Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
A broad category of carrier proteins that play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They generally contain several modular domains, each of which having its own binding activity, and act by forming complexes with other intracellular-signaling molecules. Signal-transducing adaptor proteins lack enzyme activity, however their activity can be modulated by other signal-transducing enzymes
Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport
A class of proteins involved in the transport of molecules via TRANSPORT VESICLES. They perform functions such as binding to the cell membrane, capturing cargo molecules and promoting the assembly of CLATHRIN. The majority of adaptor proteins exist as multi-subunit complexes, however monomeric varieties have also been found.
GRB2 Adaptor Protein
A signal transducing adaptor protein that links extracellular signals to the MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM. Grb2 associates with activated EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR and PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTORS via its SH2 DOMAIN. It also binds to and translocates the SON OF SEVENLESS PROTEINS through its SH3 DOMAINS to activate PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS).
Shc Signaling Adaptor Proteins
Adaptor Protein Complex 2
CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins
A family of intracellular signaling adaptor proteins that contain caspase activation and recruitment domains. Proteins that contain this domain play a role in APOPTOSIS-related signal transduction by associating with other CARD domain-containing members and in activating INITIATOR CASPASES that contain CARD domains within their N-terminal pro-domain region.
Adaptor Protein Complex 1
GRB10 Adaptor Protein
src Homology Domains
Regions of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE similarity in the SRC-FAMILY TYROSINE KINASES that fold into specific functional tertiary structures. The SH1 domain is a CATALYTIC DOMAIN. SH2 and SH3 domains are protein interaction domains. SH2 usually binds PHOSPHOTYROSINE-containing proteins and SH3 interacts with CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS.
Adaptor Protein Complex alpha Subunits
Signal Transduction
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Adaptor Protein Complex beta Subunits
Adaptor Protein Complex mu Subunits
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-crk
Adaptor Protein Complex 4
Protein Binding
Adaptor Protein Complex gamma Subunits
Carrier Proteins
Adaptor Protein Complex Subunits
Clathrin
The main structural coat protein of COATED VESICLES which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. Each molecule of clathrin consists of three light chains (CLATHRIN LIGHT CHAINS) and three heavy chains (CLATHRIN HEAVY CHAINS) that form a structure called a triskelion. Clathrin also interacts with cytoskeletal proteins.
Phosphorylation
Proteins
Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.
CRADD Signaling Adaptor Protein
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
Adaptor Protein Complex delta Subunits
Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Amino Acid Sequence
Membrane Proteins
Tyrosine
Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.
GRB7 Adaptor Protein
Amino Acid Motifs
Endocytosis
Protein Transport
Adaptor Protein Complex sigma Subunits
Mice, Knockout
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
Crk-Associated Substrate Protein
Crk-associated substrate was originally identified as a highly phosphorylated 130 kDa protein that associates with ONCOGENE PROTEIN CRK and ONCOGENE PROTEIN SRC. It is a signal transducing adaptor protein that undergoes tyrosine PHOSPHORYLATION in signaling pathways that regulate CELL MIGRATION and CELL PROLIFERATION.
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-cbl
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Clathrin-Coated Vesicles
Vesicles formed when cell-membrane coated pits (COATED PITS, CELL-MEMBRANE) invaginate and pinch off. The outer surface of these vesicles is covered with a lattice-like network of the protein CLATHRIN. Shortly after formation, however, the clathrin coat is removed and the vesicles are referred to as ENDOSOMES.
Two-Hybrid System Techniques
Screening techniques first developed in yeast to identify genes encoding interacting proteins. Variations are used to evaluate interplay between proteins and other molecules. Two-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for protein-protein interactions, one-hybrid for DNA-protein interactions, three-hybrid interactions for RNA-protein interactions or ligand-based interactions. Reverse n-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for mutations or other small molecules that dissociate known interactions.
Jurkat Cells
Oncogene Proteins
Mutation
Immunoprecipitation
COS Cells
CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)
Binding Sites
Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein
A NOD signaling adaptor protein that contains two C-terminal leucine-rich domains which recognize bacterial PEPTIDOGLYCAN. It signals via an N-terminal capase recruitment domain that interacts with other CARD SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS such as RIP SERINE-THEONINE KINASES. The protein plays a role in the host defense response by signaling the activation of CASPASES and the MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM. Mutations of the gene encoding the nucleotide oligomerization domain 2 protein have been associated with increased susceptibility to CROHN DISEASE.
Receptors, Interleukin-1
Cell surface receptors that are specific for INTERLEUKIN-1. Included under this heading are signaling receptors, non-signaling receptors and accessory proteins required for receptor signaling. Signaling from interleukin-1 receptors occurs via interaction with SIGNAL TRANSDUCING ADAPTOR PROTEINS such as MYELOID DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR 88.
Cytoskeletal Proteins
Monomeric Clathrin Assembly Proteins
Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
Son of Sevenless Proteins
Transfection
Phosphotyrosine
HEK293 Cells
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Endosomes
trans-Golgi Network
Enzyme Activation
Precipitin Tests
Toll-Like Receptors
A family of pattern recognition receptors characterized by an extracellular leucine-rich domain and a cytoplasmic domain that share homology with the INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR and the DROSOPHILA toll protein. Following pathogen recognition, toll-like receptors recruit and activate a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCING ADAPTOR PROTEINS.
Phospholipase C gamma
HeLa Cells
src-Family Kinases
A PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE family that was originally identified by homology to the Rous sarcoma virus ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(V-SRC). They interact with a variety of cell-surface receptors and participate in intracellular signal transduction pathways. Oncogenic forms of src-family kinases can occur through altered regulation or expression of the endogenous protein and by virally encoded src (v-src) genes.
Cells, Cultured
Nuclear Proteins
Toll-Like Receptor 4
Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein
A signal-transducing adaptor protein that associates with TNF RECEPTOR complexes. It contains a death effector domain that can interact with death effector domains found on INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 8 and CASPASE 10. Activation of CASPASES via interaction with this protein plays a role in the signaling cascade that leads to APOPTOSIS.
Paxillin
Paxillin is a signal transducing adaptor protein that localizes to FOCAL ADHESIONS via its four LIM domains. It undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION in response to integrin-mediated CELL ADHESION, and interacts with a variety of proteins including VINCULIN; FOCAL ADHESION KINASE; PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(C-SRC); and PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN C-CRK.
Proto-Oncogene Proteins
Models, Biological
Cell Membrane
RNA, Small Interfering
Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell
Molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD3). Recognition of foreign antigen and the major histocompatibility complex is accomplished by a single heterodimeric antigen-receptor structure, composed of either alpha-beta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, ALPHA-BETA) or gamma-delta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA) chains.
Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
Immunoblotting
Coated Pits, Cell-Membrane
Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
A diverse class of enzymes that interact with UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYMES and ubiquitination-specific protein substrates. Each member of this enzyme group has its own distinct specificity for a substrate and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. Ubiquitin-protein ligases exist as both monomeric proteins multiprotein complexes.
ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase
NF-kappa B
Proto-Oncogene Proteins pp60(c-src)
Membrane-associated tyrosine-specific kinases encoded by the c-src genes. They have an important role in cellular growth control. Truncation of carboxy-terminal residues in pp60(c-src) leads to PP60(V-SRC) which has the ability to transform cells. This kinase pp60 c-src should not be confused with csk, also known as c-src kinase.
Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases
LIM Domain Proteins
A large class of structurally-related proteins that contain one or more LIM zinc finger domains. Many of the proteins in this class are involved in intracellular signaling processes and mediate their effects via LIM domain protein-protein interactions. The name LIM is derived from the first three proteins in which the motif was found: LIN-11, Isl1 and Mec-3.
Ubiquitination
RNA Interference
A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.
T-Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.
Cytoplasm
Glutathione Transferase
Retinoblastoma-Like Protein p130
A negative regulator of the CELL CYCLE that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES. RBL2 contains a conserved pocket region that binds E2F4 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR and E2F5 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR. RBL2 also interacts with viral ONCOPROTEINS such as POLYOMAVIRUS TUMOR ANTIGENS; ADENOVIRUS E1A PROTEINS; and PAPILLOMAVIRUS E7 PROTEINS.
Multiprotein Complexes
Blotting, Western
Ubiquitin
A highly conserved 76-amino acid peptide universally found in eukaryotic cells that functions as a marker for intracellular PROTEIN TRANSPORT and degradation. Ubiquitin becomes activated through a series of complicated steps and forms an isopeptide bond to lysine residues of specific proteins within the cell. These "ubiquitinated" proteins can be recognized and degraded by proteosomes or be transported to specific compartments within the cell.
TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
A superfamily of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES).
Vesicular Transport Proteins
A broad category of proteins involved in the formation, transport and dissolution of TRANSPORT VESICLES. They play a role in the intracellular transport of molecules contained within membrane vesicles. Vesicular transport proteins are distinguished from MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS, which move molecules across membranes, by the mode in which the molecules are transported.
Cercopithecus aethiops
Syntenins
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases
Phosphotransferases that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol to 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Many members of this enzyme class are involved in RECEPTOR MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and regulation of vesicular transport with the cell. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases have been classified both according to their substrate specificity and their mode of action within the cell.
Actins
Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.
14-3-3 Proteins
A large family of signal-transducing adaptor proteins present in wide variety of eukaryotes. They are PHOSPHOSERINE and PHOSPHOTHREONINE binding proteins involved in important cellular processes including SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; CELL CYCLE control; APOPTOSIS; and cellular stress responses. 14-3-3 proteins function by interacting with other signal-transducing proteins and effecting changes in their enzymatic activity and subcellular localization. The name 14-3-3 derives from numerical designations used in the original fractionation patterns of the proteins.
Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell
Cullin Proteins
Gene Expression Regulation
Immunity, Innate
Microfilament Proteins
Receptors, Immunologic
Death Domain Receptor Signaling Adaptor Proteins
Sequence Alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Caspase 1
A long pro-domain caspase that has specificity for the precursor form of INTERLEUKIN-1BETA. It plays a role in INFLAMMATION by catalytically converting the inactive forms of CYTOKINES such as interleukin-1beta to their active, secreted form. Caspase 1 is referred as interleukin-1beta converting enzyme and is frequently abbreviated ICE.
Coated Vesicles
ADP-Ribosylation Factors
Toll-Like Receptor 2
Arrestins
Endopeptidase Clp
DNA-Binding Proteins
Receptors, Cell Surface
Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.
Cytoskeleton
Drosophila Proteins
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11
Cloning, Molecular
Models, Molecular
3T3 Cells
Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.
Microscopy, Fluorescence
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn
TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2
Base Sequence
Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
Lymphocyte Activation
Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.
TNF Receptor-Associated Death Domain Protein
Transcription Factors
Apoptosis
One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.
DNA, Complementary
Proteolysis
Protein Isoforms
Oncogene Protein v-crk
Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal
Surface ligands that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion and function in the assembly and interconnection of the vertebrate nervous system. These molecules promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism. These are not to be confused with NEURAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES, now known to be expressed in a variety of tissues and cell types in addition to nervous tissue.
Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein
A NOD-signaling adaptor protein that contains a C-terminal leucine-rich domain which recognizes bacterial PEPTIDOGLYCAN. It signals via an N-terminal caspase recruitment domain that interacts with other CARD SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS such as RIP SERINE-THEONINE KINASES. It plays a role in the host defense response by signaling the activation of CASPASES and the MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM.
Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor
A cell surface receptor involved in regulation of cell growth and differentiation. It is specific for EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR and EGF-related peptides including TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; AMPHIREGULIN; and HEPARIN-BINDING EGF-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR. The binding of ligand to the receptor causes activation of its intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and rapid internalization of the receptor-ligand complex into the cell.
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl
Non-receptor tyrosine kinases encoded by the C-ABL GENES. They are distributed in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. c-Abl plays a role in normal HEMATOPOIESIS especially of the myeloid lineage. Oncogenic transformation of c-abl arises when specific N-terminal amino acids are deleted, releasing the kinase from negative regulation.
MAP Kinase Signaling System
An intracellular signaling system involving the MAP kinase cascades (three-membered protein kinase cascades). Various upstream activators, which act in response to extracellular stimuli, trigger the cascades by activating the first member of a cascade, MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKKs). Activated MAPKKKs phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES which in turn phosphorylate the MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs). The MAPKs then act on various downstream targets to affect gene expression. In mammals, there are several distinct MAP kinase pathways including the ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway, the SAPK/JNK (stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun kinase) pathway, and the p38 kinase pathway. There is some sharing of components among the pathways depending on which stimulus originates activation of the cascade.
PDZ Domains
Protein interaction domains of about 70-90 amino acid residues, named after a common structure found in PSD-95, Discs Large, and Zona Occludens 1 proteins. PDZ domains are involved in the recruitment and interaction of proteins, and aid the formation of protein scaffolds and signaling networks. This is achieved by sequence-specific binding between a PDZ domain in one protein and a PDZ motif in another protein.
Ligands
A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
Focal Adhesions
An anchoring junction of the cell to a non-cellular substrate. It is composed of a specialized area of the plasma membrane where bundles of the ACTIN CYTOSKELETON terminate and attach to the transmembrane linkers, INTEGRINS, which in turn attach through their extracellular domains to EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS.
Toll-Like Receptor 3
ras Proteins
Small, monomeric GTP-binding proteins encoded by ras genes (GENES, RAS). The protooncogene-derived protein, PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS), plays a role in normal cellular growth, differentiation and development. The oncogene-derived protein (ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS)) can play a role in aberrant cellular regulation during neoplastic cell transformation (CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC). This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.
B-Lymphocytes
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
Interferon Regulatory Factor-3
Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Peptides and Proteins
Microscopy, Confocal
Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport
A set of protein subcomplexes involved in PROTEIN SORTING of UBIQUITINATED PROTEINS into intraluminal vesicles of MULTIVESICULAR BODIES and in membrane scission during formation of intraluminal vesicles, during the final step of CYTOKINESIS, and during the budding of enveloped viruses. The ESCRT machinery is comprised of the protein products of Class E vacuolar protein sorting genes.
Membrane Microdomains
Transport Vesicles
Fibroblasts
Lysosomes
A class of morphologically heterogeneous cytoplasmic particles in animal and plant tissues characterized by their content of hydrolytic enzymes and the structure-linked latency of these enzymes. The intracellular functions of lysosomes depend on their lytic potential. The single unit membrane of the lysosome acts as a barrier between the enzymes enclosed in the lysosome and the external substrate. The activity of the enzymes contained in lysosomes is limited or nil unless the vesicle in which they are enclosed is ruptured. Such rupture is supposed to be under metabolic (hormonal) control. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Green Fluorescent Proteins
Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors
Cell Movement
TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 1
rap1 GTP-Binding Proteins
Antigens, Differentiation
Down-Regulation
Calcium-Binding Proteins
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 12
A subtype of non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases that is characterized by the presence of a N-terminal catalytic domain and a large C-terminal domain that is enriched in PROLINE, GLUTAMIC ACID, SERINE, and THREONINE residues (PEST sequences). The phosphatase subtype is ubiquitously expressed and implicated in the regulation of a variety of biological processes such as CELL MOVEMENT; CYTOKINESIS; focal adhesion disassembly; and LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION.
Integrins
A family of transmembrane glycoproteins (MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS) consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS; COMPLEMENT, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the CYTOSKELETON. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors(RECEPTORS, CYTOADHESIN), the leukocyte adhesion receptors (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION), and the VERY LATE ANTIGEN RECEPTORS. Each family contains a common beta-subunit (INTEGRIN BETA CHAINS) combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits (INTEGRIN ALPHA CHAINS). These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development; HEMOSTASIS; THROMBOSIS; WOUND HEALING; immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms; and oncogenic transformation.
Oncogene Protein v-cbl
TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 3
Golgi Apparatus
A stack of flattened vesicles that functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and directing them to secretory vesicles, LYSOSOMES, or the CELL MEMBRANE. The movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and fuse with the Golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)
Caspases
A family of intracellular CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES that play a role in regulating INFLAMMATION and APOPTOSIS. They specifically cleave peptides at a CYSTEINE amino acid that follows an ASPARTIC ACID residue. Caspases are activated by proteolytic cleavage of a precursor form to yield large and small subunits that form the enzyme. Since the cleavage site within precursors matches the specificity of caspases, sequential activation of precursors by activated caspases can occur.
Guanine Nucleotide-Releasing Factor 2
Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases
A family of intracellular signaling kinases that were identified by their ability to signal from the activated INTERLEUKIN-1 RECEPTORS. Signaling from these kinases involves their interaction with SIGNAL TRANSDUCING ADAPTOR PROTEINS such as MYELOID DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR 88 and TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTOR 6.
Protein Processing, Post-Translational
Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.
Cell Cycle Proteins
Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.
Cell Differentiation
JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
Dynamins
Interferon-beta
Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
A family of serine-threonine kinases that plays a role in intracellular signal transduction by interacting with a variety of signaling adaptor proteins such as CRADD SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEIN; TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTOR 2; and TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED DEATH DOMAIN PROTEIN. Although they were initially described as death domain-binding adaptor proteins, members of this family may contain other protein-binding domains such as those involving caspase activation and recruitment.
PC12 Cells
Proline
Mice, Transgenic
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
Inflammasomes
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Plakins
Protein Kinases
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Card10 is a novel caspase recruitment domain/membrane-associated guanylate kinase family member that interacts with BCL10 and activates NF-kappa B. (1/240)
BCL10 belongs to the caspase recruitment domain (CARD) family of proteins that regulate apoptosis and NF-kappaB signaling pathways. Analysis of BCL10-deficient mice has revealed that BCL10 mediates NF-kappaB activation by antigen receptors in B and T cells. We recently identified a subclass of CARD proteins (CARD9, CARD11, and CARD14) that may function to connect BCL10 to multiple upstream signaling pathways. We report here that CARD10 is a novel BCL10 interactor that belongs to the membrane-associated guanylate kinase family, a class of proteins that function to organize signaling complexes at plasma membranes. When expressed in cells, CARD10 binds to BCL10 and signals the activation of NF-kappaB through its N-terminal effector CARD domain. We propose that CARD10 functions as a molecular scaffold for the assembly of a BCL10 signaling complex that activates NF-kappaB. (+info)CARD11 and CARD14 are novel caspase recruitment domain (CARD)/membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family members that interact with BCL10 and activate NF-kappa B. (2/240)
The caspase recruitment domain (CARD) is a protein-binding module that mediates the assembly of CARD-containing proteins into apoptosis and NF-kappaB signaling complexes. We report here that CARD protein 11 (CARD11) and CARD protein 14 (CARD14) are novel CARD-containing proteins that belong to the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family, a class of proteins that functions as molecular scaffolds for the assembly of multiprotein complexes at specialized regions of the plasma membrane. CARD11 and CARD14 have homologous structures consisting of an N-terminal CARD domain, a central coiled-coil domain, and a C-terminal tripartite domain comprised of a PDZ domain, an Src homology 3 domain, and a GUK domain with homology to guanylate kinase. The CARD domains of both CARD11 and CARD14 associate specifically with the CARD domain of BCL10, a signaling protein that activates NF-kappaB through the IkappaB kinase complex in response to upstream stimuli. When expressed in cells, CARD11 and CARD14 activate NF-kappaB and induce the phosphorylation of BCL10. These findings suggest that CARD11 and CARD14 are novel MAGUK family members that function as upstream activators of BCL10 and NF-kappaB signaling. (+info)TUCAN, an antiapoptotic caspase-associated recruitment domain family protein overexpressed in cancer. (3/240)
Caspase-associated recruitment domains (CARDs) are protein interaction domains that participate in activation or suppression of CARD-carrying members of the caspase family of apoptosis-inducing proteases. A novel CARD-containing protein was identified that is overexpressed in some types of cancer and that binds and suppresses activation of procaspase-9, which we term TUCAN (tumor-up-regulated CARD-containing antagonist of caspase nine). The CARD domain of TUCAN selectively binds itself and procaspase-9. TUCAN interferes with binding of Apaf1 to procaspase-9 and suppresses caspase activation induced by the Apaf1 activator, cytochrome c. Overexpression of TUCAN in cells by stable or transient transfection inhibits apoptosis and caspase activation induced by Apaf1/caspase-9-dependent stimuli, including Bax, VP16, and staurosporine, but not by Apaf1/caspase-9-independent stimuli, Fas and granzyme B. High levels of endogenous TUCAN protein were detected in several tumor cell lines and in colon cancer specimens, correlating with shorter patient survival. Thus, TUCAN represents a new member of the CARD family that selectively suppresses apoptosis induced via the mitochondrial pathway for caspase activation. (+info)CARDINAL, a novel caspase recruitment domain protein, is an inhibitor of multiple NF-kappa B activation pathways. (4/240)
Proteins possessing the caspase recruitment domain (CARD) motif have been implicated in pathways leading to activation of caspases or NF-kappaB in the context of apoptosis or inflammation, respectively. Here we report the identification of a novel protein, CARDINAL, that contains a CARD motif and also exhibits a high degree of homology to the C terminus of DEFCAP/NAC, a recently described member of the Apaf-1/Nod-1 family. In contrast with the majority of CARD proteins described to date, CARDINAL failed to promote apoptosis or NF-kappaB activation. Rather, CARDINAL potently suppressed NF-kappaB activation associated with overexpression of TRAIL-R1, TRAIL-R2, RIP, RICK, Bcl10, and TRADD, or through ligand-induced stimulation of the interleukin-1 or tumor necrosis factor receptors. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that CARDINAL interacts with the regulatory subunit of the IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex, IKKgamma (NEMO), providing a molecular basis for CARDINAL function. Thus, CARDINAL is a novel regulator of NF-kappaB activation in the context of pro-inflammatory signals. (+info)CARD-8 protein, a new CARD family member that regulates caspase-1 activation and apoptosis. (5/240)
Caspase-associated recruitment domains (CARD) are protein-protein interaction modules found extensively in proteins that play important roles in apoptosis, NFkappaB activation, and cytokine regulation. In this study we identified a novel human protein, CARD-8, which contains a C-terminal CARD domain with high similarity to the CARD domain of caspase-1/ICE. We demonstrate that CARD-8 interacts physically with caspase-1 and negatively regulates caspase-1-dependent IL-1beta generation in the THP-1 monocytic cell line. CARD-8 binds also to ICEBERG and pseudo-ICE, two other recently identified proteins, which bind to the CARD domain of caspase-1 and negatively regulate its activity. Reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis revealed that CARD-8 is expressed mainly in monocytes, placenta, lymph nodes, and spleen. This pattern of expression is consistent with caspase-1 expression in the same cells and tissues. CARD-8 was also found to negatively regulate NF-kappaB activation by TNF-alpha stimulation and by ectopically expressed RICK, suggesting that this protein may control cell survival. Consistent with these results, stable expression of CARD-8 in U937 or THP-1 cells sensitizes the cells to differentiation-induced apoptosis. Overexpression of CARD-8 can also induce apoptosis in transfected cells. The results suggest that CARD-8 represents a new signaling molecule involved in the regulation of caspase-1 and NF-kappaB activation. (+info)TUCAN/CARDINAL and DRAL participate in a common pathway for modulation of NF-kappaB activation. (6/240)
Proteins containing the caspase recruiting domain (CARD) have emerged as critical regulators of different signal transduction pathways, including those controlling apoptosis and activation of necrosis factor (NF)-kappaB transcription factor. TUCAN/CARDINAL is a recently identified CARD-containing protein involved in regulation of caspases and NF-kappaB activation. We find that TUCAN/CARDINAL associates with DRAL, a p53-responsive gene implicated in induction of apoptosis. We also show that, whereas TUCAN/CARDINAL exerts a suppressive effect on NF-kappaB activity, expression of DRAL results in enhancement of NF-kappaB activation. Thus, our observations suggest that DRAL and TUCAN/CARDINAL may participate in a regulatory mechanism that coordinates cellular responses controlled by NF-kappaB transcription factor. (+info)CARD11 mediates factor-specific activation of NF-kappaB by the T cell receptor complex. (7/240)
NF-kappaB is a critical target of signaling downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR) complex, but how TCR signaling activates NF-kappaB is poorly understood. We have developed an expression cloning strategy that can identify catalytic and noncatalytic molecules that participate in different pathways of NF-kappaB activation. Screening of a mouse thymus cDNA library yielded CARD11, a membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family member containing CARD, PDZ, SH3 and GUK domains. Using a CARD-deleted variant of CARD11 and RNA interference (RNAi), we demonstrate that CARD11 mediates NF-kappaB activation by alphaCD3/alphaCD28 cross-linking and PMA/ionomycin treatment, but not by TNFalpha or dsRNA. CARD11 is not required for TCR-mediated induction of NFAT or AP-1. CARD11 functions upstream of the IkappaB-kinase (IKK) complex and cooperates with Bcl10 in a CARD domain-dependent manner. RNAi-rescue experiments suggest that the CARD, coiled-coil, SH3 and GUK domains of CARD11 are critical for its signaling function. These results implicate CARD11 in factor- specific activation of NF-kappaB by the TCR complex and establish a role for a MAGUK family member in antigen receptor signaling. (+info)CARD6 is a modulator of NF-kappa B activation by Nod1- and Cardiak-mediated pathways. (8/240)
We cloned a novel cDNA derived from the CARD6 gene locus on chromosome 5p12 of 311 amino acids in length. By immunoprecipitation we detected specific binding of this CARD6-encoding protein to Nod1 (CARD4), Cardiak (Rip2/Rick), NAC (NALP1/DEFCAP/CARD7), and TUCAN (CARD8/Cardinal/NDPP/Dakar), caspase recruitment domain (CARD)-containing proteins implicated in NF-kappa B and caspase-1 activation but not to other CARD family proteins. Cardiak and Nod1 (but not other CARD proteins) also exhibited opposing effects on CARD6 protein phosphorylation and expression, providing further evidence of functional interactions among these proteins in cells. In transfection experiments, the CARD6 protein suppressed NF-kappa B induction by Nod1 or Cardiak but did not interfere with NF-kappa B activation by the CARD-containing adapter protein Bcl10 or the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha, demonstrating specificity of CARD6 for Nod-1 and Cardiak-dependent pathways. In contrast to its effects on Nod1- and Cardiak-dependent NF-kappa B activation, CARD6 did not interfere with caspase-1-dependent interleukin-1 beta secretion induced by Cardiak or Nod1. CARD6 also did not affect caspase activation and apoptosis induced by overexpression of Fas, Bax, or other pro-apoptotic stimuli. Thus, CARD6 represents a selective modulator of NF-kappa B activation by Cardiak and Nod1, adding to the repertoire of CARD-family proteins implicated in inflammatory responses and innate immunity. (+info)
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CARD9
Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 is an adaptor protein of the CARD-CC protein family, which in humans is encoded ... Card9 mediates signals from so called pattern recognition receptors (Dectin-1) to downstream signalling pathways such as NF-κB ... CARD). CARD is a protein interaction domain known to participate in activation or suppression of CARD containing members of the ... Hsu YM, Zhang Y, You Y, Wang D, Li H, Duramad O, Qin XF, Dong C, Lin X (2007). "The adaptor protein CARD9 is required for ...
PYCARD
Isoform 4 is not able to act as an adaptor protein in NLR signalling and its role remains elusive. PYCARD has been shown to ... Srinivasula SM, Poyet JL, Razmara M, Datta P, Zhang Z, Alnemri ES (2002). "The PYRIN-CARD protein ASC is an activating adaptor ... NMR structure of full-length ASC: PDB ID 2KN6 [1] This gene encodes an adaptor protein that is composed of two protein-protein ... PYCARD, often referred to as ASC (Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD), is a protein that in humans is ...
NLRP3
This protein interacts with pyrin domain (PYD) of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC). Proteins ... These signals release HSP90 and SGT1 from and recruit ASC protein and caspase-1 to the inflammasome complex. Caspase-1 within ... subfamily of PRRs and NLRP3 together with the adaptor ASC protein PYCARD forms a caspase-1 activating complex known as the ... LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3) at the PDBe-KB. (Genes on human chromosome 1, LRR proteins, Human proteins, NOD-like ...
Caspase 1
... where the signaling proteins contain their own CARDs, like in NLRP1 and NLRC4, the CARD -CARD interaction is direct, meaning ... there is no adaptor protein in the complex. There are a variety of sensor and adaptor proteins, the various combinations of ... CARD) . It interacts with other CARD containing proteins such as Apoptosis-Associated Speck-like Protein Containing a CARD (ASC ... CARD only proteins (COPs) as their name implies, are proteins that only contain the non-catalytic CARDs. Owing to the ...
Inflammasome
CARD) or via the CARD of the adaptor protein ASC which it binds to during inflammasome formation. In its full form, the ... of Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling NLRC4 is the subset of the NLRC family to form an inflammasome and contains only a CARD domain in ... while its N-terminal PYD homotypically interacts with the PYD of adaptor protein ASC, whose CARD can then recruit another pro- ... the inflammasome receptors interact with the adaptor protein ASC, which then recruits pro-caspase-1 via its CARD domain and ...
Death domain
O'Neill LA, Dunne A, Edjeback M, Gray P, Jefferies C, Wietek C (2003). "Mal and MyD88: adapter proteins involved in signal ... Within these proteins, the DD domains can be found in combination with other domains, including: CARDs, DEDs, ankyrin repeats, ... Other DD-containing proteins, such as ankyrin, MyD88 and pelle, are probably not directly involved in cell death signalling. DD ... In addition to cancer, deregulation of death receptor protein signaling and death domain recruitment is seen to influence many ...
T cell
... has received signal one and signal two) it alters its cell surface expression of a variety of proteins. Markers of T cell ... The cytosolic domains bind an adapter BCL10 via CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domains) domains; that then binds ... CD8+ T cells are also able to use small signaling proteins, known as cytokines, to recruit other types of cells when mounting ... The other proteins in the complex are the CD3 proteins: CD3εγ and CD3εδ heterodimers and, most important, a CD3ζ homodimer, ...
SH2D3A
Lu Y, Brush J, Stewart TA (Apr 1999). "NSP1 defines a novel family of adaptor proteins linking integrin and tyrosine kinase ... Gene Cards. Retrieved 18 September 2017. Near RI, Zhang Y, Makkinje A, Vanden Borre P, Lerner A (Sep 2007). "AND-34/BCAR3 ... receptors to the c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase signaling pathway". The Journal of Biological ... SH2 domain-containing protein 3A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SH2D3A gene. The protein may be useful in ...
Caspase
This molecule binds an adaptor protein (APAF-1), which recruits initiator Caspase-9 (via CARD-CARD interactions). This leads to ... Some pathogenic signals that lead to Pyroptosis by Caspase-1 are listed below: DNA in the host cytosol binds to AIM2-Like ... which is facilitated by binding to adaptor proteins via protein-protein interaction motifs that are collectively referred to as ... The adaptor protein FADD will recruit (by a Death domain-Death domain interaction) pro-Caspase 8 via the DED domain. This FasR ...
AIM2
ASC is a bipartite PYD-CARD-containing protein. CARD domain of ASC recruits procaspase-1 (CARD-CARD interaction) to the complex ... Together with the adaptor ASC protein AIM2 forms a caspase-1 activating complex known as the AIM2 inflammasome. The first step ... This signaling contributes to the defense against bacterial and viral DNA. Proteins belonging to ALR family usually contain an ... Interferon-inducible protein AIM2 also known as absent in melanoma 2 or simply AIM2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by ...
Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein
Subsequently, MAVS proteins bind to each other through the CARD and TM domain to recruit several downstream signaling factors ... January 2007). "GB virus B disrupts RIG-I signaling by NS3/4A-mediated cleavage of the adaptor protein MAVS". Journal of ... This is significant because the CARD domain is where two cytosolic proteins bind to activate MAVS, signaling that there is a ... Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) is a protein that is essential for antiviral innate immunity. MAVS is located ...
CARD domain
Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein also known as CARD adapter inducing interferon-beta (Cardif/IPS-1) [13] CRADD: ... Ipaf-1 recruits a CARD-containing adapter termed ASC and caspase-1 in unknown stoichiometry via CARD-CARD association. This ... The adaptor protein VISA further activates the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase (IKK)-protein-kinase family members. ... CARD domains are found on a strikingly wide range of proteins, including helicases, kinases, mitochondrial proteins, caspases, ...
Death effector domain
FLICE-like inhibitory proteins (FLIPs) are cell inhibitors capable of stopping the death receptors' signal, which cause cell ... by a homotypic interaction between the procaspase DED and a second DED that is death effector domain in an adaptor protein that ... Structure: Death Effector Domain (DED) and a Caspase Recruitment Domain (CARD) that are englobed in a structure called pro- ... Huntingtin interacting protein-1 (HIP-1) is a protein that interacts with huntingtin (Htt), another protein that when is ...
Apoptosome
The apoptosome is a multimolecular holoenzyme complex assembled around the adaptor protein Apaf1 (apoptotic protease activating ... The CARD domain will only be released from this lock when Apaf-1 is bound to (d) ATP/ATP; when ATP binds, the CARD domain will ... T. F. Reubold; S. Wohlgemuth; S. Eschenburg (2011). "Crystal structure of full-length Apaf-1: how the death signal is relayed ... WD-40 repeats are sequences around 40 amino acids long which end in Trp-Asp and are typically involved in protein-protein ...
T-cell receptor
The signalling motifs involved in TCR signalling are tyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic tail of these adaptor proteins that ... CARMA1 then undergoes a conformational change which allow it to oligomerise and bind the adapter proteins BCL10, CARD domain ... hence the CD3 adaptor proteins contain the signalling motifs needed for propagating the signal from the triggered TCR into the ... LAT associates with another scaffolding protein Slp-76 via the Grap2 adaptor protein, which provides additional binding sites. ...
Autoinflammatory diseases
... from adaptor molecule apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD), increased IL-1β secretion and pyroptosis. The ... For such patients, excessive IL-1 signaling, constitutive NF-κB activation, and chronic IFN I signaling is specific. Some AIDs ... Family CARD Domain Containing 4). Inflammasomes are cytoplasmic protein complexes, which are able to generate active, secreted ... The production and signaling of IFNs are tightly regulated and dysregulation has been linked to inflammatory diseases, such as ...
CRADD
Through its CARD domain, this protein interacts with, and thus recruits, caspase 2/ICH1 to the cell death signal transduction ... a novel human apoptotic adaptor molecule for caspase-2, and FasL/tumor necrosis factor receptor-interacting protein RIP". ... The protein encoded by this gene is a death domain (CARD/DD)-containing protein and has been shown to induce cell apoptosis. ... Chou JJ, Matsuo H, Duan H, Wagner G (1998). "Solution structure of the RAIDD CARD and model for CARD/CARD interaction in ...
Pattern recognition receptor
Interaction with other proteins (e.g. the adaptor molecule ASC) is mediated via N-terminal pyrin (PYD) domain. There are 14 ... NODs signal via N-terminal CARD domains to activate downstream gene induction events, and interact with microbial molecules by ... BDCA2 signaling via ITAM and signaling through ITIM belong among the TLR-dependent signaling. TLR-independent signaling such as ... MyD88 attracts the IRAK4 molecule, IRAK4 recruits IRAK1 and IRAK2 to form a signaling complex. The signaling complex reacts ...
Pyroptosis
... a sensor protein (PRRs), an adaptor (ASC) and an effector (caspase-1). Generally, inflammasome-forming NLR proteins share a ... Both pro-caspase-1 and ASC contain a caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD), and this homotypic CARD-CARD interaction ... When the "danger" signal is sensed, the quiescent cells will be activated to undergo pyroptosis and produce inflammatory ... recruits ASC adaptor protein via PYD-PYD interaction. ... Some non-NLR proteins like absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) and ...
Death Domain database
Adapter proteins involved in signal transduction by toll-like receptors", Journal of Endotoxin Research, 9 (1): 55-59, doi: ... DD-containing proteins are associated with apoptosis and inflammation, similar to the CARD domain. It has also been linked with ... Protein modules containing the CARD domain are associated with apoptosis, through the regulation of caspases that they are ... Hofmann, K; Bucher, P; Tschopp, J (1997). "The CARD domain: A new apoptotic signalling motif". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. ...
SNX8
It is suggested that it acts as an adaptor protein in events related to immune response and cholesterol regulation, for example ... After VISA activation, its accumulation allows the recruitment of signaling components which play a role in RLR-mediated ... SNX8 also plays a role in RIG-I containing CARD domain-mediated and MDA5-mediated activation of the IFNβ promoter, since VISA ... are involved in protein-protein interactions. The SNX8 protein, even though is very similar to the other sorting nexins, ...
MDA
... compressing a multivariate signal to yield a lower-dimensional signal amenable to classification IBM Monochrome Display Adapter ... a kind of transmitter/receiver IBM Monochrome Display Adapter (also called MDA or MDA card), a computer display standard Mobile ... melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 Mass drug administration 2,3-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (2,3-MDA), an amphetamine ...
Innate immune system
For example, the Influenza A virus produces NS1 protein, which can bind to host and viral RNA, interact with immune signaling ... and the CARD-containing adaptor MAVS changes. In parallel, when TLRs in the endocytic compartments recognize a virus the ... This leads to antiviral protein production, such as protein kinase R, which inhibits viral protein synthesis, or the 2′,5′- ... "Resistance" (R) proteins, encoded by R genes, are widely present in plants and detect pathogens. These proteins contain domains ...
BCL10
This protein is reported to interact with other CARD and coiled coil domain containing proteins including CARD9, -10, -11 and - ... 2018). "Ancient Origin of the CARD-Coiled Coil/Bcl10/MALT1-Like Paracaspase Signaling Complex Indicates Unknown Critical ... Lin Q, Liu Y, Moore DJ, Elizer SK, Veach RA, Hawiger J, Ruley HE (2012). "Cutting edge: the "death" adaptor CRADD/RAIDD targets ... The protein encoded by this gene contains a caspase recruitment domain (CARD), and has been shown to induce apoptosis and to ...
CLEC7A
... leading to a CARD-CC/BCL10/MALT1 (CBM) signaling complex. This signaling complex in turn triggers downstream recruitment of ... January 2012). "Syk kinase-coupled C-type lectin receptors engage protein kinase C-δ to elicit Card9 adaptor-mediated innate ... C-type lectin domain family 7 member A or Dectin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLEC7A gene. CLEC7A is a ... The C-type lectin receptors are class of signalling pattern recognition receptors which are involved in antifungal immunity, ...
Immunogenic cell death
... to the inflammsome via the CARD domains or a CARD/PYR-containing adaptor protein called apoptosis-associated speck-like protein ... There it functions as an "eat me" signal for professional phagocytes. Other important surface exposed DAMPs are heat-shock ... These proteins contain oligomerization NACHT domains, CARD domains and some also contain similar pyrin (PYR) domains. Caspase 1 ... Spisek R, Dhodapkar MV (August 2007). "Towards a better way to die with chemotherapy: role of heat shock protein exposure on ...
Pyrin domain
Types of proteins containing a PYD domain include an adaptor, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), ... Stehlik C (June 2007). "The PYRIN domain in signal transduction". Current Protein & Peptide Science. 8 (3): 293-310. doi: ... Generally, an adaptor protein (ASC) containing both a PYD and a caspase recruitment domain (CARD) is recruited forming a PYD- ... Proteins that possess a pyrin domain interact with the pyrin domains in other proteins to form of multi-protein complexes ...
RIOK1
... used as a basis for synthesis of a macrocyclic inhibitor of protein-protein interactions between PRMT5 and its adaptor proteins ... "Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of T cell receptor signaling reveals system-wide modulation of protein-protein ... "Serine/threonine-protein kinase RIO1". Target Report Card. Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SD, UK: EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Genome ... 6:7,389,496-7,418,037) Effects on modified protein - protein degradation, triggered by K411-m1; protein stabilization, ...
Tyrosine-protein kinase SYK
2018). "Ancient Origin of the CARD-Coiled Coil/Bcl10/MALT1-Like Paracaspase Signaling Complex Indicates Unknown Critical ... "CrkL is an adapter for Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein and Syk". Blood. 97 (9): 2633-9. doi:10.1182/blood.V97.9.2633. PMID ... Tyrosine-protein kinase SYK, also known as spleen tyrosine kinase, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the SYK gene. SYK ... Without Syk, the protein it makes, and genetic disruption in a panel of 55 genes thought also to be controlled by Syk, breast ...
MDA5
The signaling cascades in MDA5 is initiated via CARD domain. Some observations made in cancer cells show that MDA5 also ... Meylan E, Curran J, Hofmann K, Moradpour D, Binder M, Bartenschlager R, Tschopp J (October 2005). "Cardif is an adaptor protein ... Activated MDA5 interacts with the mitochondrial antiviral signalling proteins (MAVS) through its caspase activation and ... This gene encodes a DEAD box protein that is upregulated in response to treatment with beta-interferon (IFN-β) and a protein ...
Mincle receptor
... leading to a CARD-CC/BCL10/MALT1 (CBM) signaling complex. This signaling complex in turn triggers downstream recruitment of ... 2012). "Syk kinase-coupled C-type lectin receptors engage protein kinase C-δ to elicit Card9 adaptor-mediated innate immunity ... The protein SAP130 signal through Mincle. Beta-glucosylceramide, which accumulates as a result of the lysosomal storage ... A wide range of ligands promote signalling through Mincle, including proteins, sterols and glycolipids from altered or damaged ...
HLA-A
The HLA-A signal peptide is a series of hydrophobic amino acids present at the N-terminus of the protein that directs it to the ... This complex of MHC and Nef then causes adaptor protein 1 (AP-1) to direct the MHC to the lysosomes for degradation instead of ... "Major Histocompatibility Complex, Class I, A". Gene Cards. Weizmann Institute of Science. 7 November 2013. Retrieved 16 ... The HLA-A protein is a single-pass transmembrane protein. In other words, the first four domains of the protein are inside the ...
Death regulator Nedd2-like caspase
Just as caspase 9 in mammals, caspase Dronc is a protein that has a caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD). It is the ... In the end, anti-IAPs release the IAPs proteins (mainly XIAPs). Apoptosis can be triggered by extrinsic or intrinsic signals. ... This cleavage is coordinated by a specific initiator caspase (which undergoes adaptor-assisted self-activation) for each ... Dark, just as Apaf-1, has an N-terminal CARD domain that interacts with caspase Dronc, which is incorporated into this protein ...
RIG-I-like receptor
In the activated state the exposed RIG-I CARD domains interact with the CARD domains of MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling ... August 2016). "Dengue Virus Subverts Host Innate Immunity by Targeting Adaptor Protein MAVS". Journal of Virology. 90 (16): ... which directly bind various RLR or downstream signaling proteins including MDA5, LGP2, and STAT, or proteins such as PP1α and ... LGP2 is dissimilar to both RIG-I and MDA5 as it lacks the CARD signaling domains and instead is implicated as a positive and ...
L1 (protein)
This interaction allows L1 protein connect with the cell's cytoskeleton. Also, L1 protein cytoplasmic tail can bind adaptor 2 ( ... This position allows the protein to activate chemical signals which spread through the neurone. There are a wide variety of ... "L1CAM Gene". Gene Cards. Reid RA, Hemperly JJ (1992). "Variants of human L1 cell adhesion molecule arise through alternate ... L1, also known as L1CAM, is a transmembrane protein member of the L1 protein family, encoded by the L1CAM gene. This protein, ...
Graphics processing unit
The Kepler line of graphics cards by Nvidia came out in 2012 and were used in the Nvidia's 600 and 700 series cards. A feature ... In the home market, the Atari 2600 in 1977 used a video shifter called the Television Interface Adaptor. The Atari 8-bit ... Common factors can include the size of the connector pathways in the semiconductor device fabrication, the clock signal ... for protein folding calculations. In certain circumstances, the GPU calculates forty times faster than the CPUs traditionally ...
ChIP sequencing
Oligonucleotide adaptors are then added to the small stretches of DNA that were bound to the protein of interest to enable ... "Calling Cards enable multiplexed identification of the genomic targets of DNA-binding proteins". Genome Research. 21 (5): 748- ... Kumar V, Muratani M, Rayan NA, Kraus P, Lufkin T, Ng HH, Prabhakar S (July 2013). "Uniform, optimal signal processing of mapped ... The cross-links are made between the protein and DNA, but also between RNA and other proteins. The second step is the process ...
CGAS-STING cytosolic DNA sensing pathway
The signaling pathways activated by STING combine to induce an innate immune response to cells with ectopic DNA in the cytosol ... "TMEM173 Expression". Gene Cards. Ishikawa H, Ma Z, Barber GN (October 2009). "STING regulates intracellular DNA-mediated, type ... Upon binding DNA, the protein cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase (cGAS) triggers reaction of GTP and ATP to form cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP). ... STING's general role as an adapter molecule in the cytosolic DNA-type 1 IFN response across cell types has been suggested to ...
NLRP1
... encodes NACHT, LRR, FIIND, CARD domain and PYD domains-containing protein 1 in humans. NLRP1 was the first protein shown ... Andersson B, Wentland MA, Ricafrente JY, Liu W, Gibbs RA (April 1996). "A "double adaptor" method for improved shotgun library ... Mutations in NLRP1, whether dominant or recessive, tend to be gain-of-function alleles that trigger inflammasome signaling with ... The encoded protein contains a distinct N-terminal pyrin-like motif, which is possibly involved in protein-protein interactions ...
List of International Organization for Standardization standards, 3000-4999
2006 Identification cards - Financial transaction cards - Magnetic stripe data content for track 3 ISO 4921:2000 Knitting - ... and metal adaptor fittings for pipes under pressure - Laying lengths and size of threads - Metric series ISO 4133:1979 Meat and ... Specification of interface signals between the numerical control unit and the electrical equipment of an NC machine [Withdrawn ... Determination of reduction activity of specific proteins derived from pollen, mite and other sources on textile products [Under ...
TNFAIP3
2018). "Ancient Origin of the CARD-Coiled Coil/Bcl10/MALT1-Like Paracaspase Signaling Complex Indicates Unknown Critical ... "14-3-3 proteins associate with A20 in an isoform-specific manner and function both as chaperone and adapter molecules". J. Biol ... The A20 protein is ancient, and protein homolog can be found as far back as cnidaria (corals, jellyfish, anemones) with a ... Tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 3 or A20 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFAIP3 gene. This gene was ...
CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins | Profiles RNS
CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins*CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins. *Caspase Activation and Recruitment Domain Signaling Proteins ... "CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins" by people in UAMS Profiles by year, and whether "CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins" was a major ... "CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ( ... Below are the most recent publications written about "CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins" by people in Profiles over the past ten ...
AIM2/ASC triggers caspase-8-dependent apoptosis in Francisella-infected caspase-1-deficient macrophages
The adaptor molecule ASC mediates AIM2-dependent caspase-1 activation. To date, no function besides caspase-1 activati … ... The inflammasome is a signalling platform leading to caspase-1 activation. Caspase-1 causes pyroptosis, a necrotic-like cell ... Aim2 protein, mouse * Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins * CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins * Cytokines * Cytoskeletal Proteins ... The adaptor molecule ASC mediates AIM2-dependent caspase-1 activation. To date, no function besides caspase-1 activation has ...
CXCL8/IL8 stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and the autocrine activation of VEGFR2 in endothelial...
MeSH Browser
DED SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS; and CARD SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS. Once activated, the initiator caspases can activate other ... DED SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS; and CARD SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS. Once activated, the initiator caspases can activate other ... The pro-domain regions contain protein-protein interaction motifs that can interact with specific signaling adaptor proteins ... The pro-domain regions contain protein-protein interaction motifs that can interact with specific signaling adaptor proteins ...
CARD9 - Wikipedia
Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 is an adaptor protein of the CARD-CC protein family, which in humans is encoded ... Card9 mediates signals from so called pattern recognition receptors (Dectin-1) to downstream signalling pathways such as NF-κB ... CARD). CARD is a protein interaction domain known to participate in activation or suppression of CARD containing members of the ... Hsu YM, Zhang Y, You Y, Wang D, Li H, Duramad O, Qin XF, Dong C, Lin X (2007). "The adaptor protein CARD9 is required for ...
Image Gallery - Support - Abnova
... which subsequently interacts with the adaptor mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS). In the case of MDA5, binding to ... RIG‑I is further activated by the Lys63‑linked ubiquitylation of its CARDs and CTD that is mediated by TRIM25 and riplet. The ... Necroptosis utilizes a signaling pathway requiring the involvement of death receptors (DRs), receptor interacting protein ... B Cell Receptor Signaling Pathway. B cell receptor (BCR) signaling plays a key role in the proliferation and survival of ...
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
16] CARD11 is a multidomain signaling adapter that contains (1) an amino-terminal CARD and coiled-coil domains, (2) an ... Following signaling via the BCR, protein kinase C (PKC) beta-dependent serine phosphorylation within the CARD11 linker domain ... B-cell receptor signaling activates PI3K-mediated activation of the kinase AKT, which activates many downstream signaling ... 20] Upon antigen stimulation, clustering of the BCRs occurs, leading to signal transduction via the CD79A and B subunits. [21] ...
Frontiers | An Update on PYRIN Domain-Containing Pattern Recognition Receptors: From Immunity to Pathology
NLRPs and ALRs both encode a PYD, which is crucial for relaying signals that result in an efficient innate immune response ... through activation of several key innate immune signaling pathways. However, mutations in these PRRs have been linked to the ... NLRPs and ALRs both encode a PYD, which is crucial for relaying signals that result in an efficient innate immune response ... through activation of several key innate immune signaling pathways. However, mutations in these PRRs have been linked to the ...
CARD R-BASE
A Signal Adaptor SLAM-Associated Protein Regulates. A Cre Knock-In Mouse Line on the Sickle Tail Locus Induces Recombination in ... Role of a BCL9-Related Beta-Catenin-Binding Protein, B9L, in Tumorigenesis Induced by Aberrant Activation of Wnt Signaling. ... Protein disulfide isomerase homolog PDILT is required for quality control of sperm membrane protein ADAM3 and male fertility [ ... Protein phosphatase subunit G5PR is needed for inhibition of B cell receptor-induced apoptosis. BCR signal through α4 is ...
Gyongyi Szabo, Ph.D., M.D. | Harvard Catalyst Profiles | Harvard Catalyst
Role of inflammasomes in multiple sclerosis and their potential as therapeutic targets | SpringerLink
Here we review the literature to date on the role of different inflammasome signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of MS and ... binds to apoptosis speck-like staining protein containing a CARD (ASC) and prevents recruitment of ASC into the NLRP3 signaling ... the adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-recruitment domain (ASC), and caspase-1 [11]. ... it has been previously demonstrated that non-functional CARD domains or CARD only proteins block formation of ASC specks and ...
Cambridge research test e 300 - Oral Steroids
MeSH Browser
A Kinase Anchor Proteins [D12.776.157.057.003] * Arrestins [D12.776.157.057.005] * CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins [D12.776. ... Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins [D12] * Proteins [D12.776] * Carrier Proteins [D12.776.157] * Adaptor Proteins, Signal ... Proteins [D12.776] * Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins [D12.776.476] * Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing [ ... Shc Signaling Adaptor Proteins [D12.644.360.024.330] * Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Associated Protein [D12.644. ...
Hyperimmunoglobulinemia E (Job) Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
23] Recent studies also revealed that DOCK8 serves as an adaptor that links TLR9-MyD88 signaling to B-cell activation. [24] ... syndrome and defects in CARD protein-BCL10-MALT1 (CBM) complexes, are now known to cause high serum IgE and overlapping ... DOCK8 functions as an adaptor that links TLR-MyD88 signaling to B cell activation. Nat Immunol. 2012 May 13. 13(6):612-20. [ ... Impaired STAT3 signaling is implicated with the following abnormalities [18] as described below:. * CD4+ T cells: Impaired ...
Genome-wide association studies in Asians confirm the involvement of ATOH7 and TGFBR3, and further identify CARD10 as a novel...
POSITIVE REGULATION OF PHOSPHATE METABOLIC PROCESS
RIG-I-like Receptor (RLR) Signaling Pathways: R&D Systems
... that mediate signaling by interacting with the CARD domain of the mitochondrial membrane-associated protein, Interferon-beta ... Dimerization of IPS-1/MAVS allows it to associate with multiple adaptor proteins including TRAF-2, TRAF-6, and TRADD, which ... also known as Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS). LGP2 lacks an N-terminal CARD domain and is therefore unable to ... Due to the lack of the N-terminal CARD domains required for signaling, LGP2 is thought to function as either a positive or ...
Cord factor and peptidoglycan recapitulate the Th17-promoting adjuvant activity of mycobacteria through mincle/CARD9 signaling...
By assaying Il1b transcripts in the injection site skin of CFA-immunized mice, we found that signaling through the adaptor ... We found that IL-17 secretion by CD4(+) T cells following CFA immunization requires MyD88 and IL-1β/IL-1R signaling. Through ... measurement of Ag-specific responses after adoptive transfer of OTII cells, we confirmed that MyD88-dependent signaling ... Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, Adjuvants, Immunologic, Animals, CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins, Cell Differentiation, ...
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
16] CARD11 is a multidomain signaling adapter that contains (1) an amino-terminal CARD and coiled-coil domains, (2) an ... Following signaling via the BCR, protein kinase C (PKC) beta-dependent serine phosphorylation within the CARD11 linker domain ... B-cell receptor signaling activates PI3K-mediated activation of the kinase AKT, which activates many downstream signaling ... 20] Upon antigen stimulation, clustering of the BCRs occurs, leading to signal transduction via the CD79A and B subunits. [21] ...
Frontiers | Advances in Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Proteins Regulating Host Innate Immunity
In addition, studies have shown that many FMDV proteins are involved in the regulation of host innate immunity and have ... In this review, the advance in mechanisms of interaction be-tween FMDV proteins and hosts innate immunity are summarized to ... In this review, advances in studies on the mechanisms of interaction between FMDV proteins and host innate immunity are ... In addition, studies have shown that many FMDV proteins are involved in the regulation of host innate immunity and re-vealed ...
British Library EThOS: Synergistic innate immune recognition of Coxsackievirus B5 by RIG-I and MDA5
... both signal downstream through their CARDs to activate IRF3/7 and NF-κB indirectly, via the protein intermediate IPS-1 (IFN-β ... RIG-I and MDA5 colocalise with the adaptor protein IPS-1 in response to CBV5 infection, again indicating the synergistic ... RIG-I and MDA5 contribute to antiviral signalling in different ways depending on the virus involved. MDA5 has been shown to be ... RIG-I and MDA5 are homologous cytoplasmic proteins containing an N-terminal region with two caspase activation and recruitment ...
MeSH Browser
A Kinase Anchor Proteins [D12.776.157.057.003] * Arrestins [D12.776.157.057.005] * CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins [D12.776. ... Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins [D12] * Proteins [D12.776] * Carrier Proteins [D12.776.157] * Adaptor Proteins, Signal ... Proteins [D12.776] * Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins [D12.776.476] * Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing [ ... Shc Signaling Adaptor Proteins [D12.644.360.024.330] * Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Associated Protein [D12.644. ...
Miscellaneous Glutamate
Structurally, the NLRP3 inflammasome is composed of three componentsNLRP3 that functions as a sensor protein; the adapter ... Cell Signaling Technology, 3192), rabbit anti-eIF2 (Cell Signaling Technology, 5324), rabbit anti-p(S51)-eIF2 (Cell Signaling ... Pro-caspase-1 is usually recruited to ASC via CARD:CARD interactions leading to auto-processing resulting in the generation of ... Water is the natural moderate for proteins folding, that is also found in all research. of the solvent influence on proteins ...
GSE15930 STIM VS STIM AND IFNAB 72H CD8 T CELL DN
SRSF protein kinase 1 [Source:HGNC Sym.... STAM2. 10254. STAM2. signal transducing adaptor molecule 2 .... ... signal 1), costimulation -B7-1 (signal 2) and cytokine, either interleukin-12 or interferon-a/b (signal 3). Interaction of ... In the absence of signal 3, the cells interacting with antigen/B7-1 undergo tolerance induction. The objective of this study ... Differentiation of naive CD8 T cells into cytotoxic effector cells requires three distinct signals- antigen ( ...
Inhibitory Effects of Chloride on the Activation of Caspase-1, IL-1β Secretion, and Cytolysis by the P2X7 Receptor1 | The...
... such as apoptosis-associated Speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) and NACHT and leucine-rich region protein NALP1 and ... the initial assembly/activation of adapter proteins that interact with procaspases and which activate other membrane proteins. ... How the P2X7R→caspase-1→IL-1β signaling cascade is triggered at in vivo inflammatory loci is not understood. In particular, the ... involve direct CARD-CARD binding between ASC and procaspase-1 and PYRIN-PYRIN interactions between NALP family proteins and ASC ...
Molecular mechanisms regulating NLRP3 inflammasome activation. - PDF Download Free
Inflammasomes are multi-protein signaling complexes that trigger the activation of inflammatory caspases and the maturat... ... the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) adaptor and its small heterodimer partner are required for recruitment of ... CARD).3 The resulting autocatalysis and activation of caspase-1 lead to maturation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines ... Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome requires at least two signals: signal 1, also known as the priming signal, is mediated by ...
Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins | Profiles RNS
5-Lipoxygenase-Activating Proteins. *A Kinase Anchor Proteins. *Arrestins. *CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins ... A structurally-related group of signaling proteins that are phosphorylated by the INSULIN RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE. The ... Survival signaling in type II pneumocytes activated by surfactant protein-A. Exp Cell Res. 2002 Nov 1; 280(2):270-9. ... substrate proteins interact with specific SH2 DOMAIN containing proteins that are involved in insulin receptor signaling. ...
Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins | Profiles RNS
CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins. *Caspases. *Death Domain Receptor Signaling Adaptor Proteins. *Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins ... IAP proteins interact with and inhibit CASPASES, and they function as ANTI-APOPTOTIC PROTEINS. The protein class is defined by ... "Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ( ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins" by people in this website by ...
CARD-8 protein, a new CARD family member that regulates caspase-1 activation and apoptosis. | Profiles RNS
Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing. * Amino Acid Sequence. * Apoptosis. * CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins ... CARD-8 protein, a new CARD family member that regulates caspase-1 activation and apoptosis. J Biol Chem. 2002 Apr 19; 277(16): ... CARD-8 protein, a new CARD family member that regulates caspase-1 activation and apoptosis. ... CARD-8 protein, a new CARD family member that regulates caspase-1 activation and apoptosis. ...
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PathwaysReceptorRECEPTORSPathwayDownstreamPower adapterMoleculeTransducingImmuneApoptosis-associatedInflammasomesPRRsCytosolicActivationBcl10CytokinesTLRsSource:HGNCPeptidesExtracellularKinasePYRINHDMIMicroSD1000 proteinsSpecificityMitochondrialNLRP3AntibodiesAntiviralInhibitAssaysMutationsMetabolismRecombinantTIRAPRecruitment domainTransducerTLR4InteractionMyD88MoleculesDifferentiationRegulatorHeadphoneGeneCASPASESMembrane ProteinsComplexesELISAInflammatoryTransductionTyrosineClass of proteinsPhysiologicalTh17ResiduesInhibitorDomainInduceFluorescent proteins
Pathways15
- Card9 mediates signals from so called pattern recognition receptors (Dectin-1) to downstream signalling pathways such as NF-κB and by this activates pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-23, IL-6, IL-2) and an anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) and subsequently an appropriate innate and adaptive immune response to clear an infection. (wikipedia.org)
- NLRPs and ALRs both encode a PYD, which is crucial for relaying signals that result in an efficient innate immune response through activation of several key innate immune signaling pathways. (frontiersin.org)
- Active NLRPs and ALRs trigger multiple innate immune effector pathways, but by far the best established function of these PYD-containing proteins is the assembly of inflammasomes, which are large multiprotein platforms that form in response to infection and tissue damage and are responsible for the activation of inflammatory caspases, in particular caspase-1 ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Here we review the literature to date on the role of different inflammasome signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of MS and how these pathways may be targeted to reduce deleterious inflammatory processes and improve outcomes in this patient population. (springer.com)
- Induction and interactions of γδ T cell and Th17 cell signaling pathways in MS and EAE. (springer.com)
- Click on one of the RIG-I-like receptors shown in the Explore Pathways box below to see the specific viruses that are detected by each receptor & the intracellular signaling pathways by which they regulate antiviral immunity and the pro-inflammatory response. (rndsystems.com)
- A family of structurally related proteins that are constitutively expressed and that negatively regulate cytokine-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. (nih.gov)
- These results suggest that under physiological conditions P2X7R are maintained in a conformationally restrained state that limits channel gating and coupling of the receptor to signaling pathways that regulate caspase-1. (aai.org)
- activation 0 is the ITGAL thyrotropin gene in which Cdc2 cycle of a leucine-rich-repeat-containing plays cells signalling the protein and assembly of pathways reducing in the specificity of a Interleukin-2's activation recombination. (exklusive-duefte.eu)
- Though the clearance of mRNAs and Small members are about downstream listed, the induced MutS expression is with MLH1: PMS2( MutLalpha) and PCNA, the triggering protein recognition at synthesis pathways. (exklusive-duefte.eu)
- BioLegend offers variety of reagents to study these pathways for innate immune cell signaling. (biolegend.com)
- To view a step-by-step guide of the TLR signaling pathways, start the presentation below. (biolegend.com)
- Click the image below for an overview of the TLR signaling pathways. (biolegend.com)
- Recent data have suggested that ASC functions as an adaptor protein linking various PAAD-family proteins to pathways involved in nuclear factor (NF)-κB and pro-Caspase-1 activation. (rupress.org)
- CRKL is a 33kDa adaptor protein which has been shown to activate the RAS and JUN kinase signalling pathways and transforms fibroblasts in a RAS dependant manner. (novusbio.com)
Receptor28
- Here, we found that CXCL8/IL8, a potent proangiogenic and inflammatory chemokine, up-regulates VEGF mRNA and protein levels in endothelial cells by acting on its cognate receptor, CXCR2, and that this results in the autocrine activation of VEGFR2. (nih.gov)
- These variants have in common a higher transmissibility, and an accumulation of a high number of mutations in the spike protein, especially within the amino terminal domain (NTD) and the receptor binding domain (RBD). (abnova.com)
- [ 12 ] Studies in toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated signaling in patients with HIES did not reveal anty abnormalities either. (medscape.com)
- In addition to immune cell development, several studies have also exhibited that IRE1-XBP1 signaling contributes to innate immune responses triggered by various toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands including lipopolysaccharide (LPS)15, attenuated strain16 and Methicillin-resistant (MRSA) contamination17. (healthyconnectionsinc.com)
- INTRODUCTION The inflammasome was described a decade ago as a large intracellular signaling platform that contains a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor, especially a nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) or an absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2)-like receptor. (docksci.com)
- Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (jefferson.edu)
- A structurally-related group of signaling proteins that are phosphorylated by the INSULIN RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE. (jefferson.edu)
- The proteins share an N-terminal PLECKSTRIN HOMOLOGY DOMAIN, a phosphotyrosine-binding domain that interacts with the phosphorylated INSULIN RECEPTOR, and a C-terminal TYROSINE-rich domain. (jefferson.edu)
- Upon tyrosine phosphorylation, insulin receptor substrate proteins interact with specific SH2 DOMAIN containing proteins that are involved in insulin receptor signaling. (jefferson.edu)
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins" by people in this website by year, and whether "Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (jefferson.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins" by people in Profiles. (jefferson.edu)
- Selective modulation of type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling and functions by beta1 integrins. (jefferson.edu)
- As mediated by the estrogen receptor, BPA may induce the pyroptosis of neuroblastoma cells through NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD signaling pathway, and caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis may be involved in BPA-induced apoptosis, which is alleviated by EGCG, an anti-oxidation agent. (researchsquare.com)
- These proteins, which possess a common TIR domain, play a critical role in the innate immune system through the Toll-like receptor-mediated detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) from microorganisms and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPS) in vertebrates [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- MyD88 is utilized by all the receptors except Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) while TRIF is involved in TLR3 and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signalling [ 6 , 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Upon signaling a surface, the MutS sugar contributes required in an physiological ALS signaling for passive immune invaginations and disease on the DNA receptor. (exklusive-duefte.eu)
- TLRs typically dimerize upon ligand binding and their cytoplasmic domain called Toll/IL-1 (TIR, due to similarities to the IL-1 receptor) then serves as a docking site for TIR containing adaptor proteins. (biolegend.com)
- Counterintuitively, three indie groups have confirmed the fact that NOD (Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Area Proteins)-RIPK2 (Receptor-Interacting Serine/Threonine-Protein Kinase 2) pathway, which identifies peptidoglycans [13], had been important to fight and spp. (solventcentral.com)
- PGE2-EP3 receptor signaling after that network marketing leads to NLRC4 inflammasome set up, which induces the discharge of IL-1 and IL-18. (solventcentral.com)
- I have attempted to list the enzymes/receptor proteins below in the sequential order in which they are impacted, subsequent to the docking of the COVID-19 virus onto ACE2 receptors. (mthfrsupport.com)
- In some cases however, the enzymes/receptor proteins are working in parallel with the immune system. (mthfrsupport.com)
- The KPNB1 protein is engaged in nuclear protein import, either by coupling itself with an adapter protein (e.g., importin-alpha subunit which binds to nuclear localization signals (NLS) in cargo substrates), or by functioning autonomously as a nuclear transport receptor (acts as NLS receptor, docking of the importin/substrate complex to the nuclear pore complex). (prospecbio.com)
- A apoptosis signaling six cosmic ligase fluxes proposes conserved to as an necroptotic kinase, while a receptor including at least two lysine-27 end pages lengthens released to as an open growth. (erik-mill.de)
- Since KFT neither is the activation of 4-acetylcytidine receptor or vessel euro-cents nor their influx and provides signaling residues over ERK template, it is in tyrosine the prolonged web of roles and of the group lengths in phosphorylation and film response. (erik-mill.de)
- In a remarkable discovery at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, N.Y.C. in 1990, it was shown that a minute current (50 to 100 MICRO amperes) can alter outer protein layers of HIV virus in a petri dish so as to prevent its subsequent attachment to receptor sites. (elixa.com)
- download Study Smart, Study can somatically be activated up into proteins, where it requires rapidly taken anchored by the I of a nuclear receptor, gastrointestinal composition( GAA)( Brown et al. (evakoch.com)
- TLR signaling triggers a cascade of events in DCs that includes modified chemokine and cytokine production, altered chemokine receptor expression, and changes in signaling through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). (eurekamag.com)
- This system was capable of detecting IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 with 100% sensitivity and specificity using recombinant antigens for the SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 protein, nucleocapsid protein, and receptor binding domain. (bvsalud.org)
RECEPTORS4
- It mediates signals from pattern recognition receptors to activate pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, regulating inflammation and cell apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
- While Toll-like receptors (TLRs) utilize their TIR domain and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) and NLRCs their CARD for downstream signaling upon activation, NLRPs and AIM2-like receptors (ALRs) recruit signaling adaptors through their PYRIN domain (PYD). (frontiersin.org)
- Although most P2X receptors are largely expressed in excitable tissues and are involved in neural signaling, P2X7R is predominantly expressed in hemopoietic tissues ( 3 ). (aai.org)
- Detection by the receptors triggers a series of steps involving recruitment of the downstream adaptor proteins to the receptors resulting in a signalling cascade. (biomedcentral.com)
Pathway1
- Adapter protein implicated in the regulation of a large spectrum of both general and specialized signaling pathway. (nsjbio.com)
Downstream3
- The PYD is the effector domain required for downstream signaling, while evidence supports a role of the LRR and HIN-200 domain in ligand recognition ( 19 - 21 ). (frontiersin.org)
- TRIF is a key protein in antiviral innate immunity, operating downstream of TLRs. (biomedcentral.com)
- AMPK exerts its cellular effects through its function as a serine/threonine protein kinase by regulating many downstream targets and plays important roles in the development and growth of skeletal muscle. (techscience.com)
Power adapter1
- 110-240v ac / 12v dc : 12-volt dc power adapter for vehicle charging and a household AC power adapter for home charging. (shinypiece.com)
Molecule3
- The adaptor molecule ASC mediates AIM2-dependent caspase-1 activation. (nih.gov)
- By assaying Il1b transcripts in the injection site skin of CFA-immunized mice, we found that signaling through the adaptor molecule caspase activation and recruitment domain 9 (CARD9) plays a major role in triggering pro-IL-1β expression. (ox.ac.uk)
- The other TIR domain-containing adaptor proteins include MyD88 (Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88), MAL/TIRAP (MyD88 adaptor-like/TIR domain-containing adaptor protein), TRIF/TICAM-1 (TIR domain-containing adaptor molecule-inducing interferon-β/TIR domain-containing molecule 1), TRAM/TICAM-2 (TRIF-related adaptor molecule/TIR domain-containing adaptor molecule 2) and SARM (sterile-α and HEAT-Armadillo motifs containing protein). (biomedcentral.com)
Transducing1
- They contain pleckstrin homology and SH2 domains, through which they function as signal transducing adaptor proteins. (nih.gov)
Immune5
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) based vaccines use lab-created mRNA that provides cells with instructions for making protein antigens and triggers an adaptive immune response. (abnova.com)
- Although not as well-established and in many cases derived from overexpression studies, these proteins have also been linked to transcriptional responses, through activation of NF-κB, IRFs, and MAPKs to regulate pro-inflammatory and anti-microbial gene expression, autophagy, and to affect adaptive immune responses. (frontiersin.org)
- IRE1 signaling has been demonstrated to contribute to the development of several immune cell types, including secretory plasma cells12 and dendritic cells13. (healthyconnectionsinc.com)
- Inflammasomes are high in molecular weight, multimeric, and self-organizing protein complexes of the innate immune system which do not only play a significant role in inflammatory response activation and the release of IL-1 β and IL-18 but also function like a finely tuned alarm in cellular apoptosis regulation by triggering and enhancing systems in response to stress and/or cellular infections. (hindawi.com)
- Cts on immune GPC-3 Proteins manufacturer responses. (ck2inhibitor.com)
Apoptosis-associated3
- the adapter apoptosis-associated speck-like protein made up of a caspase recruitment domain name (ASC) and pro-caspase-120. (healthyconnectionsinc.com)
- Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a Caspase recruitment domain (ASC) belongs to a large family of proteins that contain a Pyrin, AIM, ASC, and death domain-like (PAAD) domain (also known as PYRIN, DAPIN, Pyk). (rupress.org)
- Upon the stimuli, the NLRP3 inflammasome activates and subsequently recruits apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC) and caspase-1, which causes the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Inflammasomes2
- Furthermore, there is increasing evidence for a broader contribution of inflammasomes to unconventional protein secretion ( 8 ), to lipid biogenesis and to the release of inflammatory lipids ( 9 - 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Molecular mechanisms regulating NLRP3 inflammasome activation Eun-Kyeong Jo1,2, Jin Kyung Kim1,2, Dong-Min Shin1,2 and Chihiro Sasakawa3,4 Inflammasomes are multi-protein signaling complexes that trigger the activation of inflammatory caspases and the maturation of interleukin-1b. (docksci.com)
PRRs2
- Thus, a necessity of these PRRs is to be able to promote the clustering of inflammasome adaptors, which is essential for induced proximity-mediated activation of caspase-1 ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
- apical proteins in the physiological download Study Smart, Study Less: Earn Better Grades and Higher span associated in binding the PRRs of proteins like interior and recombinase oligodendrocyte oxidative motion( GABA). (evakoch.com)
Cytosolic2
- physicists exhibit as cytosolic proteins, using a lactate of host ATPases at Mice of temporal cell. (evakoch.com)
- NOD2 signaling is triggered by cytosolic muramyl dipeptide found in the peptidoglycan of all bacteria. (biolegend.com)
Activation15
- A family of intracellular signaling adaptor proteins that contain caspase activation and recruitment domains. (uams.edu)
- The inflammasome is a signalling platform leading to caspase-1 activation. (nih.gov)
- CARD is a protein interaction domain known to participate in activation or suppression of CARD containing members of the caspase family, and thus plays an important regulatory role in cell apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
- This protein was identified by its selective association with the CARD domain of BCL10, a positive regulator of apoptosis and NF-κB activation. (wikipedia.org)
- The second step (signal II) promotes NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activation. (healthyconnectionsinc.com)
- CARD-8 protein, a new CARD family member that regulates caspase-1 activation and apoptosis. (jefferson.edu)
- The end product of this signalling cascade is the activation of transcription factors like NF-kB (nuclear factor kappa-light chain enhancer of activated B cells) and IRFs (interferon-regulating factors) leading to production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferons. (biomedcentral.com)
- Cell lysis is triggered by activation of particular intracellular pore forming proteins, but how regulation of cell lysis occurs is not well understood. (plos.org)
- Following the inflammasome signaling activation, inflammatory processes can potentially promote the development and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines including danger signaling and pyroptotic cell death, i.e., quick inflammation-induced apoptosis. (hindawi.com)
- While coexpression of ASC with certain PAAD-family proteins such as Pyrin and Cryopyrin increases NF-κB activity, ASC has an inhibitory influence on NF-κB activation by various proinflammatory stimuli, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, interleukin 1β, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). (rupress.org)
- Elevations in ASC protein levels or of the PAAD domain of ASC suppressed activation of IκB kinases in cells exposed to pro-inflammatory stimuli. (rupress.org)
- We also reported that triggers NLRC4 inflammasome activation and caspase-1 autoproteolysis through the phospholipid-binding proteins Annexin A2 [27, 28]. (solventcentral.com)
- Reviews Binary Options Trading Signals USD/NOK is also important in preventing throm- bosis through inhibition of platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation, and in preventing atherosclerosis by inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. (forexsignalstoday.com)
- A major role is that of the MRN (MRE11/RAD50/NBS1) complex binding to DSBs and facilitating the activation of ATM (Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated) protein, a key PI3K (Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) related kinase in the DNA damage response (DDR). (wikipathways.org)
- Bax inhibitor 1-1 is an anti apoptotic protein capable of suppressing Bax activation and mitochondrial translocation. (gp120-inhibitors.com)
Bcl102
- It is thought to function as a molecular scaffold for the assembly of a BCL10 signaling complex that activates NF-κB. (wikipedia.org)
- CARD9 is a novel caspase recruitment domain-containing protein that interacts with BCL10/CLAP and activates NF-kappa B". J. Biol. (wikipedia.org)
Cytokines1
- Active caspases then induce inflammatory cell death (pyroptosis), maturation, and/or secretion of the leaderless pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, and contribute to the release of the related IL-1α ( 4 , 5 ) as well as the stress-associated danger signal HMGB1 ( 6 , 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
TLRs2
- The TIR domain responsible for mediating the protein-protein interactions between the TLRs and adaptor proteins, as well as amongst the adaptor proteins has a core structure of a flavodoxin-like fold, containing alternating α-helices and β-strands. (biomedcentral.com)
- TLRs are broadly subdivided based on their location at the cell surface (these are activated by lipid and protein ligands) and endosomal compartments (these are activated by non-self nucleic acids). (biolegend.com)
Source:HGNC1
- bone morphogenetic protein 4 [Source:HGNC Sy. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Peptides2
- then, N-glycans are submitted as transcription families during the sulfate and art phosphatidylethanolamine of the organization: they are the thickness of proteins to open when a pre-Replication must form with a phosphatidylinositol, register defined to the proSMDT1, or conserved for family in cause of vast human peptides. (evakoch.com)
- Peptides and proteins are guaranteed for 3 months from date of receipt. (novusbio.com)
Extracellular3
- Because previous studies indicated that extracellular Cl − exerts a negative allosteric effect on ATP-gating of P2X7R channels, we tested whether Cl − attenuates the P2X7R→caspase-1→IL-1β signaling cascade in murine and human macrophages. (aai.org)
- M2 is certainly a 97 amino acid-long proteins using a 23-amino acidity N-terminal extracellular area (M2e) that forms homotetramers [8,9]. (healthdisparitiesks.org)
- Mammals express at least four distinctly regulated groups of MAPKs, extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK)-1/2, Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNK1/2/3), p38 proteins (p38alpha/beta/gamma/delta) and ERK5, that are activated by specific MAPKKs: MEK1/2 for ERK1/2, MKK3/6 for the p38, MKK4/7 (JNKK1/2) for the JNKs, and MEK5 for ERK5. (uni-freiburg.de)
Kinase5
- A-kinase anchoring protein 8 [Source:H. (gsea-msigdb.org)
- Abstract As a key coordinator of metabolism, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is vitally involved in skeletal muscle maintenance. (techscience.com)
- AMPK is activated by phosphorylation and exerts its function as a kinase in many processes, including synthesis and degradation of proteins, mitochondrial biogenesis, glucose uptake, and fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism. (techscience.com)
- C and is adrenal for biological introns, uncoating the degranulation of hyaluronan-like fructose binding and the kinase of signal from alpha( See Zachariae and Nasmyth, 1999). (evakoch.com)
- The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is a highly conserved module that is involved in various cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. (uni-freiburg.de)
PYRIN3
- Ultimately, signal II enables structural assembly of the inflammasome with NLRP3 recruiting ASC via pyrin:pyrin domain name interactions, which in turn triggers ASC oligomerisation leading to the formation of long ASC filaments26. (healthyconnectionsinc.com)
- The domain architecture of NLRs typically includes an N-terminal protein-protein interaction domain , caspase recruitment domain (CARD), pyrin domain (PYD), a central NACHT domain that helps with self-oligomerization, and a C-terminal leucine rich repeat (LRR) to detect PAMPs. (biolegend.com)
- Foreign (viral and bacterial), as well as aberrant host double-stranded DNA recognition, is performed by a non-NLR protein called AIM2 (absent in melanoma 2) using its HIN200 domain attached to a pyrin domain (PYD), which helps with ASC recruitment for inflammasone formation. (biolegend.com)
HDMI2
- KVM Switch HDMI 4 Port [email protected] Signal Switcher for 4 Computers Hotkey Switching with Cable Kit No Adapter Required? (upliftreviews.com)
- The JDA204 VGA to HDMI video audio adapter allows you to connect the VGA input from your laptop or desktop to the HDMI output of a monitor or projector by converting the VGA video signal from the input device into a HDMI output. (usa-angel.com)
MicroSD6
- Protocol based on the SPI standard SanDisk microSD card Product Family provides up to 64 gigabytes GB 1 of memory using flash memory. (babybminephotography.com)
- The SD card is actually a microSD adapter so I didn't solder directly to a real SD card and I've tested only. (babybminephotography.com)
- MicroSD Card Pinout Features & Datasheet Components101. (babybminephotography.com)
- In addition to the interface microSD card products offer an alternate communicationprotocol based on the SPI standard 2 Product Features. (babybminephotography.com)
- In short You can convert a microSD-to-SD card adapter that comes with nearly every SD card into an SD card interface for your 33V. (babybminephotography.com)
- ESP32 Data Logging Temperature to MicroSD Card Random How to Add an SD Card Data Logger to an Arduino Project about any protocol in this tutorial. (babybminephotography.com)
1000 proteins2
- Ied over 1000 proteins across seven independent experiments with direct or indirect relationships to LMP1. (ck2inhibitor.com)
- We also provided a thorough procedure validation using this volumetric DBS collection device with an established quantitative proteomics analysis method, and then analyzed 1000 proteins using this approach in DBSs concomitantly with serum for future consideration of utility in clinical applications. (bvsalud.org)
Specificity2
- 2008 Nonvesicular lipid transport is usually mediated by lipid transfer proteins which comprise numerous conserved protein families with variable degrees of lipid specificity (Lev 2010 We have recognized heterodimeric complexes of yeast Ups1 (human PRELID1) and Mdm35 (human TRIAP1) as novel lipid transfer proteins in mitochondria (Connerth et al. (recyclers-info.com)
- DSBs trigger a multitude of post-translational modifications that alter both, catalytic activities and the specificity of protein interactions including: phosphorylation, methylation, ubiquitylation, acetylation, and SUMOylation, followed by the turnaround of these changes as repair has been completed. (wikipathways.org)
Mitochondrial2
- Unexpectedly, CARD19, a mitochondrial CARD-containing protein, was not directly responsible for this, as an independently-generated CRISPR/Cas9 Card19 knockout mouse line ( Card19 Null ) showed no defect in macrophage cell lysis. (plos.org)
- These results link mitochondrial PE metabolism to MICOS combining functions in protein and lipid homeostasis to preserve mitochondrial structure and function. (recyclers-info.com)
NLRP32
- Our knowledge of the mechanisms regulating NLRP3 inflammasome signaling and how these influence inflammatory responses offers further insight into potential therapeutic strategies to treat inflammatory diseases associated with dysregulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. (docksci.com)
- The results showed that BPA nonlinearly upregulated the levels of IL-18, ASC, GSDMD and NLRP3 mRNAs and that of NLRP3, caspase-1, GSDMD and IL-1β proteins in IMR-32 and SK-N-SH cells. (researchsquare.com)
Antibodies3
- Antibodies are used to capture a protein of interest and its bound DNA. (spotlightministries.org)
- Antibodies (proteins) and genomes (RNA) are completely different chemically. (wordpress.com)
- Browse our antibodies, ELISA kits and proteins related to positive regulation of endopeptidase activity. (antikoerper-online.de)
Antiviral1
- RIG-I and MDA5 contribute to antiviral signalling in different ways depending on the virus involved. (bl.uk)
Inhibit3
- PIAS proteins inhibit the activity of signal transducers and activators of transcription. (nih.gov)
- IAP proteins interact with and inhibit CASPASES, and they function as ANTI-APOPTOTIC PROTEINS. (childrensmercy.org)
- The changes in RGS18 and RGS1 expression are likely important for DC function, because both proteins inhibit G alpha(i)- and G alpha(q)-mediated signaling and can reduce CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL)12-, CC chemokine ligand (CCL)19-, or CCL21-induced cell migration. (eurekamag.com)
Assays3
- Biochemical assays confirmed impaired NOD2-dependent signaling and proinflammatory cytokine production in patient's cells and heterologous cellular models with overexpression of the NOD2 mutant. (ox.ac.uk)
- Although many lab instruments, such as incubators, shakers, mixers, and centrifuges include adapters to accept microplates, three instruments are designed specifically for microplate-based assays: plate readers, plate washers and plate sealers. (laboratory-equipment.com)
- Used commonly to wash cell cultures, western blots, ELISA assays, and protein arrays, microplate washers accommodate several microplate sizes (6-well, 30-well, 96-well, 384-well) and styles (deep-well, flat-bottom, semi-skirted and full-skirted). (laboratory-equipment.com)
Mutations2
- Mutations of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 ( STAT3 ) gene were shown to cause the AD HIES by 2 groups independently. (medscape.com)
- New strains of influenza occur because of mutations in the protein hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), a sensation termed antigenic drift, resulting in epidemic disease [2]. (healthdisparitiesks.org)
Metabolism1
- Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to its pathogenesis, which involves insufficient insulin secretion, reduced responsiveness to endogenous or exogenous insulin , increased glucose production, and/or abnormalities in fat and protein metabolism. (mhmedical.com)
Recombinant2
- Full length recombinant human protein was used as the immunogen for the 14-3-3 epsilon antibody. (nsjbio.com)
- MAP2K5( AAH08838, 1 a.a. - 449 a.a.) recombinant protein with GST. (novusbio.com)
TIRAP1
- MyD88 binds directly to the majority of TLR TIRs but in some cases the binding occurs in combination with adaptor TIRAP. (biolegend.com)
Recruitment domain2
- Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 is an adaptor protein of the CARD-CC protein family, which in humans is encoded by the CARD9 gene. (wikipedia.org)
- CARD9 is a member of the CARD protein family, which is defined by the presence of a characteristic caspase-associated recruitment domain (CARD). (wikipedia.org)
Transducer1
- garmin are top of the range in this market and this is an excellent piece of kit When using with an 8-pin Garmin sounder , transducer adapter cable part number 010-11613-00 is Plastic transom mount transducer Learn more about installing a Garmin GSD 24 black box sounder with a transducer that is already installed on the boat using the. (visionclearance.de)
TLR42
- Engagement of TLR3 or TLR4 on monocyte-derived DCs induces RGS16 and RGS20, markedly increases RGS1 expression, and potently down-regulates RGS18 and RGS14 without modifying other RGS proteins. (eurekamag.com)
- A similar pattern of Rgs protein expression occurred in immature bone marrow-derived mouse DCs stimulated to mature via TLR4 signaling. (eurekamag.com)
Interaction3
- In this review, advances in studies on the mechanisms of interaction between FMDV proteins and host innate immunity are summarized to provide a comprehensive understanding of FMDV pathogenesis and the theoretical basis for FMD prevention and control. (frontiersin.org)
- Immunoprecipitation-coupled mass spectrometry unveiled the ATPase valosin-containing protein (VCP) as novel interaction partner of wildtype NOD2, while the binding to the NOD2 variant p.E54K was abrogated. (ox.ac.uk)
- But, microplate readers are also used for high-throughput screening of drug targets, protein-protein interaction studies, enzyme activity analysis, and cell toxicity and proliferation examinations. (laboratory-equipment.com)
MyD882
- We found that IL-17 secretion by CD4(+) T cells following CFA immunization requires MyD88 and IL-1β/IL-1R signaling. (ox.ac.uk)
- Through measurement of Ag-specific responses after adoptive transfer of OTII cells, we confirmed that MyD88-dependent signaling controls Th17 differentiation rather than simply production of IL-17. (ox.ac.uk)
Molecules3
- The protein of the state of this I, bound as Synthesis of the N-glycan interior or LLO, degrades one of the most used times in molecules, and phosphorylates been only amplified in some target. (evakoch.com)
- Throughout the cell aid, the trafficking is frequently reviewed for growth, being mainly from molecules of transcription, humans of step or through stimulatory kinases phosphorylated as methionine or signaling phospholipase. (evakoch.com)
- There is a widespread effort to develop inhibitors against signal transduction molecules that play a key role in the proliferative, migratory and invasive properties of a cancer cell. (garvan.org.au)
Differentiation3
- Differentiation of naive CD8 T cells into cytotoxic effector cells requires three distinct signals- antigen (signal 1), costimulation -B7-1 (signal 2) and cytokine, either interleukin-12 or interferon-a/b (signal 3). (gsea-msigdb.org)
- The objective of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms how the provision of signal 3 promotes differentiation and averts tolerance induction in CD8 T cells. (gsea-msigdb.org)
- Oligonucleotide microarray analysis is carried out to determine the extent and molecular nature of the CD8 T cell differentiation program induced by IL-12 or IFNa/b in concert with antigen and B7-1 signal. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Regulator1
- One mechanism by which TLR signaling could modify GPCR signaling is by altering the expression of regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins. (eurekamag.com)
Headphone1
- Comfortable to Wear】Adjustable headphone adopts soft and skin-friendly protein cotton ear pads and leather headband made of lightweight materials to ensure long-lasting comfort. (arbrows.org)
Gene6
- The immediate contribution that cell routine progression makes towards the establishment of silencing is not determined however in an insightful research it had been found that preventing the transcription from the cohesin gene resulted in silencing of previously in the cell routine which expression of the uncleavable Scc1 proteins decreased the capability to create silencing (Lau 2002). (health-media.net)
- You will fluoresce even among other words of central dogma of gene expression is not integrated into nerve signals to worksheet print enough information can affect student worksheet, dogma central of molecular biology worksheet will you can be? (modegame.online)
- So dna and proteins template strand of tracking dna could have permission and central dogma of molecular biology worksheet will vary, how words of a gene with coding for remote participants can you like dna or. (modegame.online)
- beta catenin is also a gene regulatory protein that promotes cellular proliferation. (flashcardmachine.com)
- APC, (adenomatous polyposis coli), is a tumor suppressor gene whose main function is to down-regulate growth promoting signals, such as beta catenin. (flashcardmachine.com)
- Mechanisms of endocrine resistance include loss of ER-alpha expression, altered expression of coactivators or coregulators that play a critical role in ER-mediated gene transcription, ligand-independent growth factor signaling cascades that activate kinases and ER-phosphorylation, altered availability of active tamoxifen metabolites regulated by drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2D6, and deregulation of the cell cycle and apoptotic machinery. (uni-freiburg.de)
CASPASES1
- Proteins that contain this domain play a role in APOPTOSIS-related signal transduction by associating with other CARD domain-containing members and in activating INITIATOR CASPASES that contain CARD domains within their N-terminal pro-domain region. (uams.edu)
Membrane Proteins5
- At least three viral membrane proteins (gE, gI, and Us9) are necessary for the spread of infection from presynaptic to postsynaptic neurons (anterograde spread) in infected rodents. (rupress.org)
- Surprisingly, capsid and tegument proteins but not viral membrane proteins were detected in axons. (rupress.org)
- The spread of Us9 missense mutants in the rodent nervous system correlated with the amount of viral membrane proteins localized to axons. (rupress.org)
- We conclude that the Us9 membrane protein controls axonal localization of diverse viral membrane proteins but not that of capsid or tegument proteins. (rupress.org)
- The primary reason is that membrane proteins are more difficult to purify and crystallize. (choxos.net)
Complexes3
- exported complexes that determine the intermolecular neurologic download sax2 2002( SASP), readily revealed as the tumor signaling Steroid( proteins), exist anti and lesioned kinases, membrane cations, was process school ions and D-xylulose-5-phosphate parts. (exklusive-duefte.eu)
- 2009 Although they lack sequence similarity with other classes of lipid transfer proteins the crystal structures of Ups1-Mdm35 and SLMO1-TRIAP1 complexes revealed striking structural similarities with phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins and suggested comparable transfer mechanisms (Miliara et al. (recyclers-info.com)
- These act by chemical binding to essential protein complexes of the photo-systems. (earsppm.com)
ELISA1
- Common applications for microplate readers include nucleic acid quantitation, protein purification, ELISA immunoassay analysis, and cell viability studies. (laboratory-equipment.com)
Inflammatory2
- Valosin-containing protein-regulated endoplasmic reticulum stress causes NOD2-dependent inflammatory responses. (ox.ac.uk)
- At that time, treatment strategies were tentative, the unutterable hydroxychloroquine was still en vogue , the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children ( MIS - C ) as yet unheard of, and nobody knew about Long COVID or variants. (covidreference.com)
Transduction1
- It interacts with CDC25 phosphatases, RAF1 and IRS1 proteins, suggesting its role in diverse biochemical activities related to signal transduction, such as cell division and regulation of insulin sensitivity. (nsjbio.com)
Tyrosine1
- Grb7 is an adaptor-type signalling protein that is recruited via its Src-homology 2 (SH2) domain to a variety of tyrosine kinases. (garvan.org.au)
Class of proteins1
- A conserved class of proteins that control APOPTOSIS in both VERTEBRATES and INVERTEBRATES. (childrensmercy.org)
Physiological1
- Ion channels are pore proteins that are involved in a large variety of physiological processes. (autom8.com)
Th172
- Antigenic peptide presentation along with co-stimulatory signals from DC (IL1-β, IL-6 and IL-23) activates Th17 cells that respond and secrete IL-17, GM-CSF, and IL-21. (springer.com)
- Cord factor and peptidoglycan recapitulate the Th17-promoting adjuvant activity of mycobacteria through mincle/CARD9 signaling and the inflammasome. (ox.ac.uk)
Residues1
- Alternatively, this various northern download The Mystery of 31 New Inn prevents into a cohesin when neural other residues and proteins focus induced into intestine. (evakoch.com)
Inhibitor4
- Death-effector domain-containing protein DEDD is an inhibitor of mitotic Cdk1/cyclin B1. (kumamoto-u.ac.jp)
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (childrensmercy.org)
- The protein class is defined by an approximately 80-amino acid motif called the baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis repeat. (childrensmercy.org)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins" by people in Profiles. (childrensmercy.org)
Domain4
- The PYD, also referred to as PAAD or DAPIN, is a protein binding domain belonging to the death domain superfamily ( 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
- BAR/IMD domain containing adaptor prot. (gsea-msigdb.org)
- While human particles are one of three were GEF proteins Submitted to bit - the DENN( not mediated in green and ER-associated carbon) replication, the VPS9 modification and the SEC2 enzyme lethal proteins are a identified domain( recruited in Ishida et al, 2016). (exklusive-duefte.eu)
- This insulin is some of the economic proteins that transmit in the state of transcription and depression Hydrogen with the divergence, in catabolism to domain. (evakoch.com)
Induce1
- Recently, the introduction of a vaccine predicated on (+)-α-Tocopherol an invariant influenza proteins that could induce wide, long-lasting immunity provides received much interest. (healthdisparitiesks.org)
Fluorescent proteins3
- Thus, the era of single-shot photomicrographs and digital images of fixed, dead cells has largely yielded to live-cell imaging using a wide spectrum of synthetic probes, quantum dots, and fluorescent proteins, where maintaining cells in focus on the microscope stage for extended periods of time is a mission-critical factor. (microscopyu.com)
- More recently, the revolution in development of fluorescent proteins spanning the entire visible spectrum has resulted in the discovery of countless dynamic intracellular events that can only be investigated by observation over time. (microscopyu.com)
- The production of DSBs can be quantified by biochemical techniques, e.g., pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and cell imaging, either globally or damage specific, through immunostaining of marker proteins or recruitment of fluorescent proteins to the DNA breaks. (wikipathways.org)