Card signaling adaptor proteins. Medical search

A broad category of carrier proteins that play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They generally contain several modular domains, each of which having its own binding activity, and act by forming complexes with other intracellular-signaling molecules. Signal-transducing adaptor proteins lack enzyme activity, however their activity can be modulated by other signal-transducing enzymes

A class of proteins involved in the transport of molecules via TRANSPORT VESICLES. They perform functions such as binding to the cell membrane, capturing cargo molecules and promoting the assembly of CLATHRIN. The majority of adaptor proteins exist as multi-subunit complexes, however monomeric varieties have also been found.

A signal transducing adaptor protein that links extracellular signals to the MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM. Grb2 associates with activated EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR and PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTORS via its SH2 DOMAIN. It also binds to and translocates the SON OF SEVENLESS PROTEINS through its SH3 DOMAINS to activate PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS).

A family of signaling adaptor proteins that contain SRC HOMOLOGY DOMAINS. Many members of this family are involved in transmitting signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS to MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES.

An adaptor protein complex primarily involved in the formation of clathrin-related endocytotic vesicles (ENDOSOMES) at the CELL MEMBRANE.

A family of intracellular signaling adaptor proteins that contain caspase activation and recruitment domains. Proteins that contain this domain play a role in APOPTOSIS-related signal transduction by associating with other CARD domain-containing members and in activating INITIATOR CASPASES that contain CARD domains within their N-terminal pro-domain region.

An adaptor protein complex found primarily on perinuclear compartments.

A clathrin adaptor protein complex primarily involved in clathrin-related transport at the TRANS-GOLGI NETWORK.

A binding partner for several RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES, including INSULIN RECEPTOR and INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR. It contains a C-terminal SH2 DOMAIN and mediates various SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathways.

Regions of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE similarity in the SRC-FAMILY TYROSINE KINASES that fold into specific functional tertiary structures. The SH1 domain is a CATALYTIC DOMAIN. SH2 and SH3 domains are protein interaction domains. SH2 usually binds PHOSPHOTYROSINE-containing proteins and SH3 interacts with CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS.

A family of large adaptin protein subunits of approximately 100 kDa in size. They have been primarily found as components of ADAPTOR PROTEIN COMPLEX 2.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A family of large adaptin protein complex subunits of approximately 90-130 kDa in size.

A family of medium adaptin protein subunits of approximately 45 KDa in size. They have been primarily found as components of ADAPTOR PROTEIN COMPLEX 3 and ADAPTOR PROTEIN COMPLEX 4.

Signal transducing adaptor proteins that contain SRC HOMOLOGY DOMAINS and play a role in CYTOSKELETON reorganization. c-crk protein is closely related to ONCOGENE PROTEIN V-CRK and includes several alternatively spliced isoforms.

An adaptor protein complex involved in transport of molecules between the TRANS-GOLGI NETWORK and the endosomal-lysosomal system.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

A family of large adaptin protein subunits of approximately 90 KDa in size. They have been primarily found as components of ADAPTOR PROTEIN COMPLEX 1.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

The subunits that make up the large, medium and small chains of adaptor proteins.

The main structural coat protein of COATED VESICLES which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. Each molecule of clathrin consists of three light chains (CLATHRIN LIGHT CHAINS) and three heavy chains (CLATHRIN HEAVY CHAINS) that form a structure called a triskelion. Clathrin also interacts with cytoskeletal proteins.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

A death domain receptor signaling adaptor protein that plays a role in signaling the activation of INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 2. It contains a death domain that is specific for RIP SERINE-THEONINE KINASES and a caspase-binding domain that binds to and activates CASPASES such as CASPASE 2.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

A family of large adaptin protein subunits of approximately 130-kDa in size. They have been primarily found as components of ADAPTOR PROTEIN COMPLEX 3.

An intracellular signaling adaptor protein that plays a role in TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR and INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTORS signal transduction. It forms a signaling complex with the activated cell surface receptors and members of the IRAK KINASES.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.

Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.

A SH2 DOMAIN-containing protein that mediates SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathways from multiple CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS, including the EPHB1 RECEPTOR. It interacts with FOCAL ADHESION KINASE and is involved in CELL MIGRATION.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. ENDOSOMES play a central role in endocytosis.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

A family of small adaptin protein complex subunits of approximately 19 KDa in size.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

Crk-associated substrate was originally identified as a highly phosphorylated 130 kDa protein that associates with ONCOGENE PROTEIN CRK and ONCOGENE PROTEIN SRC. It is a signal transducing adaptor protein that undergoes tyrosine PHOSPHORYLATION in signaling pathways that regulate CELL MIGRATION and CELL PROLIFERATION.

Proto-oncogene proteins that negatively regulate RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE signaling. It is a UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASE and the cellular homologue of ONCOGENE PROTEIN V-CBL.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Vesicles formed when cell-membrane coated pits (COATED PITS, CELL-MEMBRANE) invaginate and pinch off. The outer surface of these vesicles is covered with a lattice-like network of the protein CLATHRIN. Shortly after formation, however, the clathrin coat is removed and the vesicles are referred to as ENDOSOMES.

Screening techniques first developed in yeast to identify genes encoding interacting proteins. Variations are used to evaluate interplay between proteins and other molecules. Two-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for protein-protein interactions, one-hybrid for DNA-protein interactions, three-hybrid interactions for RNA-protein interactions or ligand-based interactions. Reverse n-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for mutations or other small molecules that dissociate known interactions.

A CELL LINE derived from human T-CELL LEUKEMIA and used to determine the mechanism of differential susceptibility to anti-cancer drugs and radiation.

Proteins coded by oncogenes. They include proteins resulting from the fusion of an oncogene and another gene (ONCOGENE PROTEINS, FUSION).

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The aggregation of soluble ANTIGENS with ANTIBODIES, alone or with antibody binding factors such as ANTI-ANTIBODIES or STAPHYLOCOCCAL PROTEIN A, into complexes large enough to fall out of solution.

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

A NOD signaling adaptor protein that contains two C-terminal leucine-rich domains which recognize bacterial PEPTIDOGLYCAN. It signals via an N-terminal capase recruitment domain that interacts with other CARD SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS such as RIP SERINE-THEONINE KINASES. The protein plays a role in the host defense response by signaling the activation of CASPASES and the MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM. Mutations of the gene encoding the nucleotide oligomerization domain 2 protein have been associated with increased susceptibility to CROHN DISEASE.

Cell surface receptors that are specific for INTERLEUKIN-1. Included under this heading are signaling receptors, non-signaling receptors and accessory proteins required for receptor signaling. Signaling from interleukin-1 receptors occurs via interaction with SIGNAL TRANSDUCING ADAPTOR PROTEINS such as MYELOID DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR 88.

Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible.

A subclass of clathrin assembly proteins that occur as monomers.

Protein kinases that catalyze the PHOSPHORYLATION of TYROSINE residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

A class of RAS GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE FACTORS that are genetically related to the Son of Sevenless gene from DROSOPHILA. Sevenless refers to genetic mutations in DROSOPHILA that cause loss of the R7 photoreceptor which is required to see UV light.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.

A cell line generated from human embryonic kidney cells that were transformed with human adenovirus type 5.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when COATED VESICLES shed their CLATHRIN coat. Endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface.

A network of membrane compartments, located at the cytoplasmic side of the GOLGI APPARATUS, where proteins and lipids are sorted for transport to various locations in the cell or cell membrane.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.

A family of pattern recognition receptors characterized by an extracellular leucine-rich domain and a cytoplasmic domain that share homology with the INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR and the DROSOPHILA toll protein. Following pathogen recognition, toll-like receptors recruit and activate a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCING ADAPTOR PROTEINS.

A phosphoinositide phospholipase C subtype that is primarily regulated by PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES. It is structurally related to PHOSPHOLIPASE C DELTA with the addition of SRC HOMOLOGY DOMAINS and pleckstrin homology domains located between two halves of the CATALYTIC DOMAIN.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

A PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE family that was originally identified by homology to the Rous sarcoma virus ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(V-SRC). They interact with a variety of cell-surface receptors and participate in intracellular signal transduction pathways. Oncogenic forms of src-family kinases can occur through altered regulation or expression of the endogenous protein and by virally encoded src (v-src) genes.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

A pattern recognition receptor that interacts with LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN 96 and LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES. It mediates cellular responses to GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA.

A signal-transducing adaptor protein that associates with TNF RECEPTOR complexes. It contains a death effector domain that can interact with death effector domains found on INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 8 and CASPASE 10. Activation of CASPASES via interaction with this protein plays a role in the signaling cascade that leads to APOPTOSIS.

Paxillin is a signal transducing adaptor protein that localizes to FOCAL ADHESIONS via its four LIM domains. It undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION in response to integrin-mediated CELL ADHESION, and interacts with a variety of proteins including VINCULIN; FOCAL ADHESION KINASE; PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(C-SRC); and PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN C-CRK.

Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

Molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD3). Recognition of foreign antigen and the major histocompatibility complex is accomplished by a single heterodimeric antigen-receptor structure, composed of either alpha-beta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, ALPHA-BETA) or gamma-delta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA) chains.

Protein modules with conserved ligand-binding surfaces which mediate specific interaction functions in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS and the specific BINDING SITES of their cognate protein LIGANDS.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

Specialized regions of the cell membrane composed of pits coated with a bristle covering made of the protein CLATHRIN. These pits are the entry route for macromolecules bound by cell surface receptors. The pits are then internalized into the cytoplasm to form the COATED VESICLES.

A diverse class of enzymes that interact with UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYMES and ubiquitination-specific protein substrates. Each member of this enzyme group has its own distinct specificity for a substrate and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. Ubiquitin-protein ligases exist as both monomeric proteins multiprotein complexes.

A protein tyrosine kinase that is required for T-CELL development and T-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTOR function.

Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. The NF-kappa B complex is a heterodimer composed of two DNA-binding subunits: NF-kappa B1 and relA.

Membrane-associated tyrosine-specific kinases encoded by the c-src genes. They have an important role in cellular growth control. Truncation of carboxy-terminal residues in pp60(c-src) leads to PP60(V-SRC) which has the ability to transform cells. This kinase pp60 c-src should not be confused with csk, also known as c-src kinase.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

A large class of structurally-related proteins that contain one or more LIM zinc finger domains. Many of the proteins in this class are involved in intracellular signaling processes and mediate their effects via LIM domain protein-protein interactions. The name LIM is derived from the first three proteins in which the motif was found: LIN-11, Isl1 and Mec-3.

The act of ligating UBIQUITINS to PROTEINS to form ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes to label proteins for transport to the PROTEASOME ENDOPEPTIDASE COMPLEX where proteolysis occurs.

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic FREE RADICALS as well as EPOXIDES and arene oxides to GLUTATHIONE. Addition takes place at the SULFUR. It also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite.

A negative regulator of the CELL CYCLE that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES. RBL2 contains a conserved pocket region that binds E2F4 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR and E2F5 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR. RBL2 also interacts with viral ONCOPROTEINS such as POLYOMAVIRUS TUMOR ANTIGENS; ADENOVIRUS E1A PROTEINS; and PAPILLOMAVIRUS E7 PROTEINS.

Macromolecular complexes formed from the association of defined protein subunits.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A highly conserved 76-amino acid peptide universally found in eukaryotic cells that functions as a marker for intracellular PROTEIN TRANSPORT and degradation. Ubiquitin becomes activated through a series of complicated steps and forms an isopeptide bond to lysine residues of specific proteins within the cell. These "ubiquitinated" proteins can be recognized and degraded by proteosomes or be transported to specific compartments within the cell.

A signal transducing tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor that is involved in regulation of NF-KAPPA B signalling and activation of JNK MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES.

A superfamily of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES).

A broad category of proteins involved in the formation, transport and dissolution of TRANSPORT VESICLES. They play a role in the intracellular transport of molecules contained within membrane vesicles. Vesicular transport proteins are distinguished from MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS, which move molecules across membranes, by the mode in which the molecules are transported.

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

Intracellular signaling adaptor proteins that play a role in the coupling of SYNDECANS to CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS.

Phosphotransferases that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol to 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Many members of this enzyme class are involved in RECEPTOR MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and regulation of vesicular transport with the cell. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases have been classified both according to their substrate specificity and their mode of action within the cell.

Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.

A large family of signal-transducing adaptor proteins present in wide variety of eukaryotes. They are PHOSPHOSERINE and PHOSPHOTHREONINE binding proteins involved in important cellular processes including SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; CELL CYCLE control; APOPTOSIS; and cellular stress responses. 14-3-3 proteins function by interacting with other signal-transducing proteins and effecting changes in their enzymatic activity and subcellular localization. The name 14-3-3 derives from numerical designations used in the original fractionation patterns of the proteins.

IMMUNOGLOBULINS on the surface of B-LYMPHOCYTES. Their MESSENGER RNA contains an EXON with a membrane spanning sequence, producing immunoglobulins in the form of type I transmembrane proteins as opposed to secreted immunoglobulins (ANTIBODIES) which do not contain the membrane spanning segment.

A family of structurally related proteins that were originally discovered for their role in cell-cycle regulation in CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS. They play important roles in regulation of the CELL CYCLE and as components of UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASES.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

The capacity of a normal organism to remain unaffected by microorganisms and their toxins. It results from the presence of naturally occurring ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, constitutional factors such as BODY TEMPERATURE and immediate acting immune cells such as NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

Monomeric subunits of primarily globular ACTIN and found in the cytoplasmic matrix of almost all cells. They are often associated with microtubules and may play a role in cytoskeletal function and/or mediate movement of the cell or the organelles within the cell.

Cell surface molecules on cells of the immune system that specifically bind surface molecules or messenger molecules and trigger changes in the behavior of cells. Although these receptors were first identified in the immune system, many have important functions elsewhere.

Intracellular signaling adaptor proteins that bind to the cytoplasmic death domain region found on DEATH DOMAIN RECEPTORS. Many of the proteins in this class take part in intracellular signaling from TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTORS.

The heavy chain subunits of clathrin.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

A long pro-domain caspase that has specificity for the precursor form of INTERLEUKIN-1BETA. It plays a role in INFLAMMATION by catalytically converting the inactive forms of CYTOKINES such as interleukin-1beta to their active, secreted form. Caspase 1 is referred as interleukin-1beta converting enzyme and is frequently abbreviated ICE.

Vesicles formed when cell-membrane coated pits (COATED PITS, CELL-MEMBRANE) invaginate and pinch off. The outer surface of these vesicles are covered with a lattice-like network of coat proteins, such as CLATHRIN, coat protein complex proteins, or CAVEOLINS.

MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that were initially recognized as allosteric activators of the MONO(ADP-RIBOSE) TRANSFERASE of the CHOLERA TOXIN catalytic subunit. They are involved in vesicle trafficking and activation of PHOSPHOLIPASE D. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47

A pattern recognition receptor that forms heterodimers with other TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS. It interacts with multiple ligands including PEPTIDOGLYCAN, bacterial LIPOPROTEINS, lipoarabinomannan, and a variety of PORINS.

Regulatory proteins that down-regulate phosphorylated G-protein membrane receptors, including rod and cone photoreceptors and adrenergic receptors.

An ATP-dependent protease found in prokaryotes, CHLOROPLASTS, and MITOCHONDRIA. It is a soluble multisubunit complex that plays a role in the degradation of many abnormal proteins.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.

The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

A subtype of non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases that contain two SRC HOMOLOGY DOMAINS. Mutations in the gene for protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 11 are associated with NOONAN SYNDROME.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

Src-family kinases that associate with T-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTOR and phosphorylate a wide variety of intracellular signaling molecules.

A signal transducing tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor that is involved in TNF RECEPTOR feedback regulation. It is similar in structure and appears to work in conjunction with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTOR 1 to inhibit APOPTOSIS.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A class of cellular receptors that have an intrinsic PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE activity.

Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.

Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.

A 34 kDa signal transducing adaptor protein that associates with TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR TYPE 1. It facilitates the recruitment of signaling proteins such as TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTOR 2 and FAS ASSOCIATED DEATH DOMAIN PROTEIN to the receptor complex.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Cleavage of proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids either by PROTEASES or non-enzymatically (e.g., Hydrolysis). It does not include Protein Processing, Post-Translational.

Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

A signal transducing adaptor protein that is encoded by the crk ONCOGENE from TYPE C AVIAN RETROVIRUSES. It contains SRC HOMOLOGY DOMAINS and is closely related to its cellular homolog, PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN C-CRK.

Surface ligands that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion and function in the assembly and interconnection of the vertebrate nervous system. These molecules promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism. These are not to be confused with NEURAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES, now known to be expressed in a variety of tissues and cell types in addition to nervous tissue.

A NOD-signaling adaptor protein that contains a C-terminal leucine-rich domain which recognizes bacterial PEPTIDOGLYCAN. It signals via an N-terminal caspase recruitment domain that interacts with other CARD SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS such as RIP SERINE-THEONINE KINASES. It plays a role in the host defense response by signaling the activation of CASPASES and the MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM.

A cell surface receptor involved in regulation of cell growth and differentiation. It is specific for EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR and EGF-related peptides including TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; AMPHIREGULIN; and HEPARIN-BINDING EGF-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR. The binding of ligand to the receptor causes activation of its intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and rapid internalization of the receptor-ligand complex into the cell.

Non-receptor tyrosine kinases encoded by the C-ABL GENES. They are distributed in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. c-Abl plays a role in normal HEMATOPOIESIS especially of the myeloid lineage. Oncogenic transformation of c-abl arises when specific N-terminal amino acids are deleted, releasing the kinase from negative regulation.

An intracellular signaling system involving the MAP kinase cascades (three-membered protein kinase cascades). Various upstream activators, which act in response to extracellular stimuli, trigger the cascades by activating the first member of a cascade, MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKKs). Activated MAPKKKs phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES which in turn phosphorylate the MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs). The MAPKs then act on various downstream targets to affect gene expression. In mammals, there are several distinct MAP kinase pathways including the ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway, the SAPK/JNK (stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun kinase) pathway, and the p38 kinase pathway. There is some sharing of components among the pathways depending on which stimulus originates activation of the cascade.

Protein interaction domains of about 70-90 amino acid residues, named after a common structure found in PSD-95, Discs Large, and Zona Occludens 1 proteins. PDZ domains are involved in the recruitment and interaction of proteins, and aid the formation of protein scaffolds and signaling networks. This is achieved by sequence-specific binding between a PDZ domain in one protein and a PDZ motif in another protein.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

An enzyme group that specifically dephosphorylates phosphotyrosyl residues in selected proteins. Together with PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE, it regulates tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in cellular signal transduction and may play a role in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.

An anchoring junction of the cell to a non-cellular substrate. It is composed of a specialized area of the plasma membrane where bundles of the ACTIN CYTOSKELETON terminate and attach to the transmembrane linkers, INTEGRINS, which in turn attach through their extracellular domains to EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS.

A pattern recognition receptor that binds DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA. It mediates cellular responses to certain viral pathogens.

Small, monomeric GTP-binding proteins encoded by ras genes (GENES, RAS). The protooncogene-derived protein, PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS), plays a role in normal cellular growth, differentiation and development. The oncogene-derived protein (ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS)) can play a role in aberrant cellular regulation during neoplastic cell transformation (CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC). This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

An interferon regulatory factor that is expressed constitutively and undergoes POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION following viral infection. PHOSPHORYLATION of IRF-3 causes the protein to be translocated from the CYTOPLASM to CELL NUCLEUS where it binds DNA, and activates transcription.

Intracellular signaling peptides and proteins that bind directly or indirectly to the cytoplasmic portion of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTORS.

A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.

A set of protein subcomplexes involved in PROTEIN SORTING of UBIQUITINATED PROTEINS into intraluminal vesicles of MULTIVESICULAR BODIES and in membrane scission during formation of intraluminal vesicles, during the final step of CYTOKINESIS, and during the budding of enveloped viruses. The ESCRT machinery is comprised of the protein products of Class E vacuolar protein sorting genes.

Detergent-insoluble CELL MEMBRANE components. They are enriched in SPHINGOLIPIDS and CHOLESTEROL and clustered with glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins.

Vesicles that are involved in shuttling cargo from the interior of the cell to the cell surface, from the cell surface to the interior, across the cell or around the cell to various locations.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

A class of morphologically heterogeneous cytoplasmic particles in animal and plant tissues characterized by their content of hydrolytic enzymes and the structure-linked latency of these enzymes. The intracellular functions of lysosomes depend on their lytic potential. The single unit membrane of the lysosome acts as a barrier between the enzymes enclosed in the lysosome and the external substrate. The activity of the enzymes contained in lysosomes is limited or nil unless the vesicle in which they are enclosed is ruptured. Such rupture is supposed to be under metabolic (hormonal) control. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

Protein factors that promote the exchange of GTP for GDP bound to GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.

The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.

A genetically related subfamily of RAP GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that share homology with RAS PROTEINS. They bind to Ras effectors but do not activate them, therefore they may antagonize the effects of RAS PROTEINS. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Antigens expressed primarily on the membranes of living cells during sequential stages of maturation and differentiation. As immunologic markers they have high organ and tissue specificity and are useful as probes in studies of normal cell development as well as neoplastic transformation.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Proteins to which calcium ions are bound. They can act as transport proteins, regulator proteins, or activator proteins. They typically contain EF HAND MOTIFS.

A subtype of non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases that is characterized by the presence of a N-terminal catalytic domain and a large C-terminal domain that is enriched in PROLINE, GLUTAMIC ACID, SERINE, and THREONINE residues (PEST sequences). The phosphatase subtype is ubiquitously expressed and implicated in the regulation of a variety of biological processes such as CELL MOVEMENT; CYTOKINESIS; focal adhesion disassembly; and LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION.

A family of transmembrane glycoproteins (MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS) consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS; COMPLEMENT, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the CYTOSKELETON. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors(RECEPTORS, CYTOADHESIN), the leukocyte adhesion receptors (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION), and the VERY LATE ANTIGEN RECEPTORS. Each family contains a common beta-subunit (INTEGRIN BETA CHAINS) combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits (INTEGRIN ALPHA CHAINS). These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development; HEMOSTASIS; THROMBOSIS; WOUND HEALING; immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms; and oncogenic transformation.

An oncoprotein from the Cas NS-1 murine retrovirus that induces pre- B-CELL LYMPHOMA and MYELOID LEUKEMIAS. v-cbl protein is a tyrosine-phosphorylated, truncated form of its cellular homologue, PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN C-CBL.

A signal transducing tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor that is involved in regulation of NF-KAPPA B signaling and activation of MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES.

A stack of flattened vesicles that functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and directing them to secretory vesicles, LYSOSOMES, or the CELL MEMBRANE. The movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and fuse with the Golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

A family of intracellular CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES that play a role in regulating INFLAMMATION and APOPTOSIS. They specifically cleave peptides at a CYSTEINE amino acid that follows an ASPARTIC ACID residue. Caspases are activated by proteolytic cleavage of a precursor form to yield large and small subunits that form the enzyme. Since the cleavage site within precursors matches the specificity of caspases, sequential activation of precursors by activated caspases can occur.

A 145-kDa guanine nucleotide exchange factor that is specific for rap1 and ras GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. It associates with SH3 domains of the crk family of signaling proteins.

Methods for determining interaction between PROTEINS.

A family of intracellular signaling kinases that were identified by their ability to signal from the activated INTERLEUKIN-1 RECEPTORS. Signaling from these kinases involves their interaction with SIGNAL TRANSDUCING ADAPTOR PROTEINS such as MYELOID DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR 88 and TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTOR 6.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

A subgroup of mitogen-activated protein kinases that activate TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1 via the phosphorylation of C-JUN PROTEINS. They are components of intracellular signaling pathways that regulate CELL PROLIFERATION; APOPTOSIS; and CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

A family of high molecular weight GTP phosphohydrolases that play a direct role in vesicle transport. They associate with microtubule bundles (MICROTUBULES) and are believed to produce mechanical force via a process linked to GTP hydrolysis. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.50.

One of the type I interferons produced by fibroblasts in response to stimulation by live or inactivated virus or by double-stranded RNA. It is a cytokine with antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulating activity.

A family of serine-threonine kinases that plays a role in intracellular signal transduction by interacting with a variety of signaling adaptor proteins such as CRADD SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEIN; TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTOR 2; and TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED DEATH DOMAIN PROTEIN. Although they were initially described as death domain-binding adaptor proteins, members of this family may contain other protein-binding domains such as those involving caspase activation and recruitment.

A CELL LINE derived from a PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA of the rat ADRENAL MEDULLA. PC12 cells stop dividing and undergo terminal differentiation when treated with NERVE GROWTH FACTOR, making the line a useful model system for NERVE CELL differentiation.

A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

Multiprotein complexes that mediate the activation of CASPASE-1. Dysregulation of inflammasomes has also been linked to a number of autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A family of related proteins that associate with cytoskeletal elements and junctional complexes at INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS. Plakins share a common plakin domain or a plakin repeat domain.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

Gated transport mechanisms by which proteins or RNA are moved across the NUCLEAR MEMBRANE.

Card10 is a novel caspase recruitment domain/membrane-associated guanylate kinase family member that interacts with BCL10 and activates NF-kappa B. (1/240)

BCL10 belongs to the caspase recruitment domain (CARD) family of proteins that regulate apoptosis and NF-kappaB signaling pathways. Analysis of BCL10-deficient mice has revealed that BCL10 mediates NF-kappaB activation by antigen receptors in B and T cells. We recently identified a subclass of CARD proteins (CARD9, CARD11, and CARD14) that may function to connect BCL10 to multiple upstream signaling pathways. We report here that CARD10 is a novel BCL10 interactor that belongs to the membrane-associated guanylate kinase family, a class of proteins that function to organize signaling complexes at plasma membranes. When expressed in cells, CARD10 binds to BCL10 and signals the activation of NF-kappaB through its N-terminal effector CARD domain. We propose that CARD10 functions as a molecular scaffold for the assembly of a BCL10 signaling complex that activates NF-kappaB. (+info)

CARD11 and CARD14 are novel caspase recruitment domain (CARD)/membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family members that interact with BCL10 and activate NF-kappa B. (2/240)

The caspase recruitment domain (CARD) is a protein-binding module that mediates the assembly of CARD-containing proteins into apoptosis and NF-kappaB signaling complexes. We report here that CARD protein 11 (CARD11) and CARD protein 14 (CARD14) are novel CARD-containing proteins that belong to the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family, a class of proteins that functions as molecular scaffolds for the assembly of multiprotein complexes at specialized regions of the plasma membrane. CARD11 and CARD14 have homologous structures consisting of an N-terminal CARD domain, a central coiled-coil domain, and a C-terminal tripartite domain comprised of a PDZ domain, an Src homology 3 domain, and a GUK domain with homology to guanylate kinase. The CARD domains of both CARD11 and CARD14 associate specifically with the CARD domain of BCL10, a signaling protein that activates NF-kappaB through the IkappaB kinase complex in response to upstream stimuli. When expressed in cells, CARD11 and CARD14 activate NF-kappaB and induce the phosphorylation of BCL10. These findings suggest that CARD11 and CARD14 are novel MAGUK family members that function as upstream activators of BCL10 and NF-kappaB signaling. (+info)

TUCAN, an antiapoptotic caspase-associated recruitment domain family protein overexpressed in cancer. (3/240)

Caspase-associated recruitment domains (CARDs) are protein interaction domains that participate in activation or suppression of CARD-carrying members of the caspase family of apoptosis-inducing proteases. A novel CARD-containing protein was identified that is overexpressed in some types of cancer and that binds and suppresses activation of procaspase-9, which we term TUCAN (tumor-up-regulated CARD-containing antagonist of caspase nine). The CARD domain of TUCAN selectively binds itself and procaspase-9. TUCAN interferes with binding of Apaf1 to procaspase-9 and suppresses caspase activation induced by the Apaf1 activator, cytochrome c. Overexpression of TUCAN in cells by stable or transient transfection inhibits apoptosis and caspase activation induced by Apaf1/caspase-9-dependent stimuli, including Bax, VP16, and staurosporine, but not by Apaf1/caspase-9-independent stimuli, Fas and granzyme B. High levels of endogenous TUCAN protein were detected in several tumor cell lines and in colon cancer specimens, correlating with shorter patient survival. Thus, TUCAN represents a new member of the CARD family that selectively suppresses apoptosis induced via the mitochondrial pathway for caspase activation. (+info)

CARDINAL, a novel caspase recruitment domain protein, is an inhibitor of multiple NF-kappa B activation pathways. (4/240)

Proteins possessing the caspase recruitment domain (CARD) motif have been implicated in pathways leading to activation of caspases or NF-kappaB in the context of apoptosis or inflammation, respectively. Here we report the identification of a novel protein, CARDINAL, that contains a CARD motif and also exhibits a high degree of homology to the C terminus of DEFCAP/NAC, a recently described member of the Apaf-1/Nod-1 family. In contrast with the majority of CARD proteins described to date, CARDINAL failed to promote apoptosis or NF-kappaB activation. Rather, CARDINAL potently suppressed NF-kappaB activation associated with overexpression of TRAIL-R1, TRAIL-R2, RIP, RICK, Bcl10, and TRADD, or through ligand-induced stimulation of the interleukin-1 or tumor necrosis factor receptors. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that CARDINAL interacts with the regulatory subunit of the IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex, IKKgamma (NEMO), providing a molecular basis for CARDINAL function. Thus, CARDINAL is a novel regulator of NF-kappaB activation in the context of pro-inflammatory signals. (+info)

CARD-8 protein, a new CARD family member that regulates caspase-1 activation and apoptosis. (5/240)

Caspase-associated recruitment domains (CARD) are protein-protein interaction modules found extensively in proteins that play important roles in apoptosis, NFkappaB activation, and cytokine regulation. In this study we identified a novel human protein, CARD-8, which contains a C-terminal CARD domain with high similarity to the CARD domain of caspase-1/ICE. We demonstrate that CARD-8 interacts physically with caspase-1 and negatively regulates caspase-1-dependent IL-1beta generation in the THP-1 monocytic cell line. CARD-8 binds also to ICEBERG and pseudo-ICE, two other recently identified proteins, which bind to the CARD domain of caspase-1 and negatively regulate its activity. Reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis revealed that CARD-8 is expressed mainly in monocytes, placenta, lymph nodes, and spleen. This pattern of expression is consistent with caspase-1 expression in the same cells and tissues. CARD-8 was also found to negatively regulate NF-kappaB activation by TNF-alpha stimulation and by ectopically expressed RICK, suggesting that this protein may control cell survival. Consistent with these results, stable expression of CARD-8 in U937 or THP-1 cells sensitizes the cells to differentiation-induced apoptosis. Overexpression of CARD-8 can also induce apoptosis in transfected cells. The results suggest that CARD-8 represents a new signaling molecule involved in the regulation of caspase-1 and NF-kappaB activation. (+info)

TUCAN/CARDINAL and DRAL participate in a common pathway for modulation of NF-kappaB activation. (6/240)

Proteins containing the caspase recruiting domain (CARD) have emerged as critical regulators of different signal transduction pathways, including those controlling apoptosis and activation of necrosis factor (NF)-kappaB transcription factor. TUCAN/CARDINAL is a recently identified CARD-containing protein involved in regulation of caspases and NF-kappaB activation. We find that TUCAN/CARDINAL associates with DRAL, a p53-responsive gene implicated in induction of apoptosis. We also show that, whereas TUCAN/CARDINAL exerts a suppressive effect on NF-kappaB activity, expression of DRAL results in enhancement of NF-kappaB activation. Thus, our observations suggest that DRAL and TUCAN/CARDINAL may participate in a regulatory mechanism that coordinates cellular responses controlled by NF-kappaB transcription factor. (+info)

CARD11 mediates factor-specific activation of NF-kappaB by the T cell receptor complex. (7/240)

NF-kappaB is a critical target of signaling downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR) complex, but how TCR signaling activates NF-kappaB is poorly understood. We have developed an expression cloning strategy that can identify catalytic and noncatalytic molecules that participate in different pathways of NF-kappaB activation. Screening of a mouse thymus cDNA library yielded CARD11, a membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family member containing CARD, PDZ, SH3 and GUK domains. Using a CARD-deleted variant of CARD11 and RNA interference (RNAi), we demonstrate that CARD11 mediates NF-kappaB activation by alphaCD3/alphaCD28 cross-linking and PMA/ionomycin treatment, but not by TNFalpha or dsRNA. CARD11 is not required for TCR-mediated induction of NFAT or AP-1. CARD11 functions upstream of the IkappaB-kinase (IKK) complex and cooperates with Bcl10 in a CARD domain-dependent manner. RNAi-rescue experiments suggest that the CARD, coiled-coil, SH3 and GUK domains of CARD11 are critical for its signaling function. These results implicate CARD11 in factor- specific activation of NF-kappaB by the TCR complex and establish a role for a MAGUK family member in antigen receptor signaling. (+info)

CARD6 is a modulator of NF-kappa B activation by Nod1- and Cardiak-mediated pathways. (8/240)

We cloned a novel cDNA derived from the CARD6 gene locus on chromosome 5p12 of 311 amino acids in length. By immunoprecipitation we detected specific binding of this CARD6-encoding protein to Nod1 (CARD4), Cardiak (Rip2/Rick), NAC (NALP1/DEFCAP/CARD7), and TUCAN (CARD8/Cardinal/NDPP/Dakar), caspase recruitment domain (CARD)-containing proteins implicated in NF-kappa B and caspase-1 activation but not to other CARD family proteins. Cardiak and Nod1 (but not other CARD proteins) also exhibited opposing effects on CARD6 protein phosphorylation and expression, providing further evidence of functional interactions among these proteins in cells. In transfection experiments, the CARD6 protein suppressed NF-kappa B induction by Nod1 or Cardiak but did not interfere with NF-kappa B activation by the CARD-containing adapter protein Bcl10 or the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha, demonstrating specificity of CARD6 for Nod-1 and Cardiak-dependent pathways. In contrast to its effects on Nod1- and Cardiak-dependent NF-kappa B activation, CARD6 did not interfere with caspase-1-dependent interleukin-1 beta secretion induced by Cardiak or Nod1. CARD6 also did not affect caspase activation and apoptosis induced by overexpression of Fas, Bax, or other pro-apoptotic stimuli. Thus, CARD6 represents a selective modulator of NF-kappa B activation by Cardiak and Nod1, adding to the repertoire of CARD-family proteins implicated in inflammatory responses and innate immunity. (+info)

Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 is an adaptor protein of the CARD-CC protein family, which in humans is encoded ... Card9 mediates signals from so called pattern recognition receptors (Dectin-1) to downstream signalling pathways such as NF-κB ... CARD). CARD is a protein interaction domain known to participate in activation or suppression of CARD containing members of the ... Hsu YM, Zhang Y, You Y, Wang D, Li H, Duramad O, Qin XF, Dong C, Lin X (2007). "The adaptor protein CARD9 is required for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARD9

Isoform 4 is not able to act as an adaptor protein in NLR signalling and its role remains elusive. PYCARD has been shown to ... Srinivasula SM, Poyet JL, Razmara M, Datta P, Zhang Z, Alnemri ES (2002). "The PYRIN-CARD protein ASC is an activating adaptor ... NMR structure of full-length ASC: PDB ID 2KN6 [1] This gene encodes an adaptor protein that is composed of two protein-protein ... PYCARD, often referred to as ASC (Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD), is a protein that in humans is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PYCARD

This protein interacts with pyrin domain (PYD) of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC). Proteins ... These signals release HSP90 and SGT1 from and recruit ASC protein and caspase-1 to the inflammasome complex. Caspase-1 within ... subfamily of PRRs and NLRP3 together with the adaptor ASC protein PYCARD forms a caspase-1 activating complex known as the ... LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3) at the PDBe-KB. (Genes on human chromosome 1, LRR proteins, Human proteins, NOD-like ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLRP3

... where the signaling proteins contain their own CARDs, like in NLRP1 and NLRC4, the CARD -CARD interaction is direct, meaning ... there is no adaptor protein in the complex. There are a variety of sensor and adaptor proteins, the various combinations of ... CARD) . It interacts with other CARD containing proteins such as Apoptosis-Associated Speck-like Protein Containing a CARD (ASC ... CARD only proteins (COPs) as their name implies, are proteins that only contain the non-catalytic CARDs. Owing to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspase_1

CARD) or via the CARD of the adaptor protein ASC which it binds to during inflammasome formation. In its full form, the ... of Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling NLRC4 is the subset of the NLRC family to form an inflammasome and contains only a CARD domain in ... while its N-terminal PYD homotypically interacts with the PYD of adaptor protein ASC, whose CARD can then recruit another pro- ... the inflammasome receptors interact with the adaptor protein ASC, which then recruits pro-caspase-1 via its CARD domain and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammasome

O'Neill LA, Dunne A, Edjeback M, Gray P, Jefferies C, Wietek C (2003). "Mal and MyD88: adapter proteins involved in signal ... Within these proteins, the DD domains can be found in combination with other domains, including: CARDs, DEDs, ankyrin repeats, ... Other DD-containing proteins, such as ankyrin, MyD88 and pelle, are probably not directly involved in cell death signalling. DD ... In addition to cancer, deregulation of death receptor protein signaling and death domain recruitment is seen to influence many ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_domain

... has received signal one and signal two) it alters its cell surface expression of a variety of proteins. Markers of T cell ... The cytosolic domains bind an adapter BCL10 via CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domains) domains; that then binds ... CD8+ T cells are also able to use small signaling proteins, known as cytokines, to recruit other types of cells when mounting ... The other proteins in the complex are the CD3 proteins: CD3εγ and CD3εδ heterodimers and, most important, a CD3ζ homodimer, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_cell

Lu Y, Brush J, Stewart TA (Apr 1999). "NSP1 defines a novel family of adaptor proteins linking integrin and tyrosine kinase ... Gene Cards. Retrieved 18 September 2017. Near RI, Zhang Y, Makkinje A, Vanden Borre P, Lerner A (Sep 2007). "AND-34/BCAR3 ... receptors to the c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase signaling pathway". The Journal of Biological ... SH2 domain-containing protein 3A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SH2D3A gene. The protein may be useful in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SH2D3A

This molecule binds an adaptor protein (APAF-1), which recruits initiator Caspase-9 (via CARD-CARD interactions). This leads to ... Some pathogenic signals that lead to Pyroptosis by Caspase-1 are listed below: DNA in the host cytosol binds to AIM2-Like ... which is facilitated by binding to adaptor proteins via protein-protein interaction motifs that are collectively referred to as ... The adaptor protein FADD will recruit (by a Death domain-Death domain interaction) pro-Caspase 8 via the DED domain. This FasR ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspase

ASC is a bipartite PYD-CARD-containing protein. CARD domain of ASC recruits procaspase-1 (CARD-CARD interaction) to the complex ... Together with the adaptor ASC protein AIM2 forms a caspase-1 activating complex known as the AIM2 inflammasome. The first step ... This signaling contributes to the defense against bacterial and viral DNA. Proteins belonging to ALR family usually contain an ... Interferon-inducible protein AIM2 also known as absent in melanoma 2 or simply AIM2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM2

Subsequently, MAVS proteins bind to each other through the CARD and TM domain to recruit several downstream signaling factors ... January 2007). "GB virus B disrupts RIG-I signaling by NS3/4A-mediated cleavage of the adaptor protein MAVS". Journal of ... This is significant because the CARD domain is where two cytosolic proteins bind to activate MAVS, signaling that there is a ... Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) is a protein that is essential for antiviral innate immunity. MAVS is located ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_antiviral-signaling_protein

Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein also known as CARD adapter inducing interferon-beta (Cardif/IPS-1) [13] CRADD: ... Ipaf-1 recruits a CARD-containing adapter termed ASC and caspase-1 in unknown stoichiometry via CARD-CARD association. This ... The adaptor protein VISA further activates the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase (IKK)-protein-kinase family members. ... CARD domains are found on a strikingly wide range of proteins, including helicases, kinases, mitochondrial proteins, caspases, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARD_domain

FLICE-like inhibitory proteins (FLIPs) are cell inhibitors capable of stopping the death receptors' signal, which cause cell ... by a homotypic interaction between the procaspase DED and a second DED that is death effector domain in an adaptor protein that ... Structure: Death Effector Domain (DED) and a Caspase Recruitment Domain (CARD) that are englobed in a structure called pro- ... Huntingtin interacting protein-1 (HIP-1) is a protein that interacts with huntingtin (Htt), another protein that when is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_effector_domain

The apoptosome is a multimolecular holoenzyme complex assembled around the adaptor protein Apaf1 (apoptotic protease activating ... The CARD domain will only be released from this lock when Apaf-1 is bound to (d) ATP/ATP; when ATP binds, the CARD domain will ... T. F. Reubold; S. Wohlgemuth; S. Eschenburg (2011). "Crystal structure of full-length Apaf-1: how the death signal is relayed ... WD-40 repeats are sequences around 40 amino acids long which end in Trp-Asp and are typically involved in protein-protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosome

The signalling motifs involved in TCR signalling are tyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic tail of these adaptor proteins that ... CARMA1 then undergoes a conformational change which allow it to oligomerise and bind the adapter proteins BCL10, CARD domain ... hence the CD3 adaptor proteins contain the signalling motifs needed for propagating the signal from the triggered TCR into the ... LAT associates with another scaffolding protein Slp-76 via the Grap2 adaptor protein, which provides additional binding sites. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell_receptor

... from adaptor molecule apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD), increased IL-1β secretion and pyroptosis. The ... For such patients, excessive IL-1 signaling, constitutive NF-κB activation, and chronic IFN I signaling is specific. Some AIDs ... Family CARD Domain Containing 4). Inflammasomes are cytoplasmic protein complexes, which are able to generate active, secreted ... The production and signaling of IFNs are tightly regulated and dysregulation has been linked to inflammatory diseases, such as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoinflammatory_diseases

Through its CARD domain, this protein interacts with, and thus recruits, caspase 2/ICH1 to the cell death signal transduction ... a novel human apoptotic adaptor molecule for caspase-2, and FasL/tumor necrosis factor receptor-interacting protein RIP". ... The protein encoded by this gene is a death domain (CARD/DD)-containing protein and has been shown to induce cell apoptosis. ... Chou JJ, Matsuo H, Duan H, Wagner G (1998). "Solution structure of the RAIDD CARD and model for CARD/CARD interaction in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRADD

Interaction with other proteins (e.g. the adaptor molecule ASC) is mediated via N-terminal pyrin (PYD) domain. There are 14 ... NODs signal via N-terminal CARD domains to activate downstream gene induction events, and interact with microbial molecules by ... BDCA2 signaling via ITAM and signaling through ITIM belong among the TLR-dependent signaling. TLR-independent signaling such as ... MyD88 attracts the IRAK4 molecule, IRAK4 recruits IRAK1 and IRAK2 to form a signaling complex. The signaling complex reacts ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognition_receptor

... a sensor protein (PRRs), an adaptor (ASC) and an effector (caspase-1). Generally, inflammasome-forming NLR proteins share a ... Both pro-caspase-1 and ASC contain a caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD), and this homotypic CARD-CARD interaction ... When the "danger" signal is sensed, the quiescent cells will be activated to undergo pyroptosis and produce inflammatory ... recruits ASC adaptor protein via PYD-PYD interaction. ... Some non-NLR proteins like absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroptosis

Adapter proteins involved in signal transduction by toll-like receptors", Journal of Endotoxin Research, 9 (1): 55-59, doi: ... DD-containing proteins are associated with apoptosis and inflammation, similar to the CARD domain. It has also been linked with ... Protein modules containing the CARD domain are associated with apoptosis, through the regulation of caspases that they are ... Hofmann, K; Bucher, P; Tschopp, J (1997). "The CARD domain: A new apoptotic signalling motif". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Domain_database

It is suggested that it acts as an adaptor protein in events related to immune response and cholesterol regulation, for example ... After VISA activation, its accumulation allows the recruitment of signaling components which play a role in RLR-mediated ... SNX8 also plays a role in RIG-I containing CARD domain-mediated and MDA5-mediated activation of the IFNβ promoter, since VISA ... are involved in protein-protein interactions. The SNX8 protein, even though is very similar to the other sorting nexins, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNX8

... compressing a multivariate signal to yield a lower-dimensional signal amenable to classification IBM Monochrome Display Adapter ... a kind of transmitter/receiver IBM Monochrome Display Adapter (also called MDA or MDA card), a computer display standard Mobile ... melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 Mass drug administration 2,3-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (2,3-MDA), an amphetamine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDA

For example, the Influenza A virus produces NS1 protein, which can bind to host and viral RNA, interact with immune signaling ... and the CARD-containing adaptor MAVS changes. In parallel, when TLRs in the endocytic compartments recognize a virus the ... This leads to antiviral protein production, such as protein kinase R, which inhibits viral protein synthesis, or the 2′,5′- ... "Resistance" (R) proteins, encoded by R genes, are widely present in plants and detect pathogens. These proteins contain domains ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immune_system

This protein is reported to interact with other CARD and coiled coil domain containing proteins including CARD9, -10, -11 and - ... 2018). "Ancient Origin of the CARD-Coiled Coil/Bcl10/MALT1-Like Paracaspase Signaling Complex Indicates Unknown Critical ... Lin Q, Liu Y, Moore DJ, Elizer SK, Veach RA, Hawiger J, Ruley HE (2012). "Cutting edge: the "death" adaptor CRADD/RAIDD targets ... The protein encoded by this gene contains a caspase recruitment domain (CARD), and has been shown to induce apoptosis and to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCL10

... leading to a CARD-CC/BCL10/MALT1 (CBM) signaling complex. This signaling complex in turn triggers downstream recruitment of ... January 2012). "Syk kinase-coupled C-type lectin receptors engage protein kinase C-δ to elicit Card9 adaptor-mediated innate ... C-type lectin domain family 7 member A or Dectin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLEC7A gene. CLEC7A is a ... The C-type lectin receptors are class of signalling pattern recognition receptors which are involved in antifungal immunity, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLEC7A

... to the inflammsome via the CARD domains or a CARD/PYR-containing adaptor protein called apoptosis-associated speck-like protein ... There it functions as an "eat me" signal for professional phagocytes. Other important surface exposed DAMPs are heat-shock ... These proteins contain oligomerization NACHT domains, CARD domains and some also contain similar pyrin (PYR) domains. Caspase 1 ... Spisek R, Dhodapkar MV (August 2007). "Towards a better way to die with chemotherapy: role of heat shock protein exposure on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunogenic_cell_death

Types of proteins containing a PYD domain include an adaptor, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), ... Stehlik C (June 2007). "The PYRIN domain in signal transduction". Current Protein & Peptide Science. 8 (3): 293-310. doi: ... Generally, an adaptor protein (ASC) containing both a PYD and a caspase recruitment domain (CARD) is recruited forming a PYD- ... Proteins that possess a pyrin domain interact with the pyrin domains in other proteins to form of multi-protein complexes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrin_domain

... used as a basis for synthesis of a macrocyclic inhibitor of protein-protein interactions between PRMT5 and its adaptor proteins ... "Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of T cell receptor signaling reveals system-wide modulation of protein-protein ... "Serine/threonine-protein kinase RIO1". Target Report Card. Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SD, UK: EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Genome ... 6:7,389,496-7,418,037) Effects on modified protein - protein degradation, triggered by K411-m1; protein stabilization, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIOK1

2018). "Ancient Origin of the CARD-Coiled Coil/Bcl10/MALT1-Like Paracaspase Signaling Complex Indicates Unknown Critical ... "CrkL is an adapter for Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein and Syk". Blood. 97 (9): 2633-9. doi:10.1182/blood.V97.9.2633. PMID ... Tyrosine-protein kinase SYK, also known as spleen tyrosine kinase, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the SYK gene. SYK ... Without Syk, the protein it makes, and genetic disruption in a panel of 55 genes thought also to be controlled by Syk, breast ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine-protein_kinase_SYK

The signaling cascades in MDA5 is initiated via CARD domain. Some observations made in cancer cells show that MDA5 also ... Meylan E, Curran J, Hofmann K, Moradpour D, Binder M, Bartenschlager R, Tschopp J (October 2005). "Cardif is an adaptor protein ... Activated MDA5 interacts with the mitochondrial antiviral signalling proteins (MAVS) through its caspase activation and ... This gene encodes a DEAD box protein that is upregulated in response to treatment with beta-interferon (IFN-β) and a protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDA5

... leading to a CARD-CC/BCL10/MALT1 (CBM) signaling complex. This signaling complex in turn triggers downstream recruitment of ... 2012). "Syk kinase-coupled C-type lectin receptors engage protein kinase C-δ to elicit Card9 adaptor-mediated innate immunity ... The protein SAP130 signal through Mincle. Beta-glucosylceramide, which accumulates as a result of the lysosomal storage ... A wide range of ligands promote signalling through Mincle, including proteins, sterols and glycolipids from altered or damaged ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mincle_receptor

The HLA-A signal peptide is a series of hydrophobic amino acids present at the N-terminus of the protein that directs it to the ... This complex of MHC and Nef then causes adaptor protein 1 (AP-1) to direct the MHC to the lysosomes for degradation instead of ... "Major Histocompatibility Complex, Class I, A". Gene Cards. Weizmann Institute of Science. 7 November 2013. Retrieved 16 ... The HLA-A protein is a single-pass transmembrane protein. In other words, the first four domains of the protein are inside the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-A

Just as caspase 9 in mammals, caspase Dronc is a protein that has a caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD). It is the ... In the end, anti-IAPs release the IAPs proteins (mainly XIAPs). Apoptosis can be triggered by extrinsic or intrinsic signals. ... This cleavage is coordinated by a specific initiator caspase (which undergoes adaptor-assisted self-activation) for each ... Dark, just as Apaf-1, has an N-terminal CARD domain that interacts with caspase Dronc, which is incorporated into this protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_regulator_Nedd2-like_caspase

In the activated state the exposed RIG-I CARD domains interact with the CARD domains of MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling ... August 2016). "Dengue Virus Subverts Host Innate Immunity by Targeting Adaptor Protein MAVS". Journal of Virology. 90 (16): ... which directly bind various RLR or downstream signaling proteins including MDA5, LGP2, and STAT, or proteins such as PP1α and ... LGP2 is dissimilar to both RIG-I and MDA5 as it lacks the CARD signaling domains and instead is implicated as a positive and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIG-I-like_receptor

This interaction allows L1 protein connect with the cell's cytoskeleton. Also, L1 protein cytoplasmic tail can bind adaptor 2 ( ... This position allows the protein to activate chemical signals which spread through the neurone. There are a wide variety of ... "L1CAM Gene". Gene Cards. Reid RA, Hemperly JJ (1992). "Variants of human L1 cell adhesion molecule arise through alternate ... L1, also known as L1CAM, is a transmembrane protein member of the L1 protein family, encoded by the L1CAM gene. This protein, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L1_(protein)

The Kepler line of graphics cards by Nvidia came out in 2012 and were used in the Nvidia's 600 and 700 series cards. A feature ... In the home market, the Atari 2600 in 1977 used a video shifter called the Television Interface Adaptor. The Atari 8-bit ... Common factors can include the size of the connector pathways in the semiconductor device fabrication, the clock signal ... for protein folding calculations. In certain circumstances, the GPU calculates forty times faster than the CPUs traditionally ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit

Oligonucleotide adaptors are then added to the small stretches of DNA that were bound to the protein of interest to enable ... "Calling Cards enable multiplexed identification of the genomic targets of DNA-binding proteins". Genome Research. 21 (5): 748- ... Kumar V, Muratani M, Rayan NA, Kraus P, Lufkin T, Ng HH, Prabhakar S (July 2013). "Uniform, optimal signal processing of mapped ... The cross-links are made between the protein and DNA, but also between RNA and other proteins. The second step is the process ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChIP_sequencing

The signaling pathways activated by STING combine to induce an innate immune response to cells with ectopic DNA in the cytosol ... "TMEM173 Expression". Gene Cards. Ishikawa H, Ma Z, Barber GN (October 2009). "STING regulates intracellular DNA-mediated, type ... Upon binding DNA, the protein cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase (cGAS) triggers reaction of GTP and ATP to form cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP). ... STING's general role as an adapter molecule in the cytosolic DNA-type 1 IFN response across cell types has been suggested to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGAS–STING_cytosolic_DNA_sensing_pathway

... encodes NACHT, LRR, FIIND, CARD domain and PYD domains-containing protein 1 in humans. NLRP1 was the first protein shown ... Andersson B, Wentland MA, Ricafrente JY, Liu W, Gibbs RA (April 1996). "A "double adaptor" method for improved shotgun library ... Mutations in NLRP1, whether dominant or recessive, tend to be gain-of-function alleles that trigger inflammasome signaling with ... The encoded protein contains a distinct N-terminal pyrin-like motif, which is possibly involved in protein-protein interactions ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLRP1

2006 Identification cards - Financial transaction cards - Magnetic stripe data content for track 3 ISO 4921:2000 Knitting - ... and metal adaptor fittings for pipes under pressure - Laying lengths and size of threads - Metric series ISO 4133:1979 Meat and ... Specification of interface signals between the numerical control unit and the electrical equipment of an NC machine [Withdrawn ... Determination of reduction activity of specific proteins derived from pollen, mite and other sources on textile products [Under ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_International_Organization_for_Standardization_standards,_3000-4999

2018). "Ancient Origin of the CARD-Coiled Coil/Bcl10/MALT1-Like Paracaspase Signaling Complex Indicates Unknown Critical ... "14-3-3 proteins associate with A20 in an isoform-specific manner and function both as chaperone and adapter molecules". J. Biol ... The A20 protein is ancient, and protein homolog can be found as far back as cnidaria (corals, jellyfish, anemones) with a ... Tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 3 or A20 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFAIP3 gene. This gene was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNFAIP3

CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins*CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins. *Caspase Activation and Recruitment Domain Signaling Proteins ... "CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins" by people in UAMS Profiles by year, and whether "CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins" was a major ... "CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ( ... Below are the most recent publications written about "CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins" by people in Profiles over the past ten ...

https://uams-triprofiles.uams.edu/profiles/display/120912

The adaptor molecule ASC mediates AIM2-dependent caspase-1 activation. To date, no function besides caspase-1 activati … ... The inflammasome is a signalling platform leading to caspase-1 activation. Caspase-1 causes pyroptosis, a necrotic-like cell ... Aim2 protein, mouse * Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins * CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins * Cytokines * Cytoskeletal Proteins ... The adaptor molecule ASC mediates AIM2-dependent caspase-1 activation. To date, no function besides caspase-1 activation has ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22555457/?dopt=Abstract

B-Cell CLL-Lymphoma 10 Protein * CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins / metabolism* * Caspases / metabolism* ... Here, we found that CXCL8/IL8, a potent proangiogenic and inflammatory chemokine, up-regulates VEGF mRNA and protein levels in ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19112107/

DED SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS; and CARD SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS. Once activated, the initiator caspases can activate other ... DED SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS; and CARD SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS. Once activated, the initiator caspases can activate other ... The pro-domain regions contain protein-protein interaction motifs that can interact with specific signaling adaptor proteins ... The pro-domain regions contain protein-protein interaction motifs that can interact with specific signaling adaptor proteins ...

https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D053471

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARD9

... which subsequently interacts with the adaptor mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS). In the case of MDA5, binding to ... RIG‑I is further activated by the Lys63‑linked ubiquitylation of its CARDs and CTD that is mediated by TRIM25 and riplet. The ... Necroptosis utilizes a signaling pathway requiring the involvement of death receptors (DRs), receptor interacting protein ... B Cell Receptor Signaling Pathway. B cell receptor (BCR) signaling plays a key role in the proliferation and survival of ...

https://www.abnova.com/gallery/

16] CARD11 is a multidomain signaling adapter that contains (1) an amino-terminal CARD and coiled-coil domains, (2) an ... Following signaling via the BCR, protein kinase C (PKC) beta-dependent serine phosphorylation within the CARD11 linker domain ... B-cell receptor signaling activates PI3K-mediated activation of the kinase AKT, which activates many downstream signaling ... 20] Upon antigen stimulation, clustering of the BCRs occurs, leading to signal transduction via the CD79A and B subunits. [21] ...

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/208318-overview

NLRPs and ALRs both encode a PYD, which is crucial for relaying signals that result in an efficient innate immune response ... through activation of several key innate immune signaling pathways. However, mutations in these PRRs have been linked to the ... NLRPs and ALRs both encode a PYD, which is crucial for relaying signals that result in an efficient innate immune response ... through activation of several key innate immune signaling pathways. However, mutations in these PRRs have been linked to the ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2013.00440/full

A Signal Adaptor SLAM-Associated Protein Regulates. A Cre Knock-In Mouse Line on the Sickle Tail Locus Induces Recombination in ... Role of a BCL9-Related Beta-Catenin-Binding Protein, B9L, in Tumorigenesis Induced by Aberrant Activation of Wnt Signaling. ... Protein disulfide isomerase homolog PDILT is required for quality control of sperm membrane protein ADAM3 and male fertility [ ... Protein phosphatase subunit G5PR is needed for inhibition of B cell receptor-induced apoptosis. BCR signal through α4 is ...

http://cardb.cc.kumamoto-u.ac.jp/transgenic/exampleAction.do

CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins. *Cardiovascular Diseases. *Career Choice. *Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase. *Carrier Proteins ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Person/28770/Network/ResearchAreas

Here we review the literature to date on the role of different inflammasome signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of MS and ... binds to apoptosis speck-like staining protein containing a CARD (ASC) and prevents recruitment of ASC into the NLRP3 signaling ... the adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-recruitment domain (ASC), and caspase-1 [11]. ... it has been previously demonstrated that non-functional CARD domains or CARD only proteins block formation of ASC specks and ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12974-020-01944-9

... insert and push indicating the validity with the adaptor protein Shc, leading to an enhanced activation of extracellular signal ... Claimed to be natural will use your card likely affects some millions of individuals worldwide. And number motion, ...

https://redlightoflove.com/cambridge-research-test-e-300.html

A Kinase Anchor Proteins [D12.776.157.057.003] * Arrestins [D12.776.157.057.005] * CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins [D12.776. ... Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins [D12] * Proteins [D12.776] * Carrier Proteins [D12.776.157] * Adaptor Proteins, Signal ... Proteins [D12.776] * Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins [D12.776.476] * Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing [ ... Shc Signaling Adaptor Proteins [D12.644.360.024.330] * Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Associated Protein [D12.644. ...

https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D051567

23] Recent studies also revealed that DOCK8 serves as an adaptor that links TLR9-MyD88 signaling to B-cell activation. [24] ... syndrome and defects in CARD protein-BCL10-MALT1 (CBM) complexes, are now known to cause high serum IgE and overlapping ... DOCK8 functions as an adaptor that links TLR-MyD88 signaling to B cell activation. Nat Immunol. 2012 May 13. 13(6):612-20. [ ... Impaired STAT3 signaling is implicated with the following abnormalities [18] as described below:. * CD4+ T cells: Impaired ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/886988-190234/what-is-the-mortality-and-morbidity-associated-with-hyperimmunoglobulin-e-syndrome-hies

CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22, Cohort Studies, Female, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genome ... Targeting RASopathic fibrosis signalling pathways using monobodies * CD68-Luciferase reporter mice for in vivo imaging of ...

https://www.cardioscience.ox.ac.uk/publications/271701

BCL10 immune signaling adaptor [Source:HGNC .... BMP4. 652. BMP4. bone morphogenetic protein 4 [Source:HGNC Sy.... ...

https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/cards/POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_PHOSPHATE_METABOLIC_PROCESS

... that mediate signaling by interacting with the CARD domain of the mitochondrial membrane-associated protein, Interferon-beta ... Dimerization of IPS-1/MAVS allows it to associate with multiple adaptor proteins including TRAF-2, TRAF-6, and TRADD, which ... also known as Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS). LGP2 lacks an N-terminal CARD domain and is therefore unable to ... Due to the lack of the N-terminal CARD domains required for signaling, LGP2 is thought to function as either a positive or ...

https://www.rndsystems.com/pathways/rig-i-like-receptor-signaling-pathways

By assaying Il1b transcripts in the injection site skin of CFA-immunized mice, we found that signaling through the adaptor ... We found that IL-17 secretion by CD4(+) T cells following CFA immunization requires MyD88 and IL-1β/IL-1R signaling. Through ... measurement of Ag-specific responses after adoptive transfer of OTII cells, we confirmed that MyD88-dependent signaling ... Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, Adjuvants, Immunologic, Animals, CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins, Cell Differentiation, ...

https://www.camsoxford.ox.ac.uk/coi-publications/publications/896466

https://emedicine.staging.medscape.com/article/202969-overview

In addition, studies have shown that many FMDV proteins are involved in the regulation of host innate immunity and have ... In this review, the advance in mechanisms of interaction be-tween FMDV proteins and hosts innate immunity are summarized to ... In this review, advances in studies on the mechanisms of interaction between FMDV proteins and host innate immunity are ... In addition, studies have shown that many FMDV proteins are involved in the regulation of host innate immunity and re-vealed ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.02046/full

... both signal downstream through their CARDs to activate IRF3/7 and NF-κB indirectly, via the protein intermediate IPS-1 (IFN-β ... RIG-I and MDA5 colocalise with the adaptor protein IPS-1 in response to CBV5 infection, again indicating the synergistic ... RIG-I and MDA5 contribute to antiviral signalling in different ways depending on the virus involved. MDA5 has been shown to be ... RIG-I and MDA5 are homologous cytoplasmic proteins containing an N-terminal region with two caspase activation and recruitment ...

https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.554840

https://meshb-prev.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D050828

Structurally, the NLRP3 inflammasome is composed of three componentsNLRP3 that functions as a sensor protein; the adapter ... Cell Signaling Technology, 3192), rabbit anti-eIF2 (Cell Signaling Technology, 5324), rabbit anti-p(S51)-eIF2 (Cell Signaling ... Pro-caspase-1 is usually recruited to ASC via CARD:CARD interactions leading to auto-processing resulting in the generation of ... Water is the natural moderate for proteins folding, that is also found in all research. of the solvent influence on proteins ...

http://www.healthyconnectionsinc.com/category/miscellaneous-glutamate/

SRSF protein kinase 1 [Source:HGNC Sym.... STAM2. 10254. STAM2. signal transducing adaptor molecule 2 .... ... signal 1), costimulation -B7-1 (signal 2) and cytokine, either interleukin-12 or interferon-a/b (signal 3). Interaction of ... In the absence of signal 3, the cells interacting with antigen/B7-1 undergo tolerance induction. The objective of this study ... Differentiation of naive CD8 T cells into cytotoxic effector cells requires three distinct signals- antigen ( ...

https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/cards/GSE15930_STIM_VS_STIM_AND_IFNAB_72H_CD8_T_CELL_DN.html

... such as apoptosis-associated Speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) and NACHT and leucine-rich region protein NALP1 and ... the initial assembly/activation of adapter proteins that interact with procaspases and which activate other membrane proteins. ... How the P2X7R→caspase-1→IL-1β signaling cascade is triggered at in vivo inflammatory loci is not understood. In particular, the ... involve direct CARD-CARD binding between ASC and procaspase-1 and PYRIN-PYRIN interactions between NALP family proteins and ASC ...

https://journals.aai.org/jimmunol/article/175/11/7623/36940/Inhibitory-Effects-of-Chloride-on-the-Activation

Inflammasomes are multi-protein signaling complexes that trigger the activation of inflammatory caspases and the maturat... ... the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) adaptor and its small heterodimer partner are required for recruitment of ... CARD).3 The resulting autocatalysis and activation of caspase-1 lead to maturation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines ... Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome requires at least two signals: signal 1, also known as the priming signal, is mediated by ...

https://docksci.com/molecular-mechanisms-regulating-nlrp3-inflammasome-activation_5a27cbd5d64ab2f435a9a06a.html

5-Lipoxygenase-Activating Proteins. *A Kinase Anchor Proteins. *Arrestins. *CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins ... A structurally-related group of signaling proteins that are phosphorylated by the INSULIN RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE. The ... Survival signaling in type II pneumocytes activated by surfactant protein-A. Exp Cell Res. 2002 Nov 1; 280(2):270-9. ... substrate proteins interact with specific SH2 DOMAIN containing proteins that are involved in insulin receptor signaling. ...

https://profiles.jefferson.edu/display/30668

CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins. *Caspases. *Death Domain Receptor Signaling Adaptor Proteins. *Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins ... IAP proteins interact with and inhibit CASPASES, and they function as ANTI-APOPTOTIC PROTEINS. The protein class is defined by ... "Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ( ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins" by people in this website by ...

https://researchers.childrensmercy.org/display/25921

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing. * Amino Acid Sequence. * Apoptosis. * CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins ... CARD-8 protein, a new CARD family member that regulates caspase-1 activation and apoptosis. J Biol Chem. 2002 Apr 19; 277(16): ... CARD-8 protein, a new CARD family member that regulates caspase-1 activation and apoptosis. ... CARD-8 protein, a new CARD family member that regulates caspase-1 activation and apoptosis. ...

https://profiles.jefferson.edu/display/175487

The soft protein memory foam earpads is made of high-level breathable materials, ROHS certified materials prevent your ears ... Advanced 3.5mm/USB Volume Control】--The 3.5mm/USB headset features 3.5mm jack audio cable and USB in-line adapter, high durable ... Enhanced sound performance & 40mm audio driver】:Corded phone headset with built-in audio sound card, Earbay sound lab tested ... DUAL CONNECTION】: This Bluetooth headset comes with Bluetooth V5.2 technology, which transmit the signal more stably and ...

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Card9 mediates signals from so called pattern recognition receptors (Dectin-1) to downstream signalling pathways such as NF-κB and by this activates pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-23, IL-6, IL-2) and an anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) and subsequently an appropriate innate and adaptive immune response to clear an infection. (wikipedia.org)
NLRPs and ALRs both encode a PYD, which is crucial for relaying signals that result in an efficient innate immune response through activation of several key innate immune signaling pathways. (frontiersin.org)
Active NLRPs and ALRs trigger multiple innate immune effector pathways, but by far the best established function of these PYD-containing proteins is the assembly of inflammasomes, which are large multiprotein platforms that form in response to infection and tissue damage and are responsible for the activation of inflammatory caspases, in particular caspase-1 ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
Here we review the literature to date on the role of different inflammasome signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of MS and how these pathways may be targeted to reduce deleterious inflammatory processes and improve outcomes in this patient population. (springer.com)
Induction and interactions of γδ T cell and Th17 cell signaling pathways in MS and EAE. (springer.com)
Click on one of the RIG-I-like receptors shown in the Explore Pathways box below to see the specific viruses that are detected by each receptor & the intracellular signaling pathways by which they regulate antiviral immunity and the pro-inflammatory response. (rndsystems.com)
A family of structurally related proteins that are constitutively expressed and that negatively regulate cytokine-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. (nih.gov)
These results suggest that under physiological conditions P2X7R are maintained in a conformationally restrained state that limits channel gating and coupling of the receptor to signaling pathways that regulate caspase-1. (aai.org)
activation 0 is the ITGAL thyrotropin gene in which Cdc2 cycle of a leucine-rich-repeat-containing plays cells signalling the protein and assembly of pathways reducing in the specificity of a Interleukin-2's activation recombination. (exklusive-duefte.eu)
Though the clearance of mRNAs and Small members are about downstream listed, the induced MutS expression is with MLH1: PMS2( MutLalpha) and PCNA, the triggering protein recognition at synthesis pathways. (exklusive-duefte.eu)
BioLegend offers variety of reagents to study these pathways for innate immune cell signaling. (biolegend.com)
To view a step-by-step guide of the TLR signaling pathways, start the presentation below. (biolegend.com)
Click the image below for an overview of the TLR signaling pathways. (biolegend.com)
Recent data have suggested that ASC functions as an adaptor protein linking various PAAD-family proteins to pathways involved in nuclear factor (NF)-κB and pro-Caspase-1 activation. (rupress.org)
CRKL is a 33kDa adaptor protein which has been shown to activate the RAS and JUN kinase signalling pathways and transforms fibroblasts in a RAS dependant manner. (novusbio.com)

Here, we found that CXCL8/IL8, a potent proangiogenic and inflammatory chemokine, up-regulates VEGF mRNA and protein levels in endothelial cells by acting on its cognate receptor, CXCR2, and that this results in the autocrine activation of VEGFR2. (nih.gov)
These variants have in common a higher transmissibility, and an accumulation of a high number of mutations in the spike protein, especially within the amino terminal domain (NTD) and the receptor binding domain (RBD). (abnova.com)
[ 12 ] Studies in toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated signaling in patients with HIES did not reveal anty abnormalities either. (medscape.com)
In addition to immune cell development, several studies have also exhibited that IRE1-XBP1 signaling contributes to innate immune responses triggered by various toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands including lipopolysaccharide (LPS)15, attenuated strain16 and Methicillin-resistant (MRSA) contamination17. (healthyconnectionsinc.com)
INTRODUCTION The inflammasome was described a decade ago as a large intracellular signaling platform that contains a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor, especially a nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) or an absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2)-like receptor. (docksci.com)
Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (jefferson.edu)
A structurally-related group of signaling proteins that are phosphorylated by the INSULIN RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE. (jefferson.edu)
The proteins share an N-terminal PLECKSTRIN HOMOLOGY DOMAIN, a phosphotyrosine-binding domain that interacts with the phosphorylated INSULIN RECEPTOR, and a C-terminal TYROSINE-rich domain. (jefferson.edu)
Upon tyrosine phosphorylation, insulin receptor substrate proteins interact with specific SH2 DOMAIN containing proteins that are involved in insulin receptor signaling. (jefferson.edu)
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins" by people in this website by year, and whether "Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (jefferson.edu)
Below are the most recent publications written about "Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins" by people in Profiles. (jefferson.edu)
Selective modulation of type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling and functions by beta1 integrins. (jefferson.edu)
As mediated by the estrogen receptor, BPA may induce the pyroptosis of neuroblastoma cells through NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD signaling pathway, and caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis may be involved in BPA-induced apoptosis, which is alleviated by EGCG, an anti-oxidation agent. (researchsquare.com)
These proteins, which possess a common TIR domain, play a critical role in the innate immune system through the Toll-like receptor-mediated detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) from microorganisms and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPS) in vertebrates [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
MyD88 is utilized by all the receptors except Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) while TRIF is involved in TLR3 and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signalling [ 6 , 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Upon signaling a surface, the MutS sugar contributes required in an physiological ALS signaling for passive immune invaginations and disease on the DNA receptor. (exklusive-duefte.eu)
TLRs typically dimerize upon ligand binding and their cytoplasmic domain called Toll/IL-1 (TIR, due to similarities to the IL-1 receptor) then serves as a docking site for TIR containing adaptor proteins. (biolegend.com)
Counterintuitively, three indie groups have confirmed the fact that NOD (Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Area Proteins)-RIPK2 (Receptor-Interacting Serine/Threonine-Protein Kinase 2) pathway, which identifies peptidoglycans [13], had been important to fight and spp. (solventcentral.com)
PGE2-EP3 receptor signaling after that network marketing leads to NLRC4 inflammasome set up, which induces the discharge of IL-1 and IL-18. (solventcentral.com)
I have attempted to list the enzymes/receptor proteins below in the sequential order in which they are impacted, subsequent to the docking of the COVID-19 virus onto ACE2 receptors. (mthfrsupport.com)
In some cases however, the enzymes/receptor proteins are working in parallel with the immune system. (mthfrsupport.com)
The KPNB1 protein is engaged in nuclear protein import, either by coupling itself with an adapter protein (e.g., importin-alpha subunit which binds to nuclear localization signals (NLS) in cargo substrates), or by functioning autonomously as a nuclear transport receptor (acts as NLS receptor, docking of the importin/substrate complex to the nuclear pore complex). (prospecbio.com)
A apoptosis signaling six cosmic ligase fluxes proposes conserved to as an necroptotic kinase, while a receptor including at least two lysine-27 end pages lengthens released to as an open growth. (erik-mill.de)
Since KFT neither is the activation of 4-acetylcytidine receptor or vessel euro-cents nor their influx and provides signaling residues over ERK template, it is in tyrosine the prolonged web of roles and of the group lengths in phosphorylation and film response. (erik-mill.de)
In a remarkable discovery at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, N.Y.C. in 1990, it was shown that a minute current (50 to 100 MICRO amperes) can alter outer protein layers of HIV virus in a petri dish so as to prevent its subsequent attachment to receptor sites. (elixa.com)
download Study Smart, Study can somatically be activated up into proteins, where it requires rapidly taken anchored by the I of a nuclear receptor, gastrointestinal composition( GAA)( Brown et al. (evakoch.com)
TLR signaling triggers a cascade of events in DCs that includes modified chemokine and cytokine production, altered chemokine receptor expression, and changes in signaling through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). (eurekamag.com)
This system was capable of detecting IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 with 100% sensitivity and specificity using recombinant antigens for the SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 protein, nucleocapsid protein, and receptor binding domain. (bvsalud.org)

It mediates signals from pattern recognition receptors to activate pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, regulating inflammation and cell apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
While Toll-like receptors (TLRs) utilize their TIR domain and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) and NLRCs their CARD for downstream signaling upon activation, NLRPs and AIM2-like receptors (ALRs) recruit signaling adaptors through their PYRIN domain (PYD). (frontiersin.org)
Although most P2X receptors are largely expressed in excitable tissues and are involved in neural signaling, P2X7R is predominantly expressed in hemopoietic tissues ( 3 ). (aai.org)
Detection by the receptors triggers a series of steps involving recruitment of the downstream adaptor proteins to the receptors resulting in a signalling cascade. (biomedcentral.com)

Adapter protein implicated in the regulation of a large spectrum of both general and specialized signaling pathway. (nsjbio.com)

The PYD is the effector domain required for downstream signaling, while evidence supports a role of the LRR and HIN-200 domain in ligand recognition ( 19 - 21 ). (frontiersin.org)
TRIF is a key protein in antiviral innate immunity, operating downstream of TLRs. (biomedcentral.com)
AMPK exerts its cellular effects through its function as a serine/threonine protein kinase by regulating many downstream targets and plays important roles in the development and growth of skeletal muscle. (techscience.com)

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The adaptor molecule ASC mediates AIM2-dependent caspase-1 activation. (nih.gov)
By assaying Il1b transcripts in the injection site skin of CFA-immunized mice, we found that signaling through the adaptor molecule caspase activation and recruitment domain 9 (CARD9) plays a major role in triggering pro-IL-1β expression. (ox.ac.uk)
The other TIR domain-containing adaptor proteins include MyD88 (Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88), MAL/TIRAP (MyD88 adaptor-like/TIR domain-containing adaptor protein), TRIF/TICAM-1 (TIR domain-containing adaptor molecule-inducing interferon-β/TIR domain-containing molecule 1), TRAM/TICAM-2 (TRIF-related adaptor molecule/TIR domain-containing adaptor molecule 2) and SARM (sterile-α and HEAT-Armadillo motifs containing protein). (biomedcentral.com)

They contain pleckstrin homology and SH2 domains, through which they function as signal transducing adaptor proteins. (nih.gov)

Messenger RNA (mRNA) based vaccines use lab-created mRNA that provides cells with instructions for making protein antigens and triggers an adaptive immune response. (abnova.com)
Although not as well-established and in many cases derived from overexpression studies, these proteins have also been linked to transcriptional responses, through activation of NF-κB, IRFs, and MAPKs to regulate pro-inflammatory and anti-microbial gene expression, autophagy, and to affect adaptive immune responses. (frontiersin.org)
IRE1 signaling has been demonstrated to contribute to the development of several immune cell types, including secretory plasma cells12 and dendritic cells13. (healthyconnectionsinc.com)
Inflammasomes are high in molecular weight, multimeric, and self-organizing protein complexes of the innate immune system which do not only play a significant role in inflammatory response activation and the release of IL-1 β and IL-18 but also function like a finely tuned alarm in cellular apoptosis regulation by triggering and enhancing systems in response to stress and/or cellular infections. (hindawi.com)
Cts on immune GPC-3 Proteins manufacturer responses. (ck2inhibitor.com)

the adapter apoptosis-associated speck-like protein made up of a caspase recruitment domain name (ASC) and pro-caspase-120. (healthyconnectionsinc.com)
Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a Caspase recruitment domain (ASC) belongs to a large family of proteins that contain a Pyrin, AIM, ASC, and death domain-like (PAAD) domain (also known as PYRIN, DAPIN, Pyk). (rupress.org)
Upon the stimuli, the NLRP3 inflammasome activates and subsequently recruits apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC) and caspase-1, which causes the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Furthermore, there is increasing evidence for a broader contribution of inflammasomes to unconventional protein secretion ( 8 ), to lipid biogenesis and to the release of inflammatory lipids ( 9 - 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
Molecular mechanisms regulating NLRP3 inflammasome activation Eun-Kyeong Jo1,2, Jin Kyung Kim1,2, Dong-Min Shin1,2 and Chihiro Sasakawa3,4 Inflammasomes are multi-protein signaling complexes that trigger the activation of inflammatory caspases and the maturation of interleukin-1b. (docksci.com)

Thus, a necessity of these PRRs is to be able to promote the clustering of inflammasome adaptors, which is essential for induced proximity-mediated activation of caspase-1 ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
apical proteins in the physiological download Study Smart, Study Less: Earn Better Grades and Higher span associated in binding the PRRs of proteins like interior and recombinase oligodendrocyte oxidative motion( GABA). (evakoch.com)

physicists exhibit as cytosolic proteins, using a lactate of host ATPases at Mice of temporal cell. (evakoch.com)
NOD2 signaling is triggered by cytosolic muramyl dipeptide found in the peptidoglycan of all bacteria. (biolegend.com)

A family of intracellular signaling adaptor proteins that contain caspase activation and recruitment domains. (uams.edu)
The inflammasome is a signalling platform leading to caspase-1 activation. (nih.gov)
CARD is a protein interaction domain known to participate in activation or suppression of CARD containing members of the caspase family, and thus plays an important regulatory role in cell apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
This protein was identified by its selective association with the CARD domain of BCL10, a positive regulator of apoptosis and NF-κB activation. (wikipedia.org)
The second step (signal II) promotes NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activation. (healthyconnectionsinc.com)
CARD-8 protein, a new CARD family member that regulates caspase-1 activation and apoptosis. (jefferson.edu)
The end product of this signalling cascade is the activation of transcription factors like NF-kB (nuclear factor kappa-light chain enhancer of activated B cells) and IRFs (interferon-regulating factors) leading to production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferons. (biomedcentral.com)
Cell lysis is triggered by activation of particular intracellular pore forming proteins, but how regulation of cell lysis occurs is not well understood. (plos.org)
Following the inflammasome signaling activation, inflammatory processes can potentially promote the development and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines including danger signaling and pyroptotic cell death, i.e., quick inflammation-induced apoptosis. (hindawi.com)
While coexpression of ASC with certain PAAD-family proteins such as Pyrin and Cryopyrin increases NF-κB activity, ASC has an inhibitory influence on NF-κB activation by various proinflammatory stimuli, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, interleukin 1β, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). (rupress.org)
Elevations in ASC protein levels or of the PAAD domain of ASC suppressed activation of IκB kinases in cells exposed to pro-inflammatory stimuli. (rupress.org)
We also reported that triggers NLRC4 inflammasome activation and caspase-1 autoproteolysis through the phospholipid-binding proteins Annexin A2 [27, 28]. (solventcentral.com)
Reviews Binary Options Trading Signals USD/NOK is also important in preventing throm- bosis through inhibition of platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation, and in preventing atherosclerosis by inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. (forexsignalstoday.com)
A major role is that of the MRN (MRE11/RAD50/NBS1) complex binding to DSBs and facilitating the activation of ATM (Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated) protein, a key PI3K (Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) related kinase in the DNA damage response (DDR). (wikipathways.org)
Bax inhibitor 1-1 is an anti apoptotic protein capable of suppressing Bax activation and mitochondrial translocation. (gp120-inhibitors.com)

It is thought to function as a molecular scaffold for the assembly of a BCL10 signaling complex that activates NF-κB. (wikipedia.org)
CARD9 is a novel caspase recruitment domain-containing protein that interacts with BCL10/CLAP and activates NF-kappa B". J. Biol. (wikipedia.org)

Active caspases then induce inflammatory cell death (pyroptosis), maturation, and/or secretion of the leaderless pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, and contribute to the release of the related IL-1α ( 4 , 5 ) as well as the stress-associated danger signal HMGB1 ( 6 , 7 ). (frontiersin.org)

The TIR domain responsible for mediating the protein-protein interactions between the TLRs and adaptor proteins, as well as amongst the adaptor proteins has a core structure of a flavodoxin-like fold, containing alternating α-helices and β-strands. (biomedcentral.com)
TLRs are broadly subdivided based on their location at the cell surface (these are activated by lipid and protein ligands) and endosomal compartments (these are activated by non-self nucleic acids). (biolegend.com)

bone morphogenetic protein 4 [Source:HGNC Sy. (gsea-msigdb.org)

then, N-glycans are submitted as transcription families during the sulfate and art phosphatidylethanolamine of the organization: they are the thickness of proteins to open when a pre-Replication must form with a phosphatidylinositol, register defined to the proSMDT1, or conserved for family in cause of vast human peptides. (evakoch.com)
Peptides and proteins are guaranteed for 3 months from date of receipt. (novusbio.com)

Because previous studies indicated that extracellular Cl − exerts a negative allosteric effect on ATP-gating of P2X7R channels, we tested whether Cl − attenuates the P2X7R→caspase-1→IL-1β signaling cascade in murine and human macrophages. (aai.org)
M2 is certainly a 97 amino acid-long proteins using a 23-amino acidity N-terminal extracellular area (M2e) that forms homotetramers [8,9]. (healthdisparitiesks.org)
Mammals express at least four distinctly regulated groups of MAPKs, extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK)-1/2, Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNK1/2/3), p38 proteins (p38alpha/beta/gamma/delta) and ERK5, that are activated by specific MAPKKs: MEK1/2 for ERK1/2, MKK3/6 for the p38, MKK4/7 (JNKK1/2) for the JNKs, and MEK5 for ERK5. (uni-freiburg.de)

A-kinase anchoring protein 8 [Source:H. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Abstract As a key coordinator of metabolism, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is vitally involved in skeletal muscle maintenance. (techscience.com)
AMPK is activated by phosphorylation and exerts its function as a kinase in many processes, including synthesis and degradation of proteins, mitochondrial biogenesis, glucose uptake, and fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism. (techscience.com)
C and is adrenal for biological introns, uncoating the degranulation of hyaluronan-like fructose binding and the kinase of signal from alpha( See Zachariae and Nasmyth, 1999). (evakoch.com)
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is a highly conserved module that is involved in various cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. (uni-freiburg.de)

Ultimately, signal II enables structural assembly of the inflammasome with NLRP3 recruiting ASC via pyrin:pyrin domain name interactions, which in turn triggers ASC oligomerisation leading to the formation of long ASC filaments26. (healthyconnectionsinc.com)
The domain architecture of NLRs typically includes an N-terminal protein-protein interaction domain , caspase recruitment domain (CARD), pyrin domain (PYD), a central NACHT domain that helps with self-oligomerization, and a C-terminal leucine rich repeat (LRR) to detect PAMPs. (biolegend.com)
Foreign (viral and bacterial), as well as aberrant host double-stranded DNA recognition, is performed by a non-NLR protein called AIM2 (absent in melanoma 2) using its HIN200 domain attached to a pyrin domain (PYD), which helps with ASC recruitment for inflammasone formation. (biolegend.com)

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Ied over 1000 proteins across seven independent experiments with direct or indirect relationships to LMP1. (ck2inhibitor.com)
We also provided a thorough procedure validation using this volumetric DBS collection device with an established quantitative proteomics analysis method, and then analyzed 1000 proteins using this approach in DBSs concomitantly with serum for future consideration of utility in clinical applications. (bvsalud.org)

2008 Nonvesicular lipid transport is usually mediated by lipid transfer proteins which comprise numerous conserved protein families with variable degrees of lipid specificity (Lev 2010 We have recognized heterodimeric complexes of yeast Ups1 (human PRELID1) and Mdm35 (human TRIAP1) as novel lipid transfer proteins in mitochondria (Connerth et al. (recyclers-info.com)
DSBs trigger a multitude of post-translational modifications that alter both, catalytic activities and the specificity of protein interactions including: phosphorylation, methylation, ubiquitylation, acetylation, and SUMOylation, followed by the turnaround of these changes as repair has been completed. (wikipathways.org)

Unexpectedly, CARD19, a mitochondrial CARD-containing protein, was not directly responsible for this, as an independently-generated CRISPR/Cas9 Card19 knockout mouse line ( Card19 Null ) showed no defect in macrophage cell lysis. (plos.org)
These results link mitochondrial PE metabolism to MICOS combining functions in protein and lipid homeostasis to preserve mitochondrial structure and function. (recyclers-info.com)

Our knowledge of the mechanisms regulating NLRP3 inflammasome signaling and how these influence inflammatory responses offers further insight into potential therapeutic strategies to treat inflammatory diseases associated with dysregulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. (docksci.com)
The results showed that BPA nonlinearly upregulated the levels of IL-18, ASC, GSDMD and NLRP3 mRNAs and that of NLRP3, caspase-1, GSDMD and IL-1β proteins in IMR-32 and SK-N-SH cells. (researchsquare.com)

Antibodies are used to capture a protein of interest and its bound DNA. (spotlightministries.org)
Antibodies (proteins) and genomes (RNA) are completely different chemically. (wordpress.com)
Browse our antibodies, ELISA kits and proteins related to positive regulation of endopeptidase activity. (antikoerper-online.de)

RIG-I and MDA5 contribute to antiviral signalling in different ways depending on the virus involved. (bl.uk)

PIAS proteins inhibit the activity of signal transducers and activators of transcription. (nih.gov)
IAP proteins interact with and inhibit CASPASES, and they function as ANTI-APOPTOTIC PROTEINS. (childrensmercy.org)
The changes in RGS18 and RGS1 expression are likely important for DC function, because both proteins inhibit G alpha(i)- and G alpha(q)-mediated signaling and can reduce CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL)12-, CC chemokine ligand (CCL)19-, or CCL21-induced cell migration. (eurekamag.com)

Biochemical assays confirmed impaired NOD2-dependent signaling and proinflammatory cytokine production in patient's cells and heterologous cellular models with overexpression of the NOD2 mutant. (ox.ac.uk)
Although many lab instruments, such as incubators, shakers, mixers, and centrifuges include adapters to accept microplates, three instruments are designed specifically for microplate-based assays: plate readers, plate washers and plate sealers. (laboratory-equipment.com)
Used commonly to wash cell cultures, western blots, ELISA assays, and protein arrays, microplate washers accommodate several microplate sizes (6-well, 30-well, 96-well, 384-well) and styles (deep-well, flat-bottom, semi-skirted and full-skirted). (laboratory-equipment.com)

Mutations of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 ( STAT3 ) gene were shown to cause the AD HIES by 2 groups independently. (medscape.com)
New strains of influenza occur because of mutations in the protein hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), a sensation termed antigenic drift, resulting in epidemic disease [2]. (healthdisparitiesks.org)

Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to its pathogenesis, which involves insufficient insulin secretion, reduced responsiveness to endogenous or exogenous insulin , increased glucose production, and/or abnormalities in fat and protein metabolism. (mhmedical.com)

Full length recombinant human protein was used as the immunogen for the 14-3-3 epsilon antibody. (nsjbio.com)
MAP2K5( AAH08838, 1 a.a. - 449 a.a.) recombinant protein with GST. (novusbio.com)

MyD88 binds directly to the majority of TLR TIRs but in some cases the binding occurs in combination with adaptor TIRAP. (biolegend.com)

Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 is an adaptor protein of the CARD-CC protein family, which in humans is encoded by the CARD9 gene. (wikipedia.org)
CARD9 is a member of the CARD protein family, which is defined by the presence of a characteristic caspase-associated recruitment domain (CARD). (wikipedia.org)

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Engagement of TLR3 or TLR4 on monocyte-derived DCs induces RGS16 and RGS20, markedly increases RGS1 expression, and potently down-regulates RGS18 and RGS14 without modifying other RGS proteins. (eurekamag.com)
A similar pattern of Rgs protein expression occurred in immature bone marrow-derived mouse DCs stimulated to mature via TLR4 signaling. (eurekamag.com)

In this review, advances in studies on the mechanisms of interaction between FMDV proteins and host innate immunity are summarized to provide a comprehensive understanding of FMDV pathogenesis and the theoretical basis for FMD prevention and control. (frontiersin.org)
Immunoprecipitation-coupled mass spectrometry unveiled the ATPase valosin-containing protein (VCP) as novel interaction partner of wildtype NOD2, while the binding to the NOD2 variant p.E54K was abrogated. (ox.ac.uk)
But, microplate readers are also used for high-throughput screening of drug targets, protein-protein interaction studies, enzyme activity analysis, and cell toxicity and proliferation examinations. (laboratory-equipment.com)

We found that IL-17 secretion by CD4(+) T cells following CFA immunization requires MyD88 and IL-1β/IL-1R signaling. (ox.ac.uk)
Through measurement of Ag-specific responses after adoptive transfer of OTII cells, we confirmed that MyD88-dependent signaling controls Th17 differentiation rather than simply production of IL-17. (ox.ac.uk)

The protein of the state of this I, bound as Synthesis of the N-glycan interior or LLO, degrades one of the most used times in molecules, and phosphorylates been only amplified in some target. (evakoch.com)
Throughout the cell aid, the trafficking is frequently reviewed for growth, being mainly from molecules of transcription, humans of step or through stimulatory kinases phosphorylated as methionine or signaling phospholipase. (evakoch.com)
There is a widespread effort to develop inhibitors against signal transduction molecules that play a key role in the proliferative, migratory and invasive properties of a cancer cell. (garvan.org.au)

Differentiation of naive CD8 T cells into cytotoxic effector cells requires three distinct signals- antigen (signal 1), costimulation -B7-1 (signal 2) and cytokine, either interleukin-12 or interferon-a/b (signal 3). (gsea-msigdb.org)
The objective of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms how the provision of signal 3 promotes differentiation and averts tolerance induction in CD8 T cells. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Oligonucleotide microarray analysis is carried out to determine the extent and molecular nature of the CD8 T cell differentiation program induced by IL-12 or IFNa/b in concert with antigen and B7-1 signal. (gsea-msigdb.org)

One mechanism by which TLR signaling could modify GPCR signaling is by altering the expression of regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins. (eurekamag.com)

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The immediate contribution that cell routine progression makes towards the establishment of silencing is not determined however in an insightful research it had been found that preventing the transcription from the cohesin gene resulted in silencing of previously in the cell routine which expression of the uncleavable Scc1 proteins decreased the capability to create silencing (Lau 2002). (health-media.net)
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beta catenin is also a gene regulatory protein that promotes cellular proliferation. (flashcardmachine.com)
APC, (adenomatous polyposis coli), is a tumor suppressor gene whose main function is to down-regulate growth promoting signals, such as beta catenin. (flashcardmachine.com)
Mechanisms of endocrine resistance include loss of ER-alpha expression, altered expression of coactivators or coregulators that play a critical role in ER-mediated gene transcription, ligand-independent growth factor signaling cascades that activate kinases and ER-phosphorylation, altered availability of active tamoxifen metabolites regulated by drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2D6, and deregulation of the cell cycle and apoptotic machinery. (uni-freiburg.de)

Proteins that contain this domain play a role in APOPTOSIS-related signal transduction by associating with other CARD domain-containing members and in activating INITIATOR CASPASES that contain CARD domains within their N-terminal pro-domain region. (uams.edu)

At least three viral membrane proteins (gE, gI, and Us9) are necessary for the spread of infection from presynaptic to postsynaptic neurons (anterograde spread) in infected rodents. (rupress.org)
Surprisingly, capsid and tegument proteins but not viral membrane proteins were detected in axons. (rupress.org)
The spread of Us9 missense mutants in the rodent nervous system correlated with the amount of viral membrane proteins localized to axons. (rupress.org)
We conclude that the Us9 membrane protein controls axonal localization of diverse viral membrane proteins but not that of capsid or tegument proteins. (rupress.org)
The primary reason is that membrane proteins are more difficult to purify and crystallize. (choxos.net)

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2009 Although they lack sequence similarity with other classes of lipid transfer proteins the crystal structures of Ups1-Mdm35 and SLMO1-TRIAP1 complexes revealed striking structural similarities with phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins and suggested comparable transfer mechanisms (Miliara et al. (recyclers-info.com)
These act by chemical binding to essential protein complexes of the photo-systems. (earsppm.com)

Common applications for microplate readers include nucleic acid quantitation, protein purification, ELISA immunoassay analysis, and cell viability studies. (laboratory-equipment.com)

Valosin-containing protein-regulated endoplasmic reticulum stress causes NOD2-dependent inflammatory responses. (ox.ac.uk)
At that time, treatment strategies were tentative, the unutterable hydroxychloroquine was still en vogue , the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children ( MIS - C ) as yet unheard of, and nobody knew about Long COVID or variants. (covidreference.com)

It interacts with CDC25 phosphatases, RAF1 and IRS1 proteins, suggesting its role in diverse biochemical activities related to signal transduction, such as cell division and regulation of insulin sensitivity. (nsjbio.com)

Grb7 is an adaptor-type signalling protein that is recruited via its Src-homology 2 (SH2) domain to a variety of tyrosine kinases. (garvan.org.au)

A conserved class of proteins that control APOPTOSIS in both VERTEBRATES and INVERTEBRATES. (childrensmercy.org)

Ion channels are pore proteins that are involved in a large variety of physiological processes. (autom8.com)

Antigenic peptide presentation along with co-stimulatory signals from DC (IL1-β, IL-6 and IL-23) activates Th17 cells that respond and secrete IL-17, GM-CSF, and IL-21. (springer.com)
Cord factor and peptidoglycan recapitulate the Th17-promoting adjuvant activity of mycobacteria through mincle/CARD9 signaling and the inflammasome. (ox.ac.uk)

Alternatively, this various northern download The Mystery of 31 New Inn prevents into a cohesin when neural other residues and proteins focus induced into intestine. (evakoch.com)

Death-effector domain-containing protein DEDD is an inhibitor of mitotic Cdk1/cyclin B1. (kumamoto-u.ac.jp)
Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (childrensmercy.org)
The protein class is defined by an approximately 80-amino acid motif called the baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis repeat. (childrensmercy.org)
Below are the most recent publications written about "Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins" by people in Profiles. (childrensmercy.org)

The PYD, also referred to as PAAD or DAPIN, is a protein binding domain belonging to the death domain superfamily ( 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
BAR/IMD domain containing adaptor prot. (gsea-msigdb.org)
While human particles are one of three were GEF proteins Submitted to bit - the DENN( not mediated in green and ER-associated carbon) replication, the VPS9 modification and the SEC2 enzyme lethal proteins are a identified domain( recruited in Ishida et al, 2016). (exklusive-duefte.eu)
This insulin is some of the economic proteins that transmit in the state of transcription and depression Hydrogen with the divergence, in catabolism to domain. (evakoch.com)

Recently, the introduction of a vaccine predicated on (+)-α-Tocopherol an invariant influenza proteins that could induce wide, long-lasting immunity provides received much interest. (healthdisparitiesks.org)

Thus, the era of single-shot photomicrographs and digital images of fixed, dead cells has largely yielded to live-cell imaging using a wide spectrum of synthetic probes, quantum dots, and fluorescent proteins, where maintaining cells in focus on the microscope stage for extended periods of time is a mission-critical factor. (microscopyu.com)
More recently, the revolution in development of fluorescent proteins spanning the entire visible spectrum has resulted in the discovery of countless dynamic intracellular events that can only be investigated by observation over time. (microscopyu.com)
The production of DSBs can be quantified by biochemical techniques, e.g., pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and cell imaging, either globally or damage specific, through immunostaining of marker proteins or recruitment of fluorescent proteins to the DNA breaks. (wikipathways.org)

Anatomy35

Organisms8

Chemicals and Drugs153

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment19

Phenomena and Processes36

Information Science4

Card10 is a novel caspase recruitment domain/membrane-associated guanylate kinase family member that interacts with BCL10 and activates NF-kappa B. (1/240)

CARD11 and CARD14 are novel caspase recruitment domain (CARD)/membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family members that interact with BCL10 and activate NF-kappa B. (2/240)

TUCAN, an antiapoptotic caspase-associated recruitment domain family protein overexpressed in cancer. (3/240)

CARDINAL, a novel caspase recruitment domain protein, is an inhibitor of multiple NF-kappa B activation pathways. (4/240)

CARD-8 protein, a new CARD family member that regulates caspase-1 activation and apoptosis. (5/240)

TUCAN/CARDINAL and DRAL participate in a common pathway for modulation of NF-kappaB activation. (6/240)

CARD11 mediates factor-specific activation of NF-kappaB by the T cell receptor complex. (7/240)

CARD6 is a modulator of NF-kappa B activation by Nod1- and Cardiak-mediated pathways. (8/240)

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing

Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport

GRB2 Adaptor Protein

Shc Signaling Adaptor Proteins

Adaptor Protein Complex 2

CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins

Adaptor Protein Complex 3

Adaptor Protein Complex 1

GRB10 Adaptor Protein

src Homology Domains

Adaptor Protein Complex alpha Subunits

Signal Transduction

Adaptor Protein Complex beta Subunits

Adaptor Protein Complex mu Subunits

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-crk

Adaptor Protein Complex 4

Protein Binding

Phosphoproteins

Adaptor Protein Complex gamma Subunits

Carrier Proteins

Adaptor Protein Complex Subunits

Clathrin

Phosphorylation

Proteins

CRADD Signaling Adaptor Protein

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Adaptor Protein Complex delta Subunits

Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88

Molecular Sequence Data

Amino Acid Sequence

Membrane Proteins

Cell Line

Tyrosine

Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins

GRB7 Adaptor Protein

Amino Acid Motifs

Endocytosis

Protein Transport

Adaptor Protein Complex sigma Subunits

Mice, Knockout

Crk-Associated Substrate Protein

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-cbl

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Clathrin-Coated Vesicles

Two-Hybrid System Techniques

Jurkat Cells

Oncogene Proteins

Mutation

Immunoprecipitation

COS Cells

Binding Sites

Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein

Receptors, Interleukin-1

Cytoskeletal Proteins

Monomeric Clathrin Assembly Proteins

Protein-Tyrosine Kinases

Son of Sevenless Proteins

Transfection

Phosphotyrosine

Nerve Tissue Proteins

HEK293 Cells

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Endosomes

trans-Golgi Network

Enzyme Activation

Precipitin Tests

Toll-Like Receptors

Phospholipase C gamma

HeLa Cells

src-Family Kinases

Cells, Cultured

Nuclear Proteins

Toll-Like Receptor 4

Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein

Paxillin

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Proto-Oncogene Proteins

Models, Biological

Cell Membrane

RNA, Small Interfering