Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.
A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round "blue cells", granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small ("oat") cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer." (From Dorland, 27th ed)
A system of NEURONS that has the specialized function to produce and secrete HORMONES, and that constitutes, in whole or in part, an ENDOCRINE SYSTEM or organ.
Specialized NEURONS that produce hormones, such as NEUROPEPTIDES or BIOGENIC AMINES. They generally are in the NERVOUS SYSTEM, such as HYPOTHALAMUS, but can be found in other organs or systems. These neurons contain dense neurosecretory granules and PROPROTEIN CONVERTASES allowing the rapidly release of NEUROHORMONES into the blood circulation upon stimulation.
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.
A type of chromogranin which was first isolated from CHROMAFFIN CELLS of the ADRENAL MEDULLA but is also found in other tissues and in many species including human, bovine, rat, mouse, and others. It is an acidic protein with 431 to 445 amino acid residues. It contains fragments that inhibit vasoconstriction or release of hormones and neurotransmitter, while other fragments exert antimicrobial actions.
A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.
A group of acidic proteins that are major components of SECRETORY GRANULES in the endocrine and neuroendocrine cells. They play important roles in the aggregation, packaging, sorting, and processing of secretory protein prior to secretion. They are cleaved to release biologically active peptides. There are various types of granins, usually classified by their sources.
A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)
An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.
A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)
Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).
An acidic protein found in the NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM that functions as a molecular chaperone for PROPROTEIN CONVERTASE 2.
A tumor of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large size. It is usually bronchogenic. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.
A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
A carcinoma arising from MERKEL CELLS located in the basal layer of the epidermis and occurring most commonly as a primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin. Merkel cells are tactile cells of neuroectodermal origin and histologically show neurosecretory granules. The skin of the head and neck are a common site of Merkel cell carcinoma, occurring generally in elderly patients. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1245)
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
Tumors or cancer of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, from the MOUTH to the ANAL CANAL.
Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.
A MARVEL domain-containing protein found in the presynaptic vesicles of NEURONS and NEUROENDOCRINE CELLS. It is commonly used as an immunocytochemical marker for neuroendocrine differentiation.
A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.
A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.
A potent, long-acting synthetic SOMATOSTATIN octapeptide analog that inhibits secretion of GROWTH HORMONE and is used to treat hormone-secreting tumors; DIABETES MELLITUS; HYPOTENSION, ORTHOSTATIC; HYPERINSULINISM; hypergastrinemia; and small bowel fistula.
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.
A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.
Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the extent of the neoplasm in the patient.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.
Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.
Ability of neoplasms to infiltrate and actively destroy surrounding tissue.
A infiltrating (invasive) breast cancer, relatively uncommon, accounting for only 5%-10% of breast tumors in most series. It is often an area of ill-defined thickening in the breast, in contrast to the dominant lump characteristic of ductal carcinoma. It is typically composed of small cells in a linear arrangement with a tendency to grow around ducts and lobules. There is likelihood of axillary nodal involvement with metastasis to meningeal and serosal surfaces. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1205)
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.
Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.
Cell surface proteins that bind somatostatin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Somatostatin is a hypothalamic hormone, a pancreatic hormone, and a central and peripheral neurotransmitter. Activated somatostatin receptors on pituitary cells inhibit the release of growth hormone; those on endocrine and gastrointestinal cells regulate the absorption and utilization of nutrients; and those on neurons mediate somatostatin's role as a neurotransmitter.
Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.
Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
A tumor of both low- and high-grade malignancy. The low-grade grow slowly, appear in any age group, and are readily cured by excision. The high-grade behave aggressively, widely infiltrate the salivary gland and produce lymph node and distant metastases. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas account for about 21% of the malignant tumors of the parotid gland and 10% of the sublingual gland. They are the most common malignant tumor of the parotid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240)
Transfer of a neoplasm from its primary site to lymph nodes or to distant parts of the body by way of the lymphatic system.
A mixed adenocarcinoma and squamous cell or epidermoid carcinoma.
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)
A collection of NEURONS, tracts of NERVE FIBERS, endocrine tissue, and blood vessels in the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal circulation provides the mechanism for hypothalamic neuroendocrine (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) regulation of pituitary function and the release of various PITUITARY HORMONES into the systemic circulation to maintain HOMEOSTASIS.
Two or more abnormal growths of tissue occurring simultaneously and presumed to be of separate origin. The neoplasms may be histologically the same or different, and may be found in the same or different sites.
An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of cells resembling the glandular cells of the ENDOMETRIUM. It is a common histological type of ovarian CARCINOMA and ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA. There is a high frequency of co-occurrence of this form of adenocarcinoma in both tissues.
A 14-amino acid peptide named for its ability to inhibit pituitary GROWTH HORMONE release, also called somatotropin release-inhibiting factor. It is expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, the gut, and other organs. SRIF can also inhibit the release of THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE; PROLACTIN; INSULIN; and GLUCAGON besides acting as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. In a number of species including humans, there is an additional form of somatostatin, SRIF-28 with a 14-amino acid extension at the N-terminal.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Ventral part of the DIENCEPHALON extending from the region of the OPTIC CHIASM to the caudal border of the MAMMILLARY BODIES and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE.
Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.
Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.
A highly malignant, primitive form of carcinoma, probably of germinal cell or teratomatous derivation, usually arising in a gonad and rarely in other sites. It is rare in the female ovary, but in the male it accounts for 20% of all testicular tumors. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1595)
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.
Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.
Malignant neoplasms involving the ductal systems of any of a number of organs, such as the MAMMARY GLANDS, the PANCREAS, the PROSTATE, or the LACRIMAL GLAND.
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.
A type of chromogranin which was initially characterized in a rat PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA CELL LINE. It is found in many species including human, rat, mouse, and others. It is an acidic protein with 626 to 657 amino acid residues. In some species, it inhibits secretion of PARATHYROID HORMONE or INSULIN and exerts bacteriolytic effects in others.
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.
Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.
Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.
A hydro-lyase that catalyzes the dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate to form PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE. Several different isoforms of this enzyme exist, each with its own tissue specificity.
A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.
The local recurrence of a neoplasm following treatment. It arises from microscopic cells of the original neoplasm that have escaped therapeutic intervention and later become clinically visible at the original site.
A variant of well-differentiated epidermoid carcinoma that is most common in the oral cavity, but also occurs in the larynx, nasal cavity, esophagus, penis, anorectal region, vulva, vagina, uterine cervix, and skin, especially on the sole of the foot. Most intraoral cases occur in elderly male abusers of smokeless tobacco. The treatment is surgical resection. Radiotherapy is not indicated, as up to 30% treated with radiation become highly aggressive within six months. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
DNA present in neoplastic tissue.
A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.
A poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in which the nucleus is pressed to one side by a cytoplasmic droplet of mucus. It usually arises in the gastrointestinal system.
The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods.
A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function.
The interactions between the anterior pituitary and adrenal glands, in which corticotropin (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex and adrenal cortical hormones suppress the production of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary.
Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.
Tumors or cancer in the ILEUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).
An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the ADRENAL CORTEX and its production of CORTICOSTEROIDS. ACTH is a 39-amino acid polypeptide of which the N-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. Upon further tissue-specific processing, ACTH can yield ALPHA-MSH and corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP).
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.
Experimental transplantation of neoplasms in laboratory animals for research purposes.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.
Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.
The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.
The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.
A CELL CYCLE and tumor growth marker which can be readily detected using IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY methods. Ki-67 is a nuclear antigen present only in the nuclei of cycling cells.
Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.
Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.
Neoplasms composed of more than one type of neoplastic tissue.
Tumors or cancer of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS.
The treatment of a disease or condition by several different means simultaneously or sequentially. Chemoimmunotherapy, RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY, chemoradiotherapy, cryochemotherapy, and SALVAGE THERAPY are seen most frequently, but their combinations with each other and surgery are also used.
A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.
Ductless glands that secrete HORMONES directly into the BLOOD CIRCULATION. These hormones influence the METABOLISM and other functions of cells in the body.
An adrenocortical steroid that has modest but significant activities as a mineralocorticoid and a glucocorticoid. (From Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1437)
Nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the p53 gene (GENES, P53) whose normal function is to control CELL PROLIFERATION and APOPTOSIS. A mutant or absent p53 protein has been found in LEUKEMIA; OSTEOSARCOMA; LUNG CANCER; and COLORECTAL CANCER.
Pathological processes that tend eventually to become malignant. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
A tumor that secretes VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE, a neuropeptide that causes VASODILATION; relaxation of smooth muscles; watery DIARRHEA; HYPOKALEMIA; and HYPOCHLORHYDRIA. Vipomas, derived from the pancreatic ISLET CELLS, generally are malignant and can secrete other hormones. In most cases, Vipomas are located in the PANCREAS but can be found in extrapancreatic sites.
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Tumor or cancer of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.
A serine endopeptidase that has specificity for cleavage at ARGININE. It cleaves a variety of prohormones including PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN, proluteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone, proenkephalins, prodynorphin, and PROINSULIN.
One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.
Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
The simultaneous analysis of multiple samples of TISSUES or CELLS from BIOPSY or in vitro culture that have been arranged in an array format on slides or microchips.
Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.
Period after successful treatment in which there is no appearance of the symptoms or effects of the disease.
A dilation of the duodenal papilla that is the opening of the juncture of the COMMON BILE DUCT and the MAIN PANCREATIC DUCT, also known as the hepatopancreatic ampulla.
A primary malignant neoplasm of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the non-INSULIN-producing cell types, the PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and the pancreatic delta cells (SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS) in GLUCAGONOMA and SOMATOSTATINOMA, respectively.
The malignant stem cells of TERATOCARCINOMAS, which resemble pluripotent stem cells of the BLASTOCYST INNER CELL MASS. The EC cells can be grown in vitro, and experimentally induced to differentiate. They are used as a model system for studying early embryonic cell differentiation.
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.
Compounds that are used in medicine as sources of radiation for radiotherapy and for diagnostic purposes. They have numerous uses in research and industry. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1161)
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
Vesicles derived from the GOLGI APPARATUS containing material to be released at the cell surface.
The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.
A nonparametric method of compiling LIFE TABLES or survival tables. It combines calculated probabilities of survival and estimates to allow for observations occurring beyond a measurement threshold, which are assumed to occur randomly. Time intervals are defined as ending each time an event occurs and are therefore unequal. (From Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1995)
A thyroid neoplasm of mixed papillary and follicular arrangement. Its biological behavior and prognosis is the same as that of a papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1271)
A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)
Administration of antineoplastic agents together with an embolizing vehicle. This allows slow release of the agent as well as obstruction of the blood supply to the neoplasm.
A GASTRIN-secreting neuroendocrine tumor of the non-beta ISLET CELLS, the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS. This type of tumor is primarily located in the PANCREAS or the DUODENUM. Majority of gastrinomas are malignant. They metastasize to the LIVER; LYMPH NODES; and BONE but rarely elsewhere. The presence of gastrinoma is one of three requirements to be met for identification of ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME, which sometimes occurs in families with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1; (MEN 1).
Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.
RNA present in neoplastic tissue.
Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.
Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.
An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.
An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of varying combinations of clear and hobnail-shaped tumor cells. There are three predominant patterns described as tubulocystic, solid, and papillary. These tumors, usually located in the female reproductive organs, have been seen more frequently in young women since 1970 as a result of the association with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed)
Tumors or cancer of the ADRENAL GLANDS.
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes arising from or involving components of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, cranial nerves, and meninges. Included in this category are primary and metastatic nervous system neoplasms.
A peptide of about 41 amino acids that stimulates the release of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. CRH is synthesized by neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, CRH stimulates the release of ACTH from the PITUITARY GLAND. CRH can also be synthesized in other tissues, such as PLACENTA; ADRENAL MEDULLA; and TESTIS.
Transplantation between animals of different species.
A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).
Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.
The first alpha-globulins to appear in mammalian sera during FETAL DEVELOPMENT and the dominant serum proteins in early embryonic life.
Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.
A small, unpaired gland situated in the SELLA TURCICA. It is connected to the HYPOTHALAMUS by a short stalk which is called the INFUNDIBULUM.
Nucleus in the anterior part of the HYPOTHALAMUS.
The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair, resulting in abnormal HEMIZYGOSITY. It is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the ALLELES was deleted.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.
A malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. It often occurs in the ovary and usually bilaterally. The external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. Microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma cells. Psammoma bodies may be present. The tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (From Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p185)
A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.
A CELL LINE derived from a PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA of the rat ADRENAL MEDULLA. PC12 cells stop dividing and undergo terminal differentiation when treated with NERVE GROWTH FACTOR, making the line a useful model system for NERVE CELL differentiation.
Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.
The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially in the drug therapy of neoplasms. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.
The biochemical and electrophysiological interactions between the NERVOUS SYSTEM and IMMUNE SYSTEM.
Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the level of CELL DIFFERENTIATION in neoplasms as increasing ANAPLASIA correlates with the aggressiveness of the neoplasm.
The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.
Tumors or cancer of the DUODENUM.
A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.
The total amount (cell number, weight, size or volume) of tumor cells or tissue in the body.
A general term collectively applied to tumors associated with the APUD CELLS series, irrespective of their specific identification.
A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.
Hormones secreted by the PITUITARY GLAND including those from the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), and the ill-defined intermediate lobe. Structurally, they include small peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins. They are under the regulation of neural signals (NEUROTRANSMITTERS) or neuroendocrine signals (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) from the hypothalamus as well as feedback from their targets such as ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ANDROGENS; ESTROGENS.
The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.
Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.
A lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). It is a polypeptide of approximately 23 kD. Besides its major action on lactation, in some species prolactin exerts effects on reproduction, maternal behavior, fat metabolism, immunomodulation and osmoregulation. Prolactin receptors are present in the mammary gland, hypothalamus, liver, ovary, testis, and prostate.
Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.
Metastases in which the tissue of origin is unknown.
A 30-kDa protein synthesized primarily in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND and the HYPOTHALAMUS. It is also found in the skin and other peripheral tissues. Depending on species and tissues, POMC is cleaved by PROHORMONE CONVERTASES yielding various active peptides including ACTH; BETA-LIPOTROPIN; ENDORPHINS; MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONES; and others (GAMMA-LPH; CORTICOTROPIN-LIKE INTERMEDIATE LOBE PEPTIDE; N-terminal peptide of POMC or NPP).
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.
Neoplasms composed of nerve tissue. This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the nervous system or its component nerves.
An almost always malignant GLUCAGON-secreting tumor derived from the PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS. It is characterized by a distinctive migratory ERYTHEMA; WEIGHT LOSS; STOMATITIS; GLOSSITIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; hypoaminoacidemia; and normochromic normocytic ANEMIA.
A pathologic process consisting of the proliferation of blood vessels in abnormal tissues or in abnormal positions.
Tumor suppressor genes located on the short arm of human chromosome 17 and coding for the phosphoprotein p53.
A neural crest tumor usually derived from the chromoreceptor tissue of a paraganglion, such as the carotid body, or medulla of the adrenal gland (usually called a chromaffinoma or pheochromocytoma). It is more common in women than in men. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.
Cells that store epinephrine secretory vesicles. During times of stress, the nervous system signals the vesicles to secrete their hormonal content. Their name derives from their ability to stain a brownish color with chromic salts. Characteristically, they are located in the adrenal medulla and paraganglia (PARAGANGLIA, CHROMAFFIN) of the sympathetic nervous system.
A peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. In humans, it is released by thyroid cells and acts to decrease the formation and absorptive activity of osteoclasts. Its role in regulating plasma calcium is much greater in children and in certain diseases than in normal adults.
Tumors or cancer of the PARANASAL SINUSES.
A glycoprotein that is secreted into the luminal surface of the epithelia in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the feces and pancreaticobiliary secretions and is used to monitor the response to colon cancer treatment.
The production and release of substances such as NEUROTRANSMITTERS or HORMONES from nerve cells.
Unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes.
Calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They are important in the formation of ADHERENS JUNCTIONS between cells. Cadherins are classified by their distinct immunological and tissue specificities, either by letters (E- for epithelial, N- for neural, and P- for placental cadherins) or by numbers (cadherin-12 or N-cadherin 2 for brain-cadherin). Cadherins promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism as in the construction of tissues and of the whole animal body.
A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.
Surgical removal of the thyroid gland. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A cell surface protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is overexpressed in a variety of ADENOCARCINOMAS. It has extensive homology to and heterodimerizes with the EGF RECEPTOR, the ERBB-3 RECEPTOR, and the ERBB-4 RECEPTOR. Activation of the erbB-2 receptor occurs through heterodimer formation with a ligand-bound erbB receptor family member.
An imaging technique using compounds labelled with short-lived positron-emitting radionuclides (such as carbon-11, nitrogen-13, oxygen-15 and fluorine-18) to measure cell metabolism. It has been useful in study of soft tissues such as CANCER; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; and brain. SINGLE-PHOTON EMISSION-COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY is closely related to positron emission tomography, but uses isotopes with longer half-lives and resolution is lower.
A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.
Proteins that are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. Deficiencies or abnormalities in these proteins may lead to unregulated cell growth and tumor development.
Genes that inhibit expression of the tumorigenic phenotype. They are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. When tumor suppressor genes are inactivated or lost, a barrier to normal proliferation is removed and unregulated growth is possible.
Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.
A class of compounds of the type R-M, where a C atom is joined directly to any other element except H, C, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I, or At. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Comparison of survival between malignant neuroendocrine tumours of midgut and pancreatic origin. (1/327)

The survival of 64 consecutive patients with disseminated midgut carcinoid tumours was compared in a retrospective study with that of 25 consecutive patients with sporadic malignant endocrine pancreatic tumours treated according to similar surgical principles. The presence of hepatic metastases implied a worse prognosis in neuroendocrine tumours of pancreatic rather than midgut origin. This infers that these tumour types must be separated when treatments are evaluated.  (+info)

Brain metastases from adenoendocrine carcinoma of the common bile duct: a case report. (2/327)

A 68-year-old man with metastatic brain tumors from adenoendocrine carcinoma of the common bile duct is reported. A common bile duct tumor and a metastatic liver tumor had been resected 6 years and 3 years prior to admission, respectively. Microscopically they showed two components; moderately differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine carcinoma. He presented with headache and vomiting and MRI revealed two metastatic brain tumors. They were successfully resected and radiotherapy was carried out. Histological diagnosis of the metastatic brain tumors was neuroendocrine carcinoma, but carbohydrate antigen (CA)-19-9 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-immunoreactive cells were observed without glandular pattern. Immunohistochemically serotonin and pancreatic polypeptide were detected, but somatostatin was not. As the endocrine cells demonstrated in the normal extrahepatic bile ducts are only somatostatin-containing D cells, these cells are considered to originate as part of a metaplastic process. To our knowledge, this represents the second case of adenoendocrine carcinoma of the common bile duct.  (+info)

Thymic carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation in a calf. (3/327)

A neuroendocrine carcinoma originating in the thymus was found in a 7-month-old, castrated male, Japanese Black calf. The neoplasm consisted largely of very primitive cells, characterized by the paucity of cytoplasmic organelles, but a few cells were immunoreactive for somatostatin or neurofilaments. The expression of both cytokeratin and neurofilament protein was a feature of neuroendocrine differentiation. This neoplasm considered to be a tumor of a thymic stem cell, with little but indubitable evidence of differentiation into somatostatin-producing cells.  (+info)

Relationship of ECL cells and gastric neoplasia. (4/327)

The enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell in the oxyntic mucosa has a key role in the regulation of gastric secretion since it synthesizes and releases the histamine regulating the acid secretion from the parietal cell. Gastrin is the main regulator of the ECL cell function and growth. Long-term hypergastrinemia induces ECL cell hyperplasia, and if continued, neoplasia. ECL cell carcinoids occur in man after long-term hypergastrinemia in conditions like pernicious anemia and gastrinoma. There is also accumulating evidence that a proportion of gastric carcinomas of the diffuse type is derived from the ECL cell. Furthermore, the ECL cell may, by producing substances with angiogenic effects (histamine and basic fibroblast growth factor), be particularly prone to develop malignant tumors. Although the general opinion is that gastrin itself has a direct effect on the oxyntic mucosal stem cell, it cannot be excluded that the general trophic effect of gastrin on the oxyntic mucosa is mediated by histamine or other substances from the ECL cell, and that the ECL cell, therefore, could play a role also in the tumorigenesis/carcinogenesis of gastric carcinomas of intestinal type.  (+info)

Expression of plasminogen activator inhibitors 1 and 2 in lung cancer and their role in tumor progression. (5/327)

The plasminogen activator cascade initiated by urokinase type plasminogen activator (u-PA) is involved in extracellular matrix degradation during the tumor invasion process. The plasminogen activator inhibitors 1 (PAI-1) and 2 (PAI-2) are two specific inhibitors of u-PA. We hypothesized that the balance between u-PA and its two inhibitors could be disrupted to favor plasminogen activation during lung cancer progression. Using immunohistochemistry, we analyzed the pattern of expression of u-PA, PAI-1, and PAI-2 in non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC) and neuroendocrine (NE) lung tumors. u-PA and PAI-1 were both detected in stromal fibroblasts and in tumor cells. In 84 NSCLCs, their epithelial expression was strongly correlated and linked to the presence of node metastasis (P = 0.008), whereas their coexpression in fibroblasts was associated with larger tumor size (P = 0.04) and advanced stages (P = 0.009). In 72 NE tumors, u-PA and PAI-1 were more frequently expressed in fibroblasts in high-grade NE tumors (SCLC and large cell NE tumors) than in low- and intermediate-grade tumors (typical and atypical carcinoids). Comparison of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in 14 cases showed that PAI-1 was consistently expressed by stromal fibroblasts, although the protein was also localized in tumor cells. In contrast, the expression of PAI-2 was restricted to fibroblasts and correlated with the absence of nodal involvement (P = 0.005). Considering NE tumors, the frequency of PAI-2 expression decreased along the NE spectrum from typical carcinoids to SCLCs. These data suggest that PAI-lacts in synergy with u-PA to favor tumor invasion process and connotes aggressivity, in contrast with PAI-2, which may block u-PA-mediated proteolysis and is inversely correlated with tumor progression.  (+info)

Accelerated apoptosis and low bcl-2 expression associated with neuroendocrine differentiation predict shortened survival in operated large cell carcinoma of the lung. (6/327)

In order to test the hypothesis that increased apoptotic activity is connected with neuroendocrine differentiation and low differentiation degree in large cell carcinoma (LCLC) and is regulated by bcl-2 family proteins, we analysed the extent of apoptosis and tumor necrosis and their relation to the expression of bcl-2, bax, bak and mcl-1 in 35 LCLCs, of which 20 were classified as large cell neuroendocrine lung carcinomas (LCNEC) and 15 as large cell non-neuroendocrine lung carcinomas (LCNNEC). The extent of apoptosis was determined by detecting and counting the relative and absolute numbers of apoptotic cells and bodies using in situ 3 -end labelling of the apoptotic DNA. The extent and intensity of expression of the bcl-2, bax, bak and mcl-1 proteins were studied by immunohistochemistry. Also the relative volume density of necrosis was evaluated and correlated with the other parameters. Finally, all the parameters were evaluated as prognostic markers and correlated with data on the survival of the patients. Relatively high apoptotic indices were seen in both tumor types (average for both 2.53%, range 0.09 27.01%). Significantly higher bcl-2 and bak indices were detected more often in LCNECs than in LCNNECs. Immunohistochemically detected bax, bcl-2 and bak expression was independent of apoptotic index in both tumor types, while there was a statistically significant positive association between mcl-1 expression and apoptotic index in LCNNEC but not in LCNEC. There was a statistically significant association between high apoptotic index and shortened survival in LCLC. However, no association was found between tumor stage and apoptosis. The patients with LCNEC and low bcl-2 protein expression had a significantly shorter survival time than those with high bcl-2 indices. There was also a clear association between shortened survival and necrotic LCNNEC. LCLCs show relatively high apoptotic activity, which is associated with shortened survival. The expression of bcl-2, bak and mcl- 1 is associated with neuroendocrine differentiation in LCLC. Finally, our results support some previous reports suggesting that bcl-2 expression in combination with some other markers involved in apoptosis and/or proliferation may be of prognostic value in cases of lung carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation.  (+info)

Semaphorin SEMA3F localization in malignant human lung and cell lines: A suggested role in cell adhesion and cell migration. (7/327)

Semaphorins/collapsins are a family of secreted and membrane-associated proteins involved in nerve growth cone migration. However, some are expressed widely in adult tissues suggesting additional functions. SEMA3F/H.SemaIV was previously isolated from a 3p21.3 homozygous deletion region in human lung cancer. We studied SEMA3F cellular localization using our previously characterized anti-SEMA3F antibody. In normal lung, SEMA3F was found in all epithelial cells at the cytoplasmic membrane and, to a lesser extent, in the cytoplasm. In lung tumors, the localization was predominantly cytoplasmic, and the levels were comparatively reduced. In non-small-cell lung carcinomas, low levels correlated with higher stage. In all tumors, an exclusive cytoplasmic localization of SEMA3F correlated with high levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and was related to the grade and aggressiveness. This suggests that vascular endothelial growth factor might compete with SEMA3F for binding to their common receptors, neuropilin-1 and -2 and might contribute to SEMA3F delocalization and deregulation in lung tumor. In parallel studies, SEMA3F distribution was examined in cell cultures by confocal microscopy. Marked staining was observed in pseudopods and in the leading edge or ruffling membranes of lamellipods or cellular protrusions in motile cells. SEMA3F was also observed at the interface of adjacent interacting cells suggesting a role in cell motility and cell adhesion.  (+info)

Thymic neuroendocrine carcinomas with combined features ranging from well-differentiated (carcinoid) to small cell carcinoma. A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 11 cases. (8/327)

We reviewed 11 cases of primary thymic neuroendocrine carcinomas with combined features ranging from well-differentiated to poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma. For 3 asymptomatic patients, tumors were discovered during routine examination. Presentation in the other patients was as follows: Cushing syndrome, 2 patients; chest pain, 3 patients; superior vena cava syndrome, 1 patient; and hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia, 1 patient. No clinical data were available for the 11th patient. All tumors were located in the anterior mediastinum and treated by surgical excision. The lesions were large and well-circumscribed with areas of hemorrhage and necrosis. They were characterized by areas showing a proliferation of monotonous, round tumor cells adopting a prominent organoid pattern admixed with areas showing sheets of atypical cells with hyperchromatic nuclei, frequent mitoses, and extensive areas of hemorrhage and necrosis. Immunohistochemical studies performed in 6 cases showed strong CAM 5.2 low-molecular-weight cytokeratin positivity in all cases, chromogranin and synaptophysin positivity in 4, Leu-7 in 3, and focal positivity for p53 in 2. Follow-up information for 9 cases showed that all patients died of their tumors between 1 and 4 years after diagnosis. The present cases highlight the heterogeneity of neuroendocrine neoplasms and reinforce the notion that these tumors form part of a continuous spectrum of differentiation.  (+info)

NETs can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant NETs can spread to other parts of the body through a process called metastasis, which can lead to serious health complications.

The symptoms of NETs vary depending on their location and size, but may include:

* Abdominal pain or discomfort
* Diarrhea or constipation
* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Shortness of breath
* Skin changes such as flushing or sweating
* Headaches
* Seizures

The diagnosis of NETs is based on a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, as well as biopsy samples. Treatment options for NETs depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, but may include:

* Medications to slow or stop hormone production
* Chemotherapy to shrink the tumor
* Radiation therapy to kill cancer cells
* Surgery to remove the tumor

Overall, NETs are rare and can be challenging to diagnose and treat. However, with advances in medical technology and ongoing research, there are more effective treatment options available for patients with NETs.

Definition:
A type of cancer that arises from cells of the neuroendocrine system, which are cells that produce hormones and neurotransmitters. These tumors can occur in various parts of the body, such as the lungs, digestive tract, and pancreas. They tend to grow slowly and can produce excess hormones or neurotransmitters, leading to a variety of symptoms. Carcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors are relatively rare but are becoming more commonly diagnosed.

Synonyms:

* Neuroendocrine carcinoma
* Neuroendocrine tumor
* Carcinoid tumor

Note: The term "carcinoma" refers to a type of cancer that arises from epithelial cells, while the term "neuroendocrine" refers to the fact that these tumors originate in cells of the neuroendocrine system.

Translation:

English: Neuroendocrine carcinoma
German: Neuroendokrines Karzinom
French: Tumeur carcinoïde neuroendocrine
Spanish: Carcinoma neuendocrino
Italian: Carcinoma neuroendocrino

There are several subtypes of carcinoma, including:

1. Adenocarcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in glandular cells, which produce fluids or mucus. Examples include breast cancer, prostate cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in squamous cells, which are found on the surface layers of skin and mucous membranes. Examples include head and neck cancers, cervical cancer, and anal cancer.
3. Basal cell carcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in the deepest layer of skin, called the basal layer. It is the most common type of skin cancer and tends to grow slowly.
4. Neuroendocrine carcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in cells that produce hormones and neurotransmitters. Examples include lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and thyroid cancer.
5. Small cell carcinoma: This type of carcinoma is a highly aggressive form of lung cancer that spreads quickly to other parts of the body.

The signs and symptoms of carcinoma depend on the location and stage of the cancer. Some common symptoms include:

* A lump or mass
* Pain
* Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the color or texture of the skin
* Changes in bowel or bladder habits
* Abnormal bleeding

The diagnosis of carcinoma typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, and a biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope. Treatment options for carcinoma depend on the location and stage of the cancer and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these.

In conclusion, carcinoma is a type of cancer that originates in epithelial cells and can occur in various parts of the body. Early detection and treatment are important for improving outcomes.

References:

1. American Cancer Society. (2022). Carcinoma. Retrieved from
2. Mayo Clinic. (2022). Carcinoma. Retrieved from
3. MedlinePlus. (2022). Carcinoma. Retrieved from

SCC typically appears as a firm, flat, or raised bump on the skin, and may be pink, red, or scaly. The cancer cells are usually well-differentiated, meaning they resemble normal squamous cells, but they can grow rapidly and invade surrounding tissues if left untreated.

SCC is more common in fair-skinned individuals and those who spend a lot of time in the sun, as UV radiation can damage the skin cells and increase the risk of cancer. The cancer can also spread to other parts of the body, such as lymph nodes or organs, and can be life-threatening if not treated promptly and effectively.

Treatment for SCC usually involves surgery to remove the cancerous tissue, and may also include radiation therapy or chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. Early detection and treatment are important to improve outcomes for patients with SCC.

There are several risk factors for developing HCC, including:

* Cirrhosis, which can be caused by heavy alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis (such as hepatitis B and C), or fatty liver disease
* Family history of liver disease
* Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
* Diabetes
* Obesity

HCC can be challenging to diagnose, as the symptoms are non-specific and can be similar to those of other conditions. However, some common symptoms of HCC include:

* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Abdominal pain or discomfort
* Weight loss

If HCC is suspected, a doctor may perform several tests to confirm the diagnosis, including:

* Imaging tests, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, to look for tumors in the liver
* Blood tests to check for liver function and detect certain substances that are produced by the liver
* Biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of tissue from the liver to examine under a microscope

Once HCC is diagnosed, treatment options will depend on several factors, including the stage and location of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and their personal preferences. Treatment options may include:

* Surgery to remove the tumor or parts of the liver
* Ablation, which involves destroying the cancer cells using heat or cold
* Chemoembolization, which involves injecting chemotherapy drugs into the hepatic artery to reach the cancer cells
* Targeted therapy, which uses drugs or other substances to target specific molecules that are involved in the growth and spread of the cancer

Overall, the prognosis for HCC is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 20%. However, early detection and treatment can improve outcomes. It is important for individuals at high risk for HCC to be monitored regularly by a healthcare provider, and to seek medical attention if they experience any symptoms.

Also known as CIS.

Carcinoid tumors are usually found in the appendix, small intestine, rectum, or other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. They can also occur in the lungs, pancreas, or other organs. These tumors tend to grow slowly and often do not cause any symptoms until they have grown quite large.

Carcinoid tumors are diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and endoscopies, along with a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment for carcinoid tumors depends on the location, size, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these.

Some of the symptoms that may be associated with carcinoid tumors include:

* Flushing (redness and warmth of the skin)
* Wheezing
* Shortness of breath
* Abdominal pain
* Diarrhea
* Weight loss

Carcinoid tumors are relatively rare, accounting for only about 1% to 5% of all cancer cases. However, they tend to be more common in certain parts of the world, such as North America and Europe. The exact cause of carcinoid tumors is not known, but they are thought to be linked to genetic mutations that occur during fetal development.

Overall, while carcinoid tumors are rare and can be challenging to diagnose and treat, advances in medical technology and cancer research have improved the outlook for patients with these types of tumors. With early detection and appropriate treatment, many people with carcinoid tumors can achieve long-term survival and a good quality of life.

Liver neoplasms, also known as liver tumors or hepatic tumors, are abnormal growths of tissue in the liver. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant liver tumors can be primary, meaning they originate in the liver, or metastatic, meaning they spread to the liver from another part of the body.

There are several types of liver neoplasms, including:

1. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer and arises from the main cells of the liver (hepatocytes). HCC is often associated with cirrhosis and can be caused by viral hepatitis or alcohol abuse.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: This type of cancer arises from the cells lining the bile ducts within the liver (cholangiocytes). Cholangiocarcinoma is rare and often diagnosed at an advanced stage.
3. Hemangiosarcoma: This is a rare type of cancer that originates in the blood vessels of the liver. It is most commonly seen in dogs but can also occur in humans.
4. Fibromas: These are benign tumors that arise from the connective tissue of the liver (fibrocytes). Fibromas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.
5. Adenomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the glandular cells of the liver (hepatocytes). Adenomas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.

The symptoms of liver neoplasms vary depending on their size, location, and whether they are benign or malignant. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, fatigue, weight loss, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and ultrasound, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment options for liver neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery may be an option for some patients with small, localized tumors, while others may require chemotherapy or radiation therapy to shrink the tumor before surgery can be performed. In some cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.

Prognosis for liver neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the cancer. In general, early detection and treatment improve the prognosis, while advanced-stage disease is associated with a poorer prognosis.

Epidemiology:

* Incidence: Small cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for approximately 10%-15% of all skin cancers, but it is more common in certain populations such as fair-skinned individuals and those with a history of sun exposure.
* Prevalence: The prevalence of SCC is difficult to determine due to its rarity, but it is believed to be more common in certain geographic regions such as Australia and New Zealand.

Clinical features:

* Appearance: Small cell carcinoma usually appears as a firm, shiny nodule or plaque on sun-exposed areas of the skin, such as the face, ears, lips, and hands. It can also occur in other parts of the body, including the mucous membranes.
* Color: The color of SCC can range from pink to red to purple, and it may be covered with a crust or scab.
* Dimensions: SCC usually measures between 1-5 cm in diameter, but it can be larger in some cases.
* Surface: The surface of SCC may be smooth or rough, and it may have a "pearly" appearance due to the presence of small, white, and shiny nodules called "heidlebergs."

Differential diagnosis:

* Other types of skin cancer, such as basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
* Other diseases that can cause similar symptoms and appearance, such as psoriasis, eczema, and actinic keratosis.

Treatment:

* Surgical excision: Small cell carcinoma is usually treated with surgical excision, which involves removing the tumor and some surrounding tissue.
* Radiation therapy: In some cases, radiation therapy may be used after surgical excision to ensure that all cancer cells are eliminated.
* Topical treatments: For more superficial SCC, topical treatments such as imiquimod cream or podofilox solution may be effective.

Prognosis:

* The prognosis for small cell carcinoma is generally good if it is detected and treated early.
* However, if left untreated, SCC can invade surrounding tissues and organs, leading to serious complications and potentially fatal outcomes.

Complications:

* Invasion of surrounding tissues and organs.
* Spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body (metastasis).
* Scarring and disfigurement.
* Infection and inflammation.

The exact cause of ductal carcinoma is unknown, but certain risk factors such as family history, genetics, hormone replacement therapy, obesity, and delayed childbearing have been linked to its development. Early detection through mammography and breast self-examination can improve survival rates, which are generally high for women diagnosed with this type of cancer if caught early. Treatment typically involves surgery to remove the tumor (lumpectomy or mastectomy), followed by radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy.

BCC usually appears as a flesh-colored or pink bump, often with small blood vessels on the surface. It may also be flat and scaly, or have a waxy appearance. In rare cases, BCC can grow deep into the skin and cause damage to surrounding tissue.

Although BCC is not as aggressive as other types of skin cancer, such as melanoma, it can still cause significant damage if left untreated. Treatment options for BCC include topical creams, surgical excision, and Mohs microscopic surgery.

Preventative measures against BCC include protecting the skin from the sun, using sunscreen with a high SPF, and avoiding prolonged exposure to UV radiation. Early detection and treatment are key in managing this condition.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the most common type of malignant pancreatic neoplasm and accounts for approximately 85% of all pancreatic cancers. It originates in the glandular tissue of the pancreas and has a poor prognosis, with a five-year survival rate of less than 10%.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are less common but more treatable than pancreatic adenocarcinoma. These tumors originate in the hormone-producing cells of the pancreas and can produce excess hormones that cause a variety of symptoms, such as diabetes or high blood sugar. PNETs are classified into two main types: functional and non-functional. Functional PNETs produce excess hormones and are more aggressive than non-functional tumors.

Other rare types of pancreatic neoplasms include acinar cell carcinoma, ampullary cancer, and oncocytic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. These tumors are less common than pancreatic adenocarcinoma and PNETs but can be equally aggressive and difficult to treat.

The symptoms of pancreatic neoplasms vary depending on the type and location of the tumor, but they often include abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice, and fatigue. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, endoscopic ultrasound, and biopsy. Treatment options for pancreatic neoplasms depend on the type and stage of the tumor but may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these.

Prognosis for patients with pancreatic neoplasms is generally poor, especially for those with advanced stages of disease. However, early detection and treatment can improve survival rates. Research into the causes and mechanisms of pancreatic neoplasms is ongoing, with a focus on developing new and more effective treatments for these devastating diseases.




Also known as: Large cell carcinoma (LCC), malignant large cell carcinoma, and giant cell carcinoma.

There are several types of lung neoplasms, including:

1. Adenocarcinoma: This is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for approximately 40% of all lung cancers. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the glands of the respiratory tract and can be found in any part of the lung.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of lung cancer accounts for approximately 25% of all lung cancers and is more common in men than women. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the squamous cells lining the airways of the lungs.
3. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC): This is a highly aggressive form of lung cancer that accounts for approximately 15% of all lung cancers. It is often found in the central parts of the lungs and can spread quickly to other parts of the body.
4. Large cell carcinoma: This is a rare type of lung cancer that accounts for only about 5% of all lung cancers. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the large cells of the respiratory tract and can be found in any part of the lung.
5. Bronchioalveolar carcinoma (BAC): This is a rare type of lung cancer that originates in the cells lining the airways and alveoli of the lungs. It is more common in women than men and tends to affect older individuals.
6. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM): This is a rare, progressive, and often fatal lung disease that primarily affects women of childbearing age. It is characterized by the growth of smooth muscle-like cells in the lungs and can lead to cysts, lung collapse, and respiratory failure.
7. Hamartoma: This is a benign tumor that originates in the tissue of the lungs and is usually found in children. It is characterized by an overgrowth of normal lung tissue and can be treated with surgery.
8. Secondary lung cancer: This type of cancer occurs when cancer cells from another part of the body spread to the lungs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It is more common in people who have a history of smoking or exposure to other carcinogens.
9. Metastatic cancer: This type of cancer occurs when cancer cells from another part of the body spread to the lungs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It is more common in people who have a history of smoking or exposure to other carcinogens.
10. Mesothelioma: This is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that originates in the lining of the lungs or abdomen. It is caused by asbestos exposure and can be treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

Lung diseases can also be classified based on their cause, such as:

1. Infectious diseases: These are caused by bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms and can include pneumonia, tuberculosis, and bronchitis.
2. Autoimmune diseases: These are caused by an overactive immune system and can include conditions such as sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
3. Genetic diseases: These are caused by inherited mutations in genes that affect the lungs and can include cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia.
4. Environmental diseases: These are caused by exposure to harmful substances such as tobacco smoke, air pollution, and asbestos.
5. Radiological diseases: These are caused by exposure to ionizing radiation and can include conditions such as radiographic breast cancer and lung cancer.
6. Vascular diseases: These are caused by problems with the blood vessels in the lungs and can include conditions such as pulmonary embolism and pulmonary hypertension.
7. Tumors: These can be benign or malignant and can include conditions such as lung metastases and lung cancer.
8. Trauma: This can include injuries to the chest or lungs caused by accidents or other forms of trauma.
9. Congenital diseases: These are present at birth and can include conditions such as bronchopulmonary foregut malformations and congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation.

Each type of lung disease has its own set of symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any persistent or severe respiratory symptoms, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and quality of life.

Characteristics of Medullary Carcinoma:

1. Location: Medullary carcinoma typically arises in the inner substance of the breast, near the milk ducts and blood vessels.
2. Growth pattern: The cancer cells grow in a nodular or sheet-like pattern, with a clear boundary between the tumor and the surrounding normal tissue.
3. Cellular features: The cancer cells are typically large and polygonal, with prominent nucleoli and a pale, pinkish cytoplasm.
4. Lymphocytic infiltration: There is often a significant amount of lymphocytic infiltration surrounding the tumor, which can give it a "spiculated" or "heterogeneous" appearance.
5. Grade: Medullary carcinoma is generally a low-grade cancer, meaning that the cells are slow-growing and less aggressive than those of other types of breast cancer.
6. Hormone receptors: Medullary carcinoma is often hormone receptor-positive, meaning that the cancer cells have estrogen or progesterone receptors on their surface.
7. Her2 status: The cancer cells are typically Her2-negative, meaning that they do not overexpress the Her2 protein.

Prognosis and Treatment of Medullary Carcinoma:

The prognosis for medullary carcinoma is generally good, as it tends to be a slow-growing and less aggressive type of breast cancer. The 5-year survival rate for medullary carcinoma is around 80-90%.

Treatment for medullary carcinoma typically involves surgery, such as a lumpectomy or mastectomy, followed by radiation therapy and/or hormone therapy. Chemotherapy is sometimes used in addition to these treatments, especially if the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of the body.

It's important for women with medullary carcinoma to work closely with their healthcare team to develop a personalized treatment plan that takes into account their unique needs and circumstances. With appropriate treatment, many women with medullary carcinoma can achieve long-term survival and a good quality of life.

MCC typically affects older adults, with most cases occurring in people over the age of 60. The disease is more common in fair-skinned individuals, especially those who have had prolonged exposure to the sun. MCC can occur anywhere on the body, but it is most commonly found on the face, neck, and arms.

The symptoms of MCC can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but they may include:

* A firm, shiny nodule or lump on the skin
* Painless lumps or swelling in the affected area
* Redness, scaliness, or oozing of the skin around the nodule
* Itching or burning sensations in the affected area

If MCC is suspected, a biopsy will be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment for MCC typically involves surgery to remove the tumor and any affected tissue. In some cases, radiation therapy or chemotherapy may also be recommended to kill any remaining cancer cells.

The prognosis for MCC is generally poor, as it tends to be an aggressive disease that can spread quickly to other parts of the body. However, early detection and treatment can improve the chances of a successful outcome.

Adenocarcinoma is a term used to describe a variety of different types of cancer that arise in glandular tissue, including:

1. Colorectal adenocarcinoma (cancer of the colon or rectum)
2. Breast adenocarcinoma (cancer of the breast)
3. Prostate adenocarcinoma (cancer of the prostate gland)
4. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (cancer of the pancreas)
5. Lung adenocarcinoma (cancer of the lung)
6. Thyroid adenocarcinoma (cancer of the thyroid gland)
7. Skin adenocarcinoma (cancer of the skin)

The symptoms of adenocarcinoma depend on the location of the cancer and can include:

1. Blood in the stool or urine
2. Abdominal pain or discomfort
3. Changes in bowel habits
4. Unusual vaginal bleeding (in the case of endometrial adenocarcinoma)
5. A lump or thickening in the breast or elsewhere
6. Weight loss
7. Fatigue
8. Coughing up blood (in the case of lung adenocarcinoma)

The diagnosis of adenocarcinoma is typically made through a combination of imaging tests, such as CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, and a biopsy, which involves removing a sample of tissue from the affected area and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.

Treatment options for adenocarcinoma depend on the location of the cancer and can include:

1. Surgery to remove the tumor
2. Chemotherapy, which involves using drugs to kill cancer cells
3. Radiation therapy, which involves using high-energy X-rays or other particles to kill cancer cells
4. Targeted therapy, which involves using drugs that target specific molecules on cancer cells to kill them
5. Immunotherapy, which involves using drugs that stimulate the immune system to fight cancer cells.

The prognosis for adenocarcinoma is generally good if the cancer is detected and treated early, but it can be more challenging to treat if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

Some common types of gastrointestinal neoplasms include:

1. Gastric adenocarcinoma: A type of stomach cancer that starts in the glandular cells of the stomach lining.
2. Colorectal adenocarcinoma: A type of cancer that starts in the glandular cells of the colon or rectum.
3. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A type of cancer that starts in the squamous cells of the esophagus.
4. Small intestine neuroendocrine tumors: Tumors that start in the hormone-producing cells of the small intestine.
5. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): Tumors that start in the connective tissue of the GI tract.

The symptoms of gastrointestinal neoplasms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but they may include:

* Abdominal pain or discomfort
* Changes in bowel habits (such as diarrhea or constipation)
* Weight loss
* Fatigue
* Nausea and vomiting

If you have any of these symptoms, it is important to see a doctor for further evaluation and diagnosis. A gastrointestinal neoplasm can be diagnosed through a combination of endoscopy (insertion of a flexible tube into the GI tract to visualize the inside), imaging tests (such as CT or MRI scans), and biopsy (removal of a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope).

Treatment options for gastrointestinal neoplasms depend on the type, location, and stage of the tumor, but they may include:

* Surgery to remove the tumor
* Chemotherapy (use of drugs to kill cancer cells)
* Radiation therapy (use of high-energy X-rays or other particles to kill cancer cells)
* Targeted therapy (use of drugs that target specific molecules involved in cancer growth and development)
* Supportive care (such as pain management and nutritional support)

The prognosis for gastrointestinal neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the tumor, but in general, early detection and treatment improve outcomes. If you have been diagnosed with a gastrointestinal neoplasm, it is important to work closely with your healthcare team to develop a personalized treatment plan and follow up regularly for monitoring and adjustments as needed.

The risk factors for developing bronchogenic carcinoma include smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke, exposure to radon gas, asbestos, and certain industrial chemicals, as well as a family history of lung cancer. Symptoms of bronchogenic carcinoma can include coughing, chest pain, difficulty breathing, fatigue, weight loss, and coughing up blood.

Bronchogenic carcinoma is diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests such as chest x-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, and positron emission tomography (PET) scans, as well as biopsy. Treatment options for bronchogenic carcinoma can include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these. The prognosis for bronchogenic carcinoma is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of about 18%.

Prevention is the best approach to managing bronchogenic carcinoma, and this includes quitting smoking, avoiding exposure to secondhand smoke and other risk factors, and getting regular screenings if you are at high risk. Early detection and treatment can improve survival rates for patients with bronchogenic carcinoma, so it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Transitional cell carcinoma typically affects older adults, with the average age at diagnosis being around 70 years. Men are more likely to be affected than women, and the risk of developing TCC increases with age and exposure to certain environmental factors such as smoking and exposure to certain chemicals.

The symptoms of TCC can vary depending on the location and stage of the cancer, but may include:

* Blood in the urine (hematuria)
* Painful urination
* Frequent urination
* Pain in the lower abdomen or back

If left untreated, TCC can spread to other parts of the body, including the lymph nodes, liver, and bones. Treatment options for TCC may include surgery, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, and the prognosis depends on the stage and location of the cancer at the time of diagnosis.

Preventive measures to reduce the risk of developing TCC include maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle, avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, and regular screening for bladder cancer. Early detection and treatment can improve the prognosis for patients with TCC.

There are several types of thyroid neoplasms, including:

1. Thyroid nodules: These are abnormal growths or lumps that can develop in the thyroid gland. Most thyroid nodules are benign (non-cancerous), but some can be malignant (cancerous).
2. Thyroid cancer: This is a type of cancer that develops in the thyroid gland. There are several types of thyroid cancer, including papillary, follicular, and medullary thyroid cancer.
3. Thyroid adenomas: These are benign tumors that develop in the thyroid gland. They are usually non-cancerous and do not spread to other parts of the body.
4. Thyroid cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in the thyroid gland. They are usually benign and do not cause any symptoms.

Thyroid neoplasms can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, exposure to radiation, and certain medical conditions, such as thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid gland).

Symptoms of thyroid neoplasms can include:

* A lump or swelling in the neck
* Pain in the neck or throat
* Difficulty swallowing or breathing
* Hoarseness or voice changes
* Weight loss or fatigue

Diagnosis of thyroid neoplasms usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as ultrasound or CT scans), and biopsies. Treatment depends on the type and severity of the neoplasm, and can include surgery, radiation therapy, and medications.

Intraductal carcinoma may or may not cause symptoms, and is usually detected by a mammogram. Treatment often involves surgery to remove the cancerous cells from the milk ducts. If left untreated, intraductal carcinoma may progress to more advanced breast cancer in some cases.

Intraductal carcinoma accounts for 20% of all breast cancers diagnosed each year in the United States, according to estimates from the American Cancer Society. The condition affects women of all ages, but is most common in postmenopausal women.

This cancer is known for its aggressive behavior and early metastasis to regional lymph nodes, bones, and distant organs such as the liver and lungs. The prognosis is generally poor, with a 5-year survival rate of about 50%. The treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, and the choice of treatment depends on the stage and location of the tumor.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma is also known as adenoid cystic cancer, cylindromatosis, or basaloid squamous cell carcinoma. It is a rare malignancy that requires specialized knowledge and management by head and neck surgeons and oncologists.

1. Tumor size and location: Larger tumors that have spread to nearby tissues or organs are generally considered more invasive than smaller tumors that are confined to the original site.
2. Cellular growth patterns: The way in which cancer cells grow and divide can also contribute to the overall invasiveness of a neoplasm. For example, cells that grow in a disorganized or chaotic manner may be more likely to invade surrounding tissues.
3. Mitotic index: The mitotic index is a measure of how quickly the cancer cells are dividing. A higher mitotic index is generally associated with more aggressive and invasive cancers.
4. Necrosis: Necrosis, or the death of cells, can be an indication of the level of invasiveness of a neoplasm. The presence of significant necrosis in a tumor is often a sign that the cancer has invaded surrounding tissues and organs.
5. Lymphovascular invasion: Cancer cells that have invaded lymphatic vessels or blood vessels are considered more invasive than those that have not.
6. Perineural invasion: Cancer cells that have invaded nerve fibers are also considered more invasive.
7. Histological grade: The histological grade of a neoplasm is a measure of how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope. Higher-grade cancers are generally considered more aggressive and invasive than lower-grade cancers.
8. Immunohistochemical markers: Certain immunohistochemical markers, such as Ki-67, can be used to evaluate the proliferative activity of cancer cells. Higher levels of these markers are generally associated with more aggressive and invasive cancers.

Overall, the degree of neoplasm invasiveness is an important factor in determining the likelihood of the cancer spreading to other parts of the body (metastasizing) and in determining the appropriate treatment strategy for the patient.

Carcinoma, lobular (also known as lobular carcinoma in situ or LCIS) is a type of cancer that originates in the milk-producing glands (lobules) of the breast. It is a precancerous condition that can progress to invasive breast cancer if left untreated.

Precancerous changes occur within the lobules, leading to an abnormal growth of cells that can eventually break through the basement membrane and invade surrounding tissues. The risk of developing invasive breast cancer is increased in individuals with LCIS, especially if there are multiple areas of involvement.

Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of clinical breast examination, mammography, and histopathological analysis of a biopsy sample. Treatment options for LCIS include close surveillance, surgery, or radiation therapy, depending on the extent of the condition and the individual patient's risk factors.

Medical Specialty:

The medical specialty that deals with carcinoma, lobular is breast surgical oncology. Breast surgical oncologists are trained to diagnose and treat all types of breast cancer, including ductal and lobular carcinomas. They work in collaboration with other healthcare professionals, such as radiation oncologists and medical oncologists, to develop a comprehensive treatment plan for each patient.

Other relevant information:

* Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is a precancerous condition that affects the milk-producing glands (lobules) of the breast.
* It is estimated that 10-15% of all breast cancers are derived from LCIS.
* Women with a history of LCIS have a higher risk of developing invasive breast cancer in the future.
* The exact cause of LCIS is not fully understood, but it is thought to be linked to hormonal and genetic factors.

There are different types of Breast Neoplasms such as:

1. Fibroadenomas: These are benign tumors that are made up of glandular and fibrous tissues. They are usually small and round, with a smooth surface, and can be moved easily under the skin.

2. Cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in both breast tissue and milk ducts. They are usually benign and can disappear on their own or be drained surgically.

3. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): This is a precancerous condition where abnormal cells grow inside the milk ducts. If left untreated, it can progress to invasive breast cancer.

4. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): This is the most common type of breast cancer and starts in the milk ducts but grows out of them and invades surrounding tissue.

5. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC): It originates in the milk-producing glands (lobules) and grows out of them, invading nearby tissue.

Breast Neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as a lump or thickening in the breast or underarm area, skin changes like redness or dimpling, change in size or shape of one or both breasts, discharge from the nipple, and changes in the texture or color of the skin.

Treatment options for Breast Neoplasms may include surgery such as lumpectomy, mastectomy, or breast-conserving surgery, radiation therapy which uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells, chemotherapy using drugs to kill cancer cells, targeted therapy which uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack cancer cells while minimizing harm to normal cells, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and clinical trials.

It is important to note that not all Breast Neoplasms are cancerous; some are benign (non-cancerous) tumors that do not spread or grow.

Most nasopharyngeal neoplasms are rare and tend to affect children and young adults more frequently than older adults. The most common types of nasopharyngeal neoplasms include:

1. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC): This is the most common type of malignant nasopharyngeal neoplasm and tends to affect young adults in Southeast Asia more frequently than other populations.
2. Adenoid cystic carcinoma: This is a rare, slow-growing tumor that usually affects the nasopharynx and salivary glands.
3. Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma: This is a type of cancer that originates in another part of the body (usually the head and neck) and spreads to the nasopharynx.
4. Lymphoma: This is a type of cancer that affects the immune system and can occur in the nasopharynx.
5. Benign tumors: These include benign growths such as papillomas, fibromas, and meningiomas.

Symptoms of nasopharyngeal neoplasms can vary depending on the size and location of the tumor but may include:

* Difficulty swallowing
* Nosebleeds
* Headaches
* Facial pain or numbness
* Trouble breathing through the nose
* Hoarseness or voice changes
* Enlarged lymph nodes in the neck

Diagnosis of nasopharyngeal neoplasms usually involves a combination of imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, endoscopy (insertion of a flexible tube with a camera into the nose and throat), and biopsy (removal of a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope).

Treatment of nasopharyngeal neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor but may include:

* Surgery to remove the tumor
* Radiation therapy to kill cancer cells
* Chemotherapy to kill cancer cells
* Targeted therapy to attack specific molecules on cancer cells

Prognosis for nasopharyngeal neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the tumor but in general, early detection and treatment improve the chances of a successful outcome.

Types of Bronchial Neoplasms:

1. Adenocarcinoma: This is the most common type of lung cancer and accounts for approximately 40% of all lung cancers. It originates in the glandular cells that line the bronchi.
2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma: This type of lung cancer originates in the squamous cells that line the bronchi. It is the second most common type of lung cancer, accounting for approximately 25% of all lung cancers.
3. Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC): This type of lung cancer is highly aggressive and accounts for approximately 10% of all lung cancers. It originates in the small cells that line the bronchi.
4. Large Cell Carcinoma: This type of lung cancer is rare and accounts for approximately 5% of all lung cancers. It originates in the large cells that line the bronchi.
5. Bronchioloalveolar Carcinoma (BAC): This type of lung cancer originates in the small air sacs (alveoli) and is rare, accounting for approximately 2% of all lung cancers.
6. Lymphoma: This type of cancer originates in the immune system cells that line the bronchi. It is rare, accounting for approximately 1% of all lung cancers.
7. Carcinoid Tumors: These are rare types of lung cancer that originate in the neuroendocrine cells that line the bronchi. They are typically slow-growing and less aggressive than other types of lung cancer.
8. Secondary Cancers: These are cancers that have spread to the lungs from other parts of the body, such as breast cancer or colon cancer.

Diagnosis of Bronchial Neoplasms:

1. Medical History and Physical Examination: A thorough medical history and physical examination are essential for diagnosing bronchial neoplasms. The doctor will ask questions about the patient's symptoms, risk factors, and medical history.
2. Chest X-Ray: A chest X-ray is often the first diagnostic test performed to evaluate the lungs for any abnormalities.
3. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: A CT scan is a more detailed imaging test that uses X-rays and computer technology to produce cross-sectional images of the lungs. It can help identify the size, location, and extent of the tumor.
4. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan: A PET scan is a diagnostic test that uses small amounts of radioactive material to visualize the metabolic activity of the cells in the lungs. It can help identify the presence of cancerous cells and determine the effectiveness of treatment.
5. Biopsy: A biopsy involves taking a sample of tissue from the lung and examining it under a microscope for cancerous cells. It is a definitive diagnostic test for bronchial neoplasms.
6. Bronchoscopy: Bronchoscopy is a procedure in which a thin, flexible tube with a camera on the end is inserted through the nose or mouth and guided to the lungs. It can help identify any abnormalities in the airways and obtain a biopsy sample.
7. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): An MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the lungs and surrounding tissues. It is not as commonly used for diagnosing bronchial neoplasms as other imaging tests, but it may be recommended in certain cases.
8. Ultrasound: An ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of the lungs and surrounding tissues. It is not typically used as a diagnostic test for bronchial neoplasms, but it may be used to evaluate the spread of cancer to other parts of the body.

It's important to note that the specific diagnostic tests and procedures used will depend on the individual case and the suspicion of malignancy. Your doctor will discuss the best course of action with you based on your symptoms, medical history, and test results.

The digestive system neoplasms are a group of abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the organs and tissues of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant, and their impact on the body can range from minimal to life-threatening.

Types:

There are several types of digestive system neoplasms, including:

1. Colorectal cancer: A malignant tumor that develops in the colon or rectum.
2. Gastric cancer: A malignant tumor that develops in the stomach.
3. Pancreatic cancer: A malignant tumor that develops in the pancreas.
4. Small intestine cancer: A rare type of cancer that develops in the small intestine.
5. Esophageal cancer: A malignant tumor that develops in the esophagus.
6. Liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma): A malignant tumor that develops in the liver.
7. Anal canal cancer: A rare type of cancer that develops in the anus.
8. Gallbladder cancer: A rare type of cancer that develops in the gallbladder.

Causes and risk factors:

The exact cause of digestive system neoplasms is not always known, but certain risk factors can increase the likelihood of developing these conditions. These include:

1. Age: The risk of developing digestive system neoplasms increases with age.
2. Family history: Having a family history of these conditions can increase the risk.
3. Inflammatory bowel disease: People with inflammatory bowel disease, such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, are at higher risk of developing colorectal cancer.
4. Diets high in fat and low in fiber: A diet high in fat and low in fiber may increase the risk of developing colon cancer.
5. Smoking: Smoking can increase the risk of developing several types of digestive system neoplasms, including colorectal cancer and pancreatic cancer.
6. Alcohol consumption: Heavy alcohol consumption may increase the risk of developing liver cancer.
7. Obesity: Being overweight or obese may increase the risk of developing several types of digestive system neoplasms, including colorectal cancer and pancreatic cancer.
8. Infection with certain viruses: Some viruses, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis B and C, can increase the risk of developing certain types of digestive system neoplasms.

Symptoms and diagnosis:

The symptoms of digestive system neoplasms vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. Some common symptoms include:

1. Blood in the stool or vomit
2. Abdominal pain or discomfort
3. Weight loss
4. Fatigue
5. Loss of appetite
6. Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)

If a patient experiences any of these symptoms, they should see a healthcare provider for further evaluation. A diagnosis of digestive system neoplasms is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, endoscopy, and biopsy. Treatment options:

The treatment of digestive system neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor. Some common treatment options include:

1. Surgery: Surgery is often the first line of treatment for many types of digestive system neoplasms. The goal of surgery is to remove the tumor and any affected tissue.
2. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells. It may be used before or after surgery, or as a palliative therapy to relieve symptoms.
3. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. It may be used alone or in combination with other treatments.
4. Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy is a type of cancer treatment that targets specific molecules involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells. Examples of targeted therapies used to treat digestive system neoplasms include bevacizumab, which targets vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and aflibercept, which targets vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2).
5. Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses the body's immune system to fight cancer cells. Examples of immunotherapies used to treat digestive system neoplasms include pembrolizumab, which targets programmed death-1 (PD-1) and nivolumab, which targets PD-1 and CTLA-4.
6. Stenting or embolization: These procedures involve placing a small tube or particles into the blood vessels to block the flow of blood to the tumor, which can cause it to shrink or stop growing.
7. Palliative care: Palliative care is a type of treatment that focuses on relieving symptoms and improving quality of life for people with advanced cancer. It may include medications, radiation therapy, or other interventions to manage pain, bleeding, or other complications.
8. Clinical trials: These are research studies that involve testing new treatments or combinations of treatments to see if they are effective and safe. Participating in a clinical trial may give patients access to innovative therapies that are not yet widely available.

It's important to note that the specific treatment plan for digestive system neoplasms will depend on the type, location, size, and stage of the cancer, as well as other individual factors such as the patient's age, overall health, and preferences. Patients should discuss their treatment options with their healthcare provider to determine the best course of action for their specific situation.

The cancer cells of this type are thought to arise from abnormalities in the cells that line the ducts of the salivary glands. These abnormal cells grow and divide uncontrollably, forming a mass that can obstruct the flow of saliva and cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, and difficulty eating or speaking.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is typically diagnosed with a combination of imaging studies, such as CT scans, MRI, and PET scans, and a biopsy, where a sample of tissue is removed from the tumor and examined under a microscope for cancer cells. Treatment typically involves surgery to remove the tumor, followed by radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells.

Prognosis for this type of cancer is generally good if it is diagnosed early and treated promptly, but it can be challenging to treat if it has spread to other parts of the body.

Lymphatic metastasis occurs when cancer cells enter the lymphatic vessels and are carried through the lymphatic system to other parts of the body. This can happen through several mechanisms, including:

1. Direct invasion: Cancer cells can invade the nearby lymphatic vessels and spread through them.
2. Lymphatic vessel embolization: Cancer cells can block the flow of lymphatic fluid and cause the formation of a clot-like structure, which can trap cancer cells and allow them to grow.
3. Lymphatic vessel invasion: Cancer cells can infiltrate the walls of lymphatic vessels and spread through them.

Lymphatic metastasis is a common mechanism for the spread of cancer, particularly in the breast, melanoma, and other cancers that have a high risk of lymphatic invasion. The presence of lymphatic metastasis in a patient's body can indicate a more aggressive cancer and a poorer prognosis.

Treatment for lymphatic metastasis typically involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Surgery may be used to remove any affected lymph nodes or other tumors that have spread through the lymphatic system. Chemotherapy may be used to kill any remaining cancer cells, while radiation therapy may be used to shrink the tumors and relieve symptoms.

In summary, lymphatic metastasis is a common mechanism for the spread of cancer through the body, particularly in cancers that originate in organs with a high lymphatic drainage. Treatment typically involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy to remove or shrink the tumors and relieve symptoms.

Example Sentences:

The patient was diagnosed with adenosquamous carcinoma of the lung and underwent surgical resection.

The pathology report revealed that the tumor was an adenosquamous carcinoma, which is a rare type of lung cancer.

Note: Adenosquamous carcinoma is a rare subtype of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), accounting for approximately 1-3% of all lung cancers. It has a more aggressive clinical course and poorer prognosis compared to other types of NSCLC.

Neoplastic metastasis can occur in any type of cancer but are more common in solid tumors such as carcinomas (breast, lung, colon). It is important for cancer diagnosis and prognosis because metastasis indicates that the cancer has spread beyond its original site and may be more difficult to treat.

Metastases can appear at any distant location but commonly found sites include the liver, lungs, bones, brain, and lymph nodes. The presence of metastases indicates a higher stage of cancer which is associated with lower survival rates compared to localized cancer.

There are several types of stomach neoplasms, including:

1. Adenocarcinoma: This is the most common type of stomach cancer, accounting for approximately 90% of all cases. It begins in the glandular cells that line the stomach and can spread to other parts of the body.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of cancer begins in the squamous cells that cover the outer layer of the stomach. It is less common than adenocarcinoma but more likely to be found in the upper part of the stomach.
3. Gastric mixed adenocarcinomasquamous cell carcinoma: This type of cancer is a combination of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
4. Lymphoma: This is a cancer of the immune system that can occur in the stomach. It is less common than other types of stomach cancer but can be more aggressive.
5. Carcinomas of the stomach: These are malignant tumors that arise from the epithelial cells lining the stomach. They can be subdivided into adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and others.
6. Gastric brunner's gland adenoma: This is a rare type of benign tumor that arises from the Brunner's glands in the stomach.
7. Gastric polyps: These are growths that occur on the lining of the stomach and can be either benign or malignant.

The symptoms of stomach neoplasms vary depending on the location, size, and type of tumor. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and difficulty swallowing. Diagnosis is usually made through a combination of endoscopy, imaging studies (such as CT or PET scans), and biopsy. Treatment depends on the type and stage of the tumor and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these. The prognosis for stomach neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the tumor, but early detection and treatment can improve outcomes.

Some common types of head and neck neoplasms include:

1. Oral cavity cancer: Cancer that develops in the mouth, tongue, lips, or floor of the mouth.
2. Oropharyngeal cancer: Cancer that develops in the throat, including the base of the tongue, soft palate, and tonsils.
3. Hypopharyngeal cancer: Cancer that develops in the lower part of the throat, near the esophagus.
4. Laryngeal cancer: Cancer that develops in the voice box (larynx).
5. Paranasal sinus cancer: Cancer that develops in the air-filled cavities around the eyes and nose.
6. Salivary gland cancer: Cancer that develops in the salivary glands, which produce saliva to moisten food and keep the mouth lubricated.
7. Thyroid gland cancer: Cancer that develops in the butterfly-shaped gland in the neck that regulates metabolism and growth.

The risk factors for developing head and neck neoplasms include tobacco use, heavy alcohol consumption, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, poor diet, and exposure to environmental carcinogens such as asbestos or radiation. Symptoms of head and neck neoplasms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include a lump or swelling, pain, difficulty swallowing, bleeding, and changes in voice or breathing.

Diagnosis of head and neck neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as CT scans or MRI, and biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options can include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, depending on the type, location, and stage of the cancer.

Overall, head and neck neoplasms can have a significant impact on quality of life, and early detection and treatment are important for improving outcomes. If you suspect any changes in your head or neck, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Multiple primary neoplasms can arise in different organs or tissues throughout the body, such as the breast, colon, prostate, lung, or skin. Each tumor is considered a separate entity, with its own unique characteristics, including size, location, and aggressiveness. Treatment for multiple primary neoplasms typically involves surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these modalities.

The diagnosis of multiple primary neoplasms can be challenging due to the overlapping symptoms and radiological findings between the different tumors. Therefore, it is essential to have a thorough clinical evaluation and diagnostic workup to rule out other possible causes of the symptoms and confirm the presence of multiple primary neoplasms.

Multiple primary neoplasms are more common than previously thought, with an estimated prevalence of 2% to 5% in some populations. The prognosis for patients with multiple primary neoplasms varies depending on the location, size, and aggressiveness of each tumor, as well as the patient's overall health status.

It is important to note that multiple primary neoplasms are not the same as metastatic cancer, in which a single primary tumor spreads to other parts of the body. Multiple primary neoplasms are distinct tumors that arise independently from different primary sites within the body.

Embryonal carcinoma is thought to be caused by genetic mutations that occur during fetal development. These mutations can disrupt the normal growth and development of cells, leading to the formation of abnormal tissue and eventually cancer.

Symptoms of embryonal carcinoma vary depending on the location of the tumor. They may include skin lesions, seizures, developmental delays, and gastrointestinal problems. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scans, and MRI scans, as well as biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment for embryonal carcinoma usually involves surgery to remove the tumor, as well as chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy to destroy any remaining cancer cells. In some cases, bone marrow or stem cell transplantation may be necessary. Prognosis for this disease is generally poor, as it is often diagnosed at a late stage and can be difficult to treat effectively.

Embryonal carcinoma is different from other types of cancer in that it arises from embryonic tissue rather than adult tissue. It is also characterized by the presence of immature cells, which are not found in more advanced cancers. Overall, embryonal carcinoma is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that requires specialized treatment and management.

Types of Esophageal Neoplasms:

1. Barrett's Esophagus: This is a precancerous condition that occurs when the cells lining the esophagus undergo abnormal changes, increasing the risk of developing esophageal cancer.
2. Adenocarcinoma: This is the most common type of esophageal cancer, accounting for approximately 70% of all cases. It originates in the glands that line the esophagus.
3. Squamous Cell Carcinoma: This type of cancer accounts for about 20% of all esophageal cancers and originates in the squamous cells that line the esophagus.
4. Other rare types: Other rare types of esophageal neoplasms include lymphomas, sarcomas, and carcinoid tumors.

Causes and Risk Factors:

1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Long-standing GERD can lead to the development of Barrett's esophagus, which is a precancerous condition that increases the risk of developing esophageal cancer.
2. Obesity: Excess body weight is associated with an increased risk of developing esophageal cancer.
3. Diet: A diet high in processed meats and low in fruits and vegetables may increase the risk of developing esophageal cancer.
4. Alcohol consumption: Heavy alcohol consumption is a known risk factor for esophageal cancer.
5. Smoking: Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for esophageal cancer.
6. Family history: Having a family history of esophageal cancer or other cancers may increase an individual's risk.
7. Age: The risk of developing esophageal cancer increases with age, with most cases occurring in people over the age of 50.
8. Other medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as achalasia, may increase the risk of developing esophageal cancer.

Symptoms and Diagnosis:

1. Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing): This is the most common symptom of esophageal cancer, and can be caused by a narrowing or blockage of the esophagus due to the tumor.
2. Chest pain or discomfort: Pain in the chest or upper back can be a symptom of esophageal cancer.
3. Weight loss: Losing weight without trying can be a symptom of esophageal cancer.
4. Coughing or hoarseness: If the tumor is obstructing the airway, it can cause coughing or hoarseness.
5. Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak can be a symptom of esophageal cancer.
6. Diagnosis: A diagnosis of esophageal cancer is typically made through a combination of endoscopy, imaging tests (such as CT scans), and biopsies.

Treatment Options:

1. Surgery: Surgery is the primary treatment for esophageal cancer, and can involve removing the tumor and some surrounding tissue, or removing the entire esophagus and replacing it with a section of stomach or intestine.
2. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy involves using drugs to kill cancer cells, and is often used in combination with surgery to treat esophageal cancer.
3. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells, and can be used alone or in combination with surgery or chemotherapy.
4. Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy drugs are designed to target specific molecules that are involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells, and can be used in combination with other treatments.

Prognosis and Survival Rate:

1. The prognosis for esophageal cancer is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of around 20%.
2. Factors that can improve the prognosis include early detection, small tumor size, and absence of spread to lymph nodes or other organs.
3. The overall survival rate for esophageal cancer has not improved much over the past few decades, but advances in treatment have led to a slight increase in survival time for some patients.

Lifestyle Changes and Prevention:

1. Avoiding tobacco and alcohol: Tobacco and alcohol are major risk factors for esophageal cancer, so avoiding them can help reduce the risk of developing the disease.
2. Maintaining a healthy diet: Eating a balanced diet that is high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can help protect against esophageal cancer.
3. Managing obesity: Obesity is a risk factor for esophageal cancer, so maintaining a healthy weight through diet and exercise can help reduce the risk of developing the disease.
4. Reducing exposure to pollutants: Exposure to certain chemicals and pollutants, such as pesticides and asbestos, has been linked to an increased risk of esophageal cancer. Avoiding these substances can help reduce the risk of developing the disease.
5. Getting regular screening: Regular screening for Barrett's esophagus, a precancerous condition that can develop in people with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), can help detect and treat esophageal cancer early, when it is most treatable.

Current Research and Future Directions:

1. Targeted therapies: Researchers are working on developing targeted therapies that can specifically target the genetic mutations that drive the growth of esophageal cancer cells. These therapies may be more effective and have fewer side effects than traditional chemotherapy.
2. Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy, which uses the body's immune system to fight cancer, is being studied as a potential treatment for esophageal cancer. Researchers are working on developing vaccines and other immunotherapies that can help the body recognize and attack cancer cells.
3. Precision medicine: With the help of advanced genomics and precision medicine, researchers are working to identify specific genetic mutations that drive the growth of esophageal cancer in each patient. This information can be used to develop personalized treatment plans that are tailored to the individual patient's needs.
4. Early detection: Researchers are working on developing new methods for early detection of esophageal cancer, such as using machine learning algorithms to analyze medical images and detect signs of cancer at an early stage.
5. Lifestyle modifications: Studies have shown that lifestyle modifications, such as quitting smoking and maintaining a healthy diet, can help reduce the risk of developing esophageal cancer. Researchers are working on understanding the specific mechanisms by which these modifications can help prevent the disease.

In conclusion, esophageal cancer is a complex and aggressive disease that is often diagnosed at an advanced stage. However, with advances in technology, research, and treatment options, there is hope for improving outcomes for patients with this disease. By understanding the risk factors, early detection methods, and current treatments, as well as ongoing research and future directions, we can work towards a future where esophageal cancer is more manageable and less deadly.

Types of Intestinal Neoplasms:

1. Adenomas: These are benign tumors that grow on the inner lining of the intestine. They can become malignant over time if left untreated.
2. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that develop in the inner lining of the intestine. They can be subdivided into several types, including colon cancer and rectal cancer.
3. Lymphoma: This is a type of cancer that affects the immune system and can occur in the intestines.
4. Leiomyosarcomas: These are rare malignant tumors that develop in the smooth muscle layers of the intestine.

Causes and Risk Factors:

The exact cause of intestinal neoplasms is not known, but several factors can increase the risk of developing these growths. These include:

1. Age: The risk of developing intestinal neoplasms increases with age.
2. Family history: Having a family history of colon cancer or other intestinal neoplasms can increase the risk of developing these growths.
3. Inflammatory bowel disease: People with inflammatory bowel diseases, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are at higher risk of developing intestinal neoplasms.
4. Genetic mutations: Certain genetic mutations can increase the risk of developing intestinal neoplasms.
5. Diet and lifestyle factors: A diet high in fat and low in fiber, as well as lack of physical activity, may increase the risk of developing intestinal neoplasms.

Symptoms:

Intestinal neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including:

1. Abdominal pain or discomfort
2. Changes in bowel habits, such as diarrhea or constipation
3. Blood in the stool
4. Weight loss
5. Fatigue
6. Loss of appetite

Diagnosis:

To diagnose intestinal neoplasms, a doctor may perform several tests, including:

1. Colonoscopy: A colonoscope is inserted through the rectum and into the colon to visualize the inside of the colon and detect any abnormal growths.
2. Biopsy: A small sample of tissue is removed from the colon and examined under a microscope for cancer cells.
3. Imaging tests: Such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans to look for any abnormalities in the colon.
4. Blood tests: To check for certain substances in the blood that are associated with intestinal neoplasms.

Treatment:

The treatment of intestinal neoplasms depends on the type and location of the growth, as well as the stage of the cancer. Treatment options may include:

1. Surgery: To remove the tumor and any affected tissue.
2. Chemotherapy: To kill any remaining cancer cells with drugs.
3. Radiation therapy: To kill cancer cells with high-energy X-rays or other forms of radiation.
4. Targeted therapy: To use drugs that target specific molecules on cancer cells to kill them.
5. Immunotherapy: To use drugs that stimulate the immune system to fight cancer cells.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for intestinal neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type and stage of the cancer, the location of the growth, and the effectiveness of treatment. In general, early detection and treatment improve the prognosis, while later-stage cancers have a poorer prognosis.

Complications:

Intestinal neoplasms can cause several complications, including:

1. Obstruction: The tumor can block the normal flow of food through the intestine, leading to abdominal pain and other symptoms.
2. Bleeding: The tumor can cause bleeding in the intestine, which can lead to anemia and other complications.
3. Perforation: The tumor can create a hole in the wall of the intestine, leading to peritonitis (inflammation of the lining of the abdomen) and other complications.
4. Metastasis: The cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body, such as the liver or lungs, and cause further complications.
5. Malnutrition: The tumor can make it difficult for the body to absorb nutrients, leading to malnutrition and other health problems.

Prevention:

There is no sure way to prevent intestinal neoplasms, but there are several steps that may help reduce the risk of developing these types of cancer. These include:

1. Avoiding known risk factors: Avoiding known risk factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a diet high in processed meat can help reduce the risk of developing intestinal neoplasms.
2. Maintaining a healthy diet: Eating a balanced diet that is high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can help keep the intestines healthy and may reduce the risk of cancer.
3. Exercise regularly: Regular exercise can help maintain a healthy weight, improve digestion, and may reduce the risk of developing intestinal neoplasms.
4. Managing chronic conditions: Managing chronic conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, and obesity can help reduce the risk of developing intestinal neoplasms.
5. Screening tests: Regular screening tests such as colonoscopy, CT scan, or barium enema can help detect precancerous polyps or early-stage cancer, allowing for early treatment and prevention of advanced disease.

Early detection and diagnosis are crucial for effective treatment and survival rates for intestinal neoplasms. If you have any of the risk factors or symptoms mentioned above, it is essential to consult a doctor as soon as possible. A thorough examination and diagnostic tests can help determine the cause of your symptoms and recommend appropriate treatment.

Types of mouth neoplasms include:

1. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC): This is the most common type of mouth cancer, accounting for about 90% of all cases. It usually occurs on the tongue, lips, or floor of the mouth.
2. Verrucous carcinoma: This type of cancer is slow-growing and typically affects the gums or the outer surface of the tongue.
3. Adenoid cystic carcinoma: This type of cancer is rare and usually affects the salivary glands. It can infiltrate surrounding tissues and cause significant destruction of nearby structures.
4. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma: This type of cancer is relatively rare and occurs most commonly on the tongue or the floor of the mouth. It can be benign or malignant, and its behavior varies depending on the type.
5. Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor: This is a rare type of cancer that affects the melanocytes (pigment-producing cells) in the mouth. It typically occurs in the tongue or the lips.

Symptoms of mouth neoplasms can include:

* A sore or ulcer that does not heal
* A lump or mass in the mouth
* Bleeding or pain in the mouth
* Difficulty swallowing or speaking
* Numbness or tingling in the mouth

Diagnosis of mouth neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies (such as X-rays or CT scans), and biopsy. Treatment options vary depending on the type and severity of the cancer, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these. Early detection and treatment are important for improving outcomes in patients with mouth neoplasms.

There are several types of skin neoplasms, including:

1. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC): This is the most common type of skin cancer, and it usually appears as a small, fleshy bump or a flat, scaly patch. BCC is highly treatable, but if left untreated, it can grow and invade surrounding tissue.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): This type of skin cancer is less common than BCC but more aggressive. It typically appears as a firm, flat, or raised bump on sun-exposed areas. SCC can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
3. Melanoma: This is the most serious type of skin cancer, accounting for only 1% of all skin neoplasms but responsible for the majority of skin cancer deaths. Melanoma can appear as a new or changing mole, and it's essential to recognize the ABCDE signs (Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter >6mm, Evolving size, shape, or color) to detect it early.
4. Sebaceous gland carcinoma: This rare type of skin cancer originates in the oil-producing glands of the skin and can appear as a firm, painless nodule on the forehead, nose, or other oily areas.
5. Merkel cell carcinoma: This is a rare and aggressive skin cancer that typically appears as a firm, shiny bump on the skin. It's more common in older adults and those with a history of sun exposure.
6. Cutaneous lymphoma: This type of cancer affects the immune system and can appear as a rash, nodules, or tumors on the skin.
7. Kaposi sarcoma: This is a rare type of skin cancer that affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS. It typically appears as a flat, red or purple lesion on the skin.

While skin cancers are generally curable when detected early, it's important to be aware of your skin and notice any changes or unusual spots, especially if you have a history of sun exposure or other risk factors. If you suspect anything suspicious, see a dermatologist for an evaluation and potential biopsy. Remember, prevention is key to avoiding the harmful effects of UV radiation and reducing your risk of developing skin cancer.

Benign ovarian neoplasms include:

1. Serous cystadenoma: A fluid-filled sac that develops on the surface of the ovary.
2. Mucinous cystadenoma: A tumor that is filled with mucin, a type of protein.
3. Endometrioid tumors: Tumors that are similar to endometrial tissue (the lining of the uterus).
4. Theca cell tumors: Tumors that develop in the supportive tissue of the ovary called theca cells.

Malignant ovarian neoplasms include:

1. Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC): The most common type of ovarian cancer, which arises from the surface epithelium of the ovary.
2. Germ cell tumors: Tumors that develop from germ cells, which are the cells that give rise to eggs.
3. Stromal sarcomas: Tumors that develop in the supportive tissue of the ovary.

Ovarian neoplasms can cause symptoms such as pelvic pain, abnormal bleeding, and abdominal swelling. They can also be detected through pelvic examination, imaging tests such as ultrasound and CT scan, and biopsy. Treatment options for ovarian neoplasms depend on the type, stage, and location of the tumor, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

There are several types of colonic neoplasms, including:

1. Adenomas: These are benign growths that are usually precursors to colorectal cancer.
2. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from the epithelial lining of the colon.
3. Sarcomas: These are rare malignant tumors that arise from the connective tissue of the colon.
4. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system that can affect the colon.

Colonic neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including bleeding, abdominal pain, and changes in bowel habits. They are often diagnosed through a combination of medical imaging tests (such as colonoscopy or CT scan) and biopsy. Treatment for colonic neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the tumor, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy.

Overall, colonic neoplasms are a common condition that can have serious consequences if left untreated. It is important for individuals to be aware of their risk factors and to undergo regular screening for colon cancer to help detect and treat any abnormal growths or tumors in the colon.

The most common types of laryngeal neoplasms include:

1. Vocal cord nodules and polyps: These are benign growths that develop on the vocal cords due to overuse, misuse, or trauma.
2. Laryngeal papillomatosis: This is a condition where warts grow on the vocal cords, often caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV).
3. Adenoid cystic carcinoma: This is a rare type of cancer that develops in the salivary glands near the larynx.
4. Squamous cell carcinoma: This is the most common type of cancer that develops in the larynx, often due to smoking or heavy alcohol consumption.
5. Verrucous carcinoma: This is a rare type of cancer that develops on the vocal cords and is often associated with chronic inflammation.
6. Lymphoma: This is a type of cancer that affects the immune system, and can develop in the larynx.
7. Melanoma: This is a rare type of cancer that develops from pigment-producing cells called melanocytes.

Symptoms of laryngeal neoplasms can include hoarseness or difficulty speaking, breathing difficulties, and ear pain. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as CT scans or MRI, and biopsy. Treatment options vary depending on the type and severity of the neoplasm, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.

These tumors can be benign or malignant, and their growth and behavior vary depending on the type of cancer. Malignant tumors can invade the surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, causing serious complications and potentially life-threatening consequences.

The risk factors for developing urinary bladder neoplasms include smoking, exposure to certain chemicals, recurrent bladder infections, and a family history of bladder cancer. The symptoms of these tumors can include blood in the urine, pain during urination, frequent urination, and abdominal pain.

Diagnosis of urinary bladder neoplasms is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and cystoscopy, which involves inserting a flexible tube with a camera into the bladder to visualize the tumor.

Treatment options for urinary bladder neoplasms depend on the type of cancer, stage, and location of the tumor. Treatment may include surgery to remove the tumor, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these modalities. Early detection and treatment can improve the prognosis for patients with urinary bladder neoplasms.

Adrenocortical carcinoma can be subdivided into three main types based on their histological features:

1. Typical adrenocortical carcinoma: This is the most common type and accounts for about 70% of all cases. It is characterized by a large, irregular tumor that grows in the cortex of the adrenal gland.
2. Adenomatous adrenocortical carcinoma: This type is less aggressive than typical adrenocortical carcinoma and accounts for about 20% of cases. It is characterized by a small, well-circumscribed tumor that grows in the cortex of the adrenal gland.
3. Adrenocortical sarcoma: This is the least common type and accounts for about 10% of cases. It is characterized by a rare, malignant tumor that grows in the cortex of the adrenal gland.

Adrenocortical carcinoma can cause a variety of symptoms, including abdominal pain, weight loss, fatigue, and skin changes. The diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging studies, such as CT scans and MRI, and tissue biopsy. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, and the prognosis depends on the stage and aggressiveness of the tumor.

Overall, adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare and aggressive cancer that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to improve patient outcomes.

This definition of 'Neoplasm Recurrence, Local' is from the Healthcare Professionals edition of the Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary, copyright © 2007 by Merriam-Webster, Inc.

Carcinoma verrucous is a type of squamous cell carcinoma that appears as a rough, bumpy, cauliflower-like lesion on the skin or mucous membranes. It is typically found in the oral cavity, lips, tongue, and penis. The tumor grows slowly, and the surface may be covered with a crust or scab that bleeds easily. Carcinoma verrucous tends to occur in older men, particularly those who smoke or drink excessively.

The exact cause of carcinoma verrucous is not known, but it is believed to be linked to exposure to certain viruses, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), and environmental factors, such as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. The risk of developing carcinoma verrucous may also be increased by chronic inflammation, immunosuppression, and a diet low in fruits and vegetables.

The symptoms of carcinoma verrucous can vary depending on the location of the tumor. In the oral cavity, it may cause painless ulcers or bleeding gums, while in the penis, it may cause difficulty urinating or painful sexual activity. The diagnosis is made by a biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of tissue from the affected area and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.

Carcinoma verrucous tends to grow slowly, and the prognosis is generally good if the tumor is completely removed before it spreads to other parts of the body. However, local recurrence is common, and the cancer can be difficult to treat once it has spread. The five-year survival rate for carcinoma verrucous is approximately 80%.

Carcinoma verrucous is often treated with surgery, and in some cases, radiation therapy or chemotherapy may also be recommended. Early detection and treatment are important to improve the chances of successful treatment and long-term survival.

A rare type of carcinoma that develops in the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) such as stomach, small intestine, or large intestine is known as signet ring cell carcinoma. This cancerous tumor is characterized by its appearance under a microscope, which displays cells arranged in a signet ring pattern.

These cells have a distinctive round nucleus and prominent nucleoli that give them a characteristic signet ring appearance. Signet ring cell carcinomas tend to grow slowly, and they do not typically cause any symptoms until they reach an advanced stage.

Signet ring cell carcinoma can be difficult to diagnose because it often looks like other types of noncancerous conditions, such as inflammation or infection. To diagnose this condition, a healthcare provider will need to perform tests such as endoscopy, imaging studies (such as CT scan or MRI), and biopsy.

Treatment options for signet ring cell carcinoma include surgery to remove the tumor, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these. Treatment decisions depend on the stage of the cancer, location, and other factors such as patient's overall health status and personal preferences.

In summary, signet ring cell carcinoma is a rare type of gastrointestinal tract cancer characterized by its distinctive signet ring appearance under a microscope. It tends to grow slowly and can be difficult to diagnose until it reaches an advanced stage. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or combination of these depending on the stage of the cancer and other factors.

Sources:
American Cancer Society. (2022). Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma of the Stomach. Retrieved from
National Cancer Institute. (2022). Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Retrieved from

Benign ileal neoplasms include:

1. Adenomas: These are growths that are similar to colon polyps and can develop into colon cancer if left untreated.
2. Villous adenomas: These are benign tumors that grow on the villi, which are small projections that line the inside of the intestine.
3. Lipomas: These are slow-growing, non-cancerous growths that are made up of fat cells.

Malignant ileal neoplasms include:

1. Adenocarcinoma: This is the most common type of small intestine cancer and accounts for about 95% of all cases. It can occur in any part of the small intestine, but is more common in the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine).
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of cancer occurs in the upper parts of the small intestine and is less common than adenocarcinoma.
3. Neuroendocrine tumors: These are rare tumors that occur in the hormone-producing cells of the small intestine and can produce excess hormones that can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss.

Ileal neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their size, location, and type. These may include:

* Abdominal pain or discomfort
* Diarrhea or constipation
* Weight loss or loss of appetite
* Fatigue or weakness
* Nausea or vomiting
* Abnormal bleeding or discharge from the rectum

If you suspect that you may have an ileal neoplasm, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare professional can perform a series of tests and examinations to diagnose and determine the appropriate treatment for your condition. These may include:

1. Endoscopy: A flexible tube with a camera and light on the end is inserted through the mouth or rectum to visualize the inside of the small intestine and look for any abnormalities.
2. Imaging tests: Such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans to visualize the small intestine and look for any tumors or other abnormalities.
3. Biopsy: A sample of tissue is removed from the small intestine and examined under a microscope to determine if there are any cancer cells present.
4. Blood tests: To check for certain substances in the blood that can indicate the presence of a neoplasm.
5. Genetic testing: To look for genetic changes that may indicate the presence of a neoplasm.

Treatment for ileal neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options may include:

1. Surgery: To remove the tumor and any affected tissue.
2. Chemotherapy: To kill cancer cells with drugs.
3. Radiation therapy: To kill cancer cells with high-energy X-rays or other forms of radiation.
4. Targeted therapy: To use drugs or other substances to target specific molecules on the surface of cancer cells.
5. Supportive care: To manage symptoms and side effects, such as pain, nausea, and vomiting.

It's important for patients with ileal neoplasms to work closely with their healthcare team to determine the best course of treatment for their specific condition. With prompt and appropriate treatment, many people with ileal neoplasms can achieve long-term survival and a good quality of life.

Examples of 'Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous' in medical literature:

* The patient was diagnosed with adenocarcinoma, mucinous type, in their colon after undergoing a colonoscopy and biopsy. (From the Journal of Clinical Oncology)

* The patient had a history of adenocarcinoma, mucinous type, in their breast and was being monitored for potential recurrence. (From the Journal of Surgical Oncology)

* The tumor was found to be an adenocarcinoma, mucinous type, with a high grade and was treated with surgery and chemotherapy. (From the Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology)

Synonyms for 'Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous' include:

* Mucinous adenocarcinoma
* Colon adenocarcinoma, mucinous type
* Rectal adenocarcinoma, mucinous type
* Adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum, mucinous type.

Precancerous changes in the uterine cervix are called dysplasias, and they can be detected by a Pap smear, which is a routine screening test for women. If dysplasia is found, it can be treated with cryotherapy (freezing), laser therapy, or cone biopsy, which removes the affected cells.

Cervical cancer is rare in developed countries where Pap screening is widely available, but it remains a common cancer in developing countries where access to healthcare and screening is limited. The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has been shown to be effective in preventing cervical precancerous changes and cancer.

Cervical cancer can be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy, depending on the stage and location of the cancer. The prognosis for early-stage cervical cancer is good, but advanced-stage cancer can be difficult to treat and may have a poor prognosis.

The following are some types of uterine cervical neoplasms:

1. Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS): This is a precancerous condition that occurs when glandular cells on the surface of the cervix become abnormal and grow out of control.
2. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN): This is a precancerous condition that occurs when abnormal cells are found on the surface of the cervix. There are several types of CIN, ranging from mild to severe.
3. Squamous cell carcinoma: This is the most common type of cervical cancer and arises from the squamous cells that line the cervix.
4. Adnexal carcinoma: This is a rare type of cervical cancer that arises from the glands or ducts near the cervix.
5. Small cell carcinoma: This is a rare and aggressive type of cervical cancer that grows rapidly and can spread quickly to other parts of the body.
6. Micropapillary uterine carcinoma: This is a rare type of cervical cancer that grows in a finger-like shape and can be difficult to diagnose.
7. Clear cell carcinoma: This is a rare type of cervical cancer that arises from clear cells and can be more aggressive than other types of cervical cancer.
8. Adenocarcinoma: This is a type of cervical cancer that arises from glandular cells and can be less aggressive than squamous cell carcinoma.
9. Sarcoma: This is a rare type of cervical cancer that arises from the connective tissue of the cervix.

The treatment options for uterine cervical neoplasms depend on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences. The following are some common treatments for uterine cervical neoplasms:

1. Hysterectomy: This is a surgical procedure to remove the uterus and may be recommended for early-stage cancers or precancerous changes.
2. Cryotherapy: This is a minimally invasive procedure that uses liquid nitrogen to freeze and destroy abnormal cells in the cervix.
3. Laser therapy: This is a minimally invasive procedure that uses a laser to remove or destroy abnormal cells in the cervix.
4. Cone biopsy: This is a surgical procedure to remove a small cone-shaped sample of tissue from the cervix to diagnose and treat early-stage cancers or precancerous changes.
5. Radiation therapy: This is a non-surgical treatment that uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells and may be recommended for more advanced cancers or when the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
6. Chemotherapy: This is a non-surgical treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells and may be recommended for more advanced cancers or when the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
7. Immunotherapy: This is a non-surgical treatment that uses drugs to stimulate the immune system to fight cancer cells and may be recommended for more advanced cancers or when other treatments have failed.
8. Targeted therapy: This is a non-surgical treatment that uses drugs to target specific genes or proteins that contribute to cancer growth and development and may be recommended for more advanced cancers or when other treatments have failed.

It is important to note that the choice of treatment will depend on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences. Patients should discuss their treatment options with their doctor and develop a personalized plan that is right for them.

Types of Gallbladder Neoplasms:

1. Adenoma: A benign tumor that grows in the gallbladder wall and can become malignant over time if left untreated.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: A rare and aggressive malignant tumor that arises in the gallbladder or bile ducts.
3. Gallbladder cancer: A general term used to describe any type of cancer that develops in the gallbladder, including adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and other rare types.

Causes and Risk Factors:

1. Genetics: A family history of gallbladder disease or certain genetic conditions can increase the risk of developing gallbladder neoplasms.
2. Chronic inflammation: Long-standing inflammation in the gallbladder, such as that caused by gallstones or chronic bile duct obstruction, can increase the risk of developing cancer.
3. Obesity: Being overweight or obese may increase the risk of developing gallbladder neoplasms.
4. Age: The risk of developing gallbladder neoplasms increases with age, with most cases occurring in people over the age of 50.

Symptoms and Diagnosis:

1. Abdominal pain: Pain in the upper right abdomen is a common symptom of gallbladder neoplasms.
2. Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and eyes can occur if the cancer blocks the bile ducts.
3. Weight loss: Unexplained weight loss can be a symptom of some types of gallbladder neoplasms.
4. Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak can be a symptom of some types of gallbladder neoplasms.

Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment:

1. Surgery: Surgery is the primary treatment for gallbladder neoplasms. The type of surgery depends on the stage and location of the cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be used in combination with surgery to treat advanced or aggressive cancers.
3. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy may be used in combination with surgery to treat advanced or aggressive cancers.
4. Watchful waiting: For early-stage cancers, a wait-and-watch approach may be taken, where the patient is monitored regularly with imaging tests to see if the cancer progresses.

Prognosis:
The prognosis for gallbladder neoplasms depends on the stage and location of the cancer at the time of diagnosis. In general, the earlier the cancer is detected and treated, the better the prognosis. For early-stage cancers, the 5-year survival rate is high, while for advanced cancers, the prognosis is poor.

Complications:

1. Bile duct injury: During surgery, there is a risk of damaging the bile ducts, which can lead to complications such as bile leakage or bleeding.
2. Infection: There is a risk of infection after surgery, which can be serious and may require hospitalization.
3. Pancreatitis: Gallbladder cancer can cause inflammation of the pancreas, leading to pancreatitis.
4. Jaundice: Cancer of the gallbladder can block the bile ducts, leading to jaundice and other complications.
5. Spread of cancer: Gallbladder cancer can spread to other parts of the body, such as the liver or lymph nodes, which can reduce the chances of a cure.

Disease progression can be classified into several types based on the pattern of worsening:

1. Chronic progressive disease: In this type, the disease worsens steadily over time, with a gradual increase in symptoms and decline in function. Examples include rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and Parkinson's disease.
2. Acute progressive disease: This type of disease worsens rapidly over a short period, often followed by periods of stability. Examples include sepsis, acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), and stroke.
3. Cyclical disease: In this type, the disease follows a cycle of worsening and improvement, with periodic exacerbations and remissions. Examples include multiple sclerosis, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis.
4. Recurrent disease: This type is characterized by episodes of worsening followed by periods of recovery. Examples include migraine headaches, asthma, and appendicitis.
5. Catastrophic disease: In this type, the disease progresses rapidly and unpredictably, with a poor prognosis. Examples include cancer, AIDS, and organ failure.

Disease progression can be influenced by various factors, including:

1. Genetics: Some diseases are inherited and may have a predetermined course of progression.
2. Lifestyle: Factors such as smoking, lack of exercise, and poor diet can contribute to disease progression.
3. Environmental factors: Exposure to toxins, allergens, and other environmental stressors can influence disease progression.
4. Medical treatment: The effectiveness of medical treatment can impact disease progression, either by slowing or halting the disease process or by causing unintended side effects.
5. Co-morbidities: The presence of multiple diseases or conditions can interact and affect each other's progression.

Understanding the type and factors influencing disease progression is essential for developing effective treatment plans and improving patient outcomes.

Adenocarcinoma is the most common subtype of NSCLC and is characterized by malignant cells that have glandular or secretory properties. Squamous cell carcinoma is less common and is characterized by malignant cells that resemble squamous epithelium. Large cell carcinoma is a rare subtype and is characterized by large, poorly differentiated cells.

The main risk factor for developing NSCLC is tobacco smoking, which is responsible for approximately 80-90% of all cases. Other risk factors include exposure to secondhand smoke, radon gas, asbestos, and certain chemicals in the workplace or environment.

Symptoms of NSCLC can include coughing, chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue. The diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging studies such as CT scans, PET scans, and biopsy. Treatment options for NSCLC can include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these. The prognosis for NSCLC depends on several factors, including the stage of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and the effectiveness of treatment.

Overall, NSCLC is a common and aggressive form of lung cancer that can be treated with a variety of therapies. Early detection and treatment are critical for improving outcomes in patients with this diagnosis.

Examples of neoplasms, complex and mixed include:

1. Breast cancer that consists of both ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC).
2. Lung cancer that contains both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
3. Colorectal cancer that is composed of both adenocarcinoma and mucinous adenocarcinoma.
4. Thyroid cancer that consists of both papillary carcinoma and follicular carcinoma.
5. Melanoma that is composed of both superficial spreading melanoma and nodular melanoma.

The diagnosis of neoplasms, complex and mixed often requires a combination of imaging studies such as CT scans, MRI, and PET scans, as well as tissue sampling through biopsy or surgery. Treatment may involve a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, depending on the specific type and extent of the cancer.

Types of Endocrine Gland Neoplasms:

1. Thyroid Cancer: A malignant tumor that develops in the thyroid gland, which can cause an overproduction or underproduction of thyroid hormones.
2. Adrenal Cancer: A malignant tumor that develops in the adrenal glands, which can produce excess hormones that can cause various symptoms.
3. Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (PNETs): Tumors that develop in the pancreas and produce excess hormones that can cause a variety of symptoms.
4. Parathyroid Cancer: A malignant tumor that develops in the parathyroid glands, which regulate calcium levels in the blood.
5. Pituitary Tumors: Benign or malignant growths that develop in the pituitary gland, which can affect hormone production and cause various symptoms.

Causes and Risk Factors:

1. Genetic mutations
2. Exposure to certain chemicals or radiation
3. Family history of endocrine disorders
4. Previous radiation therapy
5. Age, with most cases occurring in people over the age of 40

Symptoms:

1. Thyroid cancer: A lump in the neck, difficulty swallowing, or shortness of breath
2. Adrenal cancer: High blood pressure, weight gain, or muscle weakness
3. PNETs: Diarrhea, abdominal pain, or weight loss
4. Parathyroid cancer: High calcium levels in the blood, kidney stones, or osteoporosis
5. Pituitary tumors: Headaches, vision changes, or hormonal imbalances

Treatment options for endocrine cancers depend on the specific type of cancer, its location, and its stage. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these. In some cases, hormone replacement therapy may also be necessary.

Prognosis:
The prognosis for endocrine cancers varies by type. In general, the earlier the cancer is diagnosed and treated, the better the prognosis. Thyroid cancer has a good prognosis, with a 5-year survival rate of around 97%. Adrenal cancer has a lower survival rate of around 60%, while PNETs have a poorer prognosis, with a 5-year survival rate of around 30%. Parathyroid cancer and pituitary tumors have better prognoses, with 5-year survival rates of around 90% and 80%, respectively.

Prevention:
There is no guaranteed way to prevent endocrine cancers, but certain measures may help reduce the risk. These include:

* Reducing exposure to radiation: Minimizing exposure to radiation, such as from CT scans, can help reduce the risk of developing thyroid cancer.
* Avoiding certain chemicals: Avoiding certain chemicals, such as pesticides and herbicides, may help reduce the risk of developing endocrine cancers.
* Maintaining a healthy lifestyle: Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including eating a balanced diet and exercising regularly, may help reduce the risk of developing endocrine cancers.
* Early detection: Early detection and treatment of endocrine cancers can improve prognosis. Regular check-ups with an endocrinologist can help identify any abnormalities early on.

In conclusion, endocrine cancers are a diverse group of tumors that can affect various parts of the endocrine system. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving prognosis, and prevention measures such as reducing exposure to radiation and maintaining a healthy lifestyle may also be helpful. It is important to seek medical attention if any symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Examples of precancerous conditions include:

1. Dysplasia: This is a condition where abnormal cells are present in the tissue, but have not yet invaded surrounding tissues. Dysplasia can be found in organs such as the cervix, colon, and breast.
2. Carcinoma in situ (CIS): This is a condition where cancer cells are present in the tissue, but have not yet invaded surrounding tissues. CIS is often found in organs such as the breast, prostate, and cervix.
3. Atypical hyperplasia: This is a condition where abnormal cells are present in the tissue, but they are not yet cancerous. Atypical hyperplasia can be found in organs such as the breast and uterus.
4. Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS): This is a condition where cancer cells are present in the milk-producing glands of the breasts, but have not yet invaded surrounding tissues. LCIS is often found in both breasts and can increase the risk of developing breast cancer.
5. Adenomas: These are small growths on the surface of the colon that can become malignant over time if left untreated.
6. Leukoplakia: This is a condition where thick, white patches develop on the tongue or inside the mouth. Leukoplakia can be a precancerous condition and may increase the risk of developing oral cancer.
7. Oral subsquamous carcinoma: This is a type of precancerous lesion that develops in the mouth and can progress to squamous cell carcinoma if left untreated.
8. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN): This is a condition where abnormal cells are present on the surface of the cervix, but have not yet invaded surrounding tissues. CIN can progress to cancer over time if left untreated.
9. Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN): This is a condition where abnormal cells are present on the vulva, but have not yet invaded surrounding tissues. VIN can progress to cancer over time if left untreated.
10. Penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN): This is a condition where abnormal cells are present on the penis, but have not yet invaded surrounding tissues. PIN can progress to cancer over time if left untreated.

It is important to note that not all precancerous conditions will develop into cancer, and some may resolve on their own without treatment. However, it is important to follow up with a healthcare provider to monitor any changes and determine the best course of treatment.

Adenocarcinoma, follicular accounts for approximately 15% of all thyroid cancers and is more common in women than men. This type of cancer tends to be less aggressive than other types of thyroid cancer, such as papillary carcinoma, but it can still recur (come back) after treatment and spread to other parts of the body (metastasize).

Treatment options for adenocarcinoma, follicular include surgery to remove the tumor, radioactive iodine therapy, and hormone therapy. The prognosis is generally good for patients with this type of cancer, especially if it is detected early and treated appropriately.

In summary, adenocarcinoma, follicular is a type of thyroid cancer that originates in the glands (follicles) of the thyroid gland. It tends to be less aggressive than other types of thyroid cancer but can still recur and spread to other parts of the body. Treatment options include surgery, radioactive iodine therapy, and hormone therapy.

VIPOMAs are typically benign, but they can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in menstruation. They are often diagnosed through imaging studies such as ultrasound or computed tomography (CT) scans, and may require surgical removal.

The exact cause of VIPOMA is not well understood, but it is thought to be related to genetic mutations that occur during fetal development. Treatment options for VIPOMA include observation, hormone therapy, and surgery. The prognosis for patients with VIPOMA is generally good, with a 5-year survival rate of about 90%.

The causes of colorectal neoplasms are not fully understood, but factors such as age, genetics, diet, and lifestyle have been implicated. Symptoms of colorectal cancer can include changes in bowel habits, blood in the stool, abdominal pain, and weight loss. Screening for colorectal cancer is recommended for adults over the age of 50, as it can help detect early-stage tumors and improve survival rates.

There are several subtypes of colorectal neoplasms, including adenomas (which are precancerous polyps), carcinomas (which are malignant tumors), and lymphomas (which are cancers of the immune system). Treatment options for colorectal cancer depend on the stage and location of the tumor, but may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these.

Research into the causes and treatment of colorectal neoplasms is ongoing, and there has been significant progress in recent years. Advances in screening and treatment have improved survival rates for patients with colorectal cancer, and there is hope that continued research will lead to even more effective treatments in the future.

The term "papillary" refers to the fact that the cancer cells grow in a finger-like shape, resembling a papilla. The term "follicular" refers to the fact that the cancer cells grow near or within glands (follicles). Both types of cancer are considered relatively low-grade, meaning they tend to grow slowly and do not aggressively invade surrounding tissue.

It's important to note that while these types of carcinomas are generally less aggressive than other types of breast or thyroid cancer, they can still be serious and require prompt medical attention. If you suspect you may have symptoms of papillary or follicular carcinoma, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Symptoms of pheochromocytoma can include:

* Rapid heartbeat
* High blood pressure
* Sweating
* Weight loss
* Fatigue
* Headaches
* Nausea and vomiting

If left untreated, pheochromocytoma can lead to complications such as heart failure, stroke, and even death. Therefore, it is important that individuals who experience any of the above symptoms seek medical attention as soon as possible.

Treatment options for pheochromocytoma may include surgery to remove the tumor, medication to manage symptoms, and in some cases, radiation therapy. In rare cases, the tumor may recur after treatment, so regular monitoring is necessary to ensure that any new symptoms are detected early on.

Overall, while pheochromocytoma is a rare and potentially life-threatening condition, prompt medical attention and appropriate treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Explanation: Neoplastic cell transformation is a complex process that involves multiple steps and can occur as a result of genetic mutations, environmental factors, or a combination of both. The process typically begins with a series of subtle changes in the DNA of individual cells, which can lead to the loss of normal cellular functions and the acquisition of abnormal growth and reproduction patterns.

Over time, these transformed cells can accumulate further mutations that allow them to survive and proliferate despite adverse conditions. As the transformed cells continue to divide and grow, they can eventually form a tumor, which is a mass of abnormal cells that can invade and damage surrounding tissues.

In some cases, cancer cells can also break away from the primary tumor and travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system to other parts of the body, where they can establish new tumors. This process, known as metastasis, is a major cause of death in many types of cancer.

It's worth noting that not all transformed cells will become cancerous. Some forms of cellular transformation, such as those that occur during embryonic development or tissue regeneration, are normal and necessary for the proper functioning of the body. However, when these transformations occur in adult tissues, they can be a sign of cancer.

See also: Cancer, Tumor

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Endometrial neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the lining of the uterus, known as the endometrium. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). The most common type of endometrial neoplasm is endometrial hyperplasia, which is a condition where the endometrium grows too thick and can become cancerous if left untreated. Other types of endometrial neoplasms include endometrial adenocarcinoma, which is the most common type of uterine cancer, and endometrial sarcoma, which is a rare type of uterine cancer that develops in the muscle or connective tissue of the uterus.

Endometrial neoplasms can be caused by a variety of factors, including hormonal imbalances, genetic mutations, and exposure to certain chemicals or radiation. Risk factors for developing endometrial neoplasms include obesity, early onset of menstruation, late onset of menopause, never being pregnant or having few or no full-term pregnancies, and taking hormone replacement therapy or other medications that can increase estrogen levels.

Symptoms of endometrial neoplasms can include abnormal vaginal bleeding, painful urination, and pelvic pain or discomfort. Treatment for endometrial neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the condition, and may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or hormone therapy. In some cases, a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) may be necessary.

In summary, endometrial neoplasms are abnormal growths that can develop in the lining of the uterus and can be either benign or malignant. They can be caused by a variety of factors and can cause symptoms such as abnormal bleeding and pelvic pain. Treatment depends on the type and stage of the condition, and may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or hormone therapy.

Clear cell adenocarcinomas can occur in various parts of the body, such as the ovary, pancreas, and lung. In general, clear cell adenocarcinomas tend to grow more slowly than other types of cancer and are less aggressive. However, they can still be malignant and may require treatment.

The prognosis for clear cell adenocarcinoma depends on various factors, such as the stage of the cancer (how far it has spread) and the specific location of the tumor. In general, the prognosis for clear cell adenocarcinoma is good if the cancer is caught early and treated appropriately. However, if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, the prognosis may be poorer.

There are several treatment options for clear cell adenocarcinoma, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy. The specific treatment plan will depend on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as other individual factors such as age and overall health.

In summary, clear cell adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that begins in glandular cells and has clear cells. It can occur in various parts of the body and tends to grow slowly, but it can still be malignant and require treatment. The prognosis for clear cell adenocarcinoma depends on various factors, and there are several treatment options available.

Some common types of adrenal gland neoplasms include:

1. Adrenocortical carcinoma: A rare and aggressive malignancy that arises in the outer layer of the adrenal cortex.
2. Adrenocortical adenoma: A benign tumor that arises in the outer layer of the adrenal cortex.
3. Pheochromocytoma: A rare tumor that arises in the inner part of the adrenal medulla and produces excessive amounts of hormones such as epinephrine and norepinephrine.
4. Paraganglioma: A rare tumor that arises in the sympathetic nervous system, often near the adrenal glands.

Symptoms of adrenal gland neoplasms can include:

* Weight gain or weight loss
* High blood pressure
* Fatigue
* Abdominal pain
* Headache
* Nausea and vomiting
* Palpitations

Diagnosis of adrenal gland neoplasms typically involves imaging tests such as computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) scans, as well as hormone level assessments. Treatment options vary depending on the type and size of the tumor, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy.

Some common types of nervous system neoplasms include:

1. Brain tumors: These are abnormal growths that develop in the brain, including gliomas (such as glioblastoma), meningiomas, and acoustic neuromas.
2. Spinal cord tumors: These are abnormal growths that develop in the spinal cord, including astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and metastatic tumors.
3. Nerve sheath tumors: These are abnormal growths that develop in the covering of nerves, such as neurofibromas and schwannomas.
4. Pineal gland tumors: These are abnormal growths that develop in the pineal gland, a small endocrine gland located in the brain.

Symptoms of nervous system neoplasms can vary depending on their location and size, but may include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, and changes in vision, speech, or balance. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans) and tissue biopsy. Treatment options vary depending on the type and location of the tumor, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

In summary, nervous system neoplasms are abnormal growths that can develop in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, and can have a significant impact on the body. Diagnosis and treatment require a comprehensive approach, involving a team of medical professionals with expertise in neurology, neurosurgery, radiation oncology, and other related specialties.

SCLC typically starts in the bronchi of the lungs and can spread quickly to other parts of the body, such as the brain, liver, and bones. It is often found in later stages and is associated with a poorer prognosis than non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

There are two main types of SCLC:

1. Limited-stage SCLC: This type of SCLC is limited to one lung and has not spread to other parts of the body.
2. Extensive-stage SCLC: This type of SCLC has spread beyond one lung and may have spread to other parts of the body.

Symptoms of SCLC include:

* Coughing
* Chest pain
* Shortness of breath
* Weight loss
* Fatigue

Diagnosis of SCLC is typically made through a combination of imaging tests, such as chest X-rays, CT scans, and PET scans, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options for SCLC include:

1. Chemotherapy: This is the primary treatment for SCLC and may be used alone or in combination with radiation therapy.
2. Radiation therapy: This may be used alone or in combination with chemotherapy to treat SCLC.
3. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be possible to remove the tumor and affected tissue.
4. Clinical trials: These may be available for patients with SCLC to access new and innovative treatments.

Overall, SCLC is a highly aggressive form of lung cancer that requires prompt and accurate diagnosis and treatment to improve outcomes.

The endocrine system is a network of glands and hormones that regulate various bodily functions, such as growth, development, metabolism, and reproductive processes. Endocrine system diseases refer to disorders or abnormalities that affect one or more of the endocrine glands or the hormones they produce.

Types of Endocrine System Diseases:

1. Diabetes Mellitus (DM): A group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar levels due to insulin deficiency or insulin resistance.
2. Hypothyroidism: A condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance.
3. Hyperthyroidism: A condition where the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone, leading to symptoms such as anxiety, weight loss, and heart palpitations.
4. Cushing's Syndrome: A rare disorder caused by excessive levels of cortisol hormone in the body, leading to symptoms such as weight gain, high blood pressure, and mood changes.
5. Addison's Disease: A rare disorder caused by a deficiency of cortisol and aldosterone hormones in the body, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, and dehydration.
6. Pituitary Gland Disorders: Tumors or cysts in the pituitary gland can affect the production of hormones that regulate other endocrine glands.
7. Adrenal Insufficiency: A condition where the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol and aldosterone hormones, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, and dehydration.
8. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): A hormonal disorder that affects women of reproductive age, characterized by irregular menstrual cycles, cysts on the ovaries, and insulin resistance.
9. Graves' Disease: An autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism (an overactive thyroid gland), leading to symptoms such as rapid weight loss, nervousness, and heart palpitations.
10. Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: An autoimmune disorder that causes hypothyroidism (an underactive thyroid gland), leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, and depression.

These are just a few examples of endocrine disorders, and there are many more that can affect different parts of the endocrine system. It's important to be aware of the signs and symptoms of these disorders so that you can seek medical attention if you experience any unusual changes in your body.

1. Squamous cell carcinoma: This is the most common type of tongue cancer, accounting for about 90% of all cases. It usually starts on the front two-thirds of the tongue and can spread to other parts of the mouth and throat.
2. Verrucous carcinoma: This type of cancer is less aggressive than squamous cell carcinoma but can still invade surrounding tissues. It typically occurs on the lateral or back part of the tongue.
3. Papillary carcinoma: This type of cancer is rare and usually affects young people. It starts in the mucous glands on the surface of the tongue and tends to grow slowly.
4. Lymphoma: This type of cancer affects the immune system and can occur in various parts of the body, including the tongue. There are different subtypes of lymphoma that can affect the tongue, such as Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
5. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma: This is a rare type of cancer that usually affects children and young adults. It tends to grow slowly and can occur anywhere on the tongue, but it is most common on the front part of the tongue.

The symptoms of tongue neoplasms can vary depending on the type and location of the tumor. Common symptoms include:

* A lump or mass on the tongue that may be painful or tender to the touch
* Bleeding or discharge from the tongue
* Difficulty speaking, swallowing, or moving the tongue
* Pain in the tongue or mouth that does not go away
* A sore throat or ear pain

If you suspect you may have a tongue neoplasm, it is important to see a doctor for an evaluation. A biopsy can be performed to determine the type of tumor and develop a treatment plan. Treatment options can vary depending on the type and location of the tumor, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these.

The term "serous" refers to the fact that the tumor produces a fluid-filled cyst, which typically contains a clear, serous (watery) liquid. The cancer cells are typically found in the outer layer of the ovary, near the surface of the organ.

Cystadenocarcinoma, serous is the most common type of ovarian cancer, accounting for about 50-60% of all cases. It is often diagnosed at an advanced stage, as it can be difficult to detect in its early stages. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel or bladder habits.

Treatment for cystadenocarcinoma, serous usually involves a combination of surgery and chemotherapy. Surgery may involve removing the uterus, ovaries, and other affected tissues, followed by chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. In some cases, radiation therapy may also be used.

Prognosis for cystadenocarcinoma, serous varies depending on the stage of the cancer at diagnosis. Women with early-stage disease have a good prognosis, while those with advanced-stage disease have a poorer outlook. However, overall survival rates have improved in recent years due to advances in treatment and screening.

In summary, cystadenocarcinoma, serous is a type of ovarian cancer that originates in the lining of the ovary and grows slowly over time. It can be difficult to detect in its early stages, but treatment typically involves surgery and chemotherapy. Prognosis varies depending on the stage of the cancer at diagnosis.

The tumor cells are typically small, uniform, and well-differentiated, with a distinct cell border and a central nucleus. The tumor cells are often arranged in a glandular or tubular pattern, which is characteristic of this type of cancer.

Carcinoma, Lewis lung usually affects older adults, with the median age at diagnosis being around 60 years. Men are slightly more likely to be affected than women. The main risk factor for developing this type of cancer is smoking, although it can also occur in people who have never smoked.

The symptoms of Carcinoma, Lewis lung can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but they may include:

* Chest pain or discomfort
* Coughing up blood
* Shortness of breath
* Fatigue
* Weight loss

If you suspect you may have Carcinoma, Lewis lung or are experiencing any of these symptoms, it is important to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

The post Definition of 'Carcinoma, Lewis Lung' in the medical field appeared first on Healthy Life Tips.

A thymus neoplasm is a type of cancer that originates in the thymus gland, which is located in the chest behind the sternum and is responsible for the development and maturation of T-lymphocytes (T-cells) of the immune system.

Types of Thymus Neoplasms

There are several types of thymus neoplasms, including:

1. Thymoma: A slow-growing tumor that is usually benign but can sometimes be malignant.
2. Thymic carcinoma: A more aggressive type of cancer that is less common than thymoma.
3. Thymic lymphoma: A type of cancer that arises from the T-cells in the thymus gland and can be either B-cell or T-cell derived.

Symptoms of Thymus Neoplasms

The symptoms of thymus neoplasms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but they may include:

1. Chest pain or discomfort
2. Coughing or shortness of breath
3. Fatigue or fever
4. Swelling in the neck or face
5. Weight loss or loss of appetite

Diagnosis of Thymus Neoplasms

The diagnosis of a thymus neoplasm typically involves a combination of imaging tests such as chest X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, and positron emission tomography (PET) scans, as well as a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment of Thymus Neoplasms

The treatment of thymus neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the cancer, but may include:

1. Surgery to remove the tumor
2. Radiation therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells
3. Chemotherapy to destroy cancer cells
4. Targeted therapy to specific molecules involved in the growth and progression of the cancer.

Prognosis of Thymus Neoplasms

The prognosis for thymus neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the cancer at the time of diagnosis. In general, the earlier the cancer is detected and treated, the better the prognosis.

Prevention of Thymus Neoplasms

There is no known way to prevent thymus neoplasms, as they are rare and can occur in people of all ages. However, early detection and treatment of the cancer can improve the chances of a successful outcome.

Current Research on Thymus Neoplasms

Researchers are currently studying new treatments for thymus neoplasms, such as targeted therapies and immunotherapy, which use the body's own immune system to fight cancer. Additionally, researchers are working to develop better diagnostic tests to detect thymus neoplasms at an earlier stage, when they are more treatable.

Conclusion

Thymus neoplasms are rare and complex cancers that require specialized care and treatment. While the prognosis for these cancers can be challenging, advances in diagnosis and treatment have improved outcomes for many patients. Researchers continue to study new treatments and diagnostic tools to improve the chances of a successful outcome for those affected by thymus neoplasms.

There are different types of hyperplasia, depending on the location and cause of the condition. Some examples include:

1. Benign hyperplasia: This type of hyperplasia is non-cancerous and does not spread to other parts of the body. It can occur in various tissues and organs, such as the uterus (fibroids), breast tissue (fibrocystic changes), or prostate gland (benign prostatic hyperplasia).
2. Malignant hyperplasia: This type of hyperplasia is cancerous and can invade nearby tissues and organs, leading to serious health problems. Examples include skin cancer, breast cancer, and colon cancer.
3. Hyperplastic polyps: These are abnormal growths that occur in the gastrointestinal tract and can be precancerous.
4. Adenomatous hyperplasia: This type of hyperplasia is characterized by an increase in the number of glandular cells in a specific organ, such as the colon or breast. It can be a precursor to cancer.

The symptoms of hyperplasia depend on the location and severity of the condition. In general, they may include:

* Enlargement or swelling of the affected tissue or organ
* Pain or discomfort in the affected area
* Abnormal bleeding or discharge
* Changes in bowel or bladder habits
* Unexplained weight loss or gain

Hyperplasia is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI, and biopsy. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and severity of the condition, and may include medication, surgery, or other interventions.

Symptoms of duodenal neoplasms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include abdominal pain, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal distension. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of endoscopy, imaging studies such as CT scans or MRI, and biopsy. Treatment options for duodenal neoplasms depend on the type and stage of the tumor, but may include surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy.

Duodenal Neoplasms are relatively rare, accounting for only about 1-2% of all gastrointestinal cancers. However, they can be aggressive and difficult to treat if not detected early. The prognosis for duodenal neoplasms is generally poor, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 20-30%.

Apudoma is a rare type of benign tumor that develops in the supporting tissue of an organ or gland, known as the stroma. These tumors usually grow slowly and may not cause any symptoms until they reach a significant size. They can occur in various parts of the body, such as the skin, breast, uterus, and prostate gland.

The term "apudoma" comes from the Latin word "apud," meaning "among," and the Greek word "oma," meaning "tumor." This term was first used in the medical literature in the late 19th century to describe a specific type of benign tumor that arises in the stromal tissue of an organ or gland.

While apudomas are non-cancerous and usually do not spread to other parts of the body, they can cause problems if they become large enough to compress surrounding tissues or if they grow into nearby organs or blood vessels. In some cases, these tumors may also be associated with an increased risk of developing cancer in the same location.

The exact causes of apudomas are not well understood, but they are thought to arise from genetic mutations that occur within the stromal cells of an organ or gland. These mutations can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and the formation of a tumor.

There are several different types of apudoma, each with its own unique characteristics and potential risks. Some of the most common types include:

* Uterine leiomyomas (fibroids): These are the most common type of apudoma, occurring in the uterus of women. They are usually benign but can cause symptoms such as heavy bleeding, pain, and infertility.
* Breast fibroadenomas: These are the second most common type of apudoma, occurring in the breast tissue of women. They are usually benign but can cause symptoms such as breast pain, nipple discharge, and changes in the shape or size of the breast.
* Adrenal myelolipomas: These are rare tumors that occur in the adrenal gland. They are usually benign but can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, weight gain, and high blood pressure.
* Mesenteric myelolipomas: These are rare tumors that occur in the membranes that surround the small intestine. They are usually benign but can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.

If you suspect you may have an apudoma, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. Your healthcare provider will likely perform a physical examination, take a medical history, and order diagnostic tests such as imaging studies (e.g., ultrasound, MRI) or a biopsy to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment options for apudomas will depend on the size, location, and type of tumor, as well as your overall health and any symptoms you may be experiencing. Some possible treatment options include:

* Observation: Small, benign apudomas may not require any treatment other than regular monitoring with imaging studies to ensure they do not grow or change.
* Surgery: Larger or more complex apudomas may require surgical removal. This can be done through a minimally invasive procedure (e.g., laparoscopy) or an open incision.
* Chemotherapy: In rare cases, apudomas that are malignant or have spread to other parts of the body may require chemotherapy to shrink the tumor and kill any cancer cells.
* Radiation therapy: This may be used in combination with surgery or chemotherapy to treat malignant apudomas.

It is important to note that while apudomas are rare, they can be challenging to diagnose and treat. It is essential to work with an experienced healthcare provider who has knowledge of these tumors and their treatment options. With proper diagnosis and care, most people with apudomas can expect a good outcome.

Insulinoma is a rare type of pancreatic tumor that produces excess insulin, leading to low blood sugar levels. These tumors are typically benign and can be treated with surgery or medication.

Insulinomas account for only about 5% of all pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. They usually occur in the head of the pancreas and can cause a variety of symptoms, including:

1. Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar): The excess insulin produced by the tumor can cause blood sugar levels to drop too low, leading to symptoms such as shakiness, dizziness, confusion, and rapid heartbeat.
2. Hyperinsulinism (elevated insulin levels): In addition to hypoglycemia, insulinomas can also cause elevated insulin levels in the blood.
3. Abdominal pain: Insulinomas can cause abdominal pain and discomfort.
4. Weight loss: Patients with insulinomas may experience unexplained weight loss.
5. Nausea and vomiting: Some patients may experience nausea and vomiting due to the hypoglycemia or other symptoms caused by the tumor.

Insulinomas are usually diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, and by measuring insulin and C-peptide levels in the blood. Treatment options for insulinomas include surgery to remove the tumor, medications to control hypoglycemia and hyperinsulinism, and somatostatin analogs to reduce hormone secretion.

Insulinoma is a rare and complex condition that requires careful management by a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, including endocrinologists, surgeons, and radiologists. With appropriate treatment, most patients with insulinomas can experience long-term remission and improved quality of life.

1. Parotid gland tumors: These are the most common type of salivary gland tumor and can be benign or malignant.
2. Submandibular gland tumors: These are less common than parotid gland tumors but can also be benign or malignant.
3. Sublingual gland tumors: These are rare and usually benign.
4. Warthin's tumor: This is a type of benign tumor that affects the parotid gland.
5. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma: This is a type of malignant tumor that can occur in any of the major salivary glands.
6. Acinic cell carcinoma: This is a rare type of malignant tumor that usually occurs in the parotid gland.
7. Adenoid cystic carcinoma: This is a slow-growing malignant tumor that can occur in any of the major salivary glands.
8. Metastatic tumors: These are tumors that have spread to the salivary glands from another part of the body.

Salivary gland neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including painless lumps or swelling in the neck or face, difficulty swallowing, and numbness or weakness in the face. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the tumor and may include surgery, radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy.

In conclusion, salivary gland neoplasms are a diverse group of cancers that affect the salivary glands, and it's important to be aware of the different types, symptoms, and treatment options in order to provide effective care for patients with these tumors.

Neoplasms, unknown primary can occur in any organ or tissue in the body and can affect anyone, regardless of age or gender. The symptoms and treatment options for these types of neoplasms depend on the location and size of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and medical history.

Some common types of neoplasms, unknown primary include:

1. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that originate in the skin or organs.
2. Sarcomas: These are malignant tumors that originate in connective tissue, such as bone, cartilage, and fat.
3. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system, such as Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
4. Leukemias: These are cancers of the blood and bone marrow.

The diagnosis of a neoplasm, unknown primary is typically made through a combination of imaging tests, such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, and a biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of tissue from the tumor for examination under a microscope. Treatment options for these types of neoplasms can include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these methods.

It is important to note that not all neoplasms, unknown primary are cancerous, and some may be benign but still require treatment to remove the tumor. In some cases, the tumor may be monitored with regular check-ups and imaging tests to ensure that it does not grow or spread.

Overall, the prognosis for neoplasms, unknown primary depends on several factors, including the type of tumor, its size and location, and the effectiveness of treatment. In general, early detection and prompt treatment can improve outcomes for these types of conditions.

Rectal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the rectum, which is the lower part of the digestive system. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Types of Rectal Neoplasms:

There are several types of rectal neoplasms, including:

1. Adenoma: A benign growth that is usually found in the colon and rectum. It is a common precursor to colorectal cancer.
2. Carcinoma: A malignant tumor that arises from the epithelial cells lining the rectum. It is the most common type of rectal cancer.
3. Rectal adenocarcinoma: A type of carcinoma that originates in the glandular cells lining the rectum.
4. Rectal squamous cell carcinoma: A type of carcinoma that originates in the squamous cells lining the rectum.
5. Rectal melanoma: A rare type of carcinoma that originates in the pigment-producing cells (melanocytes) of the rectum.

Causes and Risk Factors:

The exact causes of rectal neoplasms are not known, but several factors can increase the risk of developing these growths. These include:

1. Age: The risk of developing rectal neoplasms increases with age, with most cases occurring in people over the age of 50.
2. Family history: Having a family history of colorectal cancer or polyps can increase the risk of developing rectal neoplasms.
3. Inflammatory bowel disease: People with inflammatory bowel disease, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are at higher risk of developing rectal neoplasms.
4. Diet: A diet high in fat and low in fiber may increase the risk of developing rectal neoplasms.
5. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, obesity, and lack of physical activity may also increase the risk of developing rectal neoplasms.

Symptoms:

The symptoms of rectal neoplasms can vary depending on the type and location of the growth. Some common symptoms include:

1. Blood in the stool
2. Changes in bowel movements (such as diarrhea or constipation)
3. Abdominal pain or discomfort
4. Weakness and fatigue
5. Loss of appetite

Diagnosis:

To diagnose rectal neoplasms, a doctor may perform several tests, including:

1. Digital rectal exam (DRE): A doctor will insert a gloved finger into the rectum to feel for any abnormalities.
2. Colonoscopy: A flexible tube with a camera and light on the end is inserted through the anus and into the rectum to examine the inside of the rectum and colon for polyps or other abnormalities.
3. Imaging tests: Such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans to visualize the growth and determine its location and size.
4. Biopsy: A sample of tissue is removed from the rectum and examined under a microscope for cancer cells.

Treatment:

The treatment of rectal neoplasms depends on the type, location, and stage of the growth. Some common treatments include:

1. Polypectomy: Removal of polyps through a colonoscopy or surgery.
2. Local excision: Surgical removal of the tumor and a small amount of surrounding tissue.
3. Radiation therapy: High-energy beams are used to kill cancer cells.
4. Chemotherapy: Drugs are used to kill cancer cells.
5. Immunotherapy: A treatment that uses the body's immune system to fight cancer.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for rectal neoplasms depends on the type, location, and stage of the growth. In general, the earlier the diagnosis and treatment, the better the prognosis. However, some types of rectal neoplasms can be more aggressive and difficult to treat, and may have a poorer prognosis.

Prevention:

There is no sure way to prevent rectal neoplasms, but there are several screening tests that can help detect them early, including:

1. Colonoscopy: A test in which a flexible tube with a camera and light on the end is inserted into the rectum and colon to examine for polyps or cancer.
2. Fecal occult blood test (FOBT): A test that checks for blood in the stool.
3. Flexible sigmoidoscopy: A test similar to a colonoscopy, but only examines the lower part of the colon and rectum.
4. Digital rectal exam (DRE): An examination of the rectum using a gloved finger to feel for any abnormalities.

It is important to talk to your doctor about your risk for rectal neoplasms and any screening tests that may be appropriate for you. Early detection and treatment can improve the prognosis for these types of growths.

Neoplasms, nerve tissue can be caused by a variety of factors, such as genetic mutations, exposure to certain chemicals or radiation, or viral infections. Some common types of neoplasms, nerve tissue include:

1. Neurofibromas: These are benign tumors that grow on the nerve sheath and can cause symptoms such as numbness, weakness, or pain.
2. Schwannomas: These are benign tumors that grow on the covering of the nerves and can cause similar symptoms as neurofibromas.
3. Meningiomas: These are benign tumors that grow on the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord.
4. Neurilemmomas: These are rare, benign tumors that grow on the covering of the nerves.
5. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs): These are rare, malignant tumors that can grow on the nerve sheath and can cause symptoms such as pain, weakness, or numbness.
6. Gangliocytomas: These are rare, benign tumors that grow on the nerve cells.
7. Plexiform neurofibromas: These are rare, benign tumors that grow on the nerve cells and can cause symptoms such as pain, weakness, or numbness.

Neoplasms, nerve tissue can be diagnosed through a variety of methods, including imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans, and tissue biopsy. Treatment options depend on the type and location of the tumor, and may include surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.

Pathologic neovascularization can be seen in a variety of conditions, including cancer, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration. In cancer, for example, the formation of new blood vessels can help the tumor grow and spread to other parts of the body. In diabetic retinopathy, the growth of new blood vessels in the retina can cause vision loss and other complications.

There are several different types of pathologic neovascularization, including:

* Angiosarcoma: a type of cancer that arises from the cells lining blood vessels
* Hemangiomas: benign tumors that are composed of blood vessels
* Cavernous malformations: abnormal collections of blood vessels in the brain or other parts of the body
* Pyogenic granulomas: inflammatory lesions that can form in response to trauma or infection.

The diagnosis of pathologic neovascularization is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies (such as ultrasound, CT scans, or MRI), and biopsy. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause of the condition, but may include medications, surgery, or radiation therapy.

In summary, pathologic neovascularization is a process that occurs in response to injury or disease, and it can lead to serious complications. It is important for healthcare professionals to be aware of this condition and its various forms in order to provide appropriate diagnosis and treatment.

Paragangliomas are rare, accounting for less than 1% of all tumors diagnosed in adults. They can occur at any age but are more common in young adults and middle-aged individuals. These tumors are more common in males than females, and their incidence is higher in certain families with inherited syndromes, such as neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) or familial paraganglioma.

The symptoms of paraganglioma depend on their location and size. Small tumors may not cause any symptoms, while larger tumors can press on nearby organs and structures, causing a variety of symptoms such as:

* Pain in the abdomen or pelvis
* Swelling or lump in the neck or abdomen
* High blood pressure
* Headaches
* Blurred vision
* Confusion or seizures (in cases of malignant paraganglioma)

Paragangliomas are difficult to diagnose, as they can be mistaken for other conditions such as appendicitis or pancreatitis. Imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans are often used to help identify the location and size of the tumor, while laboratory tests may be used to evaluate hormone levels and other factors that can help differentiate paraganglioma from other conditions.

Treatment for paraganglioma depends on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health status. Small, benign tumors may not require treatment, while larger or malignant tumors may be treated with surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy. In some cases, a combination of these treatments may be used.

The prognosis for paraganglioma is generally good if the tumor is diagnosed and treated early, but it can be poor if the tumor is large or has spread to other parts of the body. With surgical removal of the tumor, the 5-year survival rate is approximately 90% for patients with benign paraganglioma and 30-50% for those with malignant paraganglioma. However, the overall prognosis can vary depending on individual factors such as the size and location of the tumor, the effectiveness of treatment, and the patient's underlying health status.

Paranasal sinus neoplasms refer to tumors or abnormal growths that occur within the paranasal sinuses, which are air-filled cavities within the skull that drain into the nasal passages. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant and can affect various structures in the head and neck, including the sinuses, nasal passages, eyes, and brain.

Types of Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms:

There are several types of paranasal sinus neoplasms, including:

1. Nasal cavity squamous cell carcinoma: This is the most common type of paranasal sinus cancer and arises from the lining of the nasal cavity.
2. Maxillary sinus adenoid cystic carcinoma: This type of tumor is slow-growing and usually affects the maxillary sinus.
3. Esthesioneuroepithelioma: This rare type of tumor arises from the lining of the nasal cavity and is more common in women than men.
4. Sphenoid sinus mucocele: This type of tumor is usually benign and occurs in the sphenoid sinus.
5. Osteochondroma: This is a rare type of benign tumor that arises from the bone and cartilage of the paranasal sinuses.

Symptoms of Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms:

The symptoms of paranasal sinus neoplasms can vary depending on the size, location, and type of tumor. Common symptoms include:

1. Nasal congestion or blockage
2. Headaches
3. Pain or pressure in the face, especially in the cheeks, eyes, or forehead
4. Double vision or other vision problems
5. Numbness or weakness in the face
6. Discharge of fluid from the nose or eyes
7. Swelling of the eyelids or face
8. Coughing up blood

Diagnosis of Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms:

The diagnosis of paranasal sinus neoplasms is based on a combination of physical examination, imaging studies, and biopsy. The following tests may be used to help diagnose a paranasal sinus tumor:

1. Computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): These imaging tests can provide detailed pictures of the paranasal sinuses and any tumors that may be present.
2. Endoscopy: A thin, lighted tube with a camera on the end can be inserted through the nostrils to examine the inside of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
3. Biopsy: A sample of tissue from the suspected tumor site can be removed and examined under a microscope to confirm the diagnosis.
4. Nasal endoscopy: A flexible tube with a camera on the end can be inserted through the nostrils to examine the inside of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.

Treatment of Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms:

The treatment of paranasal sinus neoplasms depends on the type, location, size, and aggressiveness of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. The following are some of the treatment options for paranasal sinus neoplasms:

1. Surgery: Surgical removal of the tumor is often the first line of treatment for paranasal sinus neoplasms. The type of surgery used depends on the location and extent of the tumor.
2. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy may be used alone or in combination with surgery to treat paranasal sinus neoplasms that are difficult to remove with surgery or have spread to other parts of the skull base.
3. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be used in combination with radiation therapy to treat paranasal sinus neoplasms that are aggressive and have spread to other parts of the body.
4. Endoscopic surgery: This is a minimally invasive procedure that uses an endoscope (a thin, lighted tube with a camera on the end) to remove the tumor through the nostrils or mouth.
5. Skull base surgery: This is a more invasive procedure that involves removing the tumor and any affected bone or tissue in the skull base.
6. Reconstruction: After removal of the tumor, reconstructive surgery may be necessary to restore the natural anatomy of the skull base and nasal cavity.
7. Observation: In some cases, small, benign tumors may not require immediate treatment and can be monitored with regular imaging studies to see if they grow or change over time.

It is important to note that the most appropriate treatment plan for a patient with a paranasal sinus neoplasm will depend on the specific characteristics of the tumor and the individual patient's needs and medical history. Patients should work closely with their healthcare team to determine the best course of treatment for their specific condition.

The term "papillary" refers to the fact that the cancer cells grow in a finger-like shape, with each cell forming a small papilla (bump) on the surface of the tumor. APC is often slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms in its early stages.

APC is generally considered to be less aggressive than other types of cancer, such as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive breast cancer. However, it can still spread to other parts of the body if left untreated. Treatment options for APC may include surgery, radiation therapy, and/or hormone therapy, depending on the location and stage of the cancer.

It's worth noting that APC is sometimes referred to as "papillary adenocarcinoma" or simply "papillary cancer." However, these terms are often used interchangeably with "adenocarcinoma, papillary" in medical literature and clinical practice.

The carcinogenesis process of PDAC usually starts with the accumulation of genetic mutations in the pancreatic duct cells, which progressively leads to the formation of a premalignant lesion called PanIN (pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia). Over time, these lesions can develop into invasive adenocarcinoma, which is PDAC.

The main risk factor for developing PDAC is smoking, but other factors such as obesity, diabetes, and family history of pancreatic cancer also contribute to the development of the disease. Symptoms of PDAC are often non-specific and late-stage, which makes early diagnosis challenging.

The treatment options for PDAC are limited, and the prognosis is generally poor. Surgery is the only potentially curative treatment, but only a small percentage of patients are eligible for surgical resection due to the locally advanced nature of the disease at the time of diagnosis. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies are used to palliate symptoms and improve survival in non-surgical cases.

PDAC is an aggressive and lethal cancer, and there is a need for better diagnostic tools and more effective treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes.

Types of experimental neoplasms include:

* Xenografts: tumors that are transplanted into animals from another species, often humans.
* Transgenic tumors: tumors that are created by introducing cancer-causing genes into an animal's genome.
* Chemically-induced tumors: tumors that are caused by exposure to certain chemicals or drugs.

The use of experimental neoplasms in research has led to significant advances in our understanding of cancer biology and the development of new treatments for the disease. However, the use of animals in cancer research is a controversial topic and alternatives to animal models are being developed and implemented.

Examples of 'Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental' in a sentence:

1. The researchers studied the effects of hormone therapy on mammary neoplasms in experimental animals to better understand its potential role in human breast cancer.
2. The lab used mice with genetic mutations that predispose them to developing mammary neoplasms to test the efficacy of new cancer drugs.
3. In order to investigate the link between obesity and breast cancer, the researchers conducted experiments on mammary neoplasms in rats with diet-induced obesity.

Neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth of cells that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Neoplasms can occur in any part of the body and can affect various organs and tissues. The term "neoplasm" is often used interchangeably with "tumor," but while all tumors are neoplasms, not all neoplasms are tumors.

Types of Neoplasms

There are many different types of neoplasms, including:

1. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the epithelial cells lining organs and glands. Examples include breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Sarcomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in connective tissue, such as bone, cartilage, and fat. Examples include osteosarcoma (bone cancer) and soft tissue sarcoma.
3. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system, specifically affecting the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues. Examples include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
4. Leukemias: These are cancers of the blood and bone marrow that affect the white blood cells. Examples include acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
5. Melanomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. Examples include skin melanoma and eye melanoma.

Causes and Risk Factors of Neoplasms

The exact causes of neoplasms are not fully understood, but there are several known risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing a neoplasm. These include:

1. Genetic predisposition: Some people may be born with genetic mutations that increase their risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as radiation and certain chemicals, can increase the risk of developing a neoplasm.
3. Infection: Some neoplasms are caused by viruses or bacteria. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common cause of cervical cancer.
4. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a poor diet can increase the risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
5. Family history: A person's risk of developing a neoplasm may be higher if they have a family history of the condition.

Signs and Symptoms of Neoplasms

The signs and symptoms of neoplasms can vary depending on the type of cancer and where it is located in the body. Some common signs and symptoms include:

1. Unusual lumps or swelling
2. Pain
3. Fatigue
4. Weight loss
5. Change in bowel or bladder habits
6. Unexplained bleeding
7. Coughing up blood
8. Hoarseness or a persistent cough
9. Changes in appetite or digestion
10. Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the size or color of an existing mole.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Neoplasms

The diagnosis of a neoplasm usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans), and biopsy. A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from the suspected tumor and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.

The treatment of neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Some common treatments include:

1. Surgery: Removing the tumor and surrounding tissue can be an effective way to treat many types of cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
3. Radiation therapy: Using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer is located in a specific area of the body.
4. Immunotherapy: Boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
5. Targeted therapy: Using drugs or other substances to target specific molecules on cancer cells can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.

Prevention of Neoplasms

While it is not always possible to prevent neoplasms, there are several steps that can reduce the risk of developing cancer. These include:

1. Avoiding exposure to known carcinogens (such as tobacco smoke and radiation)
2. Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
3. Getting regular exercise
4. Not smoking or using tobacco products
5. Limiting alcohol consumption
6. Getting vaccinated against certain viruses that are associated with cancer (such as human papillomavirus, or HPV)
7. Participating in screening programs for early detection of cancer (such as mammograms for breast cancer and colonoscopies for colon cancer)
8. Avoiding excessive exposure to sunlight and using protective measures such as sunscreen and hats to prevent skin cancer.

It's important to note that not all cancers can be prevented, and some may be caused by factors that are not yet understood or cannot be controlled. However, by taking these steps, individuals can reduce their risk of developing cancer and improve their overall health and well-being.

Bile duct neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the bile ducts, which are the tubes that carry bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine. Bile duct neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Types of Bile Duct Neoplasms:

There are several types of bile duct neoplasms, including:

1. Bile duct adenoma: A benign tumor that grows in the bile ducts.
2. Bile duct carcinoma: A malignant tumor that grows in the bile ducts and can spread to other parts of the body.
3. Cholangiocarcinoma: A rare type of bile duct cancer that originates in the cells lining the bile ducts.
4. Gallbladder cancer: A type of cancer that occurs in the gallbladder, which is a small organ located under the liver that stores bile.

Causes and Risk Factors:

The exact cause of bile duct neoplasms is not known, but there are several risk factors that may increase the likelihood of developing these tumors, including:

1. Age: Bile duct neoplasms are more common in people over the age of 50.
2. Gender: Women are more likely to develop bile duct neoplasms than men.
3. Family history: People with a family history of bile duct cancer or other liver diseases may be at increased risk.
4. Previous exposure to certain chemicals: Exposure to certain chemicals, such as thorium, has been linked to an increased risk of developing bile duct neoplasms.

Symptoms:

The symptoms of bile duct neoplasms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. Some common symptoms include:

1. Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
2. Fatigue
3. Loss of appetite
4. Nausea and vomiting
5. Abdominal pain or discomfort
6. Weight loss
7. Itching all over the body
8. Dark urine
9. Pale stools

Diagnosis:

Diagnosis of bile duct neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging tests and biopsy. The following tests may be used to diagnose bile duct neoplasms:

1. Ultrasound: This non-invasive test uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the liver and bile ducts.
2. Computed tomography (CT) scan: This imaging test uses X-rays and computer technology to create detailed images of the liver and bile ducts.
3. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): This test uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the liver and bile ducts.
4. Endoscopic ultrasound: This test involves inserting an endoscope (a thin, flexible tube with a small ultrasound probe) into the bile ducts through the mouth or stomach to obtain images and samples of the bile ducts.
5. Biopsy: A biopsy may be performed during an endoscopic ultrasound or during surgery to remove the tumor. The sample is then examined under a microscope for cancer cells.

Treatment:

The treatment of bile duct neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type and stage of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and the patient's preferences. The following are some common treatment options for bile duct neoplasms:

1. Surgery: Surgery may be performed to remove the tumor or a portion of the bile duct. This may involve a Whipple procedure (a surgical procedure to remove the head of the pancreas, the gallbladder, and a portion of the bile duct), a bile duct resection, or a liver transplant.
2. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be used before or after surgery to shrink the tumor and kill any remaining cancer cells.
3. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy may be used to destroy cancer cells that cannot be removed by surgery or to relieve symptoms such as pain or blockage of the bile duct.
4. Stent placement: A stent may be placed in the bile duct to help keep it open and improve blood flow to the liver.
5. Ablation therapy: Ablation therapy may be used to destroy cancer cells by freezing or heating them with a probe inserted through an endoscope.
6. Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy may be used to treat certain types of bile duct cancer, such as cholangiocarcinoma, by targeting specific molecules that promote the growth and spread of the cancer cells.
7. Clinical trials: Clinical trials are research studies that evaluate new treatments for bile duct neoplasms. These may be an option for patients who have not responded to other treatments or who have advanced cancer.

Carcinosarcomas are typically slow-growing and can occur in various parts of the body, including the abdomen, pelvis, and extremities. They can be difficult to diagnose because they often have a mix of cancerous and noncancerous cells, making it challenging to determine the exact type of tumor.

The treatment of carcinosarcoma depends on the location, size, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery is often the first line of treatment, followed by radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. In some cases, a combination of all three may be necessary.

Overall, carcinosarcoma is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that requires careful management and coordinated care from a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals. With proper treatment, many patients with carcinosarcoma can achieve long-term survival and a good quality of life.

Example sentences:

1. The patient was diagnosed with a rare form of cancer called carcinosarcoma, which is a combination of both carcinoma and sarcoma.
2. The carcinosarcoma had spread to the patient's lymph nodes and required aggressive treatment, including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
3. Due to the rarity of carcinosarcoma, the oncologist consulted with a team of specialists to develop a personalized treatment plan for the patient.

CBASQ is characterized by the presence of both squamous and basal cell features, with a mixed pattern of keratinization and a high proliferation rate. The tumor cells are positive for cytokeratins (such as cytokeratin 5/6) and negative for melanoma-specific markers (such as HMB-45 and S100).

The diagnosis of CBASQ requires a thorough clinical evaluation, including a history of prolonged sun exposure, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of both squamous and basal cell features. Treatment typically involves surgical excision with a wide margin, and may also involve adjuvant therapies such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy for more advanced cases.

The prognosis for CBASQ is generally poorer than for other types of skin cancer, due to its aggressive nature and tendency to recur. However, early detection and treatment can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of metastasis.

Adenomas are typically benign (non-cancerous) growths, but they can sometimes become malignant (cancerous) over time if left untreated. Islet cell tumors are relatively rare, making up only about 5% of all pancreatic tumors. They can occur in anyone, regardless of age or gender, although they are most commonly diagnosed in adults between the ages of 40 and 60.

Symptoms of an adenoma, islet cell can vary depending on the size and location of the tumor, but they may include abdominal pain, weight loss, diabetes, and changes in bowel movements or urination patterns. Treatment options for an adenoma, islet cell depend on the type and stage of the tumor, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy.

In summary, an adenoma, islet cell is a rare type of cancer that develops in the cells of the pancreas, specifically in the islets of Langerhans. It can be benign or malignant, and symptoms can vary depending on the size and location of the tumor. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the tumor.

MEN1 typically presents with symptoms in three main areas:

1. Thyroid: The most common symptom is thyroid nodules or goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland). Some individuals may also develop thyroid cancer, especially if left untreated.
2. Parathyroid: Hyperparathyroidism (too much parathyroid hormone) is a common feature of MEN1. This can cause symptoms such as high blood calcium levels, kidney stones, and pancreatitis.
3. Adrenal: MEN1 increases the risk of developing adrenocortical carcinoma (a type of adrenal gland cancer).

Other symptoms of MEN1 may include:

* Pheochromocytomas (rare tumors of the adrenal medulla)
* Hyperthyroidism (too much thyroid hormone)
* Hypocalcemia (low blood calcium levels)
* Hypertension (high blood pressure)

MEN1 is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning that a single copy of the mutated gene is enough to cause the condition. Testing for MEN1 involves genetic analysis to identify the presence of the mutation. Treatment typically involves surgery to remove affected glands and hormone replacement therapy as needed. With proper management, many individuals with MEN1 can lead normal, healthy lives.

Also known as:

* Cystadenocarcinoma, papilliferum
* Papillary adenocarcinoma
* Glandular neoplasm, papillary

Synonyms:

* Adenocarcinoma, papillary
* Carcinoma, papillary
* Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
* Cystic papillary carcinoma

Epithelial tumors of the breast with a glandular or mixed (glandular and ductal) pattern account for approximately 15% of all breast cancers. The most common histologic type is papillary adenocarcinoma, which accounts for about 70% of all glandular tumors.

Papillary carcinoma (PC) was first described by Miles in 1932 as a distinct clinical and pathological entity. It typically affects women between the ages of 40 to 60 years, with rare cases occurring in men. The incidence is 1/1,800,000 for invasive PC and 1/3,500,000 for DCIS.

The majority of papillary carcinomas are confined to the breast and regional lymph nodes; however, there have been case reports of distant metastases.

PC is a slow-growing tumor with an average diameter of 15-20 mm, and most patients present with a palpable mass or nipple discharge. The microscopic features include a glandular or acinar pattern, with papillary structures lined by bland-appearing cells.

The malignant potential of PC is less than that of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). The 5-year survival rate for PC is approximately 90%, and the risk of recurrence is low.

Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and hormone therapy. Surgical excision is the primary treatment, with a wide local excision being preferred over lumpectomy or simple mastectomy. Radiation therapy may be recommended for patients with positive axillary nodes or large tumors. Hormone therapy may be considered for postmenopausal women with ER-positive tumors.

Despite its relatively low malignant potential, PC should be treated aggressively to prevent local recurrence and possible distant metastases. The prognosis is generally excellent, but long-term follow-up is essential to monitor for any signs of recurrence or new primary cancers.

Examples of experimental liver neoplasms include:

1. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer and can be induced experimentally by injecting carcinogens such as diethylnitrosamine (DEN) or dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) into the liver tissue of animals.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: This type of cancer originates in the bile ducts within the liver and can be induced experimentally by injecting chemical carcinogens such as DEN or DMBA into the bile ducts of animals.
3. Hepatoblastoma: This is a rare type of liver cancer that primarily affects children and can be induced experimentally by administering chemotherapy drugs to newborn mice or rats.
4. Metastatic tumors: These are tumors that originate in other parts of the body and spread to the liver through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Experimental models of metastatic tumors can be studied by injecting cancer cells into the liver tissue of animals.

The study of experimental liver neoplasms is important for understanding the underlying mechanisms of liver cancer development and progression, as well as identifying potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of this disease. Animal models can be used to test the efficacy of new drugs or therapies before they are tested in humans, which can help to accelerate the development of new treatments for liver cancer.

Benign parotid neoplasms include:

* Pleomorphic adenoma: This is the most common type of benign parotid tumor, accounting for about 70% of all benign parotid neoplasms. It is a slow-growing tumor that usually affects people between the ages of 20 and 50.
* Warthin's tumor: This is a rare type of benign parotid tumor that usually occurs in older adults. It is a slow-growing tumor that often causes few symptoms.
* Other benign tumors: These include papillary cystadenoma, oncocytoma, and adenomyoepithelioma.

Malignant parotid neoplasms include:

* Parotid duct carcinoma: This is a rare type of cancer that arises in the main duct of the parotid gland. It usually affects older adults and can be aggressive, meaning it grows quickly and spreads to other parts of the body.
* Adenoid cystic carcinoma: This is a malignant tumor that typically affects the salivary glands, including the parotid gland. It is a slow-growing tumor that can infiltrate surrounding tissues and bone, making it difficult to treat.
* Other malignant tumors: These include acinic cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.

The symptoms of parotid neoplasms can vary depending on the size and location of the tumor. Common symptoms include:

* A lump or swelling in the neck or face
* Painless mass or lump in the affected gland
* Difficulty swallowing or eating
* Numbness or weakness in the face
* Pain in the ear, jaw, or neck
* Fatigue
* Weight loss

If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to see a doctor for proper evaluation and diagnosis. A doctor may perform a physical examination, take a medical history, and order imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, or ultrasound to determine the presence of a parotid neoplasm.

Treatment options for parotid neoplasms depend on the type and stage of the tumor. Surgery is usually the first line of treatment, and may involve removing the affected gland or a portion of the gland. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy may also be used to treat more aggressive tumors or those that have spread to other parts of the body.

Overall, while parotid neoplasms can be serious and potentially life-threatening, early detection and treatment can improve outcomes and help preserve facial function and appearance. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms that may indicate a parotid neoplasm.

The condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including excessive alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and certain medications. It can also be a complication of other diseases such as hemochromatosis and Wilson's disease.

The symptoms of liver cirrhosis can vary depending on the severity of the disease, but may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal swelling, and pain in the upper right side of the abdomen. As the disease progresses, it can lead to complications such as esophageal varices, ascites, and liver failure, which can be life-threatening.

There is no cure for liver cirrhosis, but treatment options are available to manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These may include medications to control swelling and pain, dietary changes, and in severe cases, liver transplantation. In some cases, a liver transplant may be necessary if the disease has caused significant damage and there is no other option to save the patient's life.

In conclusion, liver cirrhosis is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that can cause significant damage to the liver and lead to complications such as liver failure. It is important for individuals to be aware of the risk factors and symptoms of the disease in order to seek medical attention if they suspect they may have liver cirrhosis. With proper treatment and management, it is possible to slow the progression of the disease and improve the patient's quality of life.

Types of Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms:

1. Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC): A rare and aggressive malignant tumor that originates in the adrenal cortex. It is often associated with virilization (excessive masculinization) in women.
2. Adrenocortical adenoma (ACA): A benign tumor that originates in the adrenal cortex. It is less common than ACC and may not cause any symptoms.
3. Pheochromocytoma: A rare tumor that originates in the adrenal medulla, which is the inner part of the adrenal gland. It can secrete excessive amounts of hormones that regulate blood pressure and heart rate.
4. Paraganglioma: A rare tumor that originates in the paraganglia, which are clusters of cells located near the adrenal glands. These tumors can produce excessive amounts of hormones and cause similar symptoms as pheochromocytoma.

Symptoms of Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms:

1. Virilization (excessive masculinization) in women, such as deepening of the voice, excessive body hair growth, and clitoral enlargement.
2. Headache, fatigue, and weight gain due to excessive production of steroid hormones.
3. High blood pressure and heart rate due to excessive production of catecholamines (hormones that regulate blood pressure and heart rate).
4. Abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting due to the tumor's size and location.

Diagnosis of Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms:

1. Imaging tests such as CT scans or MRI to visualize the tumor and determine its size and location.
2. Laboratory tests to measure hormone levels in the blood, including cortisol, aldosterone, and catecholamines.
3. Biopsy to obtain a tissue sample for further examination under a microscope.

Treatment of Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms:

1. Surgery to remove the tumor, which is usually curative.
2. Medications to control symptoms such as high blood pressure and hormone levels.
3. Radiation therapy may be used in cases where surgery is not feasible or if there is a risk of recurrence.

Prognosis of Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms:

The prognosis for adrenal cortex neoplasms depends on the type and size of the tumor, as well as the extent of hormone production. In general, the prognosis is good for patients with benign tumors that are removed surgically. However, malignant tumors can have a poorer prognosis and may require additional treatments such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy.

Prevention of Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms:

There is no known prevention for adrenal cortex neoplasms, but early detection and treatment can improve outcomes. Regular monitoring of hormone levels and imaging tests can help detect tumors at an early stage.

Lifestyle Changes:

1. Reduce stress: High levels of cortisol can be caused by stress, so finding ways to manage stress can help prevent adrenal cortex neoplasms.
2. Maintain a healthy diet: Eating a balanced diet that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can help support overall health and well-being.
3. Exercise regularly: Regular physical activity can help reduce stress and improve overall health.
4. Get enough sleep: Aim for 7-8 hours of sleep per night to help regulate hormone levels.
5. Limit caffeine and alcohol: Both substances can disrupt hormone levels and contribute to the development of adrenal cortex neoplasms.

There are several types of vulvar neoplasms, including:

1. Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN): This is a precancerous condition that affects the squamous cells on the surface of the vulva. VIN can progress to vulvar cancer if left untreated.
2. Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma: This is the most common type of vulvar cancer and arises from the squamous cells that line the vulva.
3. Vulvar adenocarcinoma: This type of vulvar cancer originates in the glandular cells that are found near the opening of the vagina.
4. Vulvar melanoma: This is a rare type of vulvar cancer that arises from the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes.
5. Lymphoma: This is a type of cancer that affects the immune system and can occur in the vulva.

The symptoms of vulvar neoplasms can vary depending on the type and location of the growth, but may include:

* A visible lump or lesion on the vulva
* Itching, burning, or pain in the affected area
* Discharge or bleeding from the vulva
* Changes in the color or texture of the skin on the vulva

If you suspect you have a vulvar neoplasm, it is important to see a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and treatment. A physical examination and biopsy may be performed to determine the type and extent of the growth. Treatment options will depend on the type and stage of the neoplasm, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.

Oropharyngeal neoplasms can be caused by a variety of factors, including tobacco use, heavy alcohol consumption, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and exposure to environmental carcinogens such as asbestos or coal tar. They can also be associated with other medical conditions, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), weakened immune systems, and a history of head and neck radiation therapy.

Symptoms of oropharyngeal neoplasms can include a persistent sore throat, difficulty swallowing, ear pain, weight loss, and lumps in the neck. Treatment options for these neoplasms depend on the location, size, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health status. Treatment may involve surgery to remove the tumor, radiation therapy to kill cancer cells, or a combination of both. In some cases, chemotherapy may also be used to shrink the tumor before surgery or to kill any remaining cancer cells after treatment.

Early detection and diagnosis of oropharyngeal neoplasms are important for successful treatment and improved patient outcomes. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as CT scans or MRI, and biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Overall, oropharyngeal neoplasms are a serious medical condition that can have significant implications for patient quality of life and survival. Early detection and appropriate treatment are essential for improving outcomes and preventing complications associated with these tumors.

There are several types of MEN, including:

1. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN1): This is the most common type of MEN and is caused by mutations in the MEN1 gene, which is located on chromosome 11. This condition typically affects the parathyroid glands, pancreas, and pituitary gland.
2. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2A (MEN2A): This type of MEN is caused by mutations in the RET gene, which is located on chromosome 10. It typically affects the parathyroid glands, pancreas, and pituitary gland, as well as other endocrine glands such as the thyroid gland.
3. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B (MEN2B): This type of MEN is also caused by mutations in the RET gene, but it typically affects only the parathyroid glands and the pituitary gland.

The symptoms of MEN vary depending on the specific type and the affected glands. Common symptoms include:

* Hyperparathyroidism (too much parathyroid hormone): This can lead to symptoms such as high blood calcium levels, kidney stones, and bone disease.
* Thyroid cancer: People with MEN are at an increased risk of developing thyroid cancer, particularly papillary thyroid cancer.
* Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs): These are tumors that develop in the pancreas and can produce excess hormones that can cause a variety of symptoms, such as diabetes, high blood sugar, and stomach problems.
* Pituitary tumors: Tumors in the pituitary gland can cause a variety of symptoms related to hormone imbalances, such as excess growth hormone or prolactin.

If you have been diagnosed with MEN, your healthcare provider will recommend regular monitoring and testing to detect any signs of tumors or hormone imbalances early on. Treatment may involve surgery, medication, or other therapies, depending on the specific symptoms and the type of MEN you have.

It is important to note that MEN is a rare condition, and it can be difficult to diagnose. It is important to work with a healthcare provider who has experience in treating patients with MEN. With appropriate treatment, many people with MEN can lead normal, healthy lives.

Nose neoplasms refer to any type of abnormal growth or tumor that develops in the nose or nasal passages. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can affect people of all ages.

Types of Nose Neoplasms[2]

There are several types of nose neoplasms, including:

1. Nasal polyps: These are benign growths that can occur in the nasal passages and are usually associated with allergies or chronic sinus infections.
2. Nasal carcinoma: This is a type of cancer that affects the nasal passages and can be either benign or malignant.
3. Esthesioneuroblastoma: This is a rare type of cancer that occurs in the nasal passages and is usually found in children.
4. Adenocarcinoma: This is a type of cancer that affects the glandular tissue in the nose and can be either benign or malignant.
5. Squamous cell carcinoma: This is a type of cancer that affects the squamous cells in the skin and mucous membranes of the nose.

Symptoms of Nose Neoplasms[3]

The symptoms of nose neoplasms can vary depending on the type and location of the tumor. Some common symptoms include:

1. Nasal congestion or blockage
2. Nasal discharge or bleeding
3. Loss of sense of smell or taste
4. Headaches
5. Sinus infections or other respiratory problems
6. Swelling or lumps in the nose or face
7. Difficulty breathing through the nose

Diagnosis and Treatment of Nose Neoplasms[4]

The diagnosis of nose neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as CT scans or MRI), and biopsies. Treatment depends on the type and location of the tumor, and may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these. Some common treatment options include:

1. Surgical excision: This involves removing the tumor and any affected tissue through a surgical procedure.
2. Radiation therapy: This involves using high-energy beams to kill cancer cells.
3. Chemotherapy: This involves using drugs to kill cancer cells.
4. Laser therapy: This involves using a laser to remove or destroy the tumor.
5. Cryotherapy: This involves using extreme cold to destroy the tumor.

Prognosis and Follow-Up Care[5]

The prognosis for nose neoplasms depends on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the stage of the cancer. In general, early detection and treatment improve the chances of a successful outcome. Follow-up care is important to monitor the patient's condition and detect any recurrences or complications. Some common follow-up procedures include:

1. Regular check-ups with an otolaryngologist (ENT specialist)
2. Imaging tests (such as CT scans or MRI) to monitor the tumor and detect any recurrences
3. Biopsies to evaluate any changes in the tumor
4. Treatment of any complications that may arise, such as bleeding or infection.

Lifestyle Changes and Home Remedies[6]

There are several lifestyle changes and home remedies that can help improve the symptoms and quality of life for patients with nose neoplasms. These include:

1. Maintaining good hygiene, such as regularly washing the hands and avoiding close contact with others.
2. Avoiding smoking and other tobacco products, which can exacerbate the symptoms of nose cancer.
3. Using saline nasal sprays or drops to keep the nasal passages moist and reduce congestion.
4. Applying warm compresses to the affected area to help reduce swelling and ease pain.
5. Using over-the-counter pain medications, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, to manage symptoms.
6. Avoiding blowing the nose, which can dislodge the tumor and cause bleeding.
7. Avoiding exposure to pollutants and allergens that can irritate the nasal passages.
8. Using a humidifier to add moisture to the air and relieve dryness and congestion in the nasal passages.
9. Practicing good sleep hygiene, such as avoiding caffeine and electronic screens before bedtime and creating a relaxing sleep environment.
10. Managing stress through relaxation techniques, such as meditation or deep breathing exercises.

Nose neoplasms can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life, but with proper diagnosis and treatment, many patients can experience improved symptoms and outcomes. It is important for patients to work closely with their healthcare providers to develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses their specific needs and goals. Additionally, lifestyle changes and home remedies can help improve symptoms and quality of life for patients with nose neoplasms.

Examples of mixed tumors, malignant include:

1. Melanoma-squamous cell carcinoma: This type of skin cancer is a mix of melanocytes (the cells that produce pigment) and squamous cells (thin, flat cells that make up the outer layer of skin).
2. Adenoid cystic carcinoma with squamous differentiation: This type of head and neck cancer has features of both adenoid cystic carcinoma (a type of salivary gland cancer) and squamous cell carcinoma.
3. Uterine leiomyosarcoma with endometrial adenocarcinoma: This type of uterine cancer is a mix of leiomyosarcoma (a type of smooth muscle cancer) and endometrial adenocarcinoma (a type of glandular cancer).
4. Metanephric stromal tumor with oncocytic changes: This type of kidney cancer is a mix of metanephric stromal tumor (a type of connective tissue cancer) and oncocytic changes (abnormal cells that resemble normal cells but have lost their ability to regulate growth).
5. Synovial sarcoma with osteoclast-like giant cells: This type of soft tissue cancer is a mix of synovial sarcoma (a type of connective tissue cancer) and osteoclast-like giant cells (large cells that resemble bone-forming cells).

Treatment for mixed tumors, malignant can vary depending on the specific types of cancer present and the extent of the disease. Surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy may be used alone or in combination to treat the tumor. In some cases, a clinical trial may be an option.

Mixed tumors, malignant are often more aggressive and difficult to treat than single-type tumors because they contain multiple types of cancer cells that can grow and spread differently. However, advances in cancer diagnosis and treatment have improved the outlook for some patients with mixed tumors. The prognosis and treatment options for mixed tumors depend on the specific types of cancer present, the stage of the disease, and other individual factors.

A patient's age, overall health, and the presence of any other medical conditions can also affect their prognosis and treatment options. If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with a mixed tumor, it is essential to discuss your treatment options with a qualified healthcare professional who specializes in cancer care. They can help you understand the specific types of cancer present, the stage of the disease, and the most appropriate treatment plan for your individual situation.

In some cases, a clinical trial may be an option. Clinical trials are research studies that evaluate new treatments or combinations of treatments to see if they are safe and effective. Participating in a clinical trial may give you access to innovative therapies that are not yet widely available. However, it is essential to discuss the potential risks and benefits of clinical trials with your healthcare professional before making a decision.

In summary, mixed tumors are complex cancer diagnoses that can be challenging to treat. However, advances in cancer diagnosis and treatment have improved the outlook for some patients. If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with a mixed tumor, it is essential to discuss your treatment options with a qualified healthcare professional who specializes in cancer care. They can help you understand the specific types of cancer present, the stage of the disease, and the most appropriate treatment plan for your individual situation.

In some cases, a clinical trial may be an option. Clinical trials are research studies that evaluate new treatments or combinations of treatments to see if they are safe and effective. Participating in a clinical trial may give you access to innovative therapies that are not yet widely available. However, it is essential to discuss the potential risks and benefits of clinical trials with your healthcare professional before making a decision.

Some common types of urologic neoplasms include:

1. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC): a type of kidney cancer that originates in the cells of the kidney's tubules.
2. Bladder cancer: a type of cancer that affects the cells lining the bladder, and can be classified as superficial or invasive.
3. Ureteral cancer: a rare type of cancer that develops in the muscular tissue of the ureters.
4. Prostate cancer: a common type of cancer in men that affects the prostate gland.
5. Penile cancer: a rare type of cancer that develops on the penis, usually in the skin or mucous membranes.
6. Testicular cancer: a rare type of cancer that develops in the testicles, and is most common in young men between the ages of 15 and 35.

The symptoms of urologic neoplasms can vary depending on their location and size, but may include blood in the urine, painful urination, frequent urination, or abdominal pain. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging studies (such as CT scans or ultrasound) and tissue biopsy.

Treatment options for urologic neoplasms vary depending on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, but may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these. In some cases, watchful waiting or active surveillance may be recommended for small, slow-growing tumors that are not causing symptoms or threatening the patient's life.

The prognosis for urologic neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the cancer at the time of diagnosis. In general, early detection and treatment improve the chances of a successful outcome. However, some types of urologic neoplasms are more aggressive and difficult to treat than others.

Prevention is often challenging for urologic neoplasms, as many risk factors (such as family history or genetic predisposition) cannot be controlled. However, some measures may help reduce the risk of developing certain types of urologic neoplasms, such as:

* Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
* Avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption
* Protecting the skin from sun exposure to reduce the risk of skin cancer
* Avoiding exposure to certain chemicals or toxins that may increase the risk of certain types of cancer
* Practicing safe sex to reduce the risk of HPV-related cancers.

Papillomas can occur anywhere on the body, but they are most commonly found on the face, neck, and scalp. They may appear as small bumps or growths that look like a wart. In some cases, papillomas may be associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.

Papillomas are typically diagnosed through a physical examination of the affected area. In some cases, a biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other potential causes. Treatment for papillomas usually involves removal of the growth through a minor surgical procedure or cryotherapy (freezing).

Papillomas are not cancerous and do not typically pose any long-term health risks. However, they may be unsightly and can cause psychological distress for some people. In these cases, treatment may be sought for cosmetic reasons. It is important to note that papillomas should not be confused with squamous cell carcinoma, a type of skin cancer that can resemble a papilloma in appearance but has the potential to be more aggressive and harmful.

The symptoms of VHL disease can vary widely depending on the location and size of the tumors that develop. They may include:

* Tumors in the retina, leading to vision loss or blindness
* Tumors in the brain, leading to seizures, headaches, and neurological problems
* Tumors in the spinal cord, leading to back pain, weakness, and paralysis
* Tumors in the kidneys, leading to high blood pressure, proteinuria, and hematuria (blood in the urine)
* Tumors in the pancreas, leading to diabetes and other endocrine problems
* Tumors in the adrenal glands, leading to hormonal imbalances and adrenal insufficiency

The diagnosis of VHL disease is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans may be used to visualize the tumors, and genetic testing can confirm the presence of a VHL gene mutation.

There is no cure for VHL disease, but various treatments can help manage the symptoms and prevent complications. These may include:

* Surgery to remove tumors in the retina, brain, spinal cord, kidneys, pancreas, or adrenal glands
* Chemotherapy to treat malignant tumors
* Radiation therapy to shrink tumors and relieve symptoms
* Medications to control seizures, high blood pressure, diabetes, and hormonal imbalances
* Regular monitoring and follow-up to detect and manage any new or recurring tumors.

The prognosis for VHL disease varies depending on the location and type of tumors, as well as the presence of other health problems. In general, the earlier the diagnosis and treatment, the better the prognosis. With current treatments, many people with VHL disease can lead active and productive lives, but they require ongoing medical care and monitoring to manage their condition.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

The most common types of ureteral neoplasms include:

1. Ureteral calculi (stones): Small, hard mineral deposits that form in the ureters and can cause pain and blockage.
2. Ureteral tumors: Both benign and malignant tumors can occur in the ureters, including transitional cell carcinoma, papillary tumors, and ureteral leiomyomas (smooth muscle tumors).
3. Metanephric stromal tumors: Rare tumors that originate in the supporting tissue of the kidney and can occur in the ureters.
4. Wilms' tumor: A rare type of kidney cancer that can spread to the ureters.

Symptoms of ureteral neoplasms may include blood in the urine, pain in the flank or abdomen, frequent urination, and abdominal mass. Diagnosis is typically made with imaging studies such as CT scans and/or ultrasound, followed by a biopsy to confirm the type of tumor. Treatment depends on the type and location of the tumor, and may involve surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy.

Neuroectodermal tumors are relatively rare, accounting for only about 1-2% of all childhood cancers. However, they are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children and young adults. These tumors can be benign or malignant, and their behavior and clinical presentation can vary widely depending on the specific type and location of the tumor.

Some common types of neuroectodermal tumors include:

1. Medulloblastoma: This is a type of brain cancer that develops in the cerebellum, typically in children under the age of 10. It is the most common type of pediatric brain cancer and accounts for about 75% of all childhood brain tumors.
2. PNET (Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor): This is a type of brain tumor that can occur in various parts of the central nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. PNETs are rare and tend to affect older children and young adults.
3. AT/RT (Askin Tumor/Rhabdoid Tumor): This is a type of brain tumor that typically occurs in infants and young children. It is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that can arise in various parts of the central nervous system.
4. Craniopharyngioma: This is a type of benign tumor that develops near the pituitary gland in the brain. It is relatively rare and tends to affect children and young adults.
5. Ganglioglioma: This is a type of brain tumor that arises from the fusion of ganglion cells and glial cells. It is a rare and benign tumor that can occur in various parts of the central nervous system.

The clinical presentation of neuroectodermal tumors can vary depending on their location, size, and type. Common symptoms include headaches, seizures, vomiting, and changes in behavior or cognitive function. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans) and tissue biopsy.

Treatment for neuroectodermal tumors depends on the specific type and location of the tumor, as well as the age and overall health of the patient. Surgery is often the first line of treatment, followed by radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. In some cases, a combination of these treatments may be necessary to achieve the best possible outcome.

The prognosis for neuroectodermal tumors can vary depending on the specific type and location of the tumor, as well as the age and overall health of the patient. In general, the prognosis for these types of tumors is generally better for children than for adults. With prompt and appropriate treatment, many patients with neuroectodermal tumors can achieve long-term survival and a good quality of life.

The term "paraneoplastic" refers to the fact that these conditions are parallel to, or associated with, neoplasms (abnormal growths) in the body. The exact cause of paraneoplastic syndromes is not fully understood, but they are believed to be related to the immune system's response to cancer cells.

Some common features of paraneoplastic syndromes include:

1. Autoantibodies: The immune system produces antibodies that attack the body's own tissues and organs.
2. Inflammation: The immune system causes inflammation in various parts of the body.
3. Nerve damage: Paraneoplastic syndromes can affect the nerves, leading to symptoms such as numbness, weakness, and pain.
4. Muscle weakness: Some paraneoplastic syndromes can cause muscle weakness and wasting.
5. Skin rashes: Some patients with paraneoplastic syndromes may develop skin rashes or lesions.
6. Eye problems: Paraneoplastic syndromes can affect the eyes, leading to symptoms such as double vision, blindness, and eye pain.
7. Endocrine dysfunction: Some paraneoplastic syndromes can disrupt the normal functioning of the endocrine system, leading to hormonal imbalances.

Examples of paraneoplastic syndromes include:

1. Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS): This is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects the nerves and muscles, leading to muscle weakness and fatigue. It is often associated with small cell lung cancer.
2. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: This is a severe autoimmune disorder that affects the brain and can cause symptoms such as seizures, confusion, and memory loss. It is often associated with ovarian teratoma.
3. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD): This is a rare condition that affects the cerebellum and can cause symptoms such as coordination problems, balance difficulties, and difficulty with movement. It is often associated with lung cancer or other types of cancer.
4. Stiff-person syndrome: This is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system and can cause symptoms such as muscle stiffness, spasms, and autonomy dysfunction. It is often associated with ovarian teratoma.
5. Polymyositis: This is a rare inflammatory condition that affects the muscles and can cause muscle weakness and wasting. It is often associated with cancer, particularly lung cancer.
6. Dercum's disease: This is a rare condition that affects the adipose tissue and can cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, and limited mobility. It is often associated with cancer, particularly breast cancer.
7. Multiple myeloma: This is a type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow and can cause symptoms such as bone pain, fatigue, and weakness. It is often associated with ovarian teratoma.
8. Painless thyroiditis: This is a rare condition that affects the thyroid gland and can cause symptoms such as thyroid gland inflammation, fatigue, and weight gain. It is often associated with cancer, particularly breast cancer.
9. Ovarian cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that form on the ovaries and can cause symptoms such as pelvic pain, bloating, and irregular menstrual periods. They are often associated with ovarian teratoma.
10. Endometriosis: This is a condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus and can cause symptoms such as pelvic pain, heavy menstrual bleeding, and infertility. It is often associated with ovarian teratoma.

It's important to note that these conditions are rare and not all cases of ovarian teratoma are associated with them. If you suspect you may have ovarian teratoma, it's important to talk to your healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Somatostatinomas are relatively rare, accounting for only about 1-2% of all pancreatic tumors. They tend to affect older adults, typically in their 60s or 70s, and are more common in women than men. The exact cause of somatostatinomas is not well understood, but genetic mutations and changes in the DNA of somatostatin-producing cells may play a role in their development.

The diagnosis of a somatostatinoma typically involves a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI, and PET scans, along with blood tests to measure hormone levels and identify genetic mutations. Treatment options for somatostatinomas may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, depending on the size, location, and aggressiveness of the tumor. Prognosis for somatostatinoma patients is generally good if the tumor is diagnosed early and treated appropriately, but the long-term outlook can vary depending on the specific characteristics of the tumor and the individual patient's overall health.

Symptoms of an extra-adrenal paraganglioma may include high blood pressure, palpitations, sweating, headaches, and weight loss. The exact cause of this condition is not known, but genetics may play a role in some cases. Treatment options vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but they often involve surgery to remove the affected tissue.

Examples and Observations:

Oxyphil adenomas are rare in the small bowel (less than 1% of all small intestinal tumors) but are more common in the duodenum and proximal jejunum. They usually manifest as multiple, submucosal nodules that can vary in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter. [2]

The presence of oxyphil adenomas in the stomach is rare (less than 1% of all gastric tumors) and most often occurs as multiple, small, submucosal nodules. However, larger adenomas may also be present. [3]

Synonyms: oxyphil cell adenoma; oxyphil cell tumor; oxyphil polyp. [1]

Notes:

* Oxyphil adenomas are often associated with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and Turcot syndrome. [2]

References:

[1] Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Care Professionals. © 2008 Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Used with permission.

[2] Oxyphil Adenoma. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, Professional Edition. © 2015 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc. All rights reserved. Used with permission.

[3] Oxyphil Adenoma. Gastrointestinal Tumors: benign and malignant tumors of the digestive system, including colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, biliary tract cancer, and soft tissue sarcomas. © 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland. All rights reserved. Used with permission.

Some common types of bone neoplasms include:

* Osteochondromas: These are benign tumors that grow on the surface of a bone.
* Giant cell tumors: These are benign tumors that can occur in any bone of the body.
* Chondromyxoid fibromas: These are rare, benign tumors that develop in the cartilage of a bone.
* Ewing's sarcoma: This is a malignant tumor that usually occurs in the long bones of the arms and legs.
* Multiple myeloma: This is a type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow.

Symptoms of bone neoplasms can include pain, swelling, or deformity of the affected bone, as well as weakness or fatigue. Treatment options depend on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the severity of the symptoms. Treatment may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these.

The hallmark features of ADSC include:

1. Glandular differentiation: The tumor cells are derived from glandular epithelium and exhibit distinctive glandular structures, such as papillae or acini.
2. Scirrhous growth pattern: The tumor cells grow in a finger-like or papillary pattern, with each finger or papilla containing a central lumen.
3. Slow growth rate: ADSC tends to grow slowly compared to other types of cancer, which can help to explain the relatively late presentation and diagnosis of this condition.
4. Locally invasive: ADSC can invade nearby tissues and organs, leading to serious complications if left untreated.
5. Poor prognosis: ADSC has a poorer prognosis compared to other types of cancer, particularly if it is diagnosed at an advanced stage.

The exact cause of ADSC is not fully understood, but genetic mutations, environmental factors, and chronic inflammation are thought to play a role in its development. The symptoms of ADSC can vary depending on the location of the tumor, but they may include abdominal pain, swelling, and difficulty with bowel movements or urination.

Treatment options for ADSC typically involve a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Surgery is often the first line of treatment, followed by chemotherapy to reduce the risk of recurrence. Radiation therapy may also be used in select cases. Overall, early detection and prompt treatment are essential for improving outcomes in patients with ADSC.

There are several types of eyelid neoplasms, including:

1. Basal cell carcinoma: This is the most common type of skin cancer, and it usually occurs on the skin around the nose and forehead. It can also occur on the eyelids.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of cancer usually occurs on sun-exposed areas, such as the face, ears, and hands. It can also occur on the eyelids.
3. Melanoma: This is a rare but aggressive type of cancer that can occur on any skin surface, including the eyelids.
4. Lymphoma: This is a type of cancer that affects the immune system, and it can occur in the eyelid tissue.
5. Sebaceous gland carcinoma: This is a rare type of cancer that affects the oil-producing glands in the eyelids.
6. Hemangiopericytic sarcoma: This is a rare type of cancer that affects the blood vessels in the eyelids.
7. Xanthelasma: This is a benign growth that occurs on the eyelids and is usually associated with high cholesterol levels.
8. Pyogenic granuloma: This is a benign growth that can occur on the eyelids and is usually caused by an infection.

Symptoms of eyelid neoplasms can include:

* A lump or bump on the eyelid
* Redness, swelling, or discharge from the eyelid
* Pain or tenderness in the eyelid
* Difficulty moving the eye or vision problems

If you suspect that you have an eyelid neoplasm, it is important to see an eye doctor as soon as possible for a proper diagnosis and treatment. Your doctor will perform a comprehensive examination of your eyes, including a visual examination of the eyelids, and may also use diagnostic tests such as imaging studies or biopsies to determine the cause of your symptoms. Treatment for eyelid neoplasms depends on the specific type of cancer or other condition that is present, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or other treatments.

Peritoneal neoplasms are relatively rare, but they can be aggressive and difficult to treat. The most common types of peritoneal neoplasms include:

1. Peritoneal mesothelioma: This is the most common type of peritoneal neoplasm and arises from the mesothelial cells that line the abdominal cavity. It is often associated with asbestos exposure.
2. Ovarian cancer: This type of cancer originates in the ovaries and can spread to the peritoneum.
3. Appendiceal cancer: This type of cancer arises in the appendix and can spread to the peritoneum.
4. Pseudomyxoma peritonei: This is a rare type of cancer that originates in the abdominal cavity and resembles a mucin-secreting tumor.
5. Primary peritoneal cancer: This type of cancer originates in the peritoneum itself and can be of various types, including adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and sarcoma.

The symptoms of peritoneal neoplasms vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include abdominal pain, distension, and difficulty eating or passing stool. Treatment options for peritoneal neoplasms depend on the type and stage of the cancer, but may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Prognosis for peritoneal neoplasms is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of around 20-30%.

Papillomavirus infections can be classified into two main categories: low-risk and high-risk. Low-risk papillomavirus infections typically cause benign growths such as common warts, which are usually harmless and resolve on their own over time. High-risk papillomavirus infections, on the other hand, can lead to serious health problems such as cancer, particularly cervical cancer in women and anal cancer in both men and women.

The most common form of papillomavirus infection is genital warts, which are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is the most common sexually transmitted virus and affects both men and women. It is estimated that up to 80% of people will be infected with HPV at some point in their lifetime, but most will not develop any symptoms or complications.

Other forms of papillomavirus infections include plantar warts, which are common on the soles of the feet and palms of the hands, and flat warts, which are small, rough growths that can appear anywhere on the body.

Papillomavirus infections can be diagnosed through a variety of methods, including visual inspection, biopsy, and molecular tests such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction). Treatment options vary depending on the type and location of the infection, but may include cryotherapy (freezing), surgical removal, or topical medications. Vaccines are also available to protect against certain types of papillomaviruses, particularly HPV.

Overall, papillomavirus infections are a common and diverse group of conditions that can have significant health implications if left untreated or if they progress to more severe forms. Proper diagnosis and treatment are important for managing these infections and preventing long-term complications.



The signs and symptoms of CE can vary depending on the location of the tumor, but they may include:

* Lumps or swelling in the neck, underarm, or groin area
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats
* Swollen lymph nodes
* Pain in the affected area

CE is caused by a genetic mutation that leads to uncontrolled cell growth and division. The exact cause of the mutation is not fully understood, but it is believed to be linked to exposure to certain viruses or chemicals.

Diagnosis of CE typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as CT scans or PET scans, and biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options for CE depend on the stage and location of the tumor, but may include:

* Chemotherapy to kill cancer cells
* Radiation therapy to shrink the tumor
* Surgery to remove the tumor
* Immunotherapy to boost the immune system's ability to fight the cancer

Overall, CE is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to improve outcomes.

Examples of neoplasms, glandular and epithelial include:

* Adenomas: These are benign tumors that arise from glandular tissue. Examples include colon adenomas and prostate adenomas.
* Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from glandular or epithelial tissue. Examples include breast carcinoma, lung carcinoma, and ovarian carcinoma.
* Sarcomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from connective tissue. Examples include soft tissue sarcoma and bone sarcoma.

The diagnosis of neoplasms, glandular and epithelial is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, along with a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options for these types of neoplasms depend on the location, size, and stage of the tumor, but may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these.

Overall, the term "neoplasms, glandular and epithelial" refers to a wide range of tumors that arise from glandular or epithelial tissue, and can be either benign or malignant. These types of neoplasms are common and can affect many different parts of the body.

There are several types of teratomas, including:

1. Mature teratoma: This type of teratoma is made up of well-differentiated tissues that resemble normal tissues. It can contain structures such as hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.
2. Immature teratoma: This type of teratoma is made up of poorly differentiated cells that do not resemble normal tissues. It can contain structures such as cartilage, bone, and nervous tissue.
3. Teratoid mesodermal tumor: This type of teratoma arises from the mesoderm, which is one of the three primary layers of cells in the embryo. It can contain structures such as muscle, bone, and connective tissue.
4. Teratoid endodermal tumor: This type of teratoma arises from the endoderm, which is another primary layer of cells in the embryo. It can contain structures such as glandular tissue and epithelial tissue.

Teratomas are usually benign, but they can sometimes be malignant. Malignant teratomas can spread to other parts of the body and cause serious complications. The treatment of teratomas depends on their type, size, and location, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options can include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

In summary, a teratoma is a type of tumor that contains abnormal cells that grow and multiply in an uncontrolled manner, often forming masses or lumps. There are several types of teratomas, and they can occur in various parts of the body. Treatment options depend on the type, size, location, and patient's overall health.

A type of cancer that arises from squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells that are found in the outer layers of the skin and mucous membranes. Squamous cell neoplasms can occur in various parts of the body, including the head and neck, lung, esophagus, and cervix. They are often slow-growing and may not cause symptoms until they have reached an advanced stage.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common type of squamous cell neoplasm. It can be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy, depending on the location and stage of the cancer. Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (SCCS) is the second most common type of skin cancer, after basal cell carcinoma.

Other types of squamous cell neoplasms include:

* Squamous cell papilloma: a benign tumor that grows on the surface of the skin or mucous membranes.
* Squamous cell hyperplasia: an abnormal growth of squamous cells that can be precancerous.
* Squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SCCIS): a precancerous condition in which abnormal squamous cells are found in the skin or mucous membranes.

Overall, squamous cell neoplasms can be treated successfully if they are detected early and appropriate treatment is provided.

SCC tends to be more aggressive than other types of skin cancer (such as basal cell carcinoma) and can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated. Treatment for SCC usually involves surgical removal of the affected tissue, and in some cases, may require additional therapies such as radiation or chemotherapy.

It's important to note that early detection and treatment of SCC can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications. Regular self-exams and screening by a dermatologist can help identify skin cancers in their early stages.

There are several different types of tumor viruses, including:

1. Human papillomavirus (HPV): This virus is responsible for causing cervical cancer and other types of cancer, such as anal, vulvar, vaginal, and penile cancer.
2. Hepatitis B virus (HBV): This virus can cause liver cancer, known as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
3. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): This virus can increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer, such as Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphoma.
4. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV): This virus has been linked to the development of Burkitt lymphoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma.
5. Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV): This virus is responsible for causing Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare type of skin cancer.
6. Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1): This virus has been linked to the development of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL).

Tumor virus infections can be diagnosed through a variety of methods, including blood tests, imaging studies, and biopsies. Treatment for these infections often involves antiviral medications, chemotherapy, and surgery. In some cases, tumors may also be removed through radiation therapy.

It's important to note that not all tumors or cancers are caused by viruses, and that many other factors, such as genetics and environmental exposures, can also play a role in the development of cancer. However, for those tumor virus infections that are caused by a specific virus, early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.

Overall, tumor virus infections are a complex and diverse group of conditions, and further research is needed to better understand their causes and develop effective treatments.

Examples of mammary neoplasms in animals include:

* Mammary adenocarcinoma: A type of tumor that develops in the mammary gland of animals and is characterized by the growth of abnormal cells that produce milk.
* Mammary fibroadenoma: A benign tumor that develops in the mammary gland of animals and is characterized by the growth of fibrous and glandular tissue.
* Inflammatory mammary carcinoma: A type of tumor that develops in the mammary gland of animals and is characterized by the presence of inflammatory cells and abnormal cells.

These tumors can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, hormonal imbalances, and exposure to certain environmental agents. They can also be induced experimentally using chemical carcinogens or viruses.

The study of mammary neoplasms in animals is important for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying breast cancer development and progression, as well as for identifying potential therapeutic targets and developing new treatments.

Malignant prostatic neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can be aggressive and spread to other parts of the body (metastasize). The most common type of malignant prostatic neoplasm is adenocarcinoma of the prostate, which accounts for approximately 95% of all prostate cancers. Other types of malignant prostatic neoplasms include sarcomas and small cell carcinomas.

Prostatic neoplasms can be diagnosed through a variety of tests such as digital rectal examination (DRE), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test, imaging studies (ultrasound, CT scan or MRI), and biopsy. Treatment options for prostatic neoplasms depend on the type, stage, and grade of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Treatment options can include active surveillance, surgery (robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy or open prostatectomy), radiation therapy (external beam radiation therapy or brachytherapy), and hormone therapy.

In summary, Prostatic Neoplasms are tumors that occur in the prostate gland, which can be benign or malignant. The most common types of malignant prostatic neoplasms are adenocarcinoma of the prostate, and other types include sarcomas and small cell carcinomas. Diagnosis is done through a variety of tests, and treatment options depend on the type, stage, and grade of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health.

The most common type of pharyngeal neoplasm is squamous cell carcinoma, which accounts for approximately 90% of all cases. Other types of pharyngeal neoplasms include adenocarcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and lymphoma.

The symptoms of pharyngeal neoplasms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but they may include:

* Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
* Pain with swallowing (odynophagia)
* Hoarseness or a raspy voice
* Sore throat
* Ear pain
* Weight loss
* Fatigue
* Coughing up blood (hemoptysis)

If you have any of these symptoms, it is important to see a doctor for proper evaluation and diagnosis. A biopsy or other diagnostic tests will be needed to confirm the presence of a pharyngeal neoplasm and determine its type and extent. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these, depending on the specific type of tumor and its stage (extent) of growth.

In summary, pharyngeal neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that can develop in the pharynx, and they can be benign or malignant. Symptoms may include difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, ear pain, and other symptoms, and diagnosis typically requires a biopsy or other diagnostic tests. Treatment options depend on the specific type of tumor and its stage of growth.

There are several types of hypopharyngeal neoplasms, including:

1. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): This is the most common type of hypopharyngeal cancer, accounting for about 90% of cases. It arises from the squamous cells that line the hypopharynx.
2. Adenocarcinoma: This type of cancer arises from the glandular cells that line the hypopharynx.
3. Other rare types: Other types of hypopharyngeal neoplasms include sarcomas, lymphomas, and melanomas.

The symptoms of hypopharyngeal neoplasms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. Common symptoms include:

1. Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
2. Pain when swallowing (odynophagia)
3. Hoarseness or voice changes
4. Lumps in the neck
5. Weight loss
6. Fatigue
7. Coughing up blood (hemoptysis)
8. Difficulty breathing (dyspnea)

Hypopharyngeal neoplasms are diagnosed through a combination of endoscopy, imaging tests such as CT scans or MRI, and biopsies. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies. The prognosis for hypopharyngeal neoplasms depends on the stage and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health.

In summary, hypopharyngeal neoplasms are a type of cancer that affects the lower part of the throat, and can be diagnosed through a combination of endoscopy, imaging tests, and biopsies. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies, and the prognosis depends on the stage and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health.

Benign vaginal neoplasms include:

1. Vaginal papilloma: A small, finger-like growth on the wall of the vagina.
2. Vaginal polyps: Growths that protrude from the wall of the vagina.
3. Vaginal cysts: Fluid-filled sacs that can develop in the vaginal wall.

Malignant vaginal neoplasms include:

1. Vaginal squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that develops in the thin, flat cells that line the vagina.
2. Adenocarcinoma of the vagina: Cancer that develops in the glandular cells that line the vagina.
3. Melanoma of the vagina: Rare cancer that develops in the pigment-producing cells of the vagina.
4. Sarcoma of the vagina: Cancer that develops in the connective tissue of the vagina.

Causes and risk factors:
The exact cause of vaginal neoplasms is not known, but certain factors can increase the risk of developing them, such as:

1. HPV (human papillomavirus) infection: A common sexually transmitted virus that can lead to cancer.
2. Smoking: Can increase the risk of developing cancer.
3. Weakened immune system: Can increase the risk of developing cancer.
4. Family history of cancer: Can increase the risk of developing cancer.

Symptoms:
The symptoms of vaginal neoplasms can vary depending on the type and location of the tumor, but may include:

1. Abnormal bleeding or discharge
2. Pain during sex
3. Itching or burning sensation in the vagina
4. A lump or mass in the vagina
5. Difficulty urinating
6. Painful urination
7. Vaginal wall thickening

Diagnosis:
A diagnosis of vaginal neoplasm is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment:
The treatment of vaginal neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the cancer, but may include:

1. Surgery: Removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue.
2. Radiation therapy: Use of high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.
3. Chemotherapy: Use of drugs to kill cancer cells.
4. Hysterectomy: Removal of the uterus and/or vagina.
5. Pelvic exenteration: Removal of the pelvic organs, including the bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs.

Prognosis:
The prognosis for vaginal neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the cancer at the time of diagnosis. In general, the earlier the cancer is detected and treated, the better the prognosis.

Complications:
Some possible complications of vaginal neoplasms include:

1. Recurrence of the cancer
2. Infection
3. Incontinence or other urinary problems
4. Sexual dysfunction
5. Emotional distress

Prevention:
There is no sure way to prevent vaginal neoplasms, but some risk factors can be reduced by:

1. Practicing safe sex to reduce the risk of HPV infection
2. Getting regular Pap smears to detect and treat precancerous changes early
3. Avoiding tobacco and limiting alcohol consumption
4. Maintaining a healthy diet and exercising regularly
5. Getting vaccinated against HPV if you are under 26 years old

Note: This information is intended for educational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. If you have any concerns or questions about vaginal neoplasms, you should consult a healthcare professional for personalized advice and treatment.

Appendiceal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the appendix, a small tube-like structure attached to the large intestine. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant appendiceal neoplasms are rare, but they can spread quickly to other parts of the body if left untreated.

Types of Appendiceal Neoplasms:

There are several types of appendiceal neoplasms, including:

1. Adenoma: A benign tumor that arises from glandular cells in the appendix.
2. Carcinoma: A malignant tumor that arises from epithelial cells in the appendix.
3. Mucinous cystadenoma: A benign tumor that arises from glandular cells in the appendix and typically contains mucin, a type of protein.
4. Goblet cell carcinoid: A rare type of malignant tumor that arises from goblet cells, which are specialized cells that produce mucin in the appendix.
5. Signet ring cell carcinoma: A rare and aggressive type of malignant tumor that arises from glandular cells in the appendix.

Symptoms and Diagnosis:

The symptoms of appendiceal neoplasms can vary depending on the size and location of the tumor, but may include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and loss of appetite. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as CT scans or MRI, and biopsy.

Treatment:

Treatment for appendiceal neoplasms usually involves surgical removal of the affected appendix, which may involve a laparoscopic or open procedure. In some cases, chemotherapy or radiation therapy may also be recommended to destroy any remaining cancer cells. The prognosis for patients with appendiceal neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the tumor at the time of diagnosis.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for patients with appendiceal neoplasms is generally good if the tumor is detected early and treated appropriately. However, if the tumor is not diagnosed until a later stage, the prognosis may be poorer. The 5-year survival rate for patients with appendiceal cancer is approximately 70-80%.

Conclusion:

Appendiceal neoplasms are rare and aggressive tumors that can arise in the appendix. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical for improving outcomes. Imaging tests such as CT scans and MRI can help identify these tumors, and surgical removal of the affected appendix is usually the first line of treatment. Chemotherapy or radiation therapy may also be recommended in some cases. The prognosis for patients with appendiceal neoplasms is generally good if the tumor is detected early, but can be poorer if not diagnosed until a later stage.

The symptoms of ganglioneuroma vary depending on the size and location of the tumor. Large tumors can cause pressure effects on surrounding tissues and organs, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and difficulty urinating. Smaller tumors may not cause any symptoms and are often discovered incidentally during a routine medical exam or imaging test.

The diagnosis of ganglioneuroma is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. A biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other conditions. Treatment options for ganglioneuroma include observation, surgery, and radiation therapy. The choice of treatment depends on the size and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and symptoms.

Ganglioneuroma is a rare condition, and there is limited research on its incidence and prevalence. It is estimated to occur in approximately 1 in 1 million people per year. The cause of ganglioneuroma is not well understood, but it is thought to be related to genetic mutations that occur during fetal development. There is no known way to prevent the condition, and treatment is focused on managing symptoms and removing the tumor.

In conclusion, ganglioneuroma is a rare benign tumor that originates from the sympathetic nervous system. It can cause a variety of symptoms depending on its size and location, and diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment options include observation, surgery, and radiation therapy, and the prognosis for patients with ganglioneuroma is generally good if the tumor is removed successfully.

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Examples and Observations:

1. Gastric metaplasia: This is a condition where the stomach lining is replaced by cells that are similar to those found in the esophagus. This can occur as a result of chronic acid reflux, leading to an increased risk of developing esophageal cancer.
2. Bronchial metaplasia: This is a condition where the airways in the lungs are replaced by cells that are similar to those found in the trachea. This can occur as a result of chronic inflammation, leading to an increased risk of developing lung cancer.
3. Pancreatic metaplasia: This is a condition where the pancreas is replaced by cells that are similar to those found in the ducts of the pancreas. This can occur as a result of chronic inflammation, leading to an increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer.
4. Breast metaplasia: This is a condition where the breast tissue is replaced by cells that are similar to those found in the salivary glands. This can occur as a result of chronic inflammation, leading to an increased risk of developing salivary gland cancer.

Etiology and Pathophysiology:

Metaplasia is thought to be caused by chronic inflammation, which can lead to the replacement of one type of cell or tissue with another. This can occur as a result of a variety of factors, including infection, injury, or exposure to carcinogens. Once the metaplastic changes have occurred, there is an increased risk of developing cancer if the underlying cause is not addressed.

Clinical Presentation:

Patients with metaplasia may present with a variety of symptoms, depending on the location and extent of the condition. These can include pain, difficulty swallowing or breathing, coughing up blood, and weight loss. In some cases, patients may be asymptomatic and the condition may be detected incidentally during diagnostic testing for another condition.

Diagnosis:

The diagnosis of metaplasia is typically made based on a combination of clinical findings, radiologic imaging (such as CT scans or endoscopies), and histopathological examination of biopsy specimens. Imaging studies can help to identify the location and extent of the metaplastic changes, while histopathology can confirm the presence of the metaplastic cells and rule out other potential diagnoses.

Treatment:

Treatment for metaplasia depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, treatment may involve addressing the underlying cause, such as removing a tumor or treating an infection. In other cases, treatment may be directed at managing symptoms and preventing complications. This can include medications to reduce inflammation and pain, as well as surgery to remove affected tissue.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for metaplasia varies depending on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In general, the prognosis is good for patients with benign metaplastic changes, while those with malignant changes may have a poorer prognosis if the cancer is not treated promptly and effectively.

Complications:

Metaplasia can lead to a number of complications, including:

1. Cancer: Metaplastic changes can sometimes progress to cancer, which can be life-threatening.
2. Obstruction: The growth of metaplastic cells can block the normal functioning of the organ or gland, leading to obstruction and potentially life-threatening complications.
3. Inflammation: Metaplasia can lead to chronic inflammation, which can cause scarring and further damage to the affected tissue.
4. Bleeding: Metaplastic changes can increase the risk of bleeding, particularly if they occur in the digestive tract or other organs.

The main symptoms of MCS include:

1. Diarrhea: One of the most common symptoms of MCS is diarrhea, which can be severe and watery.
2. Flushing: A characteristic flushing of the face, neck, and rest of the body, often accompanied by a feeling of warmth.
3. Abdominal pain: Pain in the abdomen is common, particularly if the tumor has spread to other organs.
4. Weight loss: MCS can lead to weight loss due to decreased appetite and malabsorption.
5. Fatigue: Patients with MCS often experience fatigue, which can be severe.
6. Nausea and vomiting: These symptoms are common in patients with MCS.
7. Shortness of breath: If the tumor has spread to the lungs, shortness of breath may occur.
8. Coughing up blood: This is a rare but serious complication of MCS.

The diagnosis of MCS is based on a combination of clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment options for MCS include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and somatostatin analogs, which are medications that can help reduce the symptoms of the syndrome.

In conclusion, malignant carcinoid syndrome is a rare but serious condition that can cause a range of symptoms, including diarrhea, flushing, abdominal pain, weight loss, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, shortness of breath, and coughing up blood. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to improve the prognosis for patients with MCS.

There are several types of chromosome aberrations, including:

1. Chromosomal deletions: Loss of a portion of a chromosome.
2. Chromosomal duplications: Extra copies of a chromosome or a portion of a chromosome.
3. Chromosomal translocations: A change in the position of a chromosome or a portion of a chromosome.
4. Chromosomal inversions: A reversal of a segment of a chromosome.
5. Chromosomal amplifications: An increase in the number of copies of a particular chromosome or gene.

Chromosome aberrations can be detected through various techniques, such as karyotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), or array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). These tests can help identify changes in the chromosomal makeup of cells and provide information about the underlying genetic causes of disease.

Chromosome aberrations are associated with a wide range of diseases, including:

1. Cancer: Chromosome abnormalities are common in cancer cells and can contribute to the development and progression of cancer.
2. Birth defects: Many birth defects are caused by chromosome abnormalities, such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21), which is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
3. Neurological disorders: Chromosome aberrations have been linked to various neurological disorders, including autism and intellectual disability.
4. Immunodeficiency diseases: Some immunodeficiency diseases, such as X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), are caused by chromosome abnormalities.
5. Infectious diseases: Chromosome aberrations can increase the risk of infection with certain viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
6. Ageing: Chromosome aberrations have been linked to the ageing process and may contribute to the development of age-related diseases.
7. Radiation exposure: Exposure to radiation can cause chromosome abnormalities, which can increase the risk of cancer and other diseases.
8. Genetic disorders: Many genetic disorders are caused by chromosome aberrations, such as Turner syndrome (45,X), which is caused by a missing X chromosome.
9. Rare diseases: Chromosome aberrations can cause rare diseases, such as Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY), which is caused by an extra copy of the X chromosome.
10. Infertility: Chromosome abnormalities can contribute to infertility in both men and women.

Understanding the causes and consequences of chromosome aberrations is important for developing effective treatments and improving human health.

Examples of hormone-dependent neoplasms include:

1. Breast cancer: Many breast cancers are estrogen receptor-positive (ER+), meaning that they grow in response to estrogen. These cancers can be treated with selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) or aromatase inhibitors, which block the effects of estrogen on cancer growth.
2. Prostate cancer: Some prostate cancers are androgen-dependent, meaning that they grow in response to androgens such as testosterone. These cancers can be treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), which reduces the levels of androgens in the body to slow or stop cancer growth.
3. Uterine cancer: Some uterine cancers are estrogen-dependent, meaning that they grow in response to estrogen. These cancers can be treated with hormone therapy to reduce estrogen levels.

Hormone-dependent neoplasms are often characterized by the presence of hormone receptors on the surface of the cancer cells. These receptors can bind to specific hormones and trigger signals that promote cancer growth and progression. Targeting these hormone receptors with hormone therapy can be an effective way to slow or stop the growth of these cancers.

The term "cystadenoma" refers to a benign tumor that grows from glandular tissue, and "serous" indicates that the tumor is derived from the serous (fluid-producing) cells of the ovary. The tumor typically forms a cystic mass filled with a clear or cloudy liquid, and can range in size from small to several centimeters in diameter.

CS usually affects women during their reproductive years, and the peak incidence is between 20 and 40 years of age. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, and vaginal bleeding, but many cases are asymptomatic and are detected incidentally during pelvic examination or imaging studies.

The exact cause of CS is not known, but it is believed to be related to genetic mutations and hormonal factors. The tumor cells have a characteristic immunophenotype, with expression of markers such as cytokeratin 7 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).

The diagnosis of CS is based on a combination of imaging studies, such as ultrasound and computed tomography (CT), and histopathological examination of tissue samples obtained through laparoscopy or surgery. Treatment options for CS include watchful waiting, fertility-sparing surgery, and total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (THBSO).

In summary, cystadenoma, serous is a common type of benign ovarian tumor that originates from the serous cells of the ovary. It typically affects women during their reproductive years and can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. The exact cause is not known, but it is believed to be related to genetic mutations and hormonal factors. Diagnosis is based on a combination of imaging studies and histopathological examination of tissue samples, and treatment options include watchful waiting, fertility-sparing surgery, and total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.

Biliary tract neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the biliary tract, which includes the liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

There are several types of biliary tract neoplasms, including:

1. Cholangiocarcinoma: This is a rare type of cancer that originates in the cells lining the bile ducts. It can occur in the liver or outside the liver.
2. Gallbladder cancer: This type of cancer occurs in the gallbladder and is relatively rare.
3. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer, which means it originates in the liver rather than spreading from another part of the body.
4. Bile duct cancer: This type of cancer occurs in the bile ducts that carry bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine.

Biliary tract neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including abdominal pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), weight loss, fatigue, and itching. These symptoms can be non-specific and may resemble those of other conditions, making diagnosis challenging.

Diagnosis of biliary tract neoplasms usually involves a combination of imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scans, MRI, and PET scans, as well as biopsies to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options for biliary tract neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these.

Benign tonsillar neoplasms include:

1. Tonsilloliths: Small, round or oval-shaped growths that form on the surface of the tonsils.
2. Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, often caused by a bacterial infection.
3. Tonsillectomy: A surgical procedure to remove the tonsils, usually performed for recurrent tonsillitis or sleep disorders.
4. Tonsillar abscess: A collection of pus on the tonsils, usually caused by a bacterial infection.
5. Tonsillar crypts: Small, hidden pockets on the surface of the tonsils that can collect debris and become infected.

Malignant tonsillar neoplasms include:

1. Squamous cell carcinoma: A type of cancer that originates in the squamous cells that cover the surface of the tonsils.
2. Adenoid cystic carcinoma: A rare type of cancer that originates in the glandular cells of the tonsils.
3. Lymphoma: Cancer of the immune system that can affect the tonsils.
4. Metastatic carcinoma: Cancer that has spread to the tonsils from another part of the body.

The diagnosis of tonsillar neoplasms is based on a combination of clinical examination, imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and biopsy. Treatment options vary depending on the type and severity of the neoplasm, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy.

Symptoms of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome can include abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and ulcers in the stomach and small intestine. Treatment options for the condition include surgery to remove the tumors, medications to reduce acid production in the stomach, and therapies to manage symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal pain.

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is a rare disorder that affects approximately 1 in 50,000 to 1 in 100,000 people worldwide. It can occur at any age but is most commonly diagnosed in adults between the ages of 30 and 60 years old. The condition is more common in women than in men.

The exact cause of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to genetic mutations that occur in the tumors. In some cases, the condition may be inherited from a parent. Other risk factors for developing Zollinger-Ellison syndrome include having a family history of the condition, having other endocrine tumors, or taking certain medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or proton pump inhibitors (PPIs).

Overall, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is a rare and complex condition that requires specialized medical care to diagnose and treat. With appropriate treatment, many people with the condition can experience significant improvement in symptoms and quality of life.

Some common types of pituitary neoplasms include:

1. Adenomas: These are benign tumors that grow slowly and often do not cause any symptoms in the early stages.
2. Craniopharyngiomas: These are rare, slow-growing tumors that can be benign or malignant. They can affect the pituitary gland, the hypothalamus, and other areas of the brain.
3. Pituitary carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that grow quickly and can spread to other parts of the body.
4. Pituitary metastases: These are tumors that have spread to the pituitary gland from another part of the body, such as breast cancer or lung cancer.

Symptoms of pituitary neoplasms can vary depending on the size and location of the tumor, but they may include:

* Headaches
* Vision changes, such as blurred vision or loss of peripheral vision
* Hormonal imbalances, which can lead to a variety of symptoms including fatigue, weight gain or loss, and irregular menstrual cycles
* Cognitive changes, such as memory loss or difficulty with concentration
* Pressure on the brain, which can cause nausea, vomiting, and weakness or numbness in the limbs

Diagnosis of pituitary neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as MRI or CT scans, and hormone testing to determine the level of hormones in the blood. Treatment options can vary depending on the type and size of the tumor, but they may include:

* Watchful waiting: Small, benign tumors may not require immediate treatment and can be monitored with regular imaging tests.
* Medications: Hormone replacement therapy or medications to control hormone levels may be used to manage symptoms.
* Surgery: Tumors can be removed through a transsphenoidal surgery, which involves removing the tumor through the nasal cavity and sphenoid sinus.
* Radiation therapy: May be used to treat residual tumor tissue after surgery or in cases where the tumor cannot be completely removed with surgery.

Overall, pituitary neoplasms are rare and can have a significant impact on the body if left untreated. If you suspect you may have a pituitary neoplasm, it is important to seek medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Rare diseases can be caused by genetic mutations, infections, allergies, or other factors, and they can affect any part of the body. Some examples of rare diseases include cystic fibrosis, Huntington's disease, sickle cell anemia, and Tay-Sachs disease.

Because rare diseases are so uncommon, they often receive less attention and funding for research and treatment than more common conditions. However, there are organizations and resources available to support individuals with rare diseases and their families. These include patient advocacy groups, research foundations, and specialized healthcare providers.

Some of the key features of rare diseases include:

1. Low prevalence: Rare diseases affect a small percentage of the population, typically less than 1%.
2. Limited understanding: Many rare diseases are not well understood, and their causes and mechanisms are not yet fully understood.
3. Lack of effective treatments: There may be limited or no effective treatments for rare diseases, leading to a significant impact on quality of life.
4. High cost: Treatment for rare diseases can be expensive, and the financial burden can be significant for families and individuals affected.
5. Limited access to care: Due to the rarity of the disease, individuals may have limited access to specialized healthcare providers and resources.

Rare diseases are a significant public health concern, as they affect millions of people worldwide and can have a profound impact on their quality of life. There is a need for increased research, advocacy, and support for individuals with rare diseases and their families.

Villous adenomas are characterized by a villous surface, which is covered with finger-like projections called villi. These villi have a large surface area, allowing for increased absorption of nutrients and secretion of hormones and other substances.

Villous adenomas are typically less than 1 cm in size and are often found incidentally during diagnostic procedures such as colonoscopy or barium enema. They are usually asymptomatic, but may cause bleeding or obstruction if they become large enough.

The risk of malignant transformation for villous adenomas is low, ranging from 0-15%. However, the presence of multiple villous adenomas, a larger size, and certain histological features such as dysplasia or an irregular border may increase the risk of malignancy.

Treatment of villous adenomas usually involves polypectomy, which is the removal of the polyp using endoscopy or surgery. Follow-up colonoscopies are often recommended to monitor for any recurrences or new polyps. In some cases, patients with multiple or large villous adenomas may be considered for prophylactic colectomy, which is the preventive removal of the colon to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer.

In summary, villous adenomas are precancerous growths in the colon that have a low risk of malignant transformation but can cause bleeding or obstruction if left untreated. They are typically found incidentally during diagnostic procedures and are treated with polypectomy or prophylactic colectomy.

1. Parvovirus (Parvo): A highly contagious viral disease that affects dogs of all ages and breeds, causing symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and severe dehydration.
2. Distemper: A serious viral disease that can affect dogs of all ages and breeds, causing symptoms such as fever, coughing, and seizures.
3. Rabies: A deadly viral disease that affects dogs and other animals, transmitted through the saliva of infected animals, and causing symptoms such as aggression, confusion, and paralysis.
4. Heartworms: A common condition caused by a parasitic worm that infects the heart and lungs of dogs, leading to symptoms such as coughing, fatigue, and difficulty breathing.
5. Ticks and fleas: These external parasites can cause skin irritation, infection, and disease in dogs, including Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis.
6. Canine hip dysplasia (CHD): A genetic condition that affects the hip joint of dogs, causing symptoms such as arthritis, pain, and mobility issues.
7. Osteosarcoma: A type of bone cancer that affects dogs, often diagnosed in older dogs and causing symptoms such as lameness, swelling, and pain.
8. Allergies: Dog allergies can cause skin irritation, ear infections, and other health issues, and may be triggered by environmental factors or specific ingredients in their diet.
9. Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV): A life-threatening condition that occurs when a dog's stomach twists and fills with gas, causing symptoms such as vomiting, pain, and difficulty breathing.
10. Cruciate ligament injuries: Common in active dogs, these injuries can cause joint instability, pain, and mobility issues.

It is important to monitor your dog's health regularly and seek veterinary care if you notice any changes or abnormalities in their behavior, appetite, or physical condition.

1. Endometrial carcinoma (cancer that starts in the lining of the uterus)
2. Uterine papillary serous carcinoma (cancer that starts in the muscle layer of the uterus)
3. Leiomyosarcoma (cancer that starts in the smooth muscle of the uterus)
4. Adenocarcinoma (cancer that starts in the glands of the endometrium)
5. Clear cell carcinoma (cancer that starts in the cells that resemble the lining of the uterus)
6. Sarcoma (cancer that starts in the connective tissue of the uterus)
7. Mixed tumors (cancers that have features of more than one type of uterine cancer)

These types of cancers can affect women of all ages and are more common in postmenopausal women. Risk factors for developing uterine neoplasms include obesity, tamoxifen use, and a history of endometrial hyperplasia (thickening of the lining of the uterus).

Symptoms of uterine neoplasms can include:

1. Abnormal vaginal bleeding (heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding, spotting, or postmenopausal bleeding)
2. Postmenopausal bleeding
3. Pelvic pain or discomfort
4. Vaginal discharge
5. Weakness and fatigue
6. Weight loss
7. Pain during sex
8. Increased urination or frequency of urination
9. Abnormal Pap test results (abnormal cells found on the cervix)

If you have any of these symptoms, it is essential to consult your healthcare provider for proper evaluation and treatment. A diagnosis of uterine neoplasms can be made through several methods, including:

1. Endometrial biopsy (a small sample of tissue is removed from the lining of the uterus)
2. Dilation and curettage (D&C; a surgical procedure to remove tissue from the inside of the uterus)
3. Hysteroscopy (a thin, lighted tube with a camera is inserted through the cervix to view the inside of the uterus)
4. Imaging tests (such as ultrasound or MRI)

Treatment for uterine neoplasms depends on the type and stage of cancer. Common treatments include:

1. Hysterectomy (removal of the uterus)
2. Radiation therapy (uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells)
3. Chemotherapy (uses drugs to kill cancer cells)
4. Targeted therapy (uses drugs to target specific cancer cells)
5. Clinical trials (research studies to test new treatments)

It is essential for women to be aware of their bodies and any changes that occur, particularly after menopause. Regular pelvic exams and screenings can help detect uterine neoplasms at an early stage, when they are more treatable. If you experience any symptoms or have concerns about your health, talk to your healthcare provider. They can help determine the cause of your symptoms and recommend appropriate treatment.

There are several types of sebaceous gland neoplasms, including:

1. Sebaceous adenoma: A benign tumor that is usually small and slow-growing. It can be found on the face, neck, or torso.
2. Sebaceous carcinoma: A malignant tumor that is rare but aggressive. It can be found on the eyelids, nose, or forehead.
3. Basal cell carcinoma: A type of skin cancer that can occur in the sebaceous glands. It usually appears as a small bump or nodule and can be treated with surgery or radiation therapy.
4. Squamous cell carcinoma: Another type of skin cancer that can occur in the sebaceous glands. It is more aggressive than basal cell carcinoma and can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.

The symptoms of sebaceous gland neoplasms can vary depending on the type of tumor and its location. Some common symptoms include:

* A small, painless lump or nodule on the skin
* Redness or inflammation around the tumor
* Discharge of pus or oil from the tumor
* Swelling or bruising in the affected area
* Pain or discomfort in the affected area

Sebaceous gland neoplasms are usually diagnosed with a biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of tissue from the affected area and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells. Treatment options can vary depending on the type and stage of the tumor, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.

Preventative measures to reduce the risk of developing sebaceous gland neoplasms include:

* Protecting the skin from the sun by using sunscreen, wearing protective clothing, and seeking shade when the sun is strongest
* Avoiding excessive alcohol consumption
* Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
* Avoiding exposure to chemicals and other substances that can damage the skin

Early detection and treatment of sebaceous gland neoplasms are important for successful outcomes. If you notice any changes or abnormalities in your skin, it is important to see a dermatologist as soon as possible.

Explanation: Genetic predisposition to disease is influenced by multiple factors, including the presence of inherited genetic mutations or variations, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices. The likelihood of developing a particular disease can be increased by inherited genetic mutations that affect the functioning of specific genes or biological pathways. For example, inherited mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes increase the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer.

The expression of genetic predisposition to disease can vary widely, and not all individuals with a genetic predisposition will develop the disease. Additionally, many factors can influence the likelihood of developing a particular disease, such as environmental exposures, lifestyle choices, and other health conditions.

Inheritance patterns: Genetic predisposition to disease can be inherited in an autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or multifactorial pattern, depending on the specific disease and the genetic mutations involved. Autosomal dominant inheritance means that a single copy of the mutated gene is enough to cause the disease, while autosomal recessive inheritance requires two copies of the mutated gene. Multifactorial inheritance involves multiple genes and environmental factors contributing to the development of the disease.

Examples of diseases with a known genetic predisposition:

1. Huntington's disease: An autosomal dominant disorder caused by an expansion of a CAG repeat in the Huntingtin gene, leading to progressive neurodegeneration and cognitive decline.
2. Cystic fibrosis: An autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, leading to respiratory and digestive problems.
3. BRCA1/2-related breast and ovarian cancer: An inherited increased risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer due to mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes.
4. Sickle cell anemia: An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a point mutation in the HBB gene, leading to defective hemoglobin production and red blood cell sickling.
5. Type 1 diabetes: An autoimmune disease caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including multiple genes in the HLA complex.

Understanding the genetic basis of disease can help with early detection, prevention, and treatment. For example, genetic testing can identify individuals who are at risk for certain diseases, allowing for earlier intervention and preventive measures. Additionally, understanding the genetic basis of a disease can inform the development of targeted therapies and personalized medicine."


The most common symptoms of anus neoplasms are bleeding from the anus, pain or discomfort in the anal area, itching or burning sensation in the anus, and a lump or swelling near the anus. These symptoms can be caused by various conditions, including hemorrhoids, anal fissures, and infections. However, if these symptoms persist or worsen over time, they may indicate the presence of an anus neoplasm.

The diagnosis of anus neoplasms is typically made through a combination of physical examination, endoscopy, and imaging tests such as CT scans or MRI scans. A biopsy may also be performed to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment for anus neoplasms depends on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery is often the primary treatment option, and may involve removing the tumor, a portion of the anus, or the entire anus. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy may also be used to shrink the tumor before surgery or to kill any remaining cancer cells after surgery.

Prevention of anus neoplasms is not always possible, but certain measures can reduce the risk of developing these types of cancers. These include maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle, avoiding exposure to carcinogens such as tobacco smoke, and practicing safe sex to prevent human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, which can increase the risk of anus neoplasms. Early detection and treatment of precancerous changes in the anus, such as anal intraepithelial neoplasia, can also help prevent the development of invasive anus neoplasms.

Cystic neoplasms are fluid-filled sacs that grow in the body. They can be benign or malignant and can arise from a variety of tissues, including the ovaries, pancreas, and lungs. Mucinous neoplasms are tumors that produce mucin, a type of protein found in mucus. These tumors can occur in the breast, ovary, or colon, and are often benign.

Serous neoplasms are tumors that arise from the serous membranes, which are the thin layers of tissue that line the cavities of the body. Examples of serous neoplasms include ovarian cancer and mesothelioma. These tumors can be benign or malignant.

In summary, neoplasms, cystic, mucinous, and serous are different types of tumors that can occur in various organs and tissues throughout the body. While they can be benign, many of these tumors are malignant and can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.

Cecal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the cecum, which is a part of the large intestine. The cecum is a pouch-like structure located at the junction of the small and large intestines. Cecal neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Types of Cecal Neoplasms

There are several types of cecal neoplasms, including:

1. Adenoma: A benign tumor that arises from the glandular cells lining the cecum.
2. Villous adenoma: A type of adenoma that is characterized by the growth of villi, which are finger-like projections of epithelial tissue.
3. Tubulovillous adenoma: A type of adenoma that is characterized by the growth of tubular and villous structures.
4. Mucinous cystic neoplasm: A benign tumor that arises from the mucin-secreting cells lining the cecum.
5. Intraepithelial neoplasms: Precancerous changes that occur in the epithelial cells lining the cecum.
6. Carcinoma: A malignant tumor that arises from the epithelial cells lining the cecum.
7. Squamous cell carcinoma: A type of carcinoma that is characterized by the growth of squamous cells.
8. Adenocarcinoma: A type of carcinoma that is characterized by the growth of glandular cells.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact causes of cecal neoplasms are not known, but several risk factors have been identified, including:

1. Age: The risk of developing cecal neoplasms increases with age.
2. Family history: Having a family history of colon cancer or other gastrointestinal cancers increases the risk of developing cecal neoplasms.
3. Inflammatory bowel disease: People with inflammatory bowel diseases, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are at higher risk of developing cecal neoplasms.
4. Genetic mutations: Some genetic mutations, such as those associated with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and Lynch syndrome, increase the risk of developing cecal neoplasms.
5. Diet and lifestyle factors: A diet high in processed meat and low in fiber may increase the risk of developing cecal neoplasms.

Symptoms

Cecal neoplasms may not cause any symptoms in the early stages, but as they grow, they can cause a variety of symptoms, including:

1. Abdominal pain or discomfort
2. Changes in bowel movements (such as diarrhea or constipation)
3. Blood in the stool
4. Weakness and fatigue
5. Loss of appetite
6. Unexplained weight loss

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of cecal neoplasms is based on a combination of clinical findings, imaging studies, and pathological examination of tissue samples. The following tests may be used to diagnose cecal neoplasms:

1. Endoscopy: A flexible tube with a camera and light on the end is inserted through the mouth or rectum to visualize the inside of the cecum and collect tissue samples.
2. Imaging studies: Computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or positron emission tomography (PET) scans may be used to identify any abnormalities in the cecum and surrounding tissues.
3. Biopsy: A sample of tissue is taken from the cecum during endoscopy or surgery and examined under a microscope for cancer cells.
4. Blood tests: Blood tests may be used to check for certain substances in the blood that are associated with cancer, such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA).

Treatment

The treatment of cecal neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the cancer. The following options may be considered:

1. Surgery: Surgical removal of the cancerous tissue may be recommended for early-stage cancers.
2. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be used in combination with surgery or as a standalone treatment for more advanced cancers.
3. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy may be used in combination with chemotherapy or surgery to treat cancer that has spread to other parts of the body.
4. Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy may be used to treat specific genetic mutations that are driving the growth of the cancer.

Prognosis

The prognosis for cecal neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the cancer at the time of diagnosis. In general, early-stage cancers have a better prognosis than more advanced cancers. Factors that may affect prognosis include:

1. Type of cancer: The type of cancer present in the cecum can impact prognosis. For example, adenocarcinoma has a better prognosis than squamous cell carcinoma.
2. Stage of cancer: Cancers that have spread to other parts of the body (metastasized) have a poorer prognosis than those that are localized to the cecum.
3. Age and overall health: Older patients or those with underlying health conditions may have a poorer prognosis than younger, healthier individuals.
4. Treatment options: The effectiveness of treatment can also impact prognosis. Patients who receive early and appropriate treatment may have a better prognosis than those who do not receive timely treatment.

Survival rate

The survival rate for cecal neoplasms is generally lower than for other types of gastrointestinal cancers. According to the American Cancer Society, the 5-year survival rate for cecal cancer is approximately 20%. This means that of patients diagnosed with cecal cancer, about 20% are still alive 5 years after their initial diagnosis. However, it's important to note that this is a general estimate and individual prognosis can vary based on a variety of factors.

Lifestyle changes

There are several lifestyle changes that may help reduce the risk of developing cecal neoplasms or improve outcomes for those who have been diagnosed:

1. Maintain a healthy diet and weight: Eating a balanced diet high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can help reduce the risk of developing cecal cancer. Additionally, maintaining a healthy weight can help reduce the risk of developing many types of cancer.
2. Exercise regularly: Regular physical activity has been shown to reduce the risk of developing many types of cancer, including cecal cancer.
3. Avoid tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption: Tobacco use and excessive alcohol consumption have both been linked to an increased risk of developing cecal cancer. Quitting smoking and limiting alcohol intake can help reduce the risk of developing this disease.
4. Manage chronic conditions: Chronic conditions such as diabetes, obesity, and inflammatory bowel disease can increase the risk of developing cecal cancer. Managing these conditions through lifestyle changes and medication can help reduce the risk of developing this disease.
5. Get regular screenings: Regular screenings for colon cancer, such as colonoscopies, can help detect cecal cancer at an early stage when it is more treatable.
6. Consider aspirin therapy: Some studies have suggested that taking a low-dose aspirin every day may help reduce the risk of developing colorectal cancer, including cecal cancer. However, aspirin therapy is not right for everyone, and individuals should talk to their doctor before starting any new medication.
7. Don't delay symptoms: If you experience any symptoms that may be related to cecal cancer, such as abdominal pain or changes in bowel movements, don't delay seeking medical attention. These symptoms can also be caused by other conditions, but it is important to get them checked out by a healthcare professional.

It is important to note that these recommendations are not a guarantee against developing cecal cancer, and individuals should talk to their doctor about their specific risk factors and any additional steps they can take to reduce their risk of developing this disease.

Symptoms of Endometrial Hyperplasia:

The symptoms of endometrial hyperplasia may include:

* Abnormal vaginal bleeding or spotting
* Heavy menstrual periods
* Prolonged menstrual periods
* Painful periods
* Abdominal pain or discomfort

Diagnosis of Endometrial Hyperplasia:

To diagnose endometrial hyperplasia, a doctor may perform the following tests:

* Pelvic examination to check for any abnormalities in the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes.
* Endometrial biopsy to collect a sample of tissue from the endometrium for further examination under a microscope.
* Ultrasound to create images of the uterus and check for any abnormal growths or tumors.
* Hysteroscopy, which is a procedure where a small camera is inserted into the uterus through the cervix to examine the inside of the uterus.

Treatment of Endometrial Hyperplasia:

The treatment of endometrial hyperplasia depends on the severity of the condition and may include:

* Hormonal medications to regulate hormone levels and reduce the growth of the endometrium.
* Endometrial ablation, which is a procedure that destroys the endometrium using heat or cold.
* Hysterectomy, which is the surgical removal of the uterus.

Prevention of Endometrial Hyperplasia:

To prevent endometrial hyperplasia, women can take the following steps:

* Maintain a healthy weight to reduce the risk of hormonal imbalances.
* Exercise regularly to improve overall health and reduce the risk of hormonal imbalances.
* Avoid exposure to endocrine disruptors, such as pesticides and herbicides, which can mimic or interfere with hormones in the body.
* Limit alcohol consumption, as excessive alcohol consumption can increase the risk of hormonal imbalances.
* Eat a balanced diet that is rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, which can help regulate hormone levels.
* Consider taking supplements such as vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids, which have been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects and may help regulate hormone levels.

It is important for women to talk to their healthcare provider about their individual risk factors for endometrial hyperplasia and any steps they can take to prevent the condition.

Some common types of ear neoplasms include:

1. Acoustic neuroma: This is a type of benign tumor that grows on the nerve that connects the inner ear to the brain. It is usually slow-growing and can cause symptoms such as hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and balance problems.
2. Osteosarcoma: This is a type of malignant bone cancer that can affect the middle ear. It is rare and typically affects children and young adults.
3. Cholesteatoma: This is a benign tumor that grows in the middle ear and can cause symptoms such as hearing loss, ear discharge, and facial weakness or paralysis.
4. Meningioma: This is a type of tumor that grows on the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. It can affect the ear and cause symptoms such as hearing loss, tinnitus, and balance problems.
5. Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CEP): This is a rare type of malignant tumor that develops in the salivary glands near the ear. It can cause symptoms such as facial weakness or paralysis, hearing loss, and difficulty swallowing.

Ear neoplasms can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans), biopsies, and auditory brainstem implantation. Treatment options for ear neoplasms depend on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the severity of the symptoms. Some common treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

Cushing syndrome is a rare hormonal disorder that occurs when the body produces too much cortisol, a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal gland. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including tumors, infections, and genetic conditions.

The symptoms of Cushing syndrome can vary depending on the cause and severity of the condition, but may include:

* Weight gain, particularly in the abdomen, face, and neck
* Fatigue and muscle weakness
* Poor sleep
* Mood changes, such as anxiety, depression, and irritability
* High blood pressure
* Easy bruising and thinning skin
* Osteoporosis or osteopenia
* Increased risk of infections
* Menstrual irregularities in women
* Hirsutism (excessive hair growth) in women
* Erectile dysfunction in men

Cushing syndrome can be difficult to diagnose, as the symptoms can be similar to other conditions. A healthcare provider will typically begin by taking a detailed medical history and performing a physical exam. They may also order several tests, including:

* Blood tests to measure cortisol levels and look for other hormonal imbalances
* Urine tests to check for abnormal steroid metabolites
* Imaging studies, such as CT or MRI scans, to look for tumors or other structural abnormalities
* Salivary cortisol testing to measure cortisol levels throughout the day

Treatment for Cushing syndrome depends on the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, medication may be prescribed to reduce cortisol production or to treat symptoms such as high blood pressure or mood changes. Surgery may be necessary to remove a tumor or other structural abnormality. In addition, lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise may be recommended to help manage the condition.

It is important for individuals with Cushing syndrome to work closely with their healthcare provider to develop a treatment plan that is tailored to their specific needs and circumstances. With appropriate treatment, many people with Cushing syndrome can experience significant improvement in their symptoms and quality of life.

Symptoms of ectopic ACTH syndrome can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include:

* Weight gain and obesity
* High blood pressure
* Diabetes
* Cardiovascular problems such as heart disease and stroke
* Fatigue and weakness
* Muscle wasting and osteoporosis
* Sexual dysfunction
* Menstrual irregularities in women
* Breathing difficulties due to a large tumor pressing on the lungs or airways.

Ectopic ACTH syndrome is usually diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as blood cortisol levels and imaging studies (e.g., CT scans, MRI). Treatment typically involves surgery to remove the tumor, as well as medications to control cortisol levels and manage symptoms. Radiation therapy may also be used in some cases.

Ectopic ACTH syndrome is a rare condition that can have serious consequences if left untreated. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent long-term complications and improve quality of life.

Mediastinal neoplasms are tumors or abnormal growths that occur in the mediastinum, which is the area between the lungs in the chest cavity. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Types of Mediastinal Neoplasms
------------------------------

There are several types of mediastinal neoplasms, including:

1. Thymoma: A tumor that originates in the thymus gland.
2. Thymic carcinoma: A malignant tumor that originates in the thymus gland.
3. Lymphoma: Cancer of the immune system that can occur in the mediastinum.
4. Germ cell tumors: Tumors that originate from germ cells, which are cells that form eggs or sperm.
5. Neuroendocrine tumors: Tumors that originate from cells of the nervous system and produce hormones.
6. Mesothelioma: A type of cancer that occurs in the lining of the chest cavity.
7. Metastatic tumors: Tumors that have spread to the mediastinum from another part of the body, such as the breast, lung, or colon.

Symptoms of Mediastinal Neoplasms
------------------------------

The symptoms of mediastinal neoplasms can vary depending on the type and location of the tumor. Some common symptoms include:

1. Chest pain or discomfort
2. Shortness of breath
3. Coughing
4. Fatigue
5. Weight loss
6. Swelling in the neck or face
7. Pain in the shoulders or arms
8. Coughing up blood
9. Hoarseness or difficulty swallowing

Diagnosis and Treatment of Mediastinal Neoplasms
-----------------------------------------------

The diagnosis of mediastinal neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging tests such as chest X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) scans. A biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment for mediastinal neoplasms depends on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options can include:

1. Surgery: Surgical removal of the tumor may be possible for some types of mediastinal neoplasms.
2. Radiation therapy: High-energy beams can be used to kill cancer cells.
3. Chemotherapy: Drugs can be used to kill cancer cells.
4. Targeted therapy: Drugs that target specific molecules involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells.
5. Immunotherapy: A type of treatment that uses the body's immune system to fight cancer.

Prognosis for Mediastinal Neoplasms
---------------------------------

The prognosis for mediastinal neoplasms depends on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. In general, the prognosis is good for benign tumors, while the prognosis is guarded for malignant tumors. Factors that can affect the prognosis include:

1. Tumor size and location
2. Type of tumor
3. Extent of cancer spread
4. Patient's age and overall health
5. Response to treatment

Lifestyle Changes for Patients with Mediastinal Neoplasms
---------------------------------------------------

Patients with mediastinal neoplasms may need to make lifestyle changes to help manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life. These can include:

1. Eating a healthy diet
2. Getting regular exercise
3. Avoiding smoking and alcohol
4. Managing stress
5. Getting enough rest and sleep
6. Attending follow-up appointments with the doctor

Conclusion
----------

Mediastinal neoplasms are tumors that occur in the mediastinum, a region of the chest between the lungs. They can be benign or malignant, and their symptoms and treatment options vary depending on the type and location of the tumor. If you have been diagnosed with a mediastinal neoplasm, it is important to work closely with your healthcare team to determine the best course of treatment and manage any symptoms you may be experiencing. With appropriate treatment and lifestyle changes, many patients with mediastinal neoplasms can achieve long-term survival and a good quality of life.

Benign fallopian tube neoplasms include:

* Serous cystadenomas: These are fluid-filled sacs that grow on the lining of the fallopian tube. They are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.
* Mucinous cystadenomas: These are similar to serous cystadenomas, but they contain a thick, mucous-like fluid.
* Adenomas: These are small, glandular tumors that grow on the lining of the fallopian tube. They are usually benign but can sometimes become cancerous over time.

Malignant fallopian tube neoplasms include:

* Fallopian tube carcinoma: This is a rare form of cancer that originates in the fallopian tube. It can be either serous or endometrioid type, depending on the type of cells involved.
* Endometrial adenocarcinoma: This is a type of cancer that originates in the lining of the uterus (endometrium) and can also involve the fallopian tubes.

The symptoms of fallopian tube neoplasms can vary depending on their size, location, and type. Some common symptoms include:

* Abnormal vaginal bleeding
* Pelvic pain or discomfort
* Abdominal pain or swelling
* Difficulty urinating or defecating
* Weakness or fatigue

The diagnosis of fallopian tube neoplasms is based on a combination of imaging studies, such as ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) scans, and tissue sampling, such as biopsy or surgical removal of the tumor. Treatment options for fallopian tube neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's age, overall health, and fertility status.

Treatment options for fallopian tube neoplasms can include:

* Surgical removal of the tumor: This is the most common treatment for fallopian tube neoplasms, and it involves removing the affected fallopian tube and any other affected tissues.
* Chemotherapy: This is a treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells, and it may be used in combination with surgery or as a standalone treatment for more advanced cancers.
* Radiation therapy: This is a treatment that uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells, and it may be used in combination with surgery or chemotherapy.
* Hysterectomy: This is a surgical removal of the uterus, and it may be recommended for more advanced cancers that have spread beyond the fallopian tubes.
* Conservative management: In some cases, small, non-invasive tumors may be monitored with regular check-ups and imaging studies rather than undergoing immediate treatment.

The prognosis for fallopian tube neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type and stage of the cancer, the patient's age and overall health, and the effectiveness of the treatment. In general, the prognosis is good for women with early-stage tumors that are treated successfully, but the prognosis is poorer for women with more advanced cancers.

Types of Parathyroid Neoplasms: There are several types of parathyroid neoplasms, including:

1. Adenoma: A benign tumor that is the most common type of parathyroid neoplasm. It usually causes hyperparathyroidism, a condition characterized by high levels of calcium in the blood.
2. Hyperplasia: A condition where the parathyroid glands become enlarged and produce excessive amounts of parathyroid hormone, leading to hyperparathyroidism.
3. Carcinoma: A malignant tumor that is rare and usually occurs in patients with a history of radiation exposure or familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP).

Symptoms of Parathyroid Neoplasms: The symptoms of parathyroid neoplasms can vary depending on the type and size of the tumor. Some common symptoms include:

1. Hyperparathyroidism: High levels of calcium in the blood, which can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and weakness.
2. Enlarged thyroid gland: A swelling in the neck due to an enlarged thyroid gland, which can cause difficulty swallowing or breathing.
3. Pain in the neck or throat: A painful lump in the neck or throat that can be caused by a tumor pressing on nearby structures.
4. Fever: An elevated body temperature that can occur if the tumor becomes infected or inflamed.
5. Weight loss: Unexplained weight loss, which can occur if the tumor is secreting excessive amounts of parathyroid hormone.

Diagnosis of Parathyroid Neoplasms: The diagnosis of parathyroid neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging studies and laboratory tests. Some common diagnostic procedures include:

1. Ultrasound: A non-invasive imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of the thyroid gland and any tumors present.
2. Thyroid scan: A nuclear medicine test that involves injecting a small amount of radioactive material into the bloodstream to visualize the thyroid gland and any tumors present.
3. Calcium levels: Blood tests to measure calcium levels, which can be elevated in hyperparathyroidism.
4. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) level: A blood test to measure PTH levels, which can be elevated in hyperparathyroidism.
5. Biopsy: A procedure that involves removing a small sample of tissue from the thyroid gland and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.

Treatment of Parathyroid Neoplasms: The treatment of parathyroid neoplasms depends on the type and size of the tumor, as well as the severity of hyperparathyroidism. Some common treatments include:

1. Surgery: The primary treatment for parathyroid neoplastic diseases is surgical removal of the affected parathyroid gland(s).
2. Radioactive iodine ablation: A therapy that involves taking a small dose of radioactive iodine to destroy any remaining thyroid tissue that may be producing excessive amounts of thyroid hormones.
3. Thyroid hormone medications: Medications that are used to control hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.
4. Calcium and vitamin D supplements: Medications that are used to treat hypocalcemia and vitamin D deficiency.
5. Monitoring: Regular monitoring of calcium levels, PTH levels, and symptoms is important to ensure that the treatment is effective and to detect any recurrences or complications.

Prognosis: The prognosis for patients with parathyroid neoplasms depends on the type and size of the tumor, as well as the severity of hyperparathyroidism. In general, the prognosis is good for patients who undergo surgical removal of the affected gland(s), but it may be poorer for those with more advanced or invasive tumors.

Complications: Complications of parathyroid neoplasms include:

1. Hyperparathyroidism: Excessive production of PTH can lead to hyperthyroidism, hypocalcemia, and other complications.
2. Recurrence: There is a risk of recurrence after surgical removal of the affected gland(s).
3. Spread of disease: In rare cases, parathyroid tumors can spread to other parts of the body (such as the lymph nodes or bones) and cause metastatic disease.
4. Hypoparathyroidism: Removal of all four parathyroid glands can lead to hypoparathyroidism, which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly.
5. Pancreatitis: Some studies have suggested that there may be an increased risk of pancreatitis in patients with parathyroid neoplasms.

Mesothelial neoplasms are relatively rare compared to other types of cancer, but they can be aggressive and difficult to treat. The most common type of mesothelial neoplasm is malignant mesothelioma, which can arise from any of the three layers of mesothelium. Other less common types include benign mesothelioma and sarcomatoid mesothelioma.

The symptoms of mesothelial neoplasms vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. They may include chest pain, abdominal pain, difficulty breathing, or swelling in the affected area. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging studies (such as CT scans or PET scans) and biopsy, where a sample of tissue is removed from the tumor for examination under a microscope.

Treatment options for mesothelial neoplasms depend on the location, size, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy may be used alone or in combination to treat the disease. Prognosis is generally poor for malignant mesothelioma, with a five-year survival rate of less than 10%. However, patients with benign mesothelioma have a better prognosis, with a five-year survival rate of up to 50%.

Some common effects of chromosomal deletions include:

1. Genetic disorders: Chromosomal deletions can lead to a variety of genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, which is caused by a deletion of a portion of chromosome 21. Other examples include Prader-Willi syndrome (deletion of chromosome 15), and Williams syndrome (deletion of chromosome 7).
2. Birth defects: Chromosomal deletions can increase the risk of birth defects, such as heart defects, cleft palate, and limb abnormalities.
3. Developmental delays: Children with chromosomal deletions may experience developmental delays, learning disabilities, and intellectual disability.
4. Increased cancer risk: Some chromosomal deletions can increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer, such as chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and breast cancer.
5. Reproductive problems: Chromosomal deletions can lead to reproductive problems, such as infertility or recurrent miscarriage.

Chromosomal deletions can be diagnosed through a variety of techniques, including karyotyping (examination of the chromosomes), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and microarray analysis. Treatment options for chromosomal deletions depend on the specific effects of the deletion and may include medication, surgery, or other forms of therapy.

Adenofibromas are usually slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. They may be small and firm or large and soft to the touch. They can be skin-colored or pink, and they may have a rough surface.

The cause of adenofibroma is not known, but it is thought to arise from abnormal growth of sweat gland cells. It is usually diagnosed by a dermatologist or a pathologist who examines a sample of the tumor under a microscope.

Treatment for adenofibroma is usually not necessary unless the tumor is causing symptoms or is cosmetically bothersome. In these cases, surgical removal of the tumor may be recommended. Complete removal of the tumor is usually possible, and the prognosis is excellent.

Sources:

* American Academy of Dermatology: Adenofibroma: Overview and Treatment Options
* Mayo Clinic: Adenofibroma: Symptoms and Causes
* Skin Cancer Foundation: Adenofibroma: Diagnosis and Treatment

The exact cause of cholangiocarcinoma is not known, but there are several risk factors that have been linked to the development of the disease. These include:

1. Chronic inflammation of the bile ducts (cholangitis)
2. Infection with certain viruses, such as hepatitis B and C
3. Genetic conditions, such as inherited syndromes that affect the liver and bile ducts
4. Exposure to certain chemicals, such as thorium dioxide
5. Obesity and metabolic disorders

The symptoms of cholangiocarcinoma can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. Common symptoms include:

1. Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
2. Itching all over the body
3. Fatigue
4. Loss of appetite
5. Abdominal pain and swelling
6. Weight loss
7. Nausea and vomiting

If cholangiocarcinoma is suspected, a doctor may perform several tests to confirm the diagnosis. These may include:

1. Imaging tests, such as CT scans, MRI scans, or PET scans
2. Blood tests to check for certain liver enzymes and bilirubin levels
3. Endoscopic ultrasound to examine the bile ducts
4. Biopsy to collect a sample of tissue from the suspected tumor

Treatment for cholangiocarcinoma depends on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery is often the first line of treatment, and may involve removing the tumor and a portion of the bile ducts. In more advanced cases, chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be used to shrink the tumor before surgery or to relieve symptoms.

It's important for patients with cholangiocarcinoma to work closely with their healthcare team to develop a personalized treatment plan and to monitor their condition regularly. With prompt and appropriate treatment, some patients with cholangiocarcinoma may experience long-term survival and a good quality of life.

Fibroadenomas can be diagnosed through a physical examination, mammography or ultrasound. They are usually benign and do not spread to other parts of the body, but in rare cases, they may grow larger over time. Treatment for fibroadenoma is usually watchful waiting, as the tumors often do not change in size or shape over time. Surgical removal may be recommended if the tumor becomes larger or causes symptoms such as pain or discomfort.

Fibroadenomas are different from fibrocystic breast changes, which are common and benign changes that occur in the breasts. Fibrocystic breast changes can cause discomfort or pain, but they are not tumors and do not increase the risk of developing breast cancer.

Benign lip neoplasms include:

1. Lipoma: a benign tumor composed of fat cells that is usually slow-growing and painless.
2. Pyogenic granuloma: a benign growth caused by an overgrowth of capillaries and inflammatory cells in response to trauma or irritation.
3. Sebaceous gland hyperplasia: an enlargement of the sebaceous glands on the lips, which can cause a soft, keratinized nodule.

Malignant lip neoplasms include:

1. Squamous cell carcinoma: the most common type of malignant lip tumor, which arises from the squamous cells that line the surface of the lips.
2. Basal cell carcinoma: a slow-growing malignancy that originates in the basal cells of the epidermis.
3. Adenoid cystic carcinoma: a rare, aggressive malignancy that usually affects the minor salivary glands of the lips.
4. Melanoma: a rare and highly aggressive malignancy that arises from the pigment-producing cells (melanocytes) in the skin.

The diagnosis of lip neoplasms is based on a combination of clinical examination, imaging studies (such as ultrasound or MRI), and biopsy. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the neoplasm, but may include surgical excision, radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy. Early detection and treatment are important to prevent local tissue damage and potential metastasis.

Examples of abdominal neoplasms include:

1. Colorectal cancer: A type of cancer that originates in the colon or rectum.
2. Stomach cancer: A type of cancer that originates in the stomach.
3. Small intestine cancer: A type of cancer that originates in the small intestine.
4. Liver cancer: A type of cancer that originates in the liver.
5. Pancreatic cancer: A type of cancer that originates in the pancreas.
6. Kidney cancer: A type of cancer that originates in the kidneys.
7. Adrenal gland cancer: A type of cancer that originates in the adrenal glands.
8. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): A type of tumor that originates in the digestive system, often in the stomach or small intestine.
9. Leiomyosarcoma: A type of cancer that originates in the smooth muscle tissue of the abdominal organs.
10. Lymphoma: A type of cancer that originates in the immune system and can affect the abdominal organs.

Abdominal neoplasms can cause a wide range of symptoms, including abdominal pain, weight loss, fatigue, and changes in bowel movements. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and endoscopy, along with biopsies to confirm the presence of cancerous cells. Treatment options for abdominal neoplasms depend on the type and location of the tumor, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these.

There are several types of facial neoplasms, including:

1. Basal cell carcinoma: This is the most common type of skin cancer and typically appears as a small, fleshy bump or a flat, scaly patch on the face.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of skin cancer can appear as a firm, flat or raised bump on the face and can be more aggressive than basal cell carcinoma.
3. Melanoma: This is the most serious type of skin cancer and can appear as a dark spot or mole on the face.
4. Sebaceous gland carcinoma: This rare type of facial neoplasm develops in the oil-producing glands of the face.
5. Eyelid tumors: These can include basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma, as well as other types of benign tumors such as papillomas and pyogenic granulomas.
6. Parotid gland tumors: These can include pleomorphic adenoma, a type of benign tumor that is the most common parotid gland tumor, and malignant tumors such as pleomorphic carcinoma.
7. Salivary gland tumors: These can include benign tumors such as pleomorphic adenoma and Warthin's tumor, as well as malignant tumors such as mucoepidermoid carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma.
8. Osteosarcoma: This is a rare type of bone cancer that can affect the facial bones.
9. Chondrosarcoma: This is a type of cartilage cancer that can affect the facial bones and can be benign or malignant.
10. Lymphoma: This is a type of cancer that affects the immune system and can occur in various parts of the body, including the face.

Treatment for facial tumors depends on the type, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these. Early detection and treatment are important for achieving the best possible outcomes.

The term "mixed tumor" refers to a tumor that contains multiple types of cells or tissue, in this case, both epithelial and stromal components. "Müllerian" refers to the embryonic origins of the tumor, which are derived from the müllerian ducts, which eventually develop into the uterus, cervix, and fallopian tubes.

Endometrial stromal sarcoma is the most common type of mixed tumor, müllerian. It is a rare and aggressive cancer that arises in the uterus, typically in the endometrium (the lining of the uterus). It can be difficult to diagnose and treat, and may require surgery, radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy.

Other types of mixed tumors, müllerian include:

* Endometrial carcinoma with stromal overgrowth
* Uterine papillary serous carcinoma with stromal components
* Mucinous adenocarcinoma with stromal components

It is important to note that while these tumors are considered "mixed", they are still classified based on the predominant cell type present. For example, a tumor that contains both epithelial and stromal components would be classified as an endometrial stromal sarcoma, rather than an endometrial adenocarcinoma with stromal overgrowth.

Example sentences:

1. The patient developed a radiation-induced neoplasm in their chest after undergoing radiation therapy for breast cancer.
2. The risk of radiation-induced neoplasms increases with higher doses of radiation exposure, making it crucial to minimize exposure during medical procedures.
3. The oncologist monitored the patient's health closely after their radiation therapy to detect any signs of radiation-induced neoplasms.

Benign maxillary sinus tumors may include:

* Papilloma: A benign growth that resembles a finger-like protrusion and is usually slow-growing and non-aggressive.
* Pyogenic granuloma: A type of benign bacterial infection that can cause localized tissue growth and inflammation.
* Osteoid osteoma: A rare, benign tumor that forms in the bone and can cause pain and swelling.

Malignant maxillary sinus tumors are more aggressive and can include:

* Squamous cell carcinoma: A type of skin cancer that can occur in the maxillary sinus and can be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.
* Adenoid cystic carcinoma: A rare, malignant tumor that can grow slowly over time and can be difficult to treat.
* Esthesioneuroblastoma: A rare, malignant tumor that originates in the nasal cavity and can extend into the maxillary sinus.

The symptoms of maxillary sinus neoplasms can vary depending on the size and location of the tumor, but may include:

* Pain or swelling in the face or neck
* Difficulty breathing through the nose
* Nasal congestion or discharge
* Eye problems such as double vision or protrusion
* Headaches or facial pain

The diagnosis of maxillary sinus neoplasms is typically made using a combination of imaging studies, such as CT scans or MRI, and tissue biopsy. Treatment options can range from observation to surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy, depending on the type and stage of the tumor.

The most common types of palatal neoplasms include:

1. Ossifying fibroma: A benign tumor that is made up of immature bone cells and usually affects the maxilla (the bone that forms the upper jaw).
2. Malignant ossifying fibroma: A rare and aggressive type of ossifying fibroma that can be cancerous.
3. Benign migratory glossitis: A benign condition characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the tongue, which can sometimes lead to the formation of a tumor on the hard palate.
4. Squamous cell carcinoma: A type of skin cancer that can occur on the hard palate, usually in older adults.
5. Adenoid cystic carcinoma: A rare and slow-growing type of cancer that typically affects the salivary glands but can also occur on the hard palate.

The symptoms of palatal neoplasms can include:

1. Pain or tenderness in the mouth or jaw
2. Difficulty swallowing or speaking
3. Nasal congestion or obstruction
4. Facial pain or swelling
5. Unusual bleeding or discharge from the mouth

Palatal neoplasms are usually diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies (such as X-rays or CT scans), and biopsy (the removal of a small sample of tissue for microscopic examination). Treatment options can vary depending on the type and stage of the tumor, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these.

Prognosis for patients with palatal neoplasms depends on the specific diagnosis and stage of the tumor at the time of diagnosis. In general, early detection and treatment improve outcomes for these types of tumors.

Some common types of breast diseases include:

1. Fibrocystic breast disease: A condition characterized by the formation of small lumps or cysts in the breast tissue, often accompanied by breast pain.
2. Fibroadenoma: A benign tumor that is made up of glandular and fibrous tissue, typically found in young women.
3. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS): A type of cancer that originates in the milk ducts and has not spread to other parts of the breast or body.
4. Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC): The most common type of breast cancer, which starts in the milk ducts but has invaded the surrounding tissue.
5. Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC): A type of breast cancer that starts in the milk-producing glands (lobules) and has invaded the surrounding tissue.
6. Breast abscess: A collection of pus in the breast tissue, often caused by an infection.
7. Mastitis: An inflammation of the breast tissue, usually caused by a bacterial infection.
8. Breast cancer recurrence: Cancer that has returned after previous treatment.

Early detection and diagnosis of breast diseases are crucial for effective treatment and improved outcomes. Screening tests such as mammography, ultrasound, and biopsy can help identify breast diseases at an early stage, when they are more treatable. Treatment options for breast diseases depend on the type and severity of the condition, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy.

These cells are typically small and irregular in shape and may have different surface markers than normal cells. They can travel through the bloodstream and potentially establish new tumors in other parts of the body. The presence of NCCs in the blood can be an early sign of cancer metastasis and can provide important diagnostic and prognostic information.

NCCs can be detected using various techniques, such as the CellSearch system, which uses a combination of magnetic and fluorescent markers to capture and identify CTCs in the blood. The detection and characterization of NCCs are becoming increasingly important in the management of cancer patients, particularly those with solid tumors like breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer.

Neoplastic cells circulating can be used for various purposes, including:

1. Diagnosis: The presence of NCCs in the blood can help confirm a cancer diagnosis and identify specific types of cancer.
2. Prognosis: The number and characteristics of NCCs can provide information about the aggressiveness of the cancer and the likelihood of metastasis.
3. Monitoring treatment response: The presence or absence of NCCs in the blood during treatment can indicate whether the therapy is effective or not.
4. Detection of minimal residual disease (MRD): NCCs can be used to detect small numbers of cancer cells that may remain after treatment, which can be an indicator of potential relapse.
5. Liquid biopsy: NCCs can be analyzed for genetic mutations and other molecular markers, providing valuable information for personalized medicine.

MEN2A is characterized by the presence of multiple tumors in the endocrine glands, including thyroid nodules, parathyroid adenomas, and pheochromocytomas (tumors of the adrenal glands). These tumors can be benign or malignant, and they can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their location and size.

The most common symptoms of MEN2A include:

1. Thyroid nodules: These are abnormal growths in the thyroid gland that can be benign or malignant.
2. Parathyroid adenomas: These are benign tumors that develop in the parathyroid glands, which regulate calcium levels in the body.
3. Pheochromocytomas: These are rare tumors that develop in the adrenal glands, which produce hormones such as adrenaline and noradrenaline.
4. Hyperparathyroidism: This is a condition where the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to high calcium levels in the blood.
5. Hypoparathyroidism: This is a condition where the parathyroid glands do not produce enough PTH, leading to low calcium levels in the blood.
6. Adrenal insufficiency: This is a condition where the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol and aldosterone, leading to fatigue, weight loss, and other symptoms.

MEN2A is usually diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scans, and MRI, and genetic testing to identify the presence of the RET mutation. Treatment for MEN2A typically involves surgery to remove the tumors and management of symptoms with medications.

Prevalence: Adenomas account for approximately 10% to 20% of all primary liver tumors.

Risk Factors: Risk factors for developing adenoma include age (>60 years old), cirrhosis, and a family history of hepatocellular carcinoma or polycystic liver disease.

Pathology: Adenomas are typically slow-growing and may not cause symptoms in the early stages. They can grow large enough to obstruct bile flow and cause abdominal pain, jaundice, and pruritus.

Diagnosis: Adenomas are diagnosed via imaging studies such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Endoscopic ultrasound may also be used to evaluate the tumor and assess for invasive features.

Treatment: Surgical resection is the primary treatment for adenomas. In some cases, liver transplantation may be considered if the tumor is large or multiple and surgical resection is not feasible. Ablation therapies such as radiofrequency ablation or chemoembolization may also be used to control symptoms and slow tumor growth.

Prognosis: The prognosis for patients with adenoma is generally good, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 90%. However, the risk of malignant transformation (cancer) is present, particularly in cases where there are multiple adenomas or invasive features.

In conclusion, adenoma of the bile ducts is a benign tumor that can occur within the liver. While the prognosis is generally good, early detection and treatment are important to prevent complications and minimize the risk of malignant transformation.

Without more information about the context in which this term is being used, it is difficult to provide a clear definition or interpretation of its meaning. However, based on the name "Walker" and the fact that it is followed by a number (256), it is possible that this term may refer to a specific type of cancer or tumor that has been identified in a patient with the last name Walker.

It's important to note that the diagnosis and treatment of cancer can be complex and highly individualized, and any medical information or terminology should only be interpreted and applied by qualified healthcare professionals who have access to the relevant clinical context and patient information.

Symptoms of EBV infection can vary widely, ranging from asymptomatic to severe, and may include:

* Fatigue
* Fever
* Sore throat
* Swollen lymph nodes in the neck and armpits
* Swollen liver or spleen
* Rash
* Headaches
* Muscle weakness

In some cases, EBV can lead to more serious complications such as infectious mononucleosis (IM), also known as glandular fever, which can cause:

* Enlarged liver and spleen
* Splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen)
* Hepatomegaly (enlargement of the liver)
* Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count)
* Anemia (low red blood cell count)
* Leukopenia (low white blood cell count)

EBV is also associated with an increased risk of developing certain types of cancer, including Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

There is no specific treatment for EBV infections, and most cases resolve on their own within a few weeks. Antiviral medications may be prescribed in severe cases or to prevent complications. Rest, hydration, and over-the-counter pain relief medication can help alleviate symptoms.

Thymoma can be broadly classified into two main types:

1. Benign thymoma: This type of thymoma is non-cancerous and does not spread to other parts of the body. It is usually small in size and may not cause any symptoms.
2. Malignant thymoma: This type of thymoma is cancerous and can spread to other parts of the body, including the lungs, liver, and bone marrow. Malignant thymomas are more aggressive than benign thymomas and can be life-threatening if not treated promptly.

The exact cause of thymoma is not known, but it is believed to arise from abnormal cell growth in the thymus gland. Some risk factors that may increase the likelihood of developing thymoma include:

1. Genetic mutations: Certain genetic mutations, such as those affecting the TREX1 gene, can increase the risk of developing thymoma.
2. Radiation exposure: Exposure to radiation, such as from radiation therapy, may increase the risk of developing thymoma.
3. Thymic hyperplasia: Enlargement of the thymus gland, known as thymic hyperplasia, may increase the risk of developing thymoma.

The symptoms of thymoma can vary depending on the size and location of the tumor. Some common symptoms include:

1. Chest pain or discomfort
2. Shortness of breath
3. Coughing
4. Fatigue
5. Weight loss
6. Fever
7. Night sweats
8. Pain in the arm or shoulder

Thymoma is diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests, such as computed tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and biopsy, which involves removing a sample of tissue from the thymus gland for examination under a microscope. Treatment options for thymoma depend on the stage and aggressiveness of the tumor, and may include:

1. Surgery: Removing the tumor through surgery is often the first line of treatment for thymoma.
2. Radiation therapy: High-energy beams can be used to kill cancer cells and shrink the tumor.
3. Chemotherapy: Drugs can be used to kill cancer cells and shrink the tumor.
4. Targeted therapy: Drugs that target specific molecules involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells can be used to treat thymoma.
5. Immunotherapy: Treatments that use the body's immune system to fight cancer, such as checkpoint inhibitors, can be effective for some people with thymoma.

Overall, the prognosis for thymoma is generally good, with a 5-year survival rate of about 70% for people with localized disease. However, the prognosis can vary depending on the stage and aggressiveness of the tumor, as well as the effectiveness of treatment.

Keratosis, actinic can occur on any sun-exposed area of the body, but it is most common on the face, ears, neck, hands, and arms. It typically develops in people who have fair skin, light hair, and light eyes, as well as those who spend a lot of time outdoors or live in sunny climates.

The symptoms of keratosis, actinic can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include:

* Scaly, rough, or crusty patches on the skin
* Redness, itching, or burning sensations on the affected areas
* Thickening and darkening of the skin in advanced cases
* Open sores or ulcers in severe cases

Keratosis, actinic can be diagnosed through a physical examination of the skin and may involve a biopsy to rule out other conditions. Treatment typically involves measures to protect the skin from further sun exposure, such as using sunscreen, wearing protective clothing, and seeking shade when the sun is strongest. In some cases, topical creams or ointments may be prescribed to help reduce inflammation and promote healing.

Prevention is key in avoiding keratosis, actinic, as it can be a chronic condition that can worsen over time if left untreated. Protecting the skin from sun exposure and seeking medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen can help prevent complications and improve quality of life for those affected by this condition.

1. Types of Polyomaviruses: There are several types of polyomaviruses that can infect humans, including the common cold virus (Rhinovirus), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), and the newly identified Parechovirus.
2. Infection: Polyomaviruses can be transmitted through contact with an infected person's respiratory secretions, such as mucus and saliva, or through contaminated surfaces. Inhaling the virus can lead to an infection in the respiratory tract.
3. Symptoms: The symptoms of polyomavirus infections can vary depending on the type of virus and the individual's age and overall health. Common symptoms include runny nose, cough, fever, sore throat, headache, and fatigue. In severe cases, polyomaviruses can cause pneumonia, bronchiolitis, and other respiratory disorders.
4. Diagnosis: A diagnosis of a polyomavirus infection is typically made based on the symptoms and medical history of the individual, as well as through laboratory tests such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction) or viral culture.
5. Treatment: There is no specific treatment for polyomavirus infections, but antiviral medications may be prescribed to help manage symptoms and prevent complications. Supportive care, such as rest, hydration, and over-the-counter pain relievers, may also be recommended.
6. Prevention: Preventing the spread of polyomaviruses can be challenging, but good hygiene practices such as frequent handwashing, avoiding close contact with people who are sick, and disinfecting surfaces can help reduce the risk of transmission. Vaccines are also being developed to protect against certain types of polyomaviruses.
7. Prognosis: In most cases, polyomavirus infections are mild and self-limiting, with symptoms resolving on their own within a few days to a week. However, severe infections can be life-threatening, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying medical conditions.
8. Epidemiology: Polyomaviruses are common and widespread, with the majority of individuals worldwide being infected at some point in their lives. Outbreaks of polyomavirus infections can occur in settings such as hospitals, long-term care facilities, and daycare centers, where individuals with weakened immune systems are more susceptible to infection.
9. Research: Research on polyomaviruses is ongoing to better understand the viruses, their transmission, and their clinical impact. This includes development of vaccines and antiviral medications, as well as studies to identify risk factors for severe infections and to improve diagnostic tests.
10. Public health: Polyomaviruses are a public health concern, particularly in settings where individuals with weakened immune systems are more susceptible to infection. Prevention strategies include practicing good hygiene, such as frequent handwashing, and avoiding close contact with individuals who are sick.

Overall, polyomaviruses are a diverse group of viruses that can cause a range of diseases, from mild and self-limiting to severe and life-threatening. Understanding the clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, epidemiology, research, and public health implications of polyomavirus infections is essential for providing appropriate care and preventing outbreaks.

The symptoms of hepatitis B can range from mild to severe and may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, joint pain, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). In some cases, hepatitis B can be asymptomatic, meaning that individuals may not experience any symptoms at all.

Hepatitis B is diagnosed through blood tests that detect the presence of HBV antigens or antibodies in the body. Treatment for acute hepatitis B typically involves rest, hydration, and medication to manage symptoms, while chronic hepatitis B may require ongoing therapy with antiviral drugs to suppress the virus and prevent liver damage.

Preventive measures for hepatitis B include vaccination, which is recommended for individuals at high risk of infection, such as healthcare workers, sexually active individuals, and those traveling to areas where HBV is common. In addition, safe sex practices, avoiding sharing of needles or other bodily fluids, and proper sterilization of medical equipment can help reduce the risk of transmission.

Overall, hepatitis B is a serious infection that can have long-term consequences for liver health, and it is important to take preventive measures and seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Benign gingival neoplasms include:

1. Pyogenic granuloma: A type of benign tumor that is usually caused by bacterial infection and presents as a red, bleeding mass on the gum.
2. Peripheral ossifying fibroma: A slow-growing, non-cancerous tumor that forms in the gums and can cause tooth mobility or pain.
3. Fibroma: A benign tumor that is usually inherited and can occur anywhere in the body, including the gums.

Malignant gingival neoplasms include:

1. Squamous cell carcinoma: The most common type of oral cancer, which can arise from pre-existing conditions such as poorly fitting dentures, smoking, or alcohol consumption.
2. Adenoid cystic carcinoma: A rare type of oral cancer that can grow slowly and invade surrounding tissues, often with a good prognosis if treated early.
3. Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor (MNET): A rare, aggressive tumor that usually occurs in the gums of young adults and has a poor prognosis if not treated early.

Precancerous changes in the gingiva include:

1. Leukoplakia: A condition where thick, white patches form on the gums due to chronic irritation or exposure to tobacco or other carcinogens.
2. Erythroplakia: A precancerous condition characterized by red, flat patches on the gums that can progress to squamous cell carcinoma if left untreated.
3. Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF): A chronic condition where the gums become thick and fibrous due to inflammation and scarring, which can increase the risk of developing oral cancer.

It is important to note that not all precancerous changes will progress to cancer, but if left untreated, they can increase the risk of developing oral cancer. Regular dental check-ups and early detection are key in preventing and treating oral cancer.

Body weight is an important health indicator, as it can affect an individual's risk for certain medical conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Maintaining a healthy body weight is essential for overall health and well-being, and there are many ways to do so, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and other lifestyle changes.

There are several ways to measure body weight, including:

1. Scale: This is the most common method of measuring body weight, and it involves standing on a scale that displays the individual's weight in kg or lb.
2. Body fat calipers: These are used to measure body fat percentage by pinching the skin at specific points on the body.
3. Skinfold measurements: This method involves measuring the thickness of the skin folds at specific points on the body to estimate body fat percentage.
4. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): This is a non-invasive method that uses electrical impulses to measure body fat percentage.
5. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This is a more accurate method of measuring body composition, including bone density and body fat percentage.

It's important to note that body weight can fluctuate throughout the day due to factors such as water retention, so it's best to measure body weight at the same time each day for the most accurate results. Additionally, it's important to use a reliable scale or measuring tool to ensure accurate measurements.

There are several types of radiation injuries, including:

1. Acute radiation syndrome (ARS): This occurs when a person is exposed to a high dose of ionizing radiation over a short period of time. Symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, and damage to the bone marrow, lungs, and gastrointestinal system.
2. Chronic radiation syndrome: This occurs when a person is exposed to low levels of ionizing radiation over a longer period of time. Symptoms can include fatigue, skin changes, and an increased risk of cancer.
3. Radiation burns: These are similar to thermal burns, but are caused by the heat generated by ionizing radiation. They can cause skin damage, blistering, and scarring.
4. Ocular radiation injury: This occurs when the eyes are exposed to high levels of ionizing radiation, leading to damage to the retina and other parts of the eye.
5. Radiation-induced cancer: Exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation can increase the risk of developing cancer, particularly leukemia and other types of cancer that affect the bone marrow.

Radiation injuries are diagnosed based on a combination of physical examination, medical imaging (such as X-rays or CT scans), and laboratory tests. Treatment depends on the type and severity of the injury, but may include supportive care, medication, and radiation therapy to prevent further damage.

Preventing radiation injuries is important, especially in situations where exposure to ionizing radiation is unavoidable, such as in medical imaging or nuclear accidents. This can be achieved through the use of protective shielding, personal protective equipment, and strict safety protocols.

Types of Hypothalamic Diseases:

1. Hypothalamic hamartoma: A benign tumor that develops in the hypothalamus and can cause a variety of symptoms such as seizures, obesity, and developmental delays.
2. Hypothalamic glioma: A malignant tumor that arises in the hypothalamus and can cause similar symptoms to hypothalamic hamartoma.
3. Hypothalamic malformations: Congenital abnormalities that affect the development of the hypothalamus, leading to various neurological symptoms such as seizures, intellectual disability, and behavioral problems.
4. Hypothalamic infarction: A condition where there is a lack of blood flow to the hypothalamus, leading to damage to the tissue and potentially causing a range of symptoms including stroke-like symptoms.
5. Hypothalamic lesions: Damage to the hypothalamus caused by traumatic brain injury, infection, or other factors, which can lead to a range of neurological symptoms.

Symptoms of Hypothalamic Diseases:

The symptoms of hypothalamic diseases can vary depending on the specific condition and the severity of the damage to the hypothalamus. Some common symptoms include:

* Seizures
* Headaches
* Vision problems
* Balance and coordination difficulties
* Weight changes (gain or loss)
* Sleep disturbances
* Mood changes (depression, anxiety)
* Behavioral problems (aggression, irritability)
* Intellectual disability

Diagnosis of Hypothalamic Diseases:

Diagnosing hypothalamic diseases can be challenging and may require a range of tests and evaluations. These may include:

1. Physical examination and medical history: A thorough evaluation of the patient's symptoms, medical history, and physical condition.
2. Imaging tests: Such as CT or MRI scans to visualize the brain and identify any structural abnormalities or lesions in the hypothalamus.
3. Blood tests: To check for hormone levels and other markers that can help diagnose specific conditions.
4. EEG and other neurological tests: To evaluate the patient's neurological function and identify any potential seizure activity or other abnormalities.
5. Genetic testing: If the condition is suspected to be inherited, genetic testing may be performed to identify mutations or variations in genes that can contribute to hypothalamic diseases.

Treatment of Hypothalamic Diseases:

The treatment of hypothalamic diseases depends on the specific condition and the severity of the symptoms. Some common treatments include:

1. Medications: Such as anticonvulsants, hormone replacement therapy, and pain management medications to control seizures, hormonal imbalances, and pain.
2. Hormone replacement therapy: To replace hormones that are deficient or imbalanced.
3. Surgery: May be necessary to remove a tumor or repair a structural abnormality in the hypothalamus.
4. Lifestyle modifications: Such as changes to diet, exercise, and sleep habits to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
5. Rehabilitation therapy: To help regain lost functions and improve daily living skills.

Prognosis of Hypothalamic Diseases:

The prognosis for hypothalamic diseases varies depending on the specific condition and the severity of the symptoms. Some conditions may have a good prognosis with appropriate treatment, while others may have a poorer outcome. In general, early diagnosis and treatment can improve the chances of a better outcome.

Living with Hypothalamic Diseases:

Living with a hypothalamic disease can be challenging and may require significant lifestyle modifications and ongoing medical care. However, with the right treatment and support, many people are able to manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life. Some tips for living with a hypothalamic disease include:

1. Educate yourself about your condition and its management.
2. Work closely with your healthcare provider to develop a personalized treatment plan.
3. Make lifestyle modifications such as changes to diet, exercise, and sleep habits.
4. Join a support group to connect with others who are living with similar conditions.
5. Seek mental health support if needed to cope with the emotional impact of the condition.

In conclusion, hypothalamic diseases can have a significant impact on quality of life, but with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, many people are able to manage their symptoms and improve their outcomes. It is important to work closely with a healthcare provider to develop a personalized treatment plan and make lifestyle modifications as needed. With the right support and resources, it is possible to live a fulfilling life with a hypothalamic disease.

It is important to note that while fibrocystic breast disease can be uncomfortable and may resemble cancerous changes on a mammogram, it is not cancer and does not increase the risk of developing breast cancer. However, due to its similar appearance on imaging studies, it is important to have any new or persistent changes evaluated by a healthcare provider to rule out other conditions such as cancer.

Fibrocystic breast disease can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, mammography, and ultrasound. Treatment for the condition typically involves managing symptoms with pain medication, anti-inflammatory medications, or hormonal therapy. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove cysts or scar tissue that are causing discomfort or other symptoms.

Fibrocystic breast disease is more common in women between the ages of 20 and 50, and it can affect one or both breasts. While there is no specific cause for the condition, hormonal changes, genetics, and other factors may play a role in its development.

Breast self-awareness and regular screening are important for early detection and management of fibrocystic breast disease. Women with this condition should talk to their healthcare provider about their individual risk factors, symptoms, and the best course of treatment.

Bowen's disease typically appears as a scaly, flat patch or plaque on sun-exposed areas of the skin, such as the face, ears, neck, and arms. The affected skin may be pink or red, and may have a sandpapery texture. In some cases, Bowen's disease can ulcerate and bleed.

Bowen's disease is caused by a combination of genetic predisposition and exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. It is more common in fair-skinned individuals and those who have a history of prolonged sun exposure.

The diagnosis of Bowen's disease is based on a combination of clinical findings, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. Treatment options for Bowen's disease include topical therapy with imiquimod cream or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) cream, photodynamic therapy, and surgical excision.

While Bowen's disease is a precancerous condition, it can occasionally progress to invasive squamous cell carcinoma if left untreated. Therefore, early detection and treatment are important for preventing progression to more advanced and potentially life-threatening skin cancers.

The most common paraneoplastic endocrine syndromes include:

1. Paraneoplastic hypogonadism (PHG): This syndrome is caused by autoantibodies that target the pituitary gland and disrupt the normal functioning of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis, leading to low levels of sex hormones.
2. Paraneoplastic syndrome of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1): This syndrome is caused by autoantibodies that target the MEN1 gene, which is a tumor suppressor gene that regulates the growth and development of various endocrine tissues.
3. Paraneoplastic Cushing's syndrome (PCS): This syndrome is caused by autoantibodies that target the adrenal glands, leading to excessive production of cortisol and other steroid hormones.
4. Paraneoplastic hypophyseal syndrome (PHS): This syndrome is caused by autoantibodies that target the pituitary gland and disrupt the normal functioning of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, leading to a range of symptoms including hypopituitarism, hypercortisolism, and hypothyroidism.

The exact cause of paraneoplastic endocrine syndromes is not fully understood, but it is believed that they are triggered by the presence of cancer cells in the body, which can lead to an immune response and the production of autoantibodies. The diagnosis of a paraneoplastic endocrine syndrome typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies to identify the underlying cancer and determine the specific hormonal abnormalities present. Treatment typically involves managing the symptoms of the endocrine disorder, as well as treating the underlying cancer. This may involve medications to regulate hormone levels, surgery to remove the tumor, or other therapies depending on the specific type and location of the cancer.

Recurrence can also refer to the re-emergence of symptoms in a previously treated condition, such as a chronic pain condition that returns after a period of remission.

In medical research, recurrence is often studied to understand the underlying causes of disease progression and to develop new treatments and interventions to prevent or delay its return.

Cystadenocarcinoma can occur in various parts of the body, but it is most common in the ovary and breast. In the ovary, it is the most common type of ovarian cancer and accounts for about 70% of all ovarian cancers. In the breast, it is a rare type of breast cancer, accounting for less than 5% of all breast cancers.

The symptoms of cystadenocarcinoma can vary depending on the location of the tumor, but they may include:

* Abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge
* Pelvic pain or discomfort
* Abdominal swelling or bloating
* Painful urination
* Weakness and fatigue

Cystadenocarcinoma is diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and biopsy. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy, depending on the stage and location of the cancer.

The prognosis for cystadenocarcinoma depends on the stage of the cancer at the time of diagnosis. In general, early detection and treatment improve the chances of a successful outcome. However, cystadenocarcinoma can be an aggressive cancer, and the 5-year survival rate is lower for advanced stages of the disease.

In summary, cystadenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that arises from glandular cells in various parts of the body, but most commonly in the ovary and breast. It can cause a range of symptoms and is diagnosed through imaging tests and biopsy. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy, and the prognosis depends on the stage of the cancer at the time of diagnosis.

Choristoma is a rare benign tumor that originates from the remnants of the embryonic chorion, which is the outer layer of the placenta. It typically affects the ovary, uterus, or broad ligament in women, and less frequently, the testis, epididymis, or spermatic cord in men.

Characteristics:

Choristomas are usually small (less than 5 cm in diameter) and may be solitary or multiple. They can be spherical, oval, or irregular in shape and are often surrounded by a fibrous capsule. The tumors are typically soft to the touch, with a smooth surface, and may be attached to the surrounding tissue by a stalk-like structure called a peduncle.

Clinical Presentation:

Choristomas are usually asymptomatic and are often incidentally detected during pelvic examination or imaging studies performed for other indications. In some cases, they may cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, pelvic pressure, or bleeding, especially if they rupture or become twisted.

Imaging Features:

Choristomas are typically isointense to the liver on T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and hyperintense on T2-weighted MRI, indicating high signal intensity on both sequences. They may also show enhancement after contrast administration. On ultrasound, choristomas may appear as hypoechoic masses with irregular margins.

Differential Diagnosis:

The differential diagnosis for choristoma includes other benign and malignant tumors that can occur in the ovary, uterus, or broad ligament, such as fibroma, leiomyoma, endometrial polyp, or cancer. The diagnosis of choristoma is based on a combination of clinical, imaging, and histopathological features.

Treatment:

Choristomas are usually managed conservatively with close follow-up and monitoring to ensure that they do not grow or cause any complications. In rare cases, surgical intervention may be necessary if the tumor becomes symptomatic or if there is concern for malignancy. Complete excision of the choristoma is often difficult due to its extensive involvement with surrounding tissues.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for choristoma is generally good, and most cases are benign and asymptomatic. However, in rare cases, malignant transformation can occur, and the tumor may grow and cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, bleeding, or bowel obstruction. The long-term outlook for patients with choristoma depends on the size, location, and aggressiveness of the tumor, as well as the presence of any underlying medical conditions.

In conclusion, choristoma is a rare benign tumor that can occur in the ovary, uterus, or broad ligament. It typically presents with abdominal pain, bleeding, or other symptoms, and imaging studies are useful in diagnosing and monitoring the tumor. While the prognosis for choristoma is generally good, it is important to consider the possibility of malignant transformation and monitor patients closely for any signs of complications.

Adenomas, liver cell are relatively rare and account for only 1-3% of all primary liver tumors. They tend to affect middle-aged adults, and the exact cause is not known. However, certain factors such as cirrhosis, hepatitis B and C, and exposure to certain chemicals have been linked to an increased risk of developing an adenoma.

The diagnosis of an adenoma, liver cell is based on a combination of imaging studies such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and a biopsy to confirm the presence of malignant cells. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the tumor, and in some cases, embolization may be used to shrink the tumor before surgery.

It is important to note that not all liver cell adenomas are benign, and some may be premalignant or even malignant. Therefore, it is important to follow up with a healthcare professional regularly after diagnosis to monitor for any changes in the tumor.

Oral leukoplakia can occur anywhere in the mouth, including the tongue, lips, gums, and cheeks. It is usually painless, but it can cause difficulties with speaking, eating, and swallowing.

The exact cause of oral leukoplakia is not known, but risk factors include tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, and exposure to cancer-causing substances (carcinogens) in the mouth. The condition is usually diagnosed through a physical examination of the mouth and may be followed by a biopsy to rule out other conditions.

Treatment for oral leukoplakia depends on the severity of the condition and may include:

1. Removing the cause, such as quitting tobacco use or reducing alcohol consumption.
2. Chemical ablation therapy, which uses a chemical solution to remove the affected cells.
3. Laser surgery to remove the thickened tissue.
4. Cryotherapy, which involves freezing the affected area with liquid nitrogen.
5. Photodynamic therapy, which uses light and a special medication to kill cancerous cells.

Early detection and treatment are important for successful management of oral leukoplakia, as it can progress to oral cancer if left untreated.

There are several types of melanoma, including:

1. Superficial spreading melanoma: This is the most common type of melanoma, accounting for about 70% of cases. It usually appears as a flat or slightly raised discolored patch on the skin.
2. Nodular melanoma: This type of melanoma is more aggressive and accounts for about 15% of cases. It typically appears as a raised bump on the skin, often with a darker color.
3. Acral lentiginous melanoma: This type of melanoma affects the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, or nail beds and accounts for about 5% of cases.
4. Lentigo maligna melanoma: This type of melanoma usually affects the face and is more common in older adults.

The risk factors for developing melanoma include:

1. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure from the sun or tanning beds
2. Fair skin, light hair, and light eyes
3. A history of sunburns
4. Weakened immune system
5. Family history of melanoma

The symptoms of melanoma can vary depending on the type and location of the cancer. Common symptoms include:

1. Changes in the size, shape, or color of a mole
2. A new mole or growth on the skin
3. A spot or sore that bleeds or crusts over
4. Itching or pain on the skin
5. Redness or swelling around a mole

If melanoma is suspected, a biopsy will be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment options for melanoma depend on the stage and location of the cancer and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these. Early detection and treatment are key to successful outcomes in melanoma cases.

In conclusion, melanoma is a type of skin cancer that can be deadly if not detected early. It is important to practice sun safety, perform regular self-exams, and seek medical attention if any suspicious changes are noticed on the skin. By being aware of the risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options for melanoma, individuals can take steps to protect themselves from this potentially deadly disease.

The symptoms of myoepithelioma may vary depending on the location of the tumor, but they can include:

* A painless lump or swelling in the affected area
* Pain or tenderness in the affected area
* Difficulty swallowing or speaking (if the tumor is located in the parotid gland)
* Numbness or weakness in the face (if the tumor is located in the parotid gland)

The diagnosis of myoepithelioma usually involves a combination of imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan or MRI and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment for myoepithelioma may involve surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy, depending on the size, location, and stage of the tumor. The prognosis for myoepithelioma is generally good if the tumor is diagnosed early and treated appropriately. However, the cancer can recur in some cases, so regular follow-up appointments with a doctor are important to monitor for any signs of recurrence.

In summary, Myoepithelioma is a rare type of cancer that develops in the myoepithelial cells and typically affects the parotid gland. It can cause various symptoms such as painless lump or swelling, pain or tenderness in the affected area and difficulty swallowing or speaking. The diagnosis is confirmed by imaging tests and biopsy and treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy.

There are several types of sweat gland neoplasms, including:

1. Apocrine sweat gland adenoma: This is a benign tumor that typically affects the axillae (armpits) and groin area. It can become large and cause discomfort or pain.
2. Eccrine sweat gland carcinoma: This is a malignant tumor that arises in the eccrine sweat glands, which are found throughout the body. It is rare and usually affects the skin of the arms, legs, or trunk.
3. Apocrine sweat gland carcinoma: This is a rare and aggressive type of cancer that develops in the apocrine sweat glands. It typically affects the skin of the axillae (armpits) and groin area.
4. Sebaceous gland carcinoma: This is a rare and aggressive type of cancer that develops in the sebaceous glands, which are found in the skin. It can occur anywhere on the body, but is most common on the face, scalp, or torso.

The symptoms of sweat gland neoplasms vary depending on the location and type of tumor. They may include:

* A lump or swelling in the affected area
* Painless or painful lumps that can become large
* Redness, swelling, or bleeding of the skin
* Discharge or odor from the affected area
* Fever or chills

If you suspect you may have a sweat gland neoplasm, it is important to seek medical attention. Your healthcare provider will perform a physical examination and may order diagnostic tests, such as imaging studies or biopsies, to determine the cause of your symptoms. Treatment options for sweat gland neoplasms vary depending on the type and location of the tumor, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.

Testicular neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the testicles, which are located inside the scrotum. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Testicular neoplasms can affect men of all ages, but they are more common in younger men between the ages of 20 and 35.

Types of Testicular Neoplasms:

There are several types of testicular neoplasms, including:

1. Seminoma: This is a type of malignant tumor that develops from immature cells in the testicles. It is the most common type of testicular cancer and tends to grow slowly.
2. Non-seminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT): These are malignant tumors that develop from immature cells in the testicles, but they do not have the characteristic features of seminoma. They can be either heterologous (containing different types of cells) or homologous (containing only one type of cell).
3. Leydig cell tumors: These are rare malignant tumors that develop in the Leydig cells, which produce testosterone in the testicles.
4. Sertoli cell tumors: These are rare malignant tumors that develop in the Sertoli cells, which support the development of sperm in the testicles.
5. Testicular metastasectomy: This is a procedure to remove cancer that has spread to the testicles from another part of the body, such as the lungs or liver.

Causes and Risk Factors:

The exact cause of testicular neoplasms is not known, but there are several risk factors that have been linked to an increased risk of developing these tumors. These include:

1. Undescended testicles (cryptorchidism): This condition occurs when the testicles do not descend into the scrotum during fetal development.
2. Family history: Men with a family history of testicular cancer are at an increased risk of developing these tumors.
3. Previous radiation exposure: Men who have had radiation therapy to the pelvic area, especially during childhood or adolescence, have an increased risk of developing testicular neoplasms.
4. Genetic mutations: Certain genetic mutations, such as those associated with familial testicular cancer syndrome, can increase the risk of developing testicular neoplasms.
5. Infertility: Men who are infertile may have an increased risk of developing testicular cancer.

Symptoms:

The symptoms of testicular neoplasms can vary depending on the type and location of the tumor. Some common symptoms include:

1. A lump or swelling in the testicle
2. Pain or discomfort in the testicle or scrotum
3. Enlargement of the testicle
4. Abnormality in the size or shape of the testicle
5. Pain during ejaculation
6. Difficulty urinating or painful urination
7. Breast tenderness or enlargement
8. Lower back pain
9. Fatigue
10. Weight loss

Diagnosis:

The diagnosis of testicular neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies, and biopsy.

1. Physical examination: A doctor will perform a thorough physical examination of the testicles, including checking for any abnormalities in size, shape, or tenderness.
2. Imaging studies: Imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scans, or MRI may be used to help identify the location and extent of the tumor.
3. Biopsy: A biopsy is a procedure in which a small sample of tissue is removed from the testicle and examined under a microscope for cancer cells.
4. Blood tests: Blood tests may be performed to check for elevated levels of certain substances that can indicate the presence of cancer.

Treatment:

The treatment of testicular neoplasms depends on the type, location, and stage of the tumor. Some common treatments include:

1. Surgery: Surgery is often the first line of treatment for testicular neoplasms. The goal of surgery is to remove the tumor and any affected tissue.
2. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be used in combination with surgery or radiation therapy to treat more advanced cancers.
3. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells. It may be used in combination with surgery or chemotherapy.
4. Surveillance: Surveillance is a close monitoring of the patient's condition, including regular check-ups and imaging studies, to detect any recurrences of the tumor.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for testicular neoplasms depends on the type, location, and stage of the tumor. In general, the earlier the cancer is detected and treated, the better the prognosis. Some common types of testicular neoplasms have a good prognosis, while others are more aggressive and may have a poorer prognosis if not treated promptly.

Complications:

Some complications of testicular neoplasms include:

1. Recurrence: The cancer can recur in the testicle or spread to other parts of the body.
2. Spread to other parts of the body: Testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, liver, or brain.
3. Infertility: Some treatments for testicular cancer, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, can cause infertility.
4. Hormone imbalance: Some types of testicular cancer can disrupt hormone levels, leading to symptoms such as breast enlargement or low sex drive.
5. Chronic pain: Some men may experience chronic pain in the testicle or scrotum after treatment for testicular cancer.

Lifestyle changes:

There are no specific lifestyle changes that can prevent testicular neoplasms, but some general healthy habits can help reduce the risk of developing these types of tumors. These include:

1. Maintaining a healthy weight and diet
2. Getting regular exercise
3. Limiting alcohol consumption
4. Avoiding smoking and recreational drugs
5. Protecting the testicles from injury or trauma

Screening:

There is no standard screening test for testicular neoplasms, but men can perform a self-exam to check for any abnormalities in their testicles. This involves gently feeling the testicles for any lumps or unusual texture. Men with a family history of testicular cancer should talk to their doctor about whether they should start screening earlier and more frequently.

Treatment:

The treatment of testicular neoplasms depends on the type, stage, and location of the tumor. Some common treatments include:

1. Surgery: This involves removing the affected testicle or tumor.
2. Chemotherapy: This involves using drugs to kill cancer cells.
3. Radiation therapy: This involves using high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.
4. Hormone therapy: This involves taking medications to alter hormone levels and slow the growth of cancer cells.
5. Clinical trials: These involve testing new treatments or combination of treatments for testicular neoplasms.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for testicular neoplasms varies depending on the type, stage, and location of the tumor. In general, the earlier the cancer is detected and treated, the better the prognosis. For example, seminoma has a high cure rate with current treatments, while non-seminomatous germ cell tumors have a lower cure rate but can still be effectively treated. Lymphoma and metastatic testicular cancer have a poorer prognosis and require aggressive treatment.

Lifestyle Changes:

There are no specific lifestyle changes that can prevent testicular neoplasms, but some risk factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption can be reduced to lower the risk of developing these tumors. Maintaining a healthy diet, regular exercise, and avoiding exposure to harmful chemicals can also help improve overall health and well-being.

Complications:

Testicular neoplasms can have several complications, including:

1. Infertility: Some treatments for testicular cancer, such as surgery or chemotherapy, can cause infertility.
2. Pain: Testicular cancer can cause pain in the scrotum, groin, or abdomen.
3. Swelling: Testicular cancer can cause swelling in the scrotum or groin.
4. Hormonal imbalance: Some testicular tumors can produce hormones that can cause an imbalance in the body's hormone levels.
5. Recurrence: Testicular cancer can recur after treatment, and regular follow-up is necessary to detect any signs of recurrence early.
6. Late effects of treatment: Some treatments for testicular cancer, such as chemotherapy, can have long-term effects on the body, including infertility, heart problems, and bone marrow suppression.
7. Metastasis: Testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body, including the lungs, liver, and bones, which can be life-threatening.

Prevention:

There is no specific prevention for testicular neoplasms, but some risk factors such as undescended testes, family history, and exposure to certain chemicals can be reduced to lower the risk of developing these tumors. Regular self-examination and early detection are crucial in improving outcomes for patients with testicular cancer.

Conclusion:

Testicular neoplasms are a rare but potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt and accurate diagnosis and treatment. Early detection through regular self-examination and follow-up can improve outcomes, while awareness of risk factors and symptoms is essential in reducing the burden of this disease. A multidisciplinary approach involving urologists, radiologists, pathologists, and oncologists is necessary for optimal management of patients with testicular neoplasms.

1. Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV): This is a highly contagious virus that weakens the immune system, making cats more susceptible to other infections and cancer.
2. Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV): Similar to HIV in humans, this virus attacks the immune system and can lead to a range of secondary infections and diseases.
3. Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP): A viral disease that causes fluid accumulation in the abdomen and chest, leading to difficulty breathing and abdominal pain.
4. Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD): A group of conditions that affect the bladder and urethra, including urinary tract infections and kidney stones.
5. Feline Diabetes: Cats can develop diabetes, which can lead to a range of complications if left untreated, including urinary tract infections, kidney disease, and blindness.
6. Feline Hyperthyroidism: An overactive thyroid gland that can cause weight loss, anxiety, and heart problems if left untreated.
7. Feline Cancer: Cats can develop various types of cancer, including lymphoma, leukemia, and skin cancer.
8. Dental disease: Cats are prone to dental problems, such as tartar buildup, gum disease, and tooth resorption.
9. Obesity: A common problem in cats, obesity can lead to a range of health issues, including diabetes, arthritis, and heart disease.
10. Behavioral disorders: Cats can develop behavioral disorders such as anxiety, stress, and aggression, which can impact their quality of life and relationships with humans.

It's important to note that many of these diseases can be prevented or managed with proper care, including regular veterinary check-ups, vaccinations, parasite control, a balanced diet, exercise, and mental stimulation. Additionally, early detection and treatment can significantly improve the outcome for cats with health issues.

There are several risk factors associated with leukoplakia, including:

1. Tobacco use: Smoking or using other forms of tobacco products can increase the risk of developing leukoplakia.
2. Alcohol consumption: Heavy alcohol consumption can also increase the risk of developing leukoplakia.
3. Exposure to certain chemicals: Exposure to certain chemicals, such as those found in industrial or construction sites, can increase the risk of developing leukoplakia.
4. Poor oral hygiene: Poor oral hygiene can contribute to the development of leukoplakia.
5. Diet: A diet high in sugar and refined carbohydrates can increase the risk of developing leukoplakia.
6. Viral infections: Some viral infections, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), can increase the risk of developing leukoplakia.
7. Immune deficiency: People with immune deficiency disorders are at a higher risk of developing leukoplakia.
8. Radiation therapy: Head and neck radiation therapy can increase the risk of developing leukoplakia.
9. Genetic predisposition: Some people may be more susceptible to developing leukoplakia due to genetic factors.

The diagnosis of leukoplakia is based on a physical examination of the mouth, tongue, or lips. A healthcare provider will look for white patches or lesions that are not normal and may use a specialized tool called a wooden spatula to scrape off a small sample of the affected tissue for further examination under a microscope.

There are several treatment options for leukoplakia, including:

1. Medications: Prescription medications such as retinoids, immunomodulators, and antiviral drugs may be used to treat leukoplakia.
2. Laser therapy: Laser therapy can be used to remove the white patches or lesions.
3. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the affected tissue.
4. Dietary changes: Avoiding sugary and acidic foods and drinks, eating a balanced diet, and staying hydrated can help reduce the risk of developing leukoplakia.
5. Good oral hygiene: Practicing good oral hygiene, including brushing and flossing regularly, can help prevent the development of leukoplakia.
6. Avoiding tobacco and alcohol: Tobacco and alcohol consumption can increase the risk of developing leukoplakia, so avoiding these substances can help reduce the risk.
7. Reducing stress: Stress can weaken the immune system and increase the risk of developing leukoplakia, so finding ways to manage stress, such as through exercise, meditation, or therapy, can be helpful.
8. Using a humidifier: Dry air can irritate the mouth and contribute to the development of leukoplakia, so using a humidifier can help keep the air moist and reduce the risk of developing the condition.
9. Avoiding harsh or abrasive products: Avoid using harsh or abrasive products in the mouth, such as rough-bristled toothbrushes or mouthwashes that contain alcohol, as these can irritate the mouth and contribute to the development of leukoplakia.
10. Getting regular dental check-ups: Regular dental check-ups can help identify any changes in the mouth early on and prevent the development of leukoplakia.

* Bladder cancer
* Kidney cancer
* Prostate cancer
* Testicular cancer
* Ureteral cancer
* Uterine cancer
* Vaginal cancer
* Penile cancer

These types of cancers are typically diagnosed and treated by urologists, who specialize in the urinary tract and male reproductive system. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these.

Note: This definition is intended for use in medical and scientific contexts, and may not be suitable for general or non-expert audiences.

1. Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD): This is a type of cancer that develops in the tissues that support a growing fetus. It is the most common type of pregnancy complication neoplastic and can be treated with chemotherapy or surgery.
2. Placental-site trophoblastic tumors (PSTT): These are rare types of GTD that develop in the placenta. They tend to grow slowly and are usually diagnosed after delivery.
3. Invasive mole: This is a type of GTD that grows quickly and can invade nearby tissues. It is usually found in the placenta but can also be found in other parts of the body.
4. Molar pregnancy: This is a rare condition where abnormal cells grow in the uterus instead of a fetus. It can develop into a GTD if left untreated.
5. Breast cancer: Although rare, breast cancer can also occur during pregnancy or within a year after delivery. Treatment options for breast cancer during pregnancy are similar to those for non-pregnant women.
6. Other types of cancer: Other types of cancer that can develop during pregnancy or after delivery include cervical, ovarian, and lymphoma. These cancers are rare but can be more aggressive in pregnant women due to the immune system's suppressed state.

Pregnancy complications neoplastic are diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests such as ultrasound and MRI, and tissue biopsies. Treatment options vary depending on the type and stage of cancer but may include chemotherapy, surgery, or both. In some cases, delivery may be necessary to ensure the safety of the mother and the fetus.

It is essential for pregnant women to receive regular prenatal care to ensure early detection and treatment of any potential complications, including pregnancy complications neoplastic. Women should discuss their risk factors and any concerns they may have with their healthcare provider to develop a plan for appropriate monitoring and management throughout their pregnancy. With timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment, many women with pregnancy complications neoplastic can deliver healthy babies and successfully manage their cancer.

There are several types of aneuploidy, including:

1. Trisomy: This is the presence of an extra copy of a chromosome. For example, Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21).
2. Monosomy: This is the absence of a chromosome.
3. Mosaicism: This is the presence of both normal and abnormal cells in the body.
4. Uniparental disomy: This is the presence of two copies of a chromosome from one parent, rather than one copy each from both parents.

Aneuploidy can occur due to various factors such as errors during cell division, exposure to certain chemicals or radiation, or inheritance of an abnormal number of chromosomes from one's parents. The risk of aneuploidy increases with age, especially for women over the age of 35, as their eggs are more prone to errors during meiosis (the process by which egg cells are produced).

Aneuploidy can be diagnosed through various methods such as karyotyping (examining chromosomes under a microscope), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or quantitative PCR. Treatment for aneuploidy depends on the underlying cause and the specific health problems it has caused. In some cases, treatment may involve managing symptoms, while in others, it may involve correcting the genetic abnormality itself.

In summary, aneuploidy is a condition where there is an abnormal number of chromosomes present in a cell, which can lead to various developmental and health problems. It can occur due to various factors and can be diagnosed through different methods. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and the specific health problems it has caused.

Sigmoid neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the sigmoid colon, which is the lower part of the large intestine. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Types of Sigmoid Neoplasms[1]

There are several types of sigmoid neoplasms, including:

1. Adenomas: These are benign growths that can develop into cancer over time if left untreated.
2. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body.
3. Polyps: These are abnormal growths that can be either benign or malignant.
4. Villous adenomas: These are benign growths that are typically found in the sigmoid colon.

Causes and Risk Factors[1]

The exact cause of sigmoid neoplasms is not known, but several factors may increase the risk of developing them, including:

1. Age: The risk of developing sigmoid neoplasms increases with age, with most cases occurring in people over the age of 50.
2. Family history: Having a family history of colon cancer or other gastrointestinal disorders may increase the risk of developing sigmoid neoplasms.
3. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and a high-fat diet may increase the risk of developing sigmoid neoplasms.
4. Inflammatory bowel disease: People with inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease may be at higher risk of developing sigmoid neoplasms.

Symptoms[1]

Sigmoid neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including:

1. Blood in the stool
2. Changes in bowel movements (such as diarrhea or constipation)
3. Abdominal pain or discomfort
4. Weakness and fatigue
5. Loss of appetite

Diagnosis[1]

Sigmoid neoplasms are typically diagnosed using a combination of imaging tests and biopsy. The following tests may be used to diagnose sigmoid neoplasms:

1. Colonoscopy: A colonoscopy is a procedure in which a flexible tube with a camera and light on the end is inserted into the colon to examine the inside of the colon for polyps or other abnormalities.
2. CT scan: A CT scan is a type of imaging test that uses X-rays to create detailed images of the body. It may be used to look for signs of a tumor in the sigmoid colon.
3. MRI: An MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is a type of imaging test that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the body. It may be used to look for signs of a tumor in the sigmoid colon.
4. Biopsy: A biopsy is a procedure in which a small sample of tissue is removed from the colon and examined under a microscope for cancer cells.
5. Blood tests: Blood tests may be used to check for signs of anemia, liver function, and other health problems that may be related to sigmoid neoplasms.

Treatment[2]

The treatment of sigmoid neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the cancer. The following are some possible treatments for sigmoid neoplasms:

1. Surgery: Surgery is often the first line of treatment for sigmoid neoplasms. The goal of surgery is to remove the tumor and any affected lymph nodes.
2. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells. It may be used before or after surgery to treat sigmoid neoplasms.
3. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses high-energy X-rays or other particles to kill cancer cells. It may be used before or after surgery to treat sigmoid neoplasms.
4. Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy is a type of cancer treatment that targets specific genes or proteins that are involved in the growth and development of cancer cells. It may be used to treat sigmoid neoplasms that have spread to other parts of the body.
5. Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses the body's immune system to fight cancer. It may be used to treat sigmoid neoplasms that have spread to other parts of the body.

Prognosis[2]

The prognosis for sigmoid neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the cancer. In general, the prognosis is better for early-stage cancers that are treated with surgery alone. The 5-year survival rate for patients with localized sigmoid neoplasms (cancer that has not spread to other parts of the body) is about 90%. The 5-year survival rate for patients with regional sigmoid neoplasms (cancer that has spread to nearby lymph nodes or tissues) is about 70%. The 5-year survival rate for patients with distant sigmoid neoplasms (cancer that has spread to other parts of the body) is about 30%.

Lifestyle Changes[2]

There are several lifestyle changes that may help reduce the risk of developing sigmoid neoplasms. These include:

1. Eating a healthy diet: A diet high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains may help reduce the risk of developing sigmoid neoplasms.
2. Maintaining a healthy weight: Being overweight or obese increases the risk of developing sigmoid neoplasms. Maintaining a healthy weight through diet and exercise may help reduce this risk.
3. Exercising regularly: Regular physical activity may help reduce the risk of developing sigmoid neoplasms.
4. Limiting alcohol consumption: Drinking too much alcohol may increase the risk of developing sigmoid neoplasms. Limiting alcohol intake to moderate levels (1 drink per day for women and 2 drinks per day for men) may help reduce this risk.
5. Quitting smoking and avoiding secondhand smoke: Smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke increase the risk of developing sigmoid neoplasms. Quitting smoking and avoiding secondhand smoke may help reduce this risk.
6. Getting regular screenings: Regular screenings for colon cancer, such as colonoscopies, may help detect and treat sigmoid neoplasms before they become cancerous.

It is important to note that these lifestyle changes are not a guarantee against developing sigmoid neoplasms, but they may help reduce the risk. It is also important to talk to a doctor before making any significant changes to your diet or exercise routine.

There are several types of urethral neoplasms, including:

1. Urethral papillomas: These are small, non-cancerous growths that resemble a wart and typically occur in the distal (outer) part of the urethra.
2. Urethral polyps: These are soft, growths that can occur in any part of the urethra and are usually benign.
3. Urethral carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from the epithelial lining of the urethra. They can be superficial (confined to the surface) or invasive (penetrate deeper into the tissue).
4. Urethral melanoma: This is a rare type of malignant tumor that arises from the pigment-producing cells of the urethra. It is more common in men than women and typically affects the distal part of the urethra.

The symptoms of urethral neoplasms can vary depending on the size and location of the growth, but may include:

* Blood in the urine
* Painful urination
* Frequent urination
* Difficulty starting or stopping the flow of urine
* Pain in the pelvic area

Diagnosis of urethral neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical examination, urine cytology (examination of cells in the urine), and imaging studies such as ultrasound or MRI. A biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment options for urethral neoplasms depend on the type and location of the growth, but may include:

* Surgery to remove the tumor
* Cryotherapy (freezing of the tumor)
* Laser therapy
* Chemotherapy or radiation therapy for more advanced cases

Early detection and treatment of urethral neoplasms are important to improve outcomes and minimize complications. Regular screening and follow-up with a healthcare provider can help identify any abnormalities in the urinary tract and allow for prompt treatment if needed.

Causes:

* Genetic mutations
* Hormonal imbalance
* Use of certain medications
* Alcohol consumption
* Obesity

Symptoms:

* Swelling or lumps in the breast tissue
* Pain or tenderness in the breasts
* Nipple discharge
* Skin dimpling or puckering

Diagnosis:

* Physical examination
* Mammography (breast X-ray)
* Ultrasound imaging
* Biopsy (removing a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope)

Treatment depends on the type and stage of the cancer, but may include:

* Surgery to remove the tumor and surrounding tissue
* Radiation therapy (using high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells)
* Chemotherapy (using drugs to kill cancer cells)

Prognosis is generally good if the cancer is detected early, but it can be challenging to diagnose due to the rarity of breast cancer in men and the similarity of symptoms to other conditions.

Necrosis is a type of cell death that occurs when cells are exposed to excessive stress, injury, or inflammation, leading to damage to the cell membrane and the release of cellular contents into the surrounding tissue. This can lead to the formation of gangrene, which is the death of body tissue due to lack of blood supply.

There are several types of necrosis, including:

1. Coagulative necrosis: This type of necrosis occurs when there is a lack of blood supply to the tissues, leading to the formation of a firm, white plaque on the surface of the affected area.
2. Liquefactive necrosis: This type of necrosis occurs when there is an infection or inflammation that causes the death of cells and the formation of pus.
3. Caseous necrosis: This type of necrosis occurs when there is a chronic infection, such as tuberculosis, and the affected tissue becomes soft and cheese-like.
4. Fat necrosis: This type of necrosis occurs when there is trauma to fatty tissue, leading to the formation of firm, yellowish nodules.
5. Necrotizing fasciitis: This is a severe and life-threatening form of necrosis that affects the skin and underlying tissues, often as a result of bacterial infection.

The diagnosis of necrosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans, and laboratory tests such as biopsy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the necrosis and may include antibiotics, surgical debridement, or amputation in severe cases.

Cocarcinogenesis can occur through various mechanisms, such as:

1. Synergistic effects: The combined effect of two or more substances is greater than the sum of their individual effects. For example, smoking and exposure to asbestos can increase the risk of lung cancer more than either factor alone.
2. Antagonism: One substance may counteract the protective effects of another substance, leading to an increased risk of cancer. For example, alcohol consumption may antagonize the protective effects of a healthy diet against liver cancer.
3. Potentiation: One substance may enhance the carcinogenic effects of another substance. For example, smoking can potentiate the carcinogenic effects of exposure to certain chemicals in tobacco smoke.
4. Multistage carcinogenesis: Cocarcinogens can contribute to the development of cancer through multiple stages of carcinogenesis, including initiation, promotion, and progression.

Understanding cocarcinogenesis is important for developing effective cancer prevention strategies and for identifying potential co-carcinogens in our environment and diet. By identifying and avoiding co-carcinogens, we can reduce our risk of cancer and improve our overall health.

There are many different types of liver diseases, including:

1. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD): A condition caused by excessive alcohol consumption that can lead to inflammation, scarring, and cirrhosis.
2. Viral hepatitis: Hepatitis A, B, and C are viral infections that can cause inflammation and damage to the liver.
3. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A condition where there is an accumulation of fat in the liver, which can lead to inflammation and scarring.
4. Cirrhosis: A condition where the liver becomes scarred and cannot function properly.
5. Hemochromatosis: A genetic disorder that causes the body to absorb too much iron, which can damage the liver and other organs.
6. Wilson's disease: A rare genetic disorder that causes copper to accumulate in the liver and brain, leading to damage and scarring.
7. Liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma): Cancer that develops in the liver, often as a result of cirrhosis or viral hepatitis.

Symptoms of liver disease can include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, and swelling in the legs. Treatment options for liver disease depend on the underlying cause and may include lifestyle changes, medication, or surgery. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary.

Prevention of liver disease includes maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle, avoiding excessive alcohol consumption, getting vaccinated against hepatitis A and B, and managing underlying medical conditions such as obesity and diabetes. Early detection and treatment of liver disease can help to prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes for patients.

Some common types of maxillary neoplasms include:

1. Osteosarcoma: a type of bone cancer that affects the maxilla.
2. Chondrosarcoma: a type of cancer that arises in the cartilage cells of the maxilla.
3. Squamous cell carcinoma: a type of cancer that originates in the epithelial cells lining the maxilla.
4. Adenoid cystic carcinoma: a rare type of cancer that affects the salivary glands in the maxilla.
5. Pleomorphic adenoma: a benign tumor that arises in the salivary glands of the maxilla.
6. Pyogenic granuloma: a type of benign tumor that occurs in the blood vessels of the maxilla.
7. Hemangiopericytic fibroma: a rare type of benign tumor that affects the blood vessels of the maxilla.

Maxillary neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including pain, swelling, and difficulty opening the mouth or eye. They are typically diagnosed through a combination of imaging studies such as CT scans, MRI scans, and biopsies. Treatment options for maxillary neoplasms depend on the type and location of the tumor, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

Carcinogenesis is the process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. This complex process involves a series of genetic and molecular changes that can take place over a long period of time. The term "carcinogenesis" is derived from the Greek words "carcinoma," meaning cancer, and "genesis," meaning origin or creation.

Carcinogenesis is a multistep process that involves several stages, including:

1. initiation: This stage involves the activation of oncogenes or the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, leading to the formation of precancerous cells.
2. promotion: In this stage, the precancerous cells undergo further changes that allow them to grow and divide uncontrollably.
3. progression: This stage is characterized by the spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body (metastasis).

The process of carcinogenesis is influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices. Some of the known risk factors for carcinogenesis include:

1. tobacco use
2. excessive alcohol consumption
3. exposure to certain chemicals and radiation
4. obesity and poor diet
5. lack of physical activity
6. certain viral infections

Understanding the process of carcinogenesis is important for developing effective cancer prevention and treatment strategies. By identifying the early stages of carcinogenesis, researchers may be able to develop interventions that can prevent or reverse the process before cancer develops.

Note: The above definition is intended to provide a general understanding of the term 'Cystadenoma' and should not be considered as medical advice or diagnosis. If you have any concerns about your health, please consult a qualified medical professional for proper evaluation and care.

Epidemiology:
BCNS affects approximately 1 in 50,000-100,000 individuals worldwide and is more common in people with fair skin and light hair. The syndrome can be inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning that a single copy of the mutated gene is enough to cause the condition.

Clinical Features:
BCNS is characterized by a wide range of clinical features that affect the skin and nervous system. Skin manifestations include multiple BCCs, which can be flat or raised, flesh-colored or pigmented, and may ulcerate or bleed easily. Other skin changes include palmoplantar keratoses (thickened patches of skin on the palms and soles), papillomatoses (warts-like growths), and a higher risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

Nervous system manifestations can include:

1. Meningiomas: benign tumors that arise from the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.
2. Optic gliomas: benign tumors that affect the nerves responsible for vision.
3. Hydrocephalus: accumulation of fluid in the brain, which can cause headaches, nausea, and developmental delays.
4. Plexiform neurofibromas: rare tumors that affect the nerve tissue and can cause a range of symptoms depending on their location.

Diagnosis:
BCNS is diagnosed based on a combination of clinical features and genetic testing. Genetic testing can identify mutations in the PTCH1, SUFU, or other genes associated with BCNS. Imaging studies, such as CT or MRI scans, may be used to evaluate the extent of the tumors and other manifestations of the condition.

Treatment and management:
There is no cure for BCNS, but various treatments can help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the condition. These may include:

1. Surgery: to remove tumors or other affected tissue.
2. Chemotherapy: to reduce the growth of tumors and slow their growth.
3. Radiation therapy: to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors.
4. Pain management: to relieve pain and discomfort associated with the condition.
5. Physical therapy: to improve mobility and strength in affected limbs.
6. Monitoring: regular check-ups with a healthcare provider to monitor the progression of the condition and adjust treatment as needed.

Prognosis:
The prognosis for BCNS varies depending on the severity of the condition and the presence of certain symptoms. In general, the earlier the diagnosis and treatment, the better the prognosis. Some individuals with BCNS may experience a slow progression of the condition, while others may experience more rapid progression.

Lifestyle changes:
There are no specific lifestyle changes that can cure BCNS, but certain changes may help manage the symptoms and improve quality of life. These may include:

1. Avoiding activities that exacerbate pain or fatigue.
2. Maintaining a healthy diet to support overall health and well-being.
3. Getting regular exercise to maintain muscle strength and flexibility.
4. Managing stress through relaxation techniques, such as meditation or deep breathing.
5. Avoiding smoking and limiting alcohol intake to reduce the risk of complications.

Current research:
Research into the causes and management of BCNS is ongoing, with a focus on developing new treatments and improving existing ones. Some current areas of research include:

1. Genetic research: to better understand the genetic factors that contribute to BCNS and develop targeted therapies.
2. Immunotherapy: to harness the power of the immune system to fight cancer.
3. Precision medicine: to tailor treatment to the specific needs of each individual patient.
4. Clinical trials: to evaluate new treatments and compare them to existing ones.

Overall, while there is currently no cure for BCNS, there are various treatment options available that can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Ongoing research offers hope for the development of new and more effective therapies in the future.

Some common types of mandibular neoplasms include:

1. Ameloblastoma: A rare benign tumor that arises from the odontogenic epithel, which is the tissue responsible for the formation of teeth.
2. Odontogenic keratocyst: A benign tumor that originates in the mandible and can expand to involve the surrounding bone and soft tissues.
3. Myxoid chondromatosis: A rare benign tumor that consists of multiple cartilaginous nodules that are surrounded by a loose connective tissue stroma.
4. Chondroderivative osteoma: A rare benign bone tumor that arises from the mutation of cartilage cells during bone development.
5. Ossifying fibroma: A benign tumor that is made up of immature bone tissue and typically affects the jawbone.
6. Fibrosarcoma: A malignant tumor that arises from the connective tissue of the mandible, such as the periodontal ligament or the muscles of mastication.
7. Osteosarcoma: A malignant bone tumor that can arise in any bone of the body, including the mandible.

Symptoms of mandibular neoplasms can include pain, swelling, and difficulty opening the mouth or biting. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the neoplasm and may involve surgery, radiation therapy, or a combination of both. Early detection and treatment are important to improve outcomes and minimize the risk of complications.

There are several types of intestinal polyps, including:

1. Adenomatous polyps: These are the most common type of polyp and have the potential to become malignant (cancerous) over time if left untreated.
2. Hyperplastic polyps: These polyps are benign and do not have the potential to become cancerous.
3. Inflammatory polyps: These polyps are caused by inflammation in the intestines and are typically seen in conditions such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease.
4. Villous adenomas: These polyps are benign growths that occur on the villi (small projections) of the intestinal lining. They have the potential to become malignant over time if left untreated.

Intestinal polyps can cause a variety of symptoms, including abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, and changes in bowel movements. However, many people with intestinal polyps do not experience any symptoms at all. Intestinal polyps are typically detected during a colonoscopy or other imaging tests.

If you have been diagnosed with an intestinal polyp, your doctor may recommend one of the following treatments:

1. Watchful waiting: If your polyp is small and not causing any symptoms, your doctor may recommend monitoring it closely with regular colonoscopies to see if it grows or changes over time.
2. Removal: Polyps can be removed during a colonoscopy using a technique called endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) or by surgery.
3. Chemoprevention: In some cases, your doctor may recommend medications such as aspirin or sulindac to help reduce the risk of polyps growing back.

It's important to note that while intestinal polyps are generally not cancerous, they can sometimes become malignant over time if left untreated. Therefore, it is important to follow your doctor's recommendations for monitoring and treatment closely.

Neuroblastoma is caused by a genetic mutation that affects the development and growth of nerve cells. The cancerous cells are often sensitive to chemotherapy, but they can be difficult to remove surgically because they are deeply embedded in the nervous system.

There are several different types of neuroblastoma, including:

1. Infantile neuroblastoma: This type of neuroblastoma occurs in children under the age of one and is often more aggressive than other types of the cancer.
2. Juvenile neuroblastoma: This type of neuroblastoma occurs in children between the ages of one and five and tends to be less aggressive than infantile neuroblastoma.
3. Adult neuroblastoma: This type of neuroblastoma occurs in adults and is rare.
4. Metastatic neuroblastoma: This type of neuroblastoma has spread to other parts of the body, such as the bones or liver.

Symptoms of neuroblastoma can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but they may include:

* Abdominal pain
* Fever
* Loss of appetite
* Weight loss
* Fatigue
* Bone pain
* Swelling in the abdomen or neck
* Constipation
* Increased heart rate

Diagnosis of neuroblastoma typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as CT scans and MRI scans, and biopsies to confirm the presence of cancerous cells. Treatment for neuroblastoma usually involves a combination of chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy. The prognosis for neuroblastoma varies depending on the type of cancer, the age of the child, and the stage of the disease. In general, the younger the child and the more aggressive the treatment, the better the prognosis.

MSI is a common feature of many types of cancer, including colorectal cancer, gastrointestinal cancers, and endometrial cancer. It is estimated that up to 15% of all cancers exhibit MSI, with the highest prevalence found in colon cancer (40-50%).

MSI can be caused by a variety of genetic mutations, including defects in DNA repair genes such as MLH1 and MSH2, which are involved in the repair of microsatellites. Other causes of MSI include defects in the proofreading mechanism of DNA replication and the absence of the protein that corrects errors during DNA replication.

The significance of MSI in cancer is that it can be used as a biomarker for predicting the response of cancer cells to immunotherapy, such as checkpoint inhibitors. Cancer cells that exhibit MSI are more likely to respond to these therapies and have a better prognosis compared to those that do not exhibit MSI. Additionally, MSI can be used as a predictive biomarker for the presence of Lynch syndrome, an inherited condition that increases the risk of developing colorectal cancer and other cancers.

Overall, the study of microsatellite instability is an important area of cancer research, as it can provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of cancer development and progression, and may lead to the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment.

A persistent infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that can lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV is a bloodborne pathogen and can be spread through contact with infected blood, sexual contact, or vertical transmission from mother to child during childbirth.

Chronic hepatitis B is characterized by the presence of HBsAg in the blood for more than 6 months, indicating that the virus is still present in the liver. The disease can be asymptomatic or symptomatic, with symptoms such as fatigue, malaise, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, joint pain, and jaundice.

Chronic hepatitis B is diagnosed through serological tests such as HBsAg, anti-HBc, and HBV DNA. Treatment options include interferon alpha and nucleos(t)ide analogues, which can slow the progression of the disease but do not cure it.

Prevention strategies for chronic hepatitis B include vaccination with hepatitis B vaccine, which is effective in preventing acute and chronic HBV infection, as well as avoidance of risky behaviors such as unprotected sex and sharing of needles.

1. Pancreatic mucinous cysts: These are the most common type of pancreatic cyst and are usually benign (non-cancerous). They can range in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters and may contain mucin, a type of protein.
2. Pancreatic pseudocysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that develop after pancreatitis, an inflammation of the pancreas. Pseudocysts are usually more solid than mucinous cysts and can be filled with pancreatic tissue, blood, and other debris.
3. Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs): These are precancerous growths that develop in the pancreatic ducts and can progress to pancreatic cancer if left untreated.
4. Other rare types of pancreatic cysts include serous cystic neoplasms, clear cell cysts, and oncocytic cysts.

Pancreatic cysts may not cause any symptoms in their early stages, but as they grow, they can press on nearby organs and cause pain, nausea, vomiting, and other digestive problems. Large cysts can also block the pancreatic ducts, leading to pancreatitis.

Diagnosis of pancreatic cysts typically involves imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, or endoscopic ultrasound. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy may also be performed to collect a sample of the cyst fluid for further examination.

Treatment of pancreatic cysts depends on their type, size, and location. Small, benign cysts may not require treatment and can be monitored with regular imaging tests. Larger cysts may need to be drained or removed surgically, especially if they are causing symptoms or increasing in size.

It is essential for individuals with a history of pancreatic cysts to follow up regularly with their healthcare provider to monitor for any changes in the cysts and to ensure early detection of any potential cancerous changes.

Common types of genital neoplasms in females include:

1. Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN): A precancerous condition that affects the vulva, the external female genital area.
2. Cervical dysplasia: Precancerous changes in the cells of the cervix, which can progress to cancer if left untreated.
3. Endometrial hyperplasia: Abnormal growth of the uterine lining, which can sometimes develop into endometrial cancer.
4. Endometrial adenocarcinoma: Cancer that arises in the glands of the uterine lining.
5. Ovarian cancer: Cancer that originates in the ovaries.
6. Vaginal cancer: Cancer that occurs in the vagina.
7. Cervical cancer: Cancer that occurs in the cervix.
8. Uterine leiomyosarcoma: A rare type of cancer that occurs in the uterus.
9. Uterine clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of cancer that occurs in the uterus.
10. Mesothelioma: A rare type of cancer that affects the lining of the abdominal cavity, including the female reproductive organs.

Treatment for genital neoplasms in females depends on the type and stage of the disease, and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these. Early detection and treatment are important to improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.

This definition is based on the data provided by the Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) and the American Medical Association (AMA).

It's important to note that there may be other definitions or meanings of "Gastritis, Atrophic" in the medical field, and this definition is not intended to be an exhaustive or definitive one.

The information provided herein is only for informational purposes, and it should not be relied upon as medical advice or a substitute for professional medical care. If you have any specific questions or concerns about your health, or if you are seeking medical attention, you should consult with a qualified healthcare provider who can provide personalized and appropriate care based on your individual needs.

In extreme cases, hypoglycemia can lead to seizures, loss of consciousness, and even coma. It is important to recognize the symptoms of hypoglycemia early on and seek medical attention if they persist or worsen over time. Treatment typically involves raising blood sugar levels through the consumption of quick-acting carbohydrates such as glucose tablets, fruit juice, or hard candy.

If left untreated, hypoglycemia can have serious consequences, including long-term damage to the brain, heart, and other organs. It is important for individuals with diabetes to monitor their blood sugar levels regularly and work with their healthcare provider to manage their condition effectively.

The term "melena" comes from the Greek word for "black," and it is used to describe the characteristic dark color of the stools in these patients. The stools may be black, tarry, and have a distinctive odor, and they may also be accompanied by symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever.

The diagnosis of melena is typically made through a physical examination and laboratory tests, such as a complete blood count (CBC) and a fecal occult blood test (FOBT). Imaging studies, such as an upper endoscopy or a colonoscopy, may also be performed to identify the site of the bleeding.

Treatment of melena depends on the underlying cause of the bleeding, and it may involve medications, endoscopic therapy, or surgery. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the patient. Prognosis for melena is generally good if the underlying cause is identified and treated promptly, but it can be life-threatening if left untreated.

Small-cell carcinoma (SCC) of the cervix is an exceptional member of the neuroendocrine group of cervical carcinomas that is ... Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix is best defined separately:Neuroendocrine: Of, relating to, or involving the interaction ... Neuroendocrine carcinoma affects many different parts of the body. In the cervix, it is a rare, but very aggressive form of ... In its early stages, neuroendocrine carcinoma is asymptomatic (not showing or producing indications of a disease or other ...
... (LCNEC) is a highly malignant neoplasm arising from transformed epithelial ... "combined large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma" (c-LCNEC). Travis, William D; Brambilla, Elisabeth; Muller-Hermelink, H Konrad; ... It is currently considered to be a subtype of large cell lung carcinoma. LCNEC is often generically grouped among the non-small ... cell lung carcinomas. The World Health Organization classification of lung tumors recognizes a variant of LCNEC, namely " ...
"Clinical characterization of pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and large cell carcinoma with neuroendocrine ... Eight major groups of lung carcinomas are recognized in WHO-2004: Squamous cell lung carcinoma Small cell lung carcinoma ... the lung Large cell lung carcinoma Adenosquamous carcinoma Sarcomatoid carcinoma Carcinoid tumor Salivary gland-like carcinoma ... squamous cell carcinoma, combined large cell neuroencrine carcinoma, and mucinous bronchioloalveolar carcinoma and combined ...
As opposed to the focal type of neuroendocrine differentiation seen in prostatic adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma of the ... These types of prostate cancer comprise true neuroendocrine cancers, such as small cell carcinoma, carcinoid and carcinoid-like ... di Sant'Agnese PA (July 1992). "Neuroendocrine differentiation in carcinoma of the prostate. Diagnostic, prognostic, and ... Neuroendocrine tumor cells are also negative for the proliferation marker Ki-67; however, adjacent non-neuroendocrine tumor ...
... carcinoma of the lung Large-cell lung carcinoma with rhabdoid phenotype Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung One ... "large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma" (LCNEC), which is believed to derive from neuroendocrine cells. In addition, a "subvariant ... Giant-cell carcinoma of the lung Basaloid large cell carcinoma of the lung Clear cell carcinoma of the lung Lymphoepithelioma- ... "combined large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma" (or c-LCNEC), is recognized under the new system. To be designated a c-LCNEC, the ...
Addis, B. J. "Neuroendocrine differentiation in lung carcinoma". Thorax. 50 (2): 113-115. doi:10.1136/thx.50.2.113. PMC 473889 ... Media related to Neuroendocrine cells at Wikimedia Commons Neuroendocrine+System at the US National Library of Medicine Medical ... APUD cells are considered part of the neuroendocrine system, and share many staining properties with neuroendocrine cells. ... a process known as neuroendocrine integration. An example of a neuroendocrine cell is a cell of the adrenal medulla (innermost ...
... neuroendocrine carcinomas, which are the large cell neuroendocrine and small cell carcinomas. Additionally, the WHO scheme ... well differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (with low malignant potential); mixed exocrine-neuroendocrine carcinoma (goblet ... tract carcinoid tumor and neuroendocrine carcinoma ovary neuroendocrine tumor of the cervix Prostate tumor with neuroendocrine ... large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung (LCNEC) Extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas (ESCC or EPSCC) ...
Moran CA, Suster S, Coppola D, Wick MR (February 2009). "Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung: a critical analysis". Am. J. ... Squamous cell carcinoma Small cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Large cell carcinoma Adenosquamous carcinoma Sarcomatoid carcinoma ... combined small cell carcinoma of the lung has been long classified as a subset of small cell carcinoma, and not as a subset of ... and giant cell carcinoma. Giant cell carcinoma components are seen much more commonly in patients who have undergone radiation ...
NSE is produced by small-cell carcinomas, which are neuroendocrine in origin. NSE is therefore a useful tumor marker for ... "Molecular characterization of prostatic small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma". Prostate. 55 (1): 55-64. doi:10.1002/pros.10217. ... 1985). "Immunohistochemical localization of gamma-enolase in normal human tissues other than nervous and neuroendocrine tissues ... Detection of NSE with antibodies can be used to identify neuronal cells and cells with neuroendocrine differentiation. ...
... "islet cell carcinoma". Relative incidence is given as percentage of all functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Some ... A different TNM system for PanNETs has been proposed by The European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society. Pancreatic neuroendocrine ... PanNETs are a type of neuroendocrine tumor, representing about one-third of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP- ... Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor at Curlie (CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list, CS1: long volume value, All articles with ...
ISBN 978-0-7216-0187-8. Mulvany NJ, Allen DG (January 2008). "Combined large cell neuroendocrine and endometrioid carcinoma of ... Endometrioid carcinoma can also arise in the endometrium. Grades 1 and 2 are considered "type 1" endometrial cancer, while ... Carcinoma,+Endometrioid at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) "ACS :: What Is Endometrial ... Endometrioid tumors are a class of tumor characterized by a resemblance to endometrium/ endometrial carcinoma, and over a third ...
... is a rare biphasic gastrointestinal tract tumour that consists of a neuroendocrine component and a conventional carcinoma, ... Neuroendocrine tumours van Eeden S, Offerhaus GJ, Hart AA, et al. (December 2007). "Goblet cell carcinoid of the appendix: a ... They have a characteristic biphasic appearance which includes (1) goblet cell-like cells, and (2) neuroendocrine-type nuclear ... specific type of carcinoma". Histopathology. 51 (6): 763-73. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02883.x. PMID 18042066. Wikimedia ...
The microscopic differential diagnosis includes poorly differentiated carcinoma, neuroendocrine tumour and paraganglioma. GPs ... neuroendocrine-like), and (3) spindle cells (schwannoma-like). ...
... gene expression has been identified as a marker for neuroendocrine carcinoma cells. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ... "Novel markers for enterochromaffin cells and gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinomas". Modern Pathology. 22 (2): 261-72. doi ...
... plays a palliative role in patients with metastatic colon carcinoma. There is a ... Other treated malignancies include neuroendocrine tumors, ocular melanoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and sarcoma. ... conceptualized carcinogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as a multistep process involving parenchymal arterialization, ... for the treatment of single hepatocellular carcinoma". World J Gastroenterol. 13 (21): 2952-5. doi:10.3748/wjg.v13.i21.2952. ...
... mucosal malignant melanoma and neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC) that occur in the intranasal tract. Compared to other tumors in ... "Successful treatment of esthesioneuroblastoma and neuroendocrine carcinoma with combined chemotherapy and proton radiation. ... sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma, extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type, rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing/PNET, ... grades for esthesioneuroblastoma Esthesioneuroblastoma can resemble small blue cell tumors like squamous cell carcinoma, ...
"N-Myc drives small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma initiated from human prostate epithelial cells". Cancer Cell. 29 (4): 536-547 ... leads to the development of aggressive neuroendocrine prostate cancer tumors. Witte earned his B.S. degree in microbiology from ...
Later that day, she was diagnosed with stage IV high grade neuroendocrine carcinoma. Forbes died nine months later, in Boise, ...
... primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin, primary small cell carcinoma of the skin, and trabecular carcinoma of the skin. ... squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, lymphoma, and small cell carcinoma, or as a benign cyst. Merkel cell carcinomas ... Walsh, Noreen M.G. (July 2001). "Primary neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma of the skin: Morphologic diversity and ... Neuroendocrine molecular markers such as synaptophysin or chromogranin A are characteristic of MCC and other neuroendocrine ...
Adenoid cystic carcinoma and certain neuroendocrine tumors have been mistaken for ICCB tumors. Adenoid cystic carcinomas are ... Invasive cribriform carcinoma of the breast (ICCB), also termed invasive cribriform carcinoma, is a rare type of breast cancer ... the term invasive cribriform carcinoma of the breast rather than invasive cribriform carcinoma is used in order to clearly ... termed primary cutaneous cribriform apocrine carcinoma), thyroid gland (termed cribriform-morular thyroid carcinoma), colon ( ...
Other rare types include urothelial carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, neuroendocrine carcinoma and sarcoma. Urachal cancer ... "Urachal Carcinoma Shares Genomic Alterations with Colorectal Carcinoma and May Respond to Epidermal Growth Factor Inhibition". ... Herr, Harry W.; Bochner, Bernard H.; Sharp, David; Dalbagni, Guido; Reuter, Victor E. (July 2007). "Urachal Carcinoma: ... In addition, other diagnostic systems also for urachal carcinomas that are not adenocarcinomas have been proposed. ...
On September 7, 2016, Mouzon was diagnosed with neuroendocrine carcinoma, a rare form of cancer. His son, Jean-Pierre Mouzon, ...
September 2002). "Expression of neuroendocrine markers: a signature of human undifferentiated carcinoma of the colon and rectum ... In a studies of colorectal cancer of neuroendocrine markers, the expression of α-SNAP and β-SNAP were found to be higher in ... VAMP2 and syntaxin-1 were also found to have various levels of increase small cell undifferentiated carcinomas. Aberrant of ...
... such as small cell carcinoma and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. The issue of differential diagnosis is particularly acute ... A useful marker panel for distinguishing small cell carcinoma of lung from poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of ... Bhagavathi S, Chang CH (February 2009). "Multicentric basaloid carcinoma of lung clinically mimicking metastatic carcinoma: a ... expression in basaloid and large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung". Hum. Pathol. 32 (9): 918-25. doi:10.1053/hupa. ...
... neuroendocrine carcinomas. These show predominantly epithelial differentiation. They include pituitary adenoma and carcinoid ... "Neuroectodermal Neoplasms of the Head and Neck with Emphasis on Neuroendocrine Carcinomas". Modern Pathology. 15 (3): 264-278. ...
Mills SE (March 2002). "Neuroectodermal neoplasms of the head and neck with emphasis on neuroendocrine carcinomas". Modern ... Sunscreen also protects against squamous cell carcinoma, another skin cancer. Concerns have been raised that sunscreen might ...
The two main types are small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). The most common symptoms are ... SCLC may originate from these cell lines or neuroendocrine cells, and it may express CD44. Metastasis of lung cancer requires ... Lung cancer, also known as lung carcinoma (since about 98-99% of all lung cancers are carcinomas), is a malignant lung tumor ... Rare subtypes include carcinoid tumors, bronchial gland carcinomas, and sarcomatoid carcinomas. Lung cancer staging is an ...
... thymic carcinoma, and thymic neuroendocrine tumor in the United States". PLOS ONE. 14 (12): e0227197. Bibcode:2019PLoSO.. ... After thymoma, thymic carcinoma is the second most common type of thymus cancer. Early-stage thymic carcinoma is generally ... Superior vena cava syndrome may be associated with thymic carcinoma. Thymic carcinoma is rarely associated with paraneoplastic ... Both thymoma and thymic carcinoma originate from thymic epithelial cells; however, the epithelial cells in thymic carcinoma ...
Small-cell carcinoma (SCLC) is the most closely associated with almost 100% of cases occurring in smokers. This form of cancer ... SCLC may originate from neuroendocrine cells located in the bronchus called Feyrter cells. The risk of dying from lung cancer ... The strongest results were found by "Smoking and carcinoma of the lung. Preliminary report", by Richard Doll and Austin ... 4-5. ISBN 978-0-19-530067-3. Doll R, Hill AB (September 1950). "Smoking and carcinoma of the lung; preliminary report". British ...
... "moderately differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma". It is a more aggressive than typical carcinoid tumors: nodal metastases in ...
Adenosquamous carcinoma Small cell carcinoma Neuroendocrine tumour Glassy cell carcinoma Villoglandular adenocarcinoma Though ... Histologic subtypes of invasive cervical carcinoma include: Squamous cell carcinoma (about 80-85%) adenocarcinoma (about 15% of ... Dürst M, Gissmann L, Ikenberg H, zur Hausen H (June 1983). "A papillomavirus DNA from a cervical carcinoma and its prevalence ... van Nagell JR, Greenwell N, Powell DF, Donaldson ES, Hanson MB, Gay EC (April 1983). "Microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix". ...
"Invasive solid papillary carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation of the breast: a case report and literature review". ... Rarely, invasive SPC occurs with nearby invasive carcinoma of NST, lobular carcinoma, cribriform carcinoma, or tubular ... solid-papillary carcinoma (SPC), and invasive papillary carcinoma (IPC). The latter four carcinomas are considered here; ... invasive cribriform carcinoma of the breast, mucinous carcinoma, or tubular carcinoma tumors. Immunohistochemical analyses of ...
... to as Rectal carcinoid Pulmonary Typical bronchial carcinoid Atypical bronchial carcinoid Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma ... One exception is the Uppsala Centre of Excellence in Neuroendocrine Tumors at Uppsala University Hospital in Sweden, where ... tumors Non-functioning endocrine pancreatic tumors Insulinoma Gastrinoma Glucagonoma VIPoma Adrenals Adrenocortical carcinoma ...
Even rarer neoplasms include sarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, neuroendocrine carcinoma, paraganglioma, ...
June 2001). "Neuroendocrine cells along the digestive tract express neuropilin-2". Biochemical and Biophysical Research ... 2 co-expression is significantly correlated with increased vascularity and poor prognosis in nonsmall cell lung carcinoma". ...
... has shown to be a potential therapeutic agent for thyroid carcinoma by targeting cancer-promoting cholecystokinin ... in neuroendocrine cancers. Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy (PRRT) A radioactively labeled analogue of minigastrin, PP-F11 ... promising theranostic agents in neuroendocrine cancers". Molecular Biology Reports. 45 (6): 1759-1767. doi:10.1007/s11033-018- ...
High-grade pulmonary neuroendocrine tumor Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC of the lung ... Pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors are neuroendocrine tumors localized to the lung: bronchus or pulmonary parenchyma. Pulmonary ... Pulmonary neuroendocrine tumor are classified according to tumoral grade: Low grade pulmonary neuroendocrine tumor: Typical ... When neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia and tumorlets are extensive, they represent the rare preinvasive lesion for carcinoids ...
Inagaki H, Haimoto H, Hosoda S, Kato K (1988). "Aldolase C is localized in neuroendocrine cells". Experientia. 44 (9): 749-51. ... Aldolase A (ALDOA) is highly expressed in multiple cancers, including lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), renal cancer, and ... "Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase a is a potential metastasis-associated marker of lung squamous cell carcinoma and promotes lung ... "Histological examination of the aldolase monomer composition of cells from human kidney and hypernephroid carcinoma". Beiträge ...
Kohtz AS, Frye CA (2012). "Dissociating behavioral, autonomic, and neuroendocrine effects of androgen steroids in animal models ... monotherapy versus combined bicalutamide plus dutasteride therapy for patients with locally advanced or metastatic carcinoma of ...
... basal cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma with follicular differentiation". Int. J. Dermatol. 48 (7): 713-7. doi:10.1111/j ... immunohistochemical localization of neuroendocrine markers and CD10". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 24 (10): 1361-71. doi:10.1097/ ... basal cell carcinoma with follicular differentiation (CD10 stromal and epithelial staining) and squamous cell carcinoma (strong ... Some benign T cells can be CD10+ Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (Clear cell RCC) CD10+ distinguishes renal cell carcinoma, ...
The best-studied examples in this context are prostate, brain and breast carcinomas, as well as nephroblastoma and ... in this case in a neuroendocrine tumor of the small intestine. To count as positive, a nucleus should be at least half within ... chromosomal copy number and protein overexpression in breast carcinoma tissues for diagnostic use". Histopathology. 37 (5): 411 ... neuroendocrine tumors. For these types of tumors, the prognostic value for survival and tumor recurrence have repeatedly been ...
E.E. Müller (6 December 2012). Peptides and Non Peptides of Oncologic and Neuroendocrine Relevance: From Basic to Clinical ... Kennealey GT, Furr BJ (February 1991). "Use of the nonsteroidal anti-androgen Casodex in advanced prostatic carcinoma". Urol. ... "Bicalutamide in the treatment of advanced prostatic carcinoma: a phase II noncomparative multicenter trial evaluating safety, ...
2005). "Cervix carcinoma". In Gerbaulet A, Pötter R, Mazeron J, Limbergen EV (eds.). The GEC ESTRO handbook of brachytherapy. ... and of hormone-bound lutetium-177 and yttrium-90 to treat neuroendocrine tumors (peptide receptor radionuclide therapy). ... In the treatment of nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinomas VMAT provides equivalent or better protection ... for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: An R-IDEAL Stage 1/2a first-in-humans/feasibility demonstration of new technology ...
... primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin, primary small cell carcinoma of the skin, trabecular carcinoma of the skin) ... Microcystic adnexal carcinoma (sclerosing sweat duct carcinoma) Micronodular basal cell carcinoma Milia en plaque Milium Mixed ... Polypoid basal cell carcinoma Pore-like basal cell carcinoma Primary cutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma Proliferating ... Solitary trichoepithelioma Spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma (spindle cell carcinoma) Spiradenoma Squamous cell carcinoma ...
Watanabe S, Yamasaki S, Tanae A, Hibi I, Honna T (December 1994). "Three cases of hepatocellular carcinoma among cyproterone ... ISBN 978-0-08-093292-7. Müller E (18 September 2003). Peptides and Non Peptides of Oncologic and Neuroendocrine Relevance: From ... Ohri SK, Gaer JA, Keane PF (February 1991). "Hepatocellular carcinoma and treatment with cyproterone acetate". Br J Urol. 67 (2 ... Hensiek AE, Kellerman AJ, Hill JT (August 2000). "Spontaneous regression of a solitary cerebral metastases in renal carcinoma ...
It is a rare form of a neuroendocrine tumour. Most insulinomas are benign in that they grow exclusively at their origin within ... Streptozotocin is used in islet cell carcinomas which produce excessive insulin. Combination chemotherapy is used, either ... About 2% of patients develop diabetes mellitus after their surgery.[citation needed] Insulinomas are rare neuroendocrine ... Insulinomas are one of the functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour (PNET) group ("functional" because it increases ...
... ceruminous adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), and ceruminous mucoepidermoid carcinoma. This tumor only affects the outer 1/3 to 1/ ... or a neuroendocrine adenoma of the middle ear (middle ear adenoma). Wide, radical, complete surgical excision is the treatment ... NOS Ceruminous adenoid cystic carcinoma Ceruminous mucoepidermoid carcinoma All of the tumors are infiltrative into the soft ... Dong, F.; Gidley, P. W.; Ho, T.; Luna, M. A.; Ginsberg, L. E.; Sturgis, E. M. (2008). "Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the External ...
Other safety trials have used HSV1716 to treat patients with melanoma and squamous-cell carcinoma of head and neck. Since then ... under the name NTX-010 for cancers with neuroendocrine features including small cell lung cancer and a variety of pediatric ... Pond AR, Manuelidis EE (August 1964). "Oncolytic Effect of Poliomyelitis Virus on Human Epidermoid Carcinoma (Hela Tumor) ... "Potential for efficacy of the oncolytic Herpes simplex virus 1716 in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma". Head & Neck. ...
... and neuroendocrine differentiation is even possible. EMC was firstly described in 1953 by Stout et al. when they discussed the ... in some of the thyroid papillary carcinomas. Recent evidence demonstrates that tumors with these various translocations have ...
Notably, the expression of mPRγ was significantly higher in endometrioid and clear cell carcinomas, which are closely related ... The mPRs mediate important physiological functions in male and female reproductive tracts, liver, neuroendocrine tissues, and ... and carcinomas: while mPRα is expressed at significantly higher levels than the others, an increased expression of mPRβ has ... neurosteroid signaling and neuroendocrine functions in neuronal cells". Neuroendocrinology. 96 (2): 162-71. doi:10.1159/ ...
Certain benign cell types may also exhibit pleomorphism, e.g. neuroendocrine cells, Arias-Stella reaction. A rare type of ... Anaplasia Cell growth Cytopathology Giant cell carcinoma of the lung Nuclear atypia Schmoller, Kurt M.; Skotheim, Jan M. ( ...
Gires O, Eskofier S, Lang S, Zeidler R, Münz M (2003). "Cloning and characterisation of a 1.1 kb fragment of the carcinoma- ... and neuroendocrine prostate cancers. This antigen is the target of sacituzumab govitecan, an antibody-drug conjugate. GRCh38: ... This intronless gene encodes a carcinoma-associated antigen defined by the monoclonal antibody GA733. This antigen is a member ... March 1993). "Retroposition in a family of carcinoma-associated antigen genes". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 13 (3): 1507- ...
Jim Fung, 62, Hong Kong Chinese martial artist and businessman, nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Bob Woolmer, 58, British cricketer ... Robert E. Petersen, 80, American publisher of auto industry and enthusiast magazines, neuroendocrine cancer. Walter Turnbull, ...
Other tumors which need to be excluded include a neuroendocrine adenoma of the middle ear (middle ear adenoma), paraganglioma, ... Crain N, Nelson BL, Barnes EL, Thompson LD (Mar 2009). "Ceruminous gland carcinomas: a clinicopathologic and immunophenotypic ...
Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the endometrium]. [Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the endometrium]. / ... Carcinoma de Células Pequenas/genética; Carcinoma de Células Pequenas/patologia; Endométrio/metabolismo; Carcinoma ... The article describes a rare case of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the endometrium in a 67-year-old woman. According ... Carcinoma Neuroendócrino; Carcinoma de Células Pequenas; Feminino; Humanos; Idoso; Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo; Imuno- ...
Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SmCC), similar to oat-cell carcinoma of the lungs, is ... sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC), neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC), and small cell carcinoma (SmCC). Although ... Verrucous carcinoma. Verrucous carcinoma is a type of squamous carcinoma grossly characterized by a fungating appearance with ... These include verrucous carcinoma, basaloid SCC, spindle cell carcinoma, and transitional (or cylindrical) cell carcinoma. The ...
Posts Tagged Large Cell Neuro Endocrine Carcinoma. 09. Aug. 2017. Fear, Faith, and Follow-Ups. "I dont know about you, but I ... Even though there was nothing positive about large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix to be found, at least I knew ... Stephanie was battling an extremely rare and aggressive carcinoma for which there was some hope, but not very much. "Start ...
neuroendocrine tumors. *transitional cell carcinomas. Prostate cancer is the most common form of cancer in men in the United ...
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic. Bronchial Neoplasms. Neuroendocrine Tumors. Neuroectodermal Tumors. Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal ... Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung. Melanoma. Respiratory Tract Neoplasms. Thoracic Neoplasms. Neoplasms by Site. Neoplasms. Lung ... For squamous cell carcinoma, or adenocarcinoma without known activating mutation: the prior systemic therapy is at least one ... Melanoma Head and Neck Cancer Non Small Cell Lung Cancer Urethelial Carcinoma Biological: Enoblituzumab Biological: ...
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine / diagnostic imaging * Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine / surgery * Endosonography* * Female * Humans * Male ...
Ovarian Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Associated with Serous Carcinoma : Correlation of Pathology with MR Imaging ...
Abbreviations: NET, Neuroendocrine Tumors; RCC, Renal Cell Carcinoma; SEGA, Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma; TSC, Tuberous ... kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma). *a kidney tumor called angiomyolipoma, that can happen in children with a genetic ... a type of cancer called neuroendocrine tumors (NET). * ... Renal cell carcinoma (RCC). *TSC-associated renal ...
... after radical radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) treatment is rarely reported. The prognosis of second cancer is ... From: Pathological and genomic phenotype of second neuroendocrine carcinoma during long-term follow-up after radical ... Second head and neck neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) ...
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, Metastatic colorectal cancer, Sarcoma, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Gallbladder cancer, Stomach ... Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs) Discussions. Learn About NETs and monthly meetings 47 Replies Fri, Jun 02, 2023 ... Living with neuroendocrine tumors?. Connect with others like you for support and answers to your questions in the ... See a list of publications about neuroendocrine tumors by Mayo Clinic doctors on PubMed, a service of the National Library of ...
Ohno Y, Kusumoto M, Itouji E, Ohbayashi C, Yamamoto H, Kono M. A case of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma with pulmonary ... Ohno, Y, Kusumoto, M, Itouji, E, Ohbayashi, C, Yamamoto, H & Kono, M 1999, A case of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma with ... A case of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma with pulmonary fibrosis combined with progressive systemic sclerosis」の研究トピックを掘り下げ ... A case of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma with pulmonary fibrosis combined with progressive systemic sclerosis. / Ohno, ...
Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Ovarian Epithelial Cancer Merkel Cell Carcinoma Neuroendocrine Tumor Neuroepithelioma ... Carcinoma, Merkel Cell. Carcinoma. Carcinoma, Renal Cell. Endometrial Neoplasms. Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck. ... Neuroendocrine Tumors. Neuroectodermal Tumors. Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal. Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue. Carcinoma, Squamous ... Pathologically confirmed non-small cell lung cancer, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, renal cell carcinoma, breast ...
Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumour Service Reconfiguration at Freeman Hospital, Newcastle -. Format: pdf Renal Cell ... Renal Cell Carcinoma Service Redesign Project between UHB NHS Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital site, Birmingham - Full Summary. ... Renal Cell Carcinoma Service Redesign Project between UHB NHS Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital site, Birmingham - Outcomes. ... Neuroendocrine Tumour (NET) Dietitian Service Redesign Project at Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham - Outcomes. Format: pdf ...
... of lung neuroendocrine carcinomas and 70% of extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas. Achaete-scute homolog 1 was not detected ... of lung neuroendocrine carcinomas and 70% of extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas. Achaete-scute homolog 1 was not detected ... Neuroendocrine carcinomas are easily morphologically differentiated from neuroendocrine tumors in surgical material, although ... Neuroendocrine carcinomas are easily morphologically differentiated from neuroendocrine tumors in surgical material, although ...
They vary from low grade neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) to high grade neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). These tumors often occur ... Tissue Procurement and Natural History Study of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (NENs) Including Adrenocortical Carcinoma (ACC). This ... Neuroendocrine neoplasm (NENs)are rare cancers arising from the neuroendocrine cells and can affect almost any part of the body ... Pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors: typical and atypical carcinoid, small cell lung cancer (SCLC), large cell neuroendocrine ...
The clinical and biological implications of neuroendocrine (NE) subtypes in metastatic SCLC, and the extent to … ... Molecular Subtypes of High-Grade Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (HGNEC): What is YAP1-Positive HGNEC? Kawai H, Matsuoka R, Ito T, ... Potent molecular-targeted therapies for gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma. Ooki A, Osumi H, Fukuda K, Yamaguchi ... Neuroendocrine scores and NE status derived from the 50-gene signature are indicated on top. b, c Pearson correlation between ...
EGFR-Mutated Non-Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma;. Small Cell/Neuroendocrine Investigational Drug(s) ... Adults age 18 and older who had EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) that was treated and now transformed to SCLC ... Subjects with initial diagnosis of EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and histologically or cytologically ... Subjects should have received platinum-based chemotherapy with or without immunotherapy for small cell/neuroendocrine ...
BRAF V600E-mutated large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma responding to targeted therapy: a case report and review of the ... BRAF V600E-mutated large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma responding to targeted therapy: a case report and review of the ... Circular RNA circ_0005667 promotes cisplatin resistance of endometrial carcinoma cells by regulating IGF2BP1 through miR-145-5p ... Circular RNA circ_0005667 promotes cisplatin resistance of endometrial carcinoma cells by regulating IGF2BP1 through miR-145-5p ...
Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin: an immunohistochemical study of tumor markers and neuroendocrine products.. Layfield L; ... Neuroendocrine differentiation in basal cell carcinomas.. Dardi LE; Memoli VA; Gould VE. J Cutan Pathol; 1981 Oct; 8(5):335-41 ... 1. Neuroendocrine carcinomas with multiple immunoreactive peptides and melanin production.. Gould VE; Memoli VA; Dardi LE; ... Well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas.. Warren WH; Memoli VA; Gould VE. Ultrastruct Pathol; 1984; 7(2-3):185-99. PubMed ...
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine Actions. * Search in PubMed * Search in MeSH * Add to Search ... Vandetanib for the treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Cooper MR, Yi SY, Alghamdi W, Shaheen DJ, Steinberg M. Cooper MR, ...
Trends in the incidence of thymoma, thymic carcinoma, and thymic neuroendocrine tumor in the United States. PLoS One 2019;14(12 ... Merkel cell carcinoma incidence, trends, and survival rates among adults aged ≥50 years from United States Cancer Statistics. ... The changing incidence of in situ and invasive ductal and lobular breast carcinomas: United States, 1999-2004. Cancer ... Sex and race disparities in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States examined through age-period-cohort ...
Liver cancer - hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, others. *Liver metastasis - colorectal, neuroendocrine, renal cell ...
... kidney cysts and clear cell renal cell carcinoma; pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors; pheochromocytomas (noncancerous tumors of ... Renal cell carcinoma Retinal capillary hemangioma Abdominal pain Abnormal left ventricular function Anxiety Arrhythmia Back ...
MeSH Terms: Animals; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine*/pathology; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/metabolism; Homeodomain ... and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Mice possessing the LSL-Nrf2E79Q mutation showed no difference in the incidence or ... Small Cell Lung Carcinoma*/pathology; Transcription Factors/metabolism; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics ...
Paragangliomas are neuroendocrine tumors of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic paragangliomas generally secrete ... NCCN - Neuroendocrine Tumors National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: ... and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC) ... Chromogranin A (neuroendocrine marker) - consider if tumor does ... Paragangliomas are neuroendocrine tumors of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic paragangliomas generally secrete ...
  • Staging of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus carcinomas is not as well established as for other head and neck tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Mayo Clinic doctors and scientists are studying new ways to diagnose and treat neuroendocrine tumors. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Neuroendocrine carcinomas are easily morphologically differentiated from neuroendocrine tumors in surgical material, although this distinction can be difficult when using small biopsy specimens. (unito.it)
  • The diagnostic usefulness of different transcription factors as site-specific markers or as discriminating markers between neuroendocrine carcinomas and neuroendocrine tumors has been previously studied with sometimes contradictory results. (unito.it)
  • Using immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, we investigated the expression of achaete-scute homolog 1 in 335 neuroendocrine neoplasms (194 neuroendocrine carcinomas and 141 neuroendocrine tumors) of different sites, to check its possible utility as diagnostic marker. (unito.it)
  • The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of achaete-scute homolog 1 expression were 82.4% and 89.7% in distinguishing neuroendocrine carcinomas from neuroendocrine tumors of the lung, 40.6% and 100% to differentiate extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas from neuroendocrine tumors, and 82.4% and 59.4% in distinguishing lung from extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas. (unito.it)
  • They vary from low grade neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) to high grade neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). (nih.gov)
  • 8. Production of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing hormone in various neuroendocrine tumors. (nih.gov)
  • Paragangliomas are neuroendocrine tumors of the autonomic nervous system. (arupconsult.com)
  • The tablets are also being investigated for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and renal cell carcinoma. (aao.org)
  • Patients with VHL disease are found to have retinal angiomas, renal cell carcinomas, pheochromocytomas, CNS hemangioblastomas, tumors of the inner ear and epididymis, cystic lesions of the ovaries, and cystic and endocrine tumors of the pancreas. (ctisus.com)
  • Provide treatment with antineoplastons A10 and AS2-1 for patients with metastatic or incurable neuroendocrine tumors. (knowcancer.com)
  • Distinct Signatures of Genomic Copy Number Variants Define Subgroups of Merkel Cell Carcinoma Tumors. (nih.gov)
  • Histological examination revealed three necessary features the small- cell nature of the tumor , the presence of epithelial and neuroendocrine markers. (bvsalud.org)
  • The tumor was determined to be a large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma by microscopic and immunohistochemical studies. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
  • Achaete-scute homolog 1 was not detected in any gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor and was found in only a minority of lung carcinoids. (unito.it)
  • Adults age 18 and older who had EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) that was treated and now transformed to SCLC or another neuroendocrine tumor. (nih.gov)
  • Subjects with initial diagnosis of EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and histologically or cytologically confirmed transformation to small cell or neuroendocrine tumor following treatment with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. (nih.gov)
  • 12. Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin: an immunohistochemical study of tumor markers and neuroendocrine products. (nih.gov)
  • 19. Squamous carcinoma in situ of the skin containing premelanosomes, with melanocytic colonization of the tumor. (nih.gov)
  • Critically, the 2017 WHO criteria separated these well-differentiated G3 PaNENs from poorly differentiated G3 neuroendocrine carcinoma based on tumor cell morphology. (ctisus.com)
  • The TNM (tumor-node-metastasis) staging system from the American Joint Committee for Cancer Staging and End Results Reporting is used for all lung carcinomas except small-cell lung cancer. (medscape.com)
  • In the dose-expansion phase, etrumadenant at RP2D in combination with zimberelimab may be assessed in participants with advanced clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) or metastatic castrate-resistant adenocarcinoma of the prostate (mCRPC). (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • We investigated whether Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) patients in France carry Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) and then identified strain variations. (cdc.gov)
  • A new virus, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), recently was discovered in humans with Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a relatively rare, aggressive primary cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma. (cdc.gov)
  • A current research focus is the biology of neuroendocrine Merkel cells and the oncogenesis of Merkel cell carcinoma. (nih.gov)
  • Avelumab in patients with previously treated metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma: long-term data and biomarker analyses from the single-arm phase 2 JAVELIN Merkel 200 trial. (nih.gov)
  • Early objective response to avelumab treatment is associated with improved overall survival in patients with metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma. (nih.gov)
  • The biology and treatment of Merkel cell carcinoma: current understanding and research priorities. (nih.gov)
  • Merkel cell carcinoma expresses the immunoregulatory ligand CD200 and induces immunosuppressive macrophages and regulatory T cells. (nih.gov)
  • Avelumab in patients with chemotherapy-refractory metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma: a multicentre, single-group, open-label, phase 2 trial. (nih.gov)
  • 5. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis of bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms. (nih.gov)
  • 18. Coexpression of neuroendocrine markers and epithelial cytoskeletal proteins in bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms. (nih.gov)
  • Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PaNENs) represent a unique class of neoplasm that are distinct from the more common pancreatic adenocarcinoma in histology, management, and prognosis. (ctisus.com)
  • Small bowel neuroendocrine tumours (SBNET) are a rare, but high as 82%.1-3,5,7,9-12 The improved survival in these patients increasingly identified clinical entity (1-2 cases per 100 000 has expanded the indications for surgical resection including annually), that comprises a group of neoplasms originating palliative surgical resection of hepatic metastases which can in the neuroendocrine system. (who.int)
  • Primary breast neuroendocrine neoplasms (BNENs) are a rare form of breast cancer, accounting for less than 0.1% of all breast malignancies. (ecancer.org)
  • These neoplasms have a similar clinical presentation as conventional breast carcinomas, differing mainly in their histopathology and expression of neuroendocrine (NE) markers, chromogranin and synaptophysin. (ecancer.org)
  • Primary breast neuroendocrine neoplasms (BNENs) constitute an under-recognised subtype of breast malignancies. (ecancer.org)
  • This entity accounts for less than 0.1% of all cases of carcinoma breast and under 1% of primary neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) [ 1 ]. (ecancer.org)
  • The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety of enoblituzumab (MGA271) in combination with Keytruda (pembrolizumab) when given to patients with B7-H3-expressing melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), Urothelial Cancer and other B7-H3 expressing cancers. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • Histologically, NSCLC is divided into adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (see the image below), and large cell carcinoma. (medscape.com)
  • A cavitating right lower lobe squamous cell carcinoma. (medscape.com)
  • 2. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. (nih.gov)
  • 3. Multiple endocrine cell types in thyroid medullary carcinoma. (nih.gov)
  • 4. Melanin production in a medullary thyroid carcinoma. (nih.gov)
  • 6. Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. (nih.gov)
  • 10. Calcitonin, somatostatin and ACTH immunoreactive cells in a case of familial bilateral thyroid medullary carcinoma. (nih.gov)
  • 14. [Immunohistochemical detection of calcitonin, ACTH, beta-MSH, beta-endorphin and somatostatin in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. (nih.gov)
  • 15. Melanin-producing medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. (nih.gov)
  • 20. Medullary differentiation of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. (nih.gov)
  • Vandetanib for the treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma. (nih.gov)
  • 7. Neuroendocrine differentiation in basal cell carcinomas: a retrospective immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. (nih.gov)
  • 11. Neuroendocrine differentiation in basal cell carcinomas. (nih.gov)
  • Zhao X, Zhang G, Li CH. Collision carcinoma of the rectum involving neuroendocrine carcinoma and adenocarcinoma: A case report. (wjgnet.com)
  • Small bowel neuroendocrine tumours frequently metastasise to the liver. (who.int)
  • A characteristically diverse group of tumours originating from neuroendocrine (NE) cells, NENs have the propensity to arise in a plethora of locations, notably in the gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system, respiratory system, skin and skin [ 2 ]. (ecancer.org)
  • Neuroendocrine neoplasm (NENs)are rare cancers arising from the neuroendocrine cells and can affect almost any part of the body. (nih.gov)
  • Lung cancers with EGFR mutations may develop resistance to therapies targeting this protein by evolving/being transformed into small cell or neuroendocrine cancers. (nih.gov)
  • Achaete-scute homolog 1 expression was identified in 82% of lung neuroendocrine carcinomas and 70% of extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas. (unito.it)
  • In this respect, the role of achaete-scute homolog 1 has been poorly investigated, although some recent findings demonstrate its expression in neuroendocrine carcinomas. (unito.it)
  • A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round "blue cells", granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. (nih.gov)
  • This study evaluated outcome in patients with small bowel neuroendocrine liver metastases who underwent liver resection at Groote Schuur Hospital and UCT Private Academic Hospital. (who.int)
  • All patients with small bowel neuroendocrine liver metastases treated with resection from 1990-2015 were identified from a prospective departmental database. (who.int)
  • Trp53/p16-deficient mice developed combined-small cell lung cancer (C-SCLC), a mixture of pure-SCLC (P-SCLC) and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. (nih.gov)
  • Neuroendocrine carcinomas show overlapping morphological and immunohistochemical features independently of their site of origin, which makes identification of the primary location problematic when they are diagnosed as metastases of unknown origin. (unito.it)
  • 16. Peptide-hormone- and serotonin-immunoreactive tumour cells in carcinoma of the prostate. (nih.gov)
  • Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the endometrium]. (bvsalud.org)
  • The article describes a rare case of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the endometrium in a 67-year-old woman . (bvsalud.org)
  • Subjects should have received platinum-based chemotherapy with or without immunotherapy for small cell/neuroendocrine transformation or refused such therapy. (nih.gov)
  • We reported this case because large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma IS rarely combined with PSS. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
  • We report the case of a 48-year-old with a breast mass, which on further work-up was diagnosed as locally advanced carcinoma breast, that required a mastectomy and axillary node dissection on the same side and revealed NE differentiation on histopathological examination. (ecancer.org)
  • There is hence a lack of randomised data on the treatment of these entities and current protocol suggests similar treatment as that of conventional breast carcinomas. (ecancer.org)
  • It is imperative to separate these tumors from true neuroendocrine neoplasms of the thymus-especially large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma-since both entities require different treatment modalities and likely show different biologic behavior. (medscape.com)
  • Pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma with unique morphological features mimicking intraductal papillary mucinous carcinoma: A case report. (bvsalud.org)
  • Pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma (PanNEC) is a rare disease entity with rapid progression and poor prognosis . (bvsalud.org)
  • Sunitinib is also used to treat pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET, a type of tumor that begins in certain cells of the pancreas) in people with tumors that have worsened and cannot be treated with surgery. (medlineplus.gov)
  • For the treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET), sunitinib is usually taken once daily. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Analogous to other organ systems, in the thymus, the latter are defined by the presence of an organoid morphology ( neuroendocrine features ) in addition to immunohistochemical or ultrastructural evidence of neuroendocrine lineage ( neuroendocrine differentiation ). (medscape.com)
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS) both incorporate mitotic count and Ki-67 proliferation for the classification of gastroenteropancreatic NETs (GEP-NETs). (medscape.com)
  • They vary from low grade neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) to high grade neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). (nih.gov)
  • [ 2 , 14 ] What separates true NEC from conventional thymic carcinoma is that in addition to the expression of neuroendocrine markers, the former will also have to demonstrate organoid architectural features as characterized by nested, trabecular, or rosette-like patterns, among others. (medscape.com)
  • NCCN guidelines have been developed for management of thymoma and thymic carcinoma. (medscape.com)
  • [ 6 ] In its 2015 consensus statement on best practices for pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors, the ENETS noted that tumor grading based on a combination of KI-67, mitotic rate, and necrosis may be of clinical importance but lacks validation. (medscape.com)
  • Neuroendocrine differentiation in carcinomas of the nonneuroendocrine type has been observed in various organ systems. (medscape.com)
  • Neuroendocrine differentiation in conventional thymic carcinomas is a common occurrence. (medscape.com)
  • Contrary to prior suggestions, neuroendocrine differentiation should not be used to distinguish thymic carcinomas from thymomas, and these tumors should not be regarded as "mixed carcinomas. (medscape.com)
  • In three previous studies on the thymus, [ 11-13 ] focal neuroendocrine differentiation was identified in a subset of conventional thymic carcinomas but not in any thymomas. (medscape.com)
  • To shed more light on these issues, 27 cases of conventional thymic carcinomas derived from thymectomy specimens were subjected to immunohistochemical studies with antibodies targeting synaptophysin, chromogranin A, and CD56 representing some of the most modern, robust, and specific markers for neuroendocrine differentiation. (medscape.com)
  • 4. Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic carcinomas. (nih.gov)
  • 20. Evaluation and clinical value of neuroendocrine differentiation in human prostatic tumors. (nih.gov)
  • The expression of neuroendocrine markers in this context was therefore interpreted to be an indicator of increased malignancy and as a helpful feature of separating thymic carcinomas from thymoma. (medscape.com)
  • Twenty-seven conventional thymic carcinomas from thymectomies were studied immunohistochemically with antibodies directed against synaptophysin, chromogranin A, and CD56 in addition to the standard markers for these tumors. (medscape.com)
  • chromogranin, pancreastatin and serotonin in the management of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. (nih.gov)
  • 1. [Eosinophilic solid and cystic renal cell carcinoma with TSC2 gene mutations in children]. (nih.gov)
  • 2. [Clinicopathologic features of primary renal neuroendocrine carcinoma]. (nih.gov)
  • Sunitinib is also used to treat advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC, a type of cancer that begins in the cells of the kidneys). (medlineplus.gov)
  • For the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), or for the treatment renal cell carcinoma (RCC), sunitinib is usually taken once a day for 4 weeks (28 days) followed by a 2-week break before beginning the next dosing cycle and repeated every 6 weeks for as long as your doctor recommends. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is an aggressive form of prostate cancer frequently seen after prolonged treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). (nih.gov)
  • A Pubmed search for 'Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer' was performed and relevant articles were reviewed. (nih.gov)
  • 1. Serum calcitonin in small cell carcinoma of the prostate. (nih.gov)
  • 2. [Combined small-cell carcinoma/adenocarcinoma of prostate: report of two cases]. (nih.gov)
  • 3. Small cell carcinoma of the prostate. (nih.gov)
  • 5. [Small cell carcinoma of the prostate: a report of three patients and a prognostic analysis of cases reported in Japan]. (nih.gov)
  • 11. Small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma as a variant form of prostate cancer recurrence: a case report and short literature review. (nih.gov)
  • 15. Small cell carcinoma of the prostate: an underrecognized entity. (nih.gov)
  • and neuroendocrine prostate cancer. (bvsalud.org)
  • To investigate this occurrence in thymic carcinomas, 27 cases of different histologies were analyzed using neuroendocrine immunohistochemical markers. (medscape.com)
  • MCPyV was detected by nested PCR by using a first rare, aggressive primary cutaneous neuroendocrine carci- PCR amplification with the LT1 and VP1 primer sets noma. (cdc.gov)
  • Clear distinction of true NEC from conventional thymic carcinomas, however, is highly important since the two represent separate entities that require different treatment modalities and likely demonstrate different biologic behavior. (medscape.com)
  • 8. [Clinicopathological characterization of prostatic small cell carcinoma: a case report and review of the literature]. (nih.gov)
  • Focal expression of at least one neuroendocrine marker was identified in a total of 12 (44%) cases. (medscape.com)
  • 18. [Prostatic carcinoma that arose with hearing loss: a case report]. (nih.gov)