Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins
Most abundant proteins in COBRA venom; basic polypeptides of 57 to 62 amino acids with four disulfide bonds and a molecular weight of less than 7000; causes skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction, interferes with neuromuscular and ganglionic transmission, depolarizes nerve, muscle and blood cell membranes, thus causing hemolysis.
Elapidae
A family of extremely venomous snakes, comprising coral snakes, cobras, mambas, kraits, and sea snakes. They are widely distributed, being found in the southern United States, South America, Africa, southern Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. The elapids include three subfamilies: Elapinae, Hydrophiinae, and Lauticaudinae. Like the viperids, they have venom fangs in the front part of the upper jaw. The mambas of Africa are the most dangerous of all snakes by virtue of their size, speed, and highly toxic venom. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p329-33)
Cobra Venoms
Elapid Venoms
Venoms from snakes of the family Elapidae, including cobras, kraits, mambas, coral, tiger, and Australian snakes. The venoms contain polypeptide toxins of various kinds, cytolytic, hemolytic, and neurotoxic factors, but fewer enzymes than viper or crotalid venoms. Many of the toxins have been characterized.
Cardiotoxins
Agents that have a damaging effect on the HEART. Such damage can occur from ALKYLATING AGENTS; FREE RADICALS; or metabolites from OXIDATIVE STRESS and in some cases is countered by CARDIOTONIC AGENTS. Induction of LONG QT SYNDROME or TORSADES DE POINTES has been the reason for viewing some drugs as cardiotoxins.
Amino Acid Sequence
Protein Structure, Secondary
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Protein Conformation
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
Smallpox Vaccine
A live VACCINIA VIRUS vaccine of calf lymph or chick embryo origin, used for immunization against smallpox. It is now recommended only for laboratory workers exposed to smallpox virus. Certain countries continue to vaccinate those in the military service. Complications that result from smallpox vaccination include vaccinia, secondary bacterial infections, and encephalomyelitis. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Pericarditis
Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems
Public Health Practice
Smallpox
Variola virus
Skeletal myogenesis by human embryonic stem cells. (1/115)
We have examined the myogenic potential of human embryonic stem (hES) cells in a xeno-transplantation animal model. Here we show that precursors differentiated from hES cells can undergo myogenesis in an adult environment and give rise to a range of cell types in the myogenic lineage. This study provides direct evidences that hES cells can regenerate both muscle and satellite cells in vivo and are another promising cell type for treating muscle degenerative disorders in addition to other myogenic cell types. (+info)Beta-cardiotoxin: a new three-finger toxin from Ophiophagus hannah (king cobra) venom with beta-blocker activity. (2/115)
Snake venoms have provided a number of novel ligands with therapeutic potential. We have constructed a partial cDNA library from the mRNA of Ophiophagus hannah (king cobra) venom gland tissue and identified five new genes encoding proteins belonging to the three-finger toxin family of snake venom proteins. We have isolated and characterized one of these beta-sheet containing proteins with a mass of 7012.43 +/- 0.91 Da from the venom. The protein was nonlethal up to a dose of 10 mg/kg when injected intraperitoneally into Swiss albino mice. However, it induces labored breathing and death at a dose of 100 mg/kg. It does not show any hemolytic or anticoagulant activity. It caused a dose-dependent decrease of heart rate in vivo (anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats) and also ex vivo (Langendorff isolated rat heart). This is in contrast to classical cardiotoxins from snake venom that increase the heart rate in animals. Radioligand displacement studies showed that this protein targets beta-adrenergic receptors with a binding affinity (Ki) of 5.3 and 2.3 microM toward beta1 and beta2 subtypes, respectively, to bring about its effect, and hence, it was named as beta-cardiotoxin. This is the first report of a natural exogenous beta-blocker. (+info)Functional analysis of homeodomain-containing transcription factor Lbx1 in satellite cells of mouse skeletal muscle. (3/115)
Satellite cells are usually mitotically quiescent muscle stem cells, located between the sarcolemma and the basement membrane of muscle fibers. When muscles are damaged, satellite cells become activated, proliferate and differentiate to form multinucleate myofibers. The molecular mechanisms underlying these processes are poorly understood. In the present study, we found that, following treatment with cardiotoxin, homeodomain-containing transcription factor Lbx1 was strongly expressed in the satellite cells of regenerating adult skeletal muscle. Our immunohistochemical and northern blot analyses indicate that Lbx1 is expressed in activated but not quiescent satellite cells. In vitro, this Lbx1 expression was gradually downregulated when satellite cells differentiate into mature myofibers. Transfection and forced expression of Lbx1 in satellite-cell-derived C2C12 myoblast cells resulted in severe depression of myogenic differentiation and incomplete myotube formation, concomitantly with the activation of the paired-box transcription factor Pax7 and depression of the myogenic regulatory factor MyoD. Moreover, knockdown of Lbx1 in in-vitro-cultured satellite cells resulted in downregulation of Pax7. These results suggest that Lbx1 plays important roles in differentiation and maintenance of satellite cells of mature myofibers, probably through the regulation of Pax7. (+info)Structural reengineering of imatinib to decrease cardiac risk in cancer therapy. (4/115)
Imatinib, a selective, small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has life-saving clinical activity in certain cancers, but questions have been raised about the potential for cardiac toxicity through inhibition of its target, ABL kinase. In this issue of the JCI, Fernandez et al. describe a novel method by which the ABL-inhibitory activity of imatinib was deleted by modifying its chemical structure (see the related article beginning on page 4044). The anticancer activity of the reengineered agent, called WBZ_4, was instead preserved against gastrointestinal stromal tumors in both in vitro and in vivo models via inhibition of KIT tyrosine kinase, and the desired safety was demonstrated with less cardiotoxicity of WBZ_4 compared with imatinib via the inhibition of JNK. The study shows that structural reengineering of a kinase-inhibitory drug to improve tolerability while preserving efficacy is feasible. (+info)An anticancer C-Kit kinase inhibitor is reengineered to make it more active and less cardiotoxic. (5/115)
Targeting kinases is central to drug-based cancer therapy but remains challenging because the drugs often lack specificity, which may cause toxic side effects. Modulating side effects is difficult because kinases are evolutionarily and hence structurally related. The lack of specificity of the anticancer drug imatinib enables it to be used to treat chronic myeloid leukemia, where its target is the Bcr-Abl kinase, as well as a proportion of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), where its target is the C-Kit kinase. However, imatinib also has cardiotoxic effects traceable to its impact on the C-Abl kinase. Motivated by this finding, we made a modification to imatinib that hampers Bcr-Abl inhibition; refocuses the impact on the C-Kit kinase; and promotes inhibition of an additional target, JNK, a change that is required to reinforce prevention of cardiotoxicity. We established the molecular blueprint for target discrimination in vitro using spectrophotometric and colorimetric assays and through a phage-displayed kinase screening library. We demonstrated controlled inhibitory impact on C-Kit kinase in human cell lines and established the therapeutic impact of the engineered compound in a novel GIST mouse model, revealing a marked reduction of cardiotoxicity. These findings identify the reengineered imatinib as an agent to treat GISTs with curbed side effects and reveal a bottom-up approach to control drug specificity. (+info)Comparative genomics identifies genes mediating cardiotoxicity in the embryonic zebrafish heart. (6/115)
(+info)Atrial dysfunction as a marker of iron cardiotoxicity in thalassemia major. (7/115)
(+info)Mechanisms responsible for reduced cardiotoxicity of mitoxantrone compared to doxorubicin examined in isolated guinea-pig heart preparations. (8/115)
We reported previously that doxorubicin, an anticancer agent that has an anthracycline structure, alters Ca2+ releasing and uptake mechanisms in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of myocardial cells. These effects of doxorubicin are apparently related to its cardiotoxicity. Mitoxantrone is a similar anticancer agent with an anthracenedion structure that has been shown to be significantly less cardiotoxic. In the present study, the effects of mitoxantrone on the functions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum were examined in isolated muscle preparations obtained from the guinea-pig heart. In electrically-stimulated left atrial muscle preparations, incubation in vitro for 4 hr with 30 or 100 microM mitoxantrone significantly prolonged the time to the peak of twitch tension, markedly increased the developed tension observed at lower stimulation frequencies, thereby attenuating the slope of positive force-frequency relationships, and increased the postrest contraction observed after a 60-sec quiescent period. In myocytes isolated from ventricular muscles, 30 microM mitoxantrone increased the peak and the size of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+] i), and prolonged the time to peak [Ca2+]i. In skinned muscle fiber preparations obtained from the left ventricular muscle, 30 muM mitoxantrone significantly increased the caffeine-induced contraction without affecting the Ca2+ sensitivity of contractile proteins. These results suggest that mitoxantrone enhances Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in isolated atrial muscle preparations obtained from the guinea-pig heart. Apparent enhancement of the sarcoplasmic reticulum functions, in contrast to anthracyclines that has been shown to suppress these functions, seems to explain the relative lack of marked cardiotoxicity of mitoxantrone. (+info)Cardiotoxic Effects of Anti-VEGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors<...
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Cardiotoxin III
... (CTX III, also known as cytotoxin 3) is a sixty amino-acid polypeptide toxin from the Taiwan Cobra Naja atra. ... Yang SH, Chien CM, Lu MC, Lu YJ, Wu ZZ, Lin SR (July 2005). "Cardiotoxin III induces apoptosis in K562 cells through a ...
List of dangerous snakes
... and cardiotoxins. Two forms of "cytotoxin II" (cardiotoxin) were found in the venom of this species. The crude venom of this ... Its venom consists mainly of postsynaptic neurotoxins and cardiotoxins. Four cardiotoxin-analogues I, II, III, and IV, account ... The venom of this species also contains myotoxins and cardiotoxins. The median lethal dose (LD50) is 0.28-0.33 mg per gram of ... Research has shown its venom is purely a neurotoxin, with no apparent necrotizing components and no cardiotoxins. These snakes ...
Eastern green mamba
Its venom consists of both neurotoxins and cardiotoxins. Symptoms of envenomation include swelling of the injection site, ...
Equatorial spitting cobra
Cardiotoxins represented 40% of the snake's venom protein, higher than sympatric cobras: N. sputatrix (35%), N. siamensis (30 ... The venom also consists of cardiotoxins and cytotoxins. Although the venom of the Equatorial spitting cobra (N. sumatrana) ...
Jameson's mamba
Although cardiotoxins have been isolated in higher proportions from its venom than other mamba species, their role in toxicity ... Its venom consists of both neurotoxins and cardiotoxins. Symptoms of envenomation in humans include pain and swelling at the ... Other toxins of the three-finger family present include alpha-neurotoxin, cardiotoxins and fasciculins. Dendrotoxins are akin ...
Mamba
... they also carry cardiotoxins and fasciculins. Other components may include calcicludine, which is a known component of the ...
Chinese cobra
Its venom consists mainly of postsynaptic neurotoxins and cardiotoxins. Four cardiotoxin-analogues I, II, III, and IV, account ... Cardiotoxin-analogue III and phospholipase A2" (PDF). Journal of Biological Chemistry. 256 (17): 9279-9282. doi:10.1016/S0021- ...
Three-finger toxin
These cardiotoxins also often have generalized cytotoxic effects and are sometimes known as cytolysins. The protein targets in ... The cardiotoxin/cytolysin 3FTx subgroup has a somewhat different set of functionally significant residues due to its distinct ... Lee SC, Lin CC, Wang CH, Wu PL, Huang HW, Chang CI, Wu WG (July 2014). "Endocytotic routes of cobra cardiotoxins depend on ... Rajagopalan N, Pung YF, Zhu YZ, Wong PT, Kumar PP, Kini RM (November 2007). "Beta-cardiotoxin: a new three-finger toxin from ...
Monocled cobra
Fletcher, J. E.; Jiang, M.-S.; Gong, Q.-H.; Yudkowsky, M.L.; Wieland, S.J. (1991). "Effects of a cardiotoxin from Naja kaouthia ... The venom of this species also contains myotoxins and cardiotoxins. In case of intravenous injection the LD50 tested in mice is ...
Toxungen
Evidence that cardiotoxins are responsible for the corneal opacification syndrome". Clinical Toxicology 31, 45-62. doi: 10.3109 ... Spitting cobras have also modified their secretion so that the cardiotoxins are more injurious to eye membranes. Nelsen, D. R ...
Androctonus crassicauda
The venom is mainly composed of neurotoxins, cardiotoxins, and possibly myotoxins. Victims of the sting have reported local ...
LNTX-1
The 3FTx family consists of two major categories, neurotoxins and cardiotoxins. LNTX belongs to the neurotoxin family; other ...
Harlequin poison frog
O. histrionica, along with O. speciosa, produces cardiotoxins known as histrionicotoxins. These moderate to highly toxic ...
Cardiotoxicity
Cardiotoxins are the second most toxic venom while neurotoxins are the first". Circulation. 121 (5): 675-83. doi:10.1161/ ... Cardiotoxin III Batrachotoxin Heart failure Drug interaction Sishi, Balindiwe J. N. (2015-01-01), Hayat, M. A. (ed.), "Chapter ...
KCNIP1
"Evidence showing an intermolecular interaction between KChIP proteins and Taiwan cobra cardiotoxins". Biochem. Biophys. Res. ...
Javan spitting cobra
However, the main components of its venom are cardiotoxins with cytotoxic activity. In fact, polypeptide cardiotoxins make up ... "Cytotoxic potency of cardiotoxin from Naja sputatrix: development of a new cytolytic assay". Biochemical Journal. 366 (1): 35- ... postsynaptic neurotoxins and polypeptide cardiotoxins, meaning although the venom may be potent, it may not be particularly ...
Taxine alkaloids
The taxine alkaloids are cardiotoxins with taxine B being the most active. Taxine alkaloids have no medical uses but Paclitaxel ...
KCNIP2
"Evidence showing an intermolecular interaction between KChIP proteins and Taiwan cobra cardiotoxins". Biochemical and ...
KCNIP4
"Evidence showing an intermolecular interaction between KChIP proteins and Taiwan cobra cardiotoxins". Biochem. Biophys. Res. ...
Black mamba
Members of the three-finger family include alpha-neurotoxin, cardiotoxins, fasciculins and mambalgins. The most toxic ...
Indian cobra
The Indian cobra's venom mainly contains a powerful post-synaptic neurotoxin and cardiotoxin. The venom acts on the synaptic ... ISBN 81-901873-0-9. Achyuthan, K. E.; Ramachandran, L. K. (1981). "Cardiotoxin of the Indian cobra (Naja naja) is a ... one cardiotoxin and one muscarinic toxin), six snake venom metalloproteinases, one nerve growth factor, two venom Kunitz serine ...
Three-finger protein
Another large subfamily of 3FTx proteins is the cardiotoxins (also known as cytotoxins or cytolysins); this group is directly ...
Western green mamba
The venom consists mainly of both pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurotoxins, cardiotoxins, and fasciculins. The toxicity of ... Its venom is a highly potent mixture of rapid-acting presynaptic and postsynaptic neurotoxins (dendrotoxins), cardiotoxins and ...
Philippine cobra
Research has shown its venom is purely a neurotoxin, with no apparent necrotizing components and no cardiotoxins. These snakes ...
Scorpionism in Central America
The compounds consist of neurotoxins, cardiotoxin, nephrotoxin, hemolytic toxic, phosphodiesterases, phospholipase, histamine, ...
Scorpion sting
The compounds consist of neurotoxins, cardiotoxin, nephrotoxin, hemolytic toxic, phosphodiesterases, phospholipase, histamine, ...
Spotlight Innovation
The company also licensed a cardiotoxin therapy for acute and chronic nephropathy in 2015. In January, 2015, Celtic Biotech ...
Black-necked spitting cobra
Fryklund, Linda; Eaker, David (July 1975). "Complete covalent structure of a cardiotoxin from the venom of Naja nigricollis ( ... and cardiotoxins. Bite symptoms include severe external hemorrhaging and tissue necrosis around the bite area and difficulty ...
Echis
The snake venom of Echis species consists mostly of four types of toxins: neurotoxins, cardiotoxins, hemotoxins, and cytotoxins ...
Elapidae
Other toxic components in some species comprise cardiotoxins and cytotoxins, which cause heart dysfunctions and cellular damage ...
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Phospholipase A2 activity of long-chain cardiotoxins in the venom of the banded krait (Bungarus fasciatus)
CARDIOTOXINS IN THE VENOM OF THE BANDED KRAIT. (BUNGARUS FASCIATUS). WEN-CHAN(3 CxANa,l 2. Mux-Lnv. LEEI. and. TuNC-Bnv. Lol. ... et a1.,1977 ; Ros,:R~rs et a1.,1977) . For the long-chain cardiotoxins reported. in the present paper, the histidine and ... Table 1) . It is clear from Table 1 that all three cardiotoxins show significant activity,. although it is lowas compared with ... This was true for all three cardiotoxins. It seems reasonable to conclude that the. enzyme activity is intrinsic to these ...
DeCS 2008 - Changed terms
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WikiGenes - Melt - melittin
Snake venom cardiotoxins and bee venom melittin activate phospholipase C activity in primary cultures of skeletal muscle. ... Membrane interactions of amphiphilic polypeptides mastoparan, melittin, polymyxin B, and cardiotoxin. Differential inhibition ... Mastoparan and polymyxin B were much less inhibitory (IC50, 10-20 microM), whereas melittin and cardiotoxin were similarly ... These studies do not support the suggestion that snake venom cardiotoxins and melittin selectively activate endogenous ...
KoreaMed
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In vivo synergy of cardiotoxin and phospholipase A2 from the elapid snake Naja mossambica mossambica. Pierre E Bougis, P. ... Localization of the toxic site of Naja mossambica cardiotoxins: small synthetic peptides express an in vivo lethality. P. ... Monitoring the purification by high-performance liquid chromatography of cardiotoxins from Naja mossambica mossambica using ...
Complete repair of dystrophic skeletal muscle by mesoangioblasts with enhanced migration ability | Journal of Cell Biology |...
Abbreviations used in this paper: ctx, cardiotoxin; HMGB, high mobility group box; ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule; IL, ... Abbreviations used in this paper: ctx, cardiotoxin; HMGB, high mobility group box; ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule; IL, ... previously injected intramuscularly with cardiotoxin [ctx]), X chromosome-linked muscular dystrophy (mdx), and α-SG-null mice. ...
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DeCS
Cardiotoxins - Preferred Concept UI. M0507197. Scope note. Agents that have a damaging effect on the HEART. Such damage can ... Induction of LONG QT SYNDROME or TORSADES DE POINTES has been the reason for viewing some drugs as cardiotoxins.. ... Induction of LONG QT SYNDROME or TORSADES DE POINTES has been the reason for viewing some drugs as cardiotoxins. ...
Code System Concept
DeCS 2008 - Changed terms
IMSEAR at SEARO: Search
DeCS 2008 - Changed terms
Neurotoxins2
- Neurotoxins, Haemotoxins, Cardiotoxins, and Cytotoxins are the main types of venom substances that are produced in venomous snakes, and both those types are known to be deadly for humans and many other animals. (differencebetween.com)
- It's best known as a heart poison, but it's also a lethal nerve toxin (cardiotoxins and neurotoxins). (forensicfield.blog)
Known cardiotoxins1
- Aconitine and its related alkaloids are known cardiotoxins with no therapeutic role in modern western medicine. (koreamed.org)
Toxins1
- For starters, both bufadienolide and cardenolide, the main toxins found in Kalanchoe, are a type of cardiotoxin. (thepracticalplanter.com)
Skeletal muscle regeneration1
- Female mice homozygous for a knock-out allele display advanced skeletal muscle development during embryogenesis and advanced skeletal muscle regeneration after cardiotoxin-induced degeneration. (jax.org)
Neurotoxin1
- It contains a synaptic neurotoxin and cardiotoxin poison. (sinceindependence.com)
Potent2
- The black mamba's venom has painkilling proteins as potent as morphine and deadly neuro and cardiotoxins. (theafricangourmet.com)
- Activity Anthopleurin-C is a potent cardiotoxin, which evokes a positive inotropic and chronotropic effect on mammalian heart muscle 1,2 . (alomone.com)
Acute2
- From stem to leaves, this concentrated amount of cardiotoxins can lead to both acute and chronic Kalanchoe poisoning if not treated immediately. (thepracticalplanter.com)
- In order to better characterize the function of miR-206 in muscle remodelling, we induced acute muscle damage in control mice by injecting cardiotoxin (CTX) in the tibialis (TA) of c57bl mice. (unimi.it)
Consume1
- Moreover the cardiotoxin dumps now when I consume sugars as well. (principiadiscordia.com)
Cobra1
- ofphospholipase AZ and totally unrelated to typical cobra cardiotoxins (LuandLo,1981). (9lib.co)
Anterior2
- red) and laminin (green) in Tibialis Anterior muscle at 14 days after muscle injury with cardiotoxin injection is shown. (kyushu-u.ac.jp)
- Further work was conducted on mice where injury on the muscles of the anterior legs was induced with a cardiotoxin. (enzolifesciences.com)
Drugs1
- Induction of LONG QT SYNDROME or TORSADES DE POINTES has been the reason for viewing some drugs as cardiotoxins. (bvsalud.org)
Heart2
- cardiotoxins: attack the heart and circulatory system. (hubpages.com)
- These cardiotoxins are deemed heart-arresting and the higher the dose, the stronger the effect will be on the pet's central nervous system. (thepracticalplanter.com)