as endometriosis or uterine fibroids.
2. Intraocular implants: These are small devices that are placed in the eye during surgery to release medication directly into the eye. They are often used to treat conditions such as age-related macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy.
3. Bone cement implants: These are specially formulated cements that contain antibiotics and are used to fill bone defects or joint spaces during surgery. The antibiotics are released slowly over time, helping to prevent infection.
4. Implantable pumps: These are small devices that are placed under the skin and deliver medication directly into a specific body cavity, such as the spinal cord or the peritoneal cavity. They are often used to treat chronic pain or cancer.

Overall, drug implants offer several advantages over other methods of administering medication, including improved compliance, reduced side effects, and more consistent drug levels in the body. However, they may also have some disadvantages, such as the need for surgical placement and the potential for infection or other complications. As with any medical treatment, it is important to discuss the risks and benefits of drug implants with a healthcare provider.

Cytarabine is a chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of various types of cancer, including leukemias and lymphomas. Its chemical name is cytosine arabinoside, and it works by interfering with the DNA synthesis of cancer cells, which ultimately leads to their death.

Cytarabine is often used in combination with other chemotherapy drugs and may be administered through various routes, such as intravenous (IV) or subcutaneous injection, or orally. The specific dosage and duration of treatment will depend on the type and stage of cancer being treated, as well as the patient's overall health status.

Like all chemotherapy drugs, cytarabine can cause a range of side effects, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hair loss, and an increased risk of infection. It may also cause more serious side effects, such as damage to the liver, kidneys, or nervous system, and it is important for patients to be closely monitored during treatment to minimize these risks.

It's important to note that medical treatments should only be administered under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional, and this information should not be used as a substitute for medical advice.

Hodgkin disease, also known as Hodgkin lymphoma, is a type of cancer that originates in the white blood cells called lymphocytes. It typically affects the lymphatic system, which is a network of vessels and glands spread throughout the body. The disease is characterized by the presence of a specific type of abnormal cell, known as a Reed-Sternberg cell, within the affected lymph nodes.

The symptoms of Hodgkin disease may include painless swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, or groin; fever; night sweats; weight loss; and fatigue. The exact cause of Hodgkin disease is unknown, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and infectious factors.

Hodgkin disease is typically treated with a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and/or immunotherapy, depending on the stage and extent of the disease. With appropriate treatment, the prognosis for Hodgkin disease is generally very good, with a high cure rate. However, long-term side effects of treatment may include an increased risk of secondary cancers and other health problems.

Glioblastoma, also known as Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is a highly aggressive and malignant type of brain tumor that arises from the glial cells in the brain. These tumors are characterized by their rapid growth, invasion into surrounding brain tissue, and resistance to treatment.

Glioblastomas are composed of various cell types, including astrocytes and other glial cells, which make them highly heterogeneous and difficult to treat. They typically have a poor prognosis, with a median survival rate of 14-15 months from the time of diagnosis, even with aggressive treatment.

Symptoms of glioblastoma can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor but may include headaches, seizures, nausea, vomiting, memory loss, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, changes in personality or behavior, and weakness or paralysis on one side of the body.

Standard treatment for glioblastoma typically involves surgical resection of the tumor, followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy with temozolomide. However, despite these treatments, glioblastomas often recur, leading to a poor overall prognosis.

Guanine is not a medical term per se, but it is a biological molecule that plays a crucial role in the body. Guanine is one of the four nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, along with adenine, cytosine, and thymine (in DNA) or uracil (in RNA). Specifically, guanine pairs with cytosine via hydrogen bonds to form a base pair.

Guanine is a purine derivative, which means it has a double-ring structure. It is formed through the synthesis of simpler molecules in the body and is an essential component of genetic material. Guanine's chemical formula is C5H5N5O.

While guanine itself is not a medical term, abnormalities or mutations in genes that contain guanine nucleotides can lead to various medical conditions, including genetic disorders and cancer.

Nitrosoureas are a class of chemical compounds that contain a nitroso (--NO) and urea (-NH-CO-NH-) functional group. In the field of medicine, nitrosoureas are primarily used as antineoplastic agents, or drugs designed to inhibit the growth of cancer cells.

These compounds work by alkylating and crosslinking DNA, which ultimately leads to the disruption of DNA replication and transcription processes in cancer cells, causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (programmed cell death). Nitrosoureas can also inhibit the activity of certain enzymes involved in DNA repair, further enhancing their cytotoxic effects.

Some common nitrosourea compounds used in clinical settings include:

1. Carmustine (BCNU)
2. Lomustine (CCNU)
3. Semustine (MeCCNU)
4. Fotemustine
5. Streptozocin

These drugs have been used to treat various types of cancer, such as brain tumors, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. However, their use is often limited by significant side effects, including myelosuppression (decreased production of blood cells), nausea, vomiting, and liver toxicity.

Cisplatin is a chemotherapeutic agent used to treat various types of cancers, including testicular, ovarian, bladder, head and neck, lung, and cervical cancers. It is an inorganic platinum compound that contains a central platinum atom surrounded by two chloride atoms and two ammonia molecules in a cis configuration.

Cisplatin works by forming crosslinks between DNA strands, which disrupts the structure of DNA and prevents cancer cells from replicating. This ultimately leads to cell death and slows down or stops the growth of tumors. However, cisplatin can also cause damage to normal cells, leading to side effects such as nausea, vomiting, hearing loss, and kidney damage. Therefore, it is essential to monitor patients closely during treatment and manage any adverse effects promptly.

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is a medical procedure in which damaged or destroyed bone marrow is replaced with healthy bone marrow from a donor. Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside bones that produces blood cells. The main types of BMT are autologous, allogeneic, and umbilical cord blood transplantation.

In autologous BMT, the patient's own bone marrow is used for the transplant. This type of BMT is often used in patients with lymphoma or multiple myeloma who have undergone high-dose chemotherapy or radiation therapy to destroy their cancerous bone marrow.

In allogeneic BMT, bone marrow from a genetically matched donor is used for the transplant. This type of BMT is often used in patients with leukemia, lymphoma, or other blood disorders who have failed other treatments.

Umbilical cord blood transplantation involves using stem cells from umbilical cord blood as a source of healthy bone marrow. This type of BMT is often used in children and adults who do not have a matched donor for allogeneic BMT.

The process of BMT typically involves several steps, including harvesting the bone marrow or stem cells from the donor, conditioning the patient's body to receive the new bone marrow or stem cells, transplanting the new bone marrow or stem cells into the patient's body, and monitoring the patient for signs of engraftment and complications.

BMT is a complex and potentially risky procedure that requires careful planning, preparation, and follow-up care. However, it can be a life-saving treatment for many patients with blood disorders or cancer.

Vincristine is an antineoplastic agent, specifically a vinca alkaloid. It is derived from the Madagascar periwinkle plant (Catharanthus roseus). Vincristine binds to tubulin, a protein found in microtubules, and inhibits their polymerization, which results in disruption of mitotic spindles leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (programmed cell death). It is used in the treatment of various types of cancer including leukemias, lymphomas, and solid tumors. Common side effects include peripheral neuropathy, constipation, and alopecia.

Podophyllotoxin is a pharmaceutical agent derived from the podophyllum plant. It is an antimitotic compound that inhibits microtubule assembly, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. It is primarily used in topical form as a treatment for genital warts, caused by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Podophyllotoxin works by interfering with the growth of the wart cells, eventually causing them to die off.

It's important to note that podophyllotoxin is a potent cytotoxic agent and should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional. It should not be taken orally or applied to open wounds, and it should be kept out of reach of children.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a type of cancer that originates in the lymphatic system, which is part of the immune system. It involves the abnormal growth and proliferation of malignant lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell), leading to the formation of tumors in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, or other organs. NHL can be further classified into various subtypes based on the specific type of lymphocyte involved and its characteristics.

The symptoms of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma may include:

* Painless swelling of lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, or groin
* Persistent fatigue
* Unexplained weight loss
* Fever
* Night sweats
* Itchy skin

The exact cause of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not well understood, but it has been associated with certain risk factors such as age (most common in people over 60), exposure to certain chemicals, immune system deficiencies, and infection with viruses like Epstein-Barr virus or HIV.

Treatment for Non-Hodgkin lymphoma depends on the stage and subtype of the disease, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, stem cell transplantation, or a combination of these approaches. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor the progression of the disease and manage any potential long-term side effects of treatment.

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) is a medical procedure where hematopoietic stem cells (immature cells that give rise to all blood cell types) are transplanted into a patient. This procedure is often used to treat various malignant and non-malignant disorders affecting the hematopoietic system, such as leukemias, lymphomas, multiple myeloma, aplastic anemia, inherited immune deficiency diseases, and certain genetic metabolic disorders.

The transplantation can be autologous (using the patient's own stem cells), allogeneic (using stem cells from a genetically matched donor, usually a sibling or unrelated volunteer), or syngeneic (using stem cells from an identical twin).

The process involves collecting hematopoietic stem cells, most commonly from the peripheral blood or bone marrow. The collected cells are then infused into the patient after the recipient's own hematopoietic system has been ablated (or destroyed) using high-dose chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. This allows the donor's stem cells to engraft, reconstitute, and restore the patient's hematopoietic system.

HSCT is a complex and potentially risky procedure with various complications, including graft-versus-host disease, infections, and organ damage. However, it offers the potential for cure or long-term remission in many patients with otherwise fatal diseases.

Alkylating agents are a class of chemotherapy drugs that work by alkylating, or adding an alkyl group to, DNA molecules. This process can damage the DNA and prevent cancer cells from dividing and growing. Alkylating agents are often used to treat various types of cancer, including Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and solid tumors. Examples of alkylating agents include cyclophosphamide, melphalan, and chlorambucil. These drugs can have significant side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and an increased risk of infection. They can also cause long-term damage to the heart, lungs, and reproductive system.

Astrocytoma is a type of brain tumor that arises from astrocytes, which are star-shaped glial cells in the brain. These tumors can occur in various parts of the brain and can have different grades of malignancy, ranging from low-grade (I or II) to high-grade (III or IV). Low-grade astrocytomas tend to grow slowly and may not cause any symptoms for a long time, while high-grade astrocytomas are more aggressive and can grow quickly, causing neurological problems.

Symptoms of astrocytoma depend on the location and size of the tumor but may include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the limbs, difficulty speaking or swallowing, changes in vision or behavior, and memory loss. Treatment options for astrocytomas include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. The prognosis for astrocytoma varies widely depending on the grade and location of the tumor, as well as the age and overall health of the patient.

Lomustine is a medical term for a specific antineoplastic agent, which is a type of medication used to treat cancer. It's a nitrosourea compound that is classified as an alkylating agent, meaning it works by preventing the reproduction of cancer cells. Lomustine is used in the treatment of various types of cancer, including brain tumors, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It's usually administered orally in the form of a capsule. As with any medication, it can have side effects, which can include nausea, vomiting, and lowered blood cell counts.

Survival analysis is a branch of statistics that deals with the analysis of time to event data. It is used to estimate the time it takes for a certain event of interest to occur, such as death, disease recurrence, or treatment failure. The event of interest is called the "failure" event, and survival analysis estimates the probability of not experiencing the failure event until a certain point in time, also known as the "survival" probability.

Survival analysis can provide important information about the effectiveness of treatments, the prognosis of patients, and the identification of risk factors associated with the event of interest. It can handle censored data, which is common in medical research where some participants may drop out or be lost to follow-up before the event of interest occurs.

Survival analysis typically involves estimating the survival function, which describes the probability of surviving beyond a certain time point, as well as hazard functions, which describe the instantaneous rate of failure at a given time point. Other important concepts in survival analysis include median survival times, restricted mean survival times, and various statistical tests to compare survival curves between groups.

Lymphoma is a type of cancer that originates from the white blood cells called lymphocytes, which are part of the immune system. These cells are found in various parts of the body such as the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and other organs. Lymphoma can be classified into two main types: Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).

HL is characterized by the presence of a specific type of abnormal lymphocyte called Reed-Sternberg cells, while NHL includes a diverse group of lymphomas that lack these cells. The symptoms of lymphoma may include swollen lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and fatigue.

The exact cause of lymphoma is not known, but it is believed to result from genetic mutations in the lymphocytes that lead to uncontrolled cell growth and division. Exposure to certain viruses, chemicals, and radiation may increase the risk of developing lymphoma. Treatment options for lymphoma depend on various factors such as the type and stage of the disease, age, and overall health of the patient. Common treatments include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and stem cell transplantation.

Prednisone is a synthetic glucocorticoid, which is a type of corticosteroid hormone. It is primarily used to reduce inflammation in various conditions such as asthma, allergies, arthritis, and autoimmune disorders. Prednisone works by mimicking the effects of natural hormones produced by the adrenal glands, suppressing the immune system's response and reducing the release of substances that cause inflammation.

It is available in oral tablet form and is typically prescribed to be taken at specific times during the day, depending on the condition being treated. Common side effects of prednisone include increased appetite, weight gain, mood changes, insomnia, and easy bruising. Long-term use or high doses can lead to more serious side effects such as osteoporosis, diabetes, cataracts, and increased susceptibility to infections.

Healthcare providers closely monitor patients taking prednisone for extended periods to minimize the risk of adverse effects. It is essential to follow the prescribed dosage regimen and not discontinue the medication abruptly without medical supervision, as this can lead to withdrawal symptoms or a rebound of the underlying condition.

Disease-free survival (DFS) is a term used in medical research and clinical practice, particularly in the field of oncology. It refers to the length of time after primary treatment for a cancer during which no evidence of the disease can be found. This means that the patient shows no signs or symptoms of the cancer, and any imaging studies or other tests do not reveal any tumors or other indications of the disease.

DFS is often used as an important endpoint in clinical trials to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments for cancer. By measuring the length of time until the cancer recurs or a new cancer develops, researchers can get a better sense of how well a particular treatment is working and whether it is improving patient outcomes.

It's important to note that DFS is not the same as overall survival (OS), which refers to the length of time from primary treatment until death from any cause. While DFS can provide valuable information about the effectiveness of cancer treatments, it does not necessarily reflect the impact of those treatments on patients' overall survival.

Teniposide is a synthetic podophyllotoxin derivative, which is an antineoplastic agent. It works by interfering with the DNA synthesis and function of cancer cells, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (programmed cell death). Teniposide is primarily used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and other malignancies in children. It is often administered through intravenous infusion and is typically used in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents.

The medical definition of Teniposide can be stated as:

Teniposide, chemically known as (4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin 9-[4,6-O-(R)-benzylidene-α-L-glucopyranoside]), is a semi-synthetic podophyllotoxin derivative with antineoplastic activity. It inhibits DNA topoisomerase II, leading to the formation of DNA-topoisomerase II cleavable complexes, G2 arrest, and apoptosis in cancer cells. Teniposide is primarily used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and other malignancies in children, often administered through intravenous infusion and typically used in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Salvage therapy, in the context of medical oncology, refers to the use of treatments that are typically considered less desirable or more aggressive, often due to greater side effects or lower efficacy, when standard treatment options have failed. These therapies are used to attempt to salvage a response or delay disease progression in patients with refractory or relapsed cancers.

In other words, salvage therapy is a last-resort treatment approach for patients who have not responded to first-line or subsequent lines of therapy. It may involve the use of different drug combinations, higher doses of chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, or radiation therapy. The goal of salvage therapy is to extend survival, improve quality of life, or achieve disease stabilization in patients with limited treatment options.

Doxorubicin is a type of chemotherapy medication known as an anthracycline. It works by interfering with the DNA in cancer cells, which prevents them from growing and multiplying. Doxorubicin is used to treat a wide variety of cancers, including leukemia, lymphoma, breast cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, and many others. It may be given alone or in combination with other chemotherapy drugs.

Doxorubicin is usually administered through a vein (intravenously) and can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, hair loss, mouth sores, and increased risk of infection. It can also cause damage to the heart muscle, which can lead to heart failure in some cases. For this reason, doctors may monitor patients' heart function closely while they are receiving doxorubicin treatment.

It is important for patients to discuss the potential risks and benefits of doxorubicin therapy with their healthcare provider before starting treatment.

Remission induction is a treatment approach in medicine, particularly in the field of oncology and hematology. It refers to the initial phase of therapy aimed at reducing or eliminating the signs and symptoms of active disease, such as cancer or autoimmune disorders. The primary goal of remission induction is to achieve a complete response (disappearance of all detectable signs of the disease) or a partial response (a decrease in the measurable extent of the disease). This phase of treatment is often intensive and may involve the use of multiple drugs or therapies, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or targeted therapy. After remission induction, patients may receive additional treatments to maintain the remission and prevent relapse, known as consolidation or maintenance therapy.

Medical survival rate is a statistical measure used to determine the percentage of patients who are still alive for a specific period of time after their diagnosis or treatment for a certain condition or disease. It is often expressed as a five-year survival rate, which refers to the proportion of people who are alive five years after their diagnosis. Survival rates can be affected by many factors, including the stage of the disease at diagnosis, the patient's age and overall health, the effectiveness of treatment, and other health conditions that the patient may have. It is important to note that survival rates are statistical estimates and do not necessarily predict an individual patient's prognosis.

Melanoma is defined as a type of cancer that develops from the pigment-containing cells known as melanocytes. It typically occurs in the skin but can rarely occur in other parts of the body, including the eyes and internal organs. Melanoma is characterized by the uncontrolled growth and multiplication of melanocytes, which can form malignant tumors that invade and destroy surrounding tissue.

Melanoma is often caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds, but it can also occur in areas of the body not exposed to the sun. It is more likely to develop in people with fair skin, light hair, and blue or green eyes, but it can affect anyone, regardless of their skin type.

Melanoma can be treated effectively if detected early, but if left untreated, it can spread to other parts of the body and become life-threatening. Treatment options for melanoma include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, depending on the stage and location of the cancer. Regular skin examinations and self-checks are recommended to detect any changes or abnormalities in moles or other pigmented lesions that may indicate melanoma.

Transplantation conditioning, also known as preparative regimen or immunoablative therapy, refers to the use of various treatments prior to transplantation of cells, tissues or organs. The main goal of transplantation conditioning is to suppress the recipient's immune system, allowing for successful engraftment and minimizing the risk of rejection of the donor tissue.

There are two primary types of transplantation conditioning: myeloablative and non-myeloablative.

1. Myeloablative conditioning is a more intensive regimen that involves the use of high-dose chemotherapy, radiation therapy or both. This approach eliminates not only immune cells but also stem cells in the bone marrow, requiring the recipient to receive a hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) from the donor to reconstitute their blood and immune system.
2. Non-myeloablative conditioning is a less intensive regimen that primarily targets immune cells while sparing the stem cells in the bone marrow. This approach allows for mixed chimerism, where both recipient and donor immune cells coexist, reducing the risk of severe complications associated with myeloablative conditioning.

The choice between these two types of transplantation conditioning depends on various factors, including the type of transplant, patient's age, overall health, and comorbidities. Both approaches carry risks and benefits, and the decision should be made carefully by a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals in consultation with the patient.

Methotrexate is a medication used in the treatment of certain types of cancer and autoimmune diseases. It is an antimetabolite that inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is necessary for the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, essential components of DNA and RNA. By blocking this enzyme, methotrexate interferes with cell division and growth, making it effective in treating rapidly dividing cells such as cancer cells.

In addition to its use in cancer treatment, methotrexate is also used to manage autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease. In these conditions, methotrexate modulates the immune system and reduces inflammation.

It's important to note that methotrexate can have significant side effects and should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider. Regular monitoring of blood counts, liver function, and kidney function is necessary during treatment with methotrexate.

A "Drug Administration Schedule" refers to the plan for when and how a medication should be given to a patient. It includes details such as the dose, frequency (how often it should be taken), route (how it should be administered, such as orally, intravenously, etc.), and duration (how long it should be taken) of the medication. This schedule is often created and prescribed by healthcare professionals, such as doctors or pharmacists, to ensure that the medication is taken safely and effectively. It may also include instructions for missed doses or changes in the dosage.

MedlinePlus is not a medical term, but rather a consumer health website that provides high-quality, accurate, and reliable health information, written in easy-to-understand language. It is produced by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, the world's largest medical library, and is widely recognized as a trusted source of health information.

MedlinePlus offers information on various health topics, including conditions, diseases, tests, treatments, and wellness. It also provides access to drug information, medical dictionary, and encyclopedia, as well as links to clinical trials, medical news, and patient organizations. The website is available in both English and Spanish and can be accessed for free.

Copyright is a legal concept that gives the creator of an original work exclusive rights to its use and distribution, usually for a limited period of time. In the medical field, copyright protection can apply to various works such as medical textbooks, journal articles, educational materials, software, and multimedia presentations. It is important to note that copyright law seeks to strike a balance between protecting the rights of creators and promoting the progress of science and knowledge by allowing for limited use of copyrighted material under certain circumstances, such as fair use.

It's worth mentioning that while copyright protection can apply to medical works, there are also exceptions and limitations to copyright law that may allow for the use of copyrighted material without permission from the copyright owner in certain situations. For example, in the United States, the "fair use" doctrine allows for limited use of copyrighted material without obtaining permission from the copyright owner, depending on factors such as the purpose and character of the use, the nature of the copyrighted work, the amount and substantiality of the portion used, and the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.

When using medical works that are protected by copyright, it is important to obtain permission from the copyright owner or ensure that the use falls under an exception or limitation to copyright law, such as fair use, in order to avoid infringing on the exclusive rights of the copyright owner.

Patient medication knowledge, also known as patient medication literacy or medication adherence, refers to the ability of a patient to understand and effectively communicate about their medications, including what they are for, how and when to take them, potential side effects, and other important information. This is an essential component of medication management, as it allows patients to properly follow their treatment plans and achieve better health outcomes. Factors that can affect patient medication knowledge include age, education level, language barriers, and cognitive impairments. Healthcare providers play a key role in promoting patient medication knowledge by providing clear and concise instructions, using visual aids when necessary, and regularly assessing patients' understanding of their medications.

Drug Information Services (DIS) are specialized resources within healthcare systems, typically staffed by clinical pharmacists and pharmacy residents, that provide evidence-based information and analysis about medications to healthcare professionals and patients. The primary goal of DIS is to optimize medication use and improve patient outcomes through the provision of accurate, unbiased, and timely information on drug therapy.

DIS commonly provide a range of services, including:

1. Answering medication-related questions from healthcare providers, such as physicians, nurses, and other pharmacists, regarding drug interactions, dosing, adverse effects, and therapeutic alternatives.
2. Developing and maintaining formulary management systems to ensure the safe and cost-effective use of medications within a healthcare institution or system.
3. Providing patient education materials and resources on medication therapy, including proper administration techniques, potential side effects, and storage requirements.
4. Conducting ongoing literature evaluations and synthesizing evidence-based recommendations for medication use in various clinical scenarios.
5. Collaborating with healthcare teams to develop and implement guidelines, policies, and procedures related to medication management and safety.
6. Offering educational programs and resources for healthcare professionals and students to enhance their knowledge of pharmacotherapy and medication safety practices.
7. Participating in multidisciplinary committees focused on improving medication use processes, reducing medication errors, and promoting patient safety.

DIS are essential components of modern healthcare systems, as they help ensure the safe, effective, and efficient use of medications for improved patient outcomes.

A pharmaceutical society is a professional organization that represents and serves the interests of pharmacists and the pharmaceutical industry in a given society or country. The primary objective of these societies is to promote the advancement of the profession of pharmacy, including education, research, and practice. They also work to ensure the safe and effective use of medications, advocate for evidence-based policies and practices, and provide resources and support to their members.

Pharmaceutical societies may engage in various activities, such as:

1. Developing guidelines and standards for pharmacy education and practice.
2. Providing continuing education programs for pharmacists.
3. Conducting research and disseminating knowledge related to pharmacy and medication use.
4. Advocating for policies that promote the safe and effective use of medications.
5. Collaborating with other healthcare professionals, regulatory bodies, and industry partners to improve patient outcomes.
6. Providing resources and support to members, including career development opportunities and networking events.

Examples of pharmaceutical societies include the American Pharmacists Association (APhA), the Royal Pharmaceutical Society (RPS) in the UK, and the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP).

A non-medical internship is not specifically related to the field of medicine. It generally refers to an organized period of work experience, often temporary, in which a person typically a student or trainee, gains practical knowledge and skills in a particular industry or profession. The intern is supervised and mentored by experienced professionals in the field. Non-medical internships can be found in various sectors such as business, engineering, law, education, media, technology, and many others. They provide an opportunity to apply theoretical knowledge gained in the classroom to real-world situations and help interns develop professional competencies and networks.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Maryland" is a proper noun and does not have a medical definition. It is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. However, if you are referring to a specific medical term or concept that includes "Maryland," could you please provide more context? I'll do my best to help with accurate information based on the provided context.

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Other compounds used in cancer chemotherapy that have the ability to form ICLs are cisplatin, mitomycin C, carmustine, and ...
Chloro ethyl nitroso urea (CENU), specifically carmustine (BCNU), are crosslinking agents that are widely used in chemotherapy ...
Another study found encapsulating carmustine in microbubbles led to a five-fold increase in the circulating half-life and a ... This study also found combining these carmustine-loaded microbubbles with FUS increased the median survival time by 12% in a ...
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CBV refers to Cytoxan (cyclophosphamide), BCNU (carmustine), and VP-16 (etoposide), three drugs in a chemotherapy regimen ...
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Several drugs such as procarbazine, streptozotocin, BCNU (carmustine), and temozolamide are designed to remodel DNA to reverse ...
High-dose chemotherapy using cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, and carmustine with hematologic stem-cell support or marrow support ...
... carmustine, melphalan, and prednisone alternating with vincristine, carmustine, doxorubicin, and prednisone. The treatment of ...
... carmustine). Also, some medicinal drugs used in cardiovascular medicine can lead to pulmonary toxicity frequently or very ...
Busulfan L01AB02 Treosulfan L01AB03 Mannosulfan L01AC01 Thiotepa L01AC02 Triaziquone L01AC03 Carboquone L01AD01 Carmustine ...
ABVD AC BEP Cisplatin Carmustine (>250 mg/m2) CBV Cyclophosphamide (>1500 mg/m2) Dacarbazine Mechlorethamine MOPP/COPP/BEACOPP ...
... carmustine MeSH D02.654.692.300 - ethylnitrosourea MeSH D02.654.692.440 - lomustine MeSH D02.654.692.440.700 - semustine MeSH ... carmustine MeSH D02.948.594.310 - ethylnitrosourea MeSH D02.948.594.440 - lomustine MeSH D02.948.594.440.700 - semustine MeSH ...
Carmustine) (1977) Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (Cisplatin) (1978) Mitoxantrone (Novantrone) (1988) Carboplatin (Paraplatin) ( ...
... carmustine, methotrexate, and bleomycin) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis EVALI Radiation pneumonitis Acute interstitial ...
... carmustine - carnitine - carotenoid - carzelesin - case report - case series - case-control study - caspofungin acetate - ... polifeprosan 20 carmustine implant - poly-ICLC - polyglutamate camptothecin - polyglutamate paclitaxel - polymerase chain ...
... carmustine (INN) Carnation Instant Breakfast Carnexiv carnidazole (INN) carnitine (INN) Carnitor carocainide (INN) Caroid ...
Arabinopyranosyl-N-methyl-N-nitrosourea Carmustine Chlorozotocin Ethylnitrosourea Fotemustine Lomustine N-Nitroso-N-methylurea ... Examples include: Arabinopyranosyl-N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (Aranose) Carmustine (BCNU, BiCNU) Chlorozotocin Ethylnitrosourea ( ...
... including carmustine, lomustine, dacarbazine developed by Y Fulmer Shealy, fludarabine, amifostine, clofarabine and the latest ...
Some drugs used in stomach cancer treatment have included: fluorouracil or its analog capecitabine, BCNU (carmustine), methyl- ...
... disease Upper lung predominance Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis Silicosis Coal workers pneumoconiosis Carmustine- ...
Altretamine Bendamustine Busulfan Carboquone Carmustine Chlorambucil Chlormethine Chlorozotocin Cyclophosphamide Dacarbazine ... Belotecan Bendamustine Bexarotene Bleomycin Bortezomib Busulfan Cabazitaxel Camptothecin Carboplatin Carboquone Carmustine ...
"Carmustine". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Carmustine Implant". MedlinePlus. Portal: Medicine ( ... "Bicnu- carmustine kit". DailyMed. Retrieved 27 February 2021. "Gliadel- carmustine wafer". DailyMed. Retrieved 27 February 2021 ... Carmustine, sold under the brand name BiCNU among others, is a medication used mainly for chemotherapy. It is a nitrogen ... Carmustine for injection was marketed under the name BiCNU by Bristol-Myers Squibb and now[when?] by Emcure Pharmaceuticals. In ...
Carmustine: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Before receiving carmustine injection,. *tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to carmustine or any of the ... Carmustine injection is used to treat certain types of brain tumors. Carmustine injection is also used along with prednisone to ... You should not become pregnant while you are receiving carmustine injection. If you become pregnant while receiving carmustine ...
CARMUSTINE (UNII: U68WG3173Y) (CARMUSTINE - UNII:U68WG3173Y) CARMUSTINE. 100 mg in 30 mL. ... 7.2 Effects of Carmustine for Injection on Other Drugs. Phenytoin Carmustine for injection when co-administered with phenytoin ... 7.1 Effects of Other Drugs on Carmustine for Injection 7.2 Effects of Carmustine for Injection on Other Drugs 8 USE IN SPECIFIC ... Carmustine for Injection, USP is a lyophilized pale yellow flakes or congealed mass containing 100 mg carmustine, USP in an ...
A generic version of carmustine has been recommended for approval in the European Union, as have indication extensions for ... recommended approval of a generic version of carmustine (Carmustine Obvius, from Obvius Investment BV) for use in the treatment ... The full indication is for use of carmustine in the "treatment of new or recurrent brain tumors - glioblastoma, medulloblastoma ... Cite this: EU OK for Generic Carmustine for Brain Tumors and Lymphoma - Medscape - Apr 27, 2018. ...
Buy Carmustine - reference spectrum Ph Eur reference standard for identification, purity tests or assays of pharmaceutical ...
Carmustine Carmustine injection is used to treat certain types of brain tumors. Carmustine injection is also used along with ... Carmustine Implant Carmustine implant is used along with surgery and sometimes radiation therapy to treat malignant glioma (a ... certain type of cancerous brain tumor). Carmustine is in a class of medications called alkylating ... ...
Carmustine (BCNU) is a parenterally administered alkylating agent used alone and in combination with other antineoplastic ... Carmustine No authors listed In: LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda ... Carmustine therapy is associated with minor transient serum enzyme elevations and has been linked to cases of acute liver ... Carmustine (BCNU) is a parenterally administered alkylating agent used alone and in combination with other antineoplastic ...
Receive NAPRA updates of interest directly to your inbox: general NAPRA news, NDS updates and/or updates on practice resources.. ...
Carmustine (BCNU) is a parenterally administered alkylating agent used alone and in combination with other antineoplastic ... Carmustine No authors listed In: LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda ... Carmustine therapy is associated with minor transient serum enzyme elevations and has been linked to cases of acute liver ... Carmustine (BCNU) is a parenterally administered alkylating agent used alone and in combination with other antineoplastic ...
Get up-to-date information on Carmustine side effects, uses, dosage, overdose, pregnancy, alcohol and more. Learn more about ... Carmustine comes in powder form. Liquid is added to carmustine and then it is injected slowly, over at least 2 hours, ... Carmustine treats certain types of cancer. Carmustine can cause nausea and vomiting. Women should not get pregnant while using ... In the case of carmustine there are no specific foods that you must exclude from your diet when receiving carmustine. ...
... carmustine), frequency-based adverse effects, comprehensive interactions, contraindications, pregnancy & lactation schedules, ... carmustine intravenous CARMUSTINE - INJECTION (kar-MUS-teen) COMMON BRAND NAME(S): BiCNU WARNING: Carmustine may cause serious ... encoded search term (carmustine (BiCNU%2C Gliadel)) and carmustine (BiCNU, Gliadel) What to Read Next on Medscape ... You should not become pregnant while using carmustine. Carmustine may harm an unborn baby. Women should ask about reliable ...
Contraindications Carmustine. *Pay attention to the expiration date of Carmustine and do not take it if your medicine has ... Complications of Carmustine Overdose (Carmustine Poisoning). *Do not take more than the dose prescribed by your doctor. ... The effect of taking Carmustine on driving. Carmustine may not cause symptoms such as drowsiness, but in some people it can ... Carmustine Pharmaceutical Information. Carmustine is used to treat cancers (called multiple myeloma, Hodgkins disease, non- ...
carmustine (UNII: U68WG3173Y) (carmustine - UNII:U68WG3173Y) carmustine. 100 mg in 30 mL. ... Carmustine for Injection, USP (Kit). Package Factor. 70860-223-61 100 mg Single-Dose Vial of Carmustine for Injection, USP. and ... 7.1 Effects of Other Drugs on Carmustine for Injection 7.2 Effects of Carmustine for Injection on Other Drugs 8 USE IN SPECIFIC ... 7.2 Effects of Carmustine for Injection on Other Drugs Phenytoin: Carmustine for Injection when coadministered with phenytoin ...
Carmustine. Carmustine-polymer wafers (Gliadel) were approved by the FDA in 2002. Gliadel wafers are placed on the surface of ... Carmustine (BCNU)-impregnated biodegradable polymer wafers are recommended for use as a surgical adjunct when cytoreductive ... 95, 96] Carmustine wafers increased 6-month survival from 36% to 56% over placebo in one randomized study of 222 patients, ... MGMT promoter methylation status and prognosis of patients with primary or recurrent glioblastoma treated with carmustine ...
Find information on Carmustine (BiCNU, Gliadel) in Daviss Drug Guide including dosage, side effects, interactions, nursing ... "Carmustine." Daviss Drug Guide, 18th ed., F.A. Davis Company, 2023. Anesthesia Central, anesth.unboundmedicine.com/anesthesia/ ... view/Davis-Drug-Guide/51132/all/carmustine. Vallerand AHA, Sanoski CAC, Quiring CC. Carmustine. Daviss Drug Guide. F.A. Davis ... Vallerand, A. H., Sanoski, C. A., & Quiring, C. (2023). Carmustine. In Daviss Drug Guide (18th ed.). F.A. Davis Company. https ...
Neither salicylsalicylic acid sequence nor prescription medicine sodium potentiated the effect of Carmustine. Fluorouracil may ...
Carmustine (154-93-8). Citation Information. NTP. Carmustine (154-93-8). Chemical Effects in Biological Systems (CEBS). ...
Carmustine is indicated as palliative therapy as a single agent or in established combination therapy with other approved ... About Carmustine. Carmustine is indicated as palliative therapy as a single agent or in established combination therapy with ... Carmustine Obvius was approved by EMA on June, 2018. It is currently the only EMA centrally approved product with such ... FarmaMondo to manage access to Carmustine Obvius for the Italian market. abril 1, 2021. mayo 30, 2019. ...
Women with certain types of cancer or who are getting treatment for cancer may experience fertility problems. Learn how fertility problems may develop.
Carmustine. Not prohibited; IV drip recommended. Cisplatin. Not prohibited; IV drip recommended ...
carmustine (BiCNU). *dacarbazine. *mechlorethamine (Valchlor). *streptozocin (Zanosar). Taking ondansetron can help reduce the ...
Carmustine. *reduced fertility or infertility in men and women. *lung damage and dysfunction ...
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above. ...
Alkylating agents (mechlorethamine, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, melphalan, lomustine, carmustine, busulfan). *Platinum- ...
CARMUSTINE. CARMUSTINE. Chemotherapy Alkylating Agent Nitrosourea. Intravenous. May 26, 2021 In Use. ...
CARMUSTINE. Chemotherapy Alkylating Agent Nitrosourea. Aug. 18, 2022 In Use. 16729-0545-63. 16729-0545 CARMUSTINE. CARMUSTINE. ...
In conclusion, IEAC regimen was well tolerated and replacement with idarubicin could be an alternative when carmustine was not ... Due to the shortage of carmustine, we switched to idarubicin-substituted BEAC (IEAC) conditioning regimen. We retrospectively ... BEAM (carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine, and melphalan), BEAC (carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine, cyclophosphamide) and CBV ( ... When Carmustine is not available, IEAC regimen could be used as an alternative. However, further prospective, randomized ...
Carmustine. Carmustine. Chemotherapy Alkylating Agent Nitrosourea. Intravenous. Aug. 2, 2021 In Use. ... Carmustine. Carmustine. Chemotherapy Alkylating Agent Nitrosourea. Intravenous. Oct. 4, 2021 In Use. ...
  • Carmustine (BCNU) is a parenterally administered alkylating agent used alone and in combination with other antineoplastic agents in the treatment of several forms of cancer including leukemias, lymphomas, and breast, testicular, ovarian, gastric and pancreatic cancer. (nih.gov)
  • Carmustine, sold under the brand name BiCNU among others, is a medication used mainly for chemotherapy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Carmustine is an orange-yellow solid medication used mainly for chemotherapy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Carmustine for injection was marketed under the name BiCNU by Bristol-Myers Squibb and now[when? (wikipedia.org)
  • Other medications may also interact with carmustine, so be sure to tell your doctor about all the medications you are taking, even those that do not appear on this list. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Other medications may interact with carmustine. (rxwiki.com)
  • Other drugs that can interact with carmustine include nalidixic acid. (marsoclinic.com)
  • Carmustine wafers may increase your chance of brain infection, swelling or increased pressure in the brain, and seizures. (rxwiki.com)
  • No prior treatment with carmustine wafers. (nih.gov)
  • Sensitization of pancreatic tumor xenografts to carmustine and temozolomide by inactivation of their O6-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase with O6-benzylguanine or O6-benzyl-2'-deoxyguanosine. (nih.gov)
  • Also, 8 of the 75 identified upregulated genes showed positive correlation with resistance to the drugs that are normally used for glioma treatment, including procarbazine, carmustine, vincristine, and temozolomide. (thejns.org)
  • At its latest meeting, the European Medicines Agency's Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) recommended approval of a generic version of carmustine (Carmustine Obvius, from Obvius Investment BV) for use in the treatment of brain tumors, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and Hodgkin's disease. (medscape.com)
  • Because the drug is administered intravenously and is 100% bioavailable, a bioequivalence study comparing Carmustine Obvius with the reference product Carmubris was not required, the committee noted. (medscape.com)
  • FarmaMondo has been appointed to exclusively manage the access of Carmustine Obvius to Italian healthcare providers looking to fulfill unmet medical needs of patients with brain tumors and Hodgkin's /non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, types of cancer that originate from white blood. (farmamondo.com.ar)
  • Carmustine Obvius was approved by EMA on June, 2018. (farmamondo.com.ar)
  • Obvius investment BV is the global rights holder to commercialize the product Carmustine Obvius, licensed from the developer MERR Holding. (farmamondo.com.ar)
  • over 4 d) and 61 patients received rituximab and stem cell harvest, followed by BEAM (carmustine, etoposide, Ara-C, melphalan) and autologous stem cell rescue. (eur.nl)
  • The underlying disease and baseline pulmonary function, along with conditioning regimens consisting of carmustine, etoposide, aracytin and melphalan for lymphoma, melphalan alone for multiple myeloma or busulpan and cyclophosphamide for acute myeloid leukaemia, all concur to cause pulmonary complications [ 3 , 4 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • citation needed] In the treatment of brain tumours, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved biodegradable discs infused with carmustine (Gliadel). (wikipedia.org)
  • Biodegradable implants of carmustine are already used in the treatment of malignant brain tumors. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • Carmustine implant is used along with surgery and sometimes radiation therapy to treat malignant glioma (a certain type of cancerous brain tumor). (nih.gov)
  • 24. Pharmacokinetics of the carmustine implant. (nih.gov)
  • Carmustine injection is used to treat certain types of brain tumors. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Carmustine injection is also used along with prednisone to treat multiple myeloma (a type of cancer of the bone marrow). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Carmustine injection comes as a powder to be added to fluid and injected over at least 2 hours intravenously (into a vein) by a doctor or nurse in a medical office or hospital outpatient clinic. (medlineplus.gov)
  • tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to carmustine or any of the ingredients in carmustine injection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • You should not become pregnant while you are receiving carmustine injection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Talk to your doctor about the risk(s) of receiving carmustine injection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These highlights do not include all the information needed to use CARMUSTINE FOR INJECTION safely and effectively. (nih.gov)
  • See full prescribing information for CARMUSTINE FOR INJECTION. (nih.gov)
  • Suppression of marrow function, notably thrombocytopenia and leukopenia, is the most common and severe of the toxic effects of carmustine for injection. (nih.gov)
  • Pulmonary toxicity from carmustine for injection appears to be dose related. (nih.gov)
  • Recommended Dosage: As a single agent, 150 mg/m 2 to 200 mg/m 2 carmustine for injection intravenously every 6 weeks as a single-dose or divided into daily injections such as 75 mg/m 2 to 100 mg/m 2 on 2 successive days. (nih.gov)
  • For injection: 100 mg of carmustine lyophilized powder in a single-dose vial for reconstitution and a vial containing 3mL sterile diluent (Dehydrated Alcohol Injection, USP). (nih.gov)
  • Phenytoin: Carmustine for injection may reduce the efficacy of phenytoin. (nih.gov)
  • Becenun (carmustine) is an antineoplastic alkylating agent, which cross-links DNA and disrupts the cell-cycle (NCI Drug Dictionary). (jax.org)
  • Carmustine is used as an alkylating agent to treat several types of brain cancer including glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, medulloblastoma and astrocytoma, multiple myeloma, and lymphoma (Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin). (wikipedia.org)
  • Cite this: EU OK for Generic Carmustine for Brain Tumors and Lymphoma - Medscape - Apr 27, 2018. (medscape.com)
  • Carmustine is a prescription medication used to treat certain types of brain tumors, multiple myeloma (cancer of the bone marrow), and Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (cancers of the immune system). (rxwiki.com)
  • Carmustine is used to treat cancers (called multiple myeloma, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and brain tumors). (marsoclinic.com)
  • Carmustine is indicated as palliative therapy as a single agent or in established combination therapy with other approved chemotherapeutic agents in Brain tumors - (glioblastoma, medulloblastoma, astrocytoma and metastatic brain tumors), Multiple myeloma, Hodgkin's disease and Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. (farmamondo.com.ar)
  • 2023. https://anesth.unboundmedicine.com/anesthesia/view/Davis-Drug-Guide/51132/all/carmustine. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Carmustine belongs to a group of drugs called alkylating agents, which prevent cancer cells from growing and multiplying. (rxwiki.com)
  • Before receiving carmustine, tell your doctor if you are allergic to it. (rxwiki.com)
  • Carmustine is in a class of medications called alkylating agents. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It is possible that medications that suppress the immune system could increase the risk of low blood cell counts and infections associated with carmustine. (rxwiki.com)
  • Check for carmustine drug interactions, and if you are taking a drug that interacts with this drug, talk to your doctor about using your medications. (marsoclinic.com)
  • If you become pregnant while receiving carmustine, call your doctor. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The risk of lung damage, which has caused death in people who received this medication as children, is increased in people who receive carmustine treatments lasting for a long duration. (rxwiki.com)
  • The AGT-inhibitors increase the efficacy of carmustine by inhibiting the direct reversal pathway of DNA repair, which will prevent formation of the interstrand crosslink between the N1 of guanine and the N3 of cytosine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Due to the shortage of carmustine, bendamustine and nimustine in China, we aimed to examine conditioning with idarubicin and to compare the efficacy and toxicity between BEAC and idarubicin-substituted BEAC (IEAC). (nature.com)
  • Carmustine also can cause lung damage, even years after treatment. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It is important for you to tell your doctor how you are feeling during your treatment with carmustine. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Carmustine can cause lung damage that may be revealed years after treatment. (rxwiki.com)
  • The dose of Carmustine and the course of treatment with this drug depends on the patient's weight and its effectiveness for the patient. (marsoclinic.com)
  • Carmustine may increase the risk that you will develop other cancers. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Carmustine may increase the risk of developing other cancers. (rxwiki.com)
  • The disc allows for controlled release of carmustine in the extracellular fluid of the brain, thus eliminating the need for the encapsulated drug to cross the blood-brain barrier. (wikipedia.org)
  • Carmustine can cause a severe decrease in the number of blood cells in your bone marrow. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Carmustine can cause a severe decrease in the number of blood cells in your body, increasing your risk for anemia, infections, and bleeding. (rxwiki.com)
  • Carmustine treats certain types of cancer. (rxwiki.com)
  • carmustine decreases effects of adenovirus types 4 and 7 live, oral by pharmacodynamic antagonism. (medscape.com)
  • Before receiving carmustine, tell your doctor if you have lung disease, or if you have ever had lung disease. (rxwiki.com)
  • Pay attention to the expiration date of Carmustine and do not take it if your medicine has expired. (marsoclinic.com)
  • Neither salicylsalicylic acid sequence nor prescription medicine sodium potentiated the effect of Carmustine. (sbolot.org)
  • Carmustine may cause side effects. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Common side effects of carmustine include nausea, vomiting, and headache. (rxwiki.com)
  • Consult your doctor if you have any other symptoms that you feel may be due to the use of Carmustine. (marsoclinic.com)