Carcinoma intraductal noninfiltrating. Medical search

A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.

A small, often impalpable benign papilloma arising in a lactiferous duct and frequently causing bleeding from the nipple. (Stedman, 25th ed)

A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer." (From Dorland, 27th ed)

An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.

A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)

An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)

A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.

A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.

Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).

A multilocular tumor with mucin secreting epithelium. They are most often found in the ovary, but are also found in the pancreas, appendix, and rarely, retroperitoneal and in the urinary bladder. They are considered to have low-grade malignant potential.

Neoplasms containing cyst-like formations or producing mucin or serum.

Ducts that collect PANCREATIC JUICE from the PANCREAS and supply it to the DUODENUM.

An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.

Malignant neoplasms involving the ductal systems of any of a number of organs, such as the MAMMARY GLANDS, the PANCREAS, the PROSTATE, or the LACRIMAL GLAND.

Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.

The conic organs which usually give outlet to milk from the mammary glands.

A true cyst of the PANCREAS, distinguished from the much more common PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST by possessing a lining of mucous EPITHELIUM. Pancreatic cysts are categorized as congenital, retention, neoplastic, parasitic, enterogenous, or dermoid. Congenital cysts occur more frequently as solitary cysts but may be multiple. Retention cysts are gross enlargements of PANCREATIC DUCTS secondary to ductal obstruction. (From Bockus Gastroenterology, 4th ed, p4145)

Surgical removal of the pancreas. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.

Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.

Ability of neoplasms to infiltrate and actively destroy surrounding tissue.

A cystic tumor of the ovary, containing thin, clear, yellow serous fluid and varying amounts of solid tissue, with a malignant potential several times greater than that of mucinous cystadenoma (CYSTADENOMA, MUCINOUS). It can be unilocular, parvilocular, or multilocular. It is often bilateral and papillary. The cysts may vary greatly in size. (Dorland, 27th ed; from Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972)

Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.

A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)

A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.

Non-invasive diagnostic technique for visualizing the PANCREATIC DUCTS and BILE DUCTS without the use of injected CONTRAST MEDIA or x-ray. MRI scans provide excellent sensitivity for duct dilatation, biliary stricture, and intraductal abnormalities.

A malignant cystic or semisolid tumor most often occurring in the ovary. Rarely, one is solid. This tumor may develop from a mucinous cystadenoma, or it may be malignant at the onset. The cysts are lined with tall columnar epithelial cells; in others, the epithelium consists of many layers of cells that have lost normal structure entirely. In the more undifferentiated tumors, one may see sheets and nests of tumor cells that have very little resemblance to the parent structure. (Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p184)

Liquid material found in epithelial-lined closed cavities or sacs.

Fiberoptic endoscopy designed for duodenal observation and cannulation of VATER'S AMPULLA, in order to visualize the pancreatic and biliary duct system by retrograde injection of contrast media. Endoscopic (Vater) papillotomy (SPHINCTEROTOMY, ENDOSCOPIC) may be performed during this procedure.

A benign neoplasm of the ovary.

Ultrasonography of internal organs using an ultrasound transducer sometimes mounted on a fiberoptic endoscope. In endosonography the transducer converts electronic signals into acoustic pulses or continuous waves and acts also as a receiver to detect reflected pulses from within the organ. An audiovisual-electronic interface converts the detected or processed echo signals, which pass through the electronics of the instrument, into a form that the technologist can evaluate. The procedure should not be confused with ENDOSCOPY which employs a special instrument called an endoscope. The "endo-" of endosonography refers to the examination of tissue within hollow organs, with reference to the usual ultrasonography procedure which is performed externally or transcutaneously.

Passages within the liver for the conveyance of bile. Includes right and left hepatic ducts even though these may join outside the liver to form the common hepatic duct.

A infiltrating (invasive) breast cancer, relatively uncommon, accounting for only 5%-10% of breast tumors in most series. It is often an area of ill-defined thickening in the breast, in contrast to the dominant lump characteristic of ductal carcinoma. It is typically composed of small cells in a linear arrangement with a tendency to grow around ducts and lobules. There is likelihood of axillary nodal involvement with metastasis to meningeal and serosal surfaces. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1205)

A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.

A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.

The excision of the head of the pancreas and the encircling loop of the duodenum to which it is connected.

Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the extent of the neoplasm in the patient.

Two or more abnormal growths of tissue occurring simultaneously and presumed to be of separate origin. The neoplasms may be histologically the same or different, and may be found in the same or different sites.

Passages external to the liver for the conveyance of bile. These include the COMMON BILE DUCT and the common hepatic duct (HEPATIC DUCT, COMMON).

High molecular weight mucoproteins that protect the surface of EPITHELIAL CELLS by providing a barrier to particulate matter and microorganisms. Membrane-anchored mucins may have additional roles concerned with protein interactions at the cell surface.

In humans, one of the paired regions in the anterior portion of the THORAX. The breasts consist of the MAMMARY GLANDS, the SKIN, the MUSCLES, the ADIPOSE TISSUE, and the CONNECTIVE TISSUES.

The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum.

Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.

Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Pathological processes that tend eventually to become malignant. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.

An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

A malignant neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. The neoplastic cells manifest varying degrees of anaplasia and invasiveness, and local extension and metastases occur. Cystadenocarcinomas develop frequently in the ovaries, where pseudomucinous and serous types are recognized. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

A gel-forming mucin found predominantly in SMALL INTESTINE and variety of mucous membrane-containing organs. It provides a protective, lubricating barrier against particles and infectious agents.

A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. In some instances, considerable portions of the neoplasm, or even the entire mass, may be cystic. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Transfer of a neoplasm from its primary site to lymph nodes or to distant parts of the body by way of the lymphatic system.

INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.

A nodular organ in the ABDOMEN that contains a mixture of ENDOCRINE GLANDS and EXOCRINE GLANDS. The small endocrine portion consists of the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS secreting a number of hormones into the blood stream. The large exocrine portion (EXOCRINE PANCREAS) is a compound acinar gland that secretes several digestive enzymes into the pancreatic ductal system that empties into the DUODENUM.

A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round "blue cells", granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small ("oat") cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.

A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.

Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.

Tumor or cancer of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.

The local recurrence of a neoplasm following treatment. It arises from microscopic cells of the original neoplasm that have escaped therapeutic intervention and later become clinically visible at the original site.

DNA present in neoplastic tissue.

Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Any of the ducts which transport saliva. Salivary ducts include the parotid duct, the major and minor sublingual ducts, and the submandibular duct.

Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.

Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the digestive tract.

Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.

Pathological processes of the BREAST.

A tumor of both low- and high-grade malignancy. The low-grade grow slowly, appear in any age group, and are readily cured by excision. The high-grade behave aggressively, widely infiltrate the salivary gland and produce lymph node and distant metastases. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas account for about 21% of the malignant tumors of the parotid gland and 10% of the sublingual gland. They are the most common malignant tumor of the parotid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240)

A mixed adenocarcinoma and squamous cell or epidermoid carcinoma.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.

An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of cells resembling the glandular cells of the ENDOMETRIUM. It is a common histological type of ovarian CARCINOMA and ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA. There is a high frequency of co-occurrence of this form of adenocarcinoma in both tissues.

The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.

Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)

The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods.

An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.

A highly malignant, primitive form of carcinoma, probably of germinal cell or teratomatous derivation, usually arising in a gonad and rarely in other sites. It is rare in the female ovary, but in the male it accounts for 20% of all testicular tumors. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1595)

Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.

Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.

Exudates are fluids, CELLS, or other cellular substances that are slowly discharged from BLOOD VESSELS usually from inflamed tissues. Transudates are fluids that pass through a membrane or squeeze through tissue or into the EXTRACELLULAR SPACE of TISSUES. Transudates are thin and watery and contain few cells or PROTEINS.

A dilation of the duodenal papilla that is the opening of the juncture of the COMMON BILE DUCT and the MAIN PANCREATIC DUCT, also known as the hepatopancreatic ampulla.

A carcinoma arising from MERKEL CELLS located in the basal layer of the epidermis and occurring most commonly as a primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin. Merkel cells are tactile cells of neuroectodermal origin and histologically show neurosecretory granules. The skin of the head and neck are a common site of Merkel cell carcinoma, occurring generally in elderly patients. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1245)

A condition characterized by the formation of CALCULI and concretions in the hollow organs or ducts of the body. They occur most often in the gallbladder, kidney, and lower urinary tract.

Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.

Removal of a MEDICAL DEVICE from the market due to a problem occurring in the manufacture or distribution of the product.

A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.

The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.

Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.

A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.

Tumors or cancer of the COLON.

A variant of well-differentiated epidermoid carcinoma that is most common in the oral cavity, but also occurs in the larynx, nasal cavity, esophagus, penis, anorectal region, vulva, vagina, uterine cervix, and skin, especially on the sole of the foot. Most intraoral cases occur in elderly male abusers of smokeless tobacco. The treatment is surgical resection. Radiotherapy is not indicated, as up to 30% treated with radiation become highly aggressive within six months. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

A poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in which the nucleus is pressed to one side by a cytoplasmic droplet of mucus. It usually arises in the gastrointestinal system.

Removal of only enough breast tissue to ensure that the margins of the resected surgical specimen are free of tumor.

The largest bile duct. It is formed by the junction of the CYSTIC DUCT and the COMMON HEPATIC DUCT.

A gel-forming mucin that is predominantly associated with the gastric epithelium.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair, resulting in abnormal HEMIZYGOSITY. It is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the ALLELES was deleted.

Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the level of CELL DIFFERENTIATION in neoplasms as increasing ANAPLASIA correlates with the aggressiveness of the neoplasm.

Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.

Nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the p53 gene (GENES, P53) whose normal function is to control CELL PROLIFERATION and APOPTOSIS. A mutant or absent p53 protein has been found in LEUKEMIA; OSTEOSARCOMA; LUNG CANCER; and COLORECTAL CANCER.

A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function.

A malignant tumor arising from secreting cells of a racemose gland, particularly the salivary glands. Racemose (Latin racemosus, full of clusters) refers, as does acinar (Latin acinus, grape), to small saclike dilatations in various glands. Acinar cell carcinomas are usually well differentiated and account for about 13% of the cancers arising in the parotid gland. Lymph node metastasis occurs in about 16% of cases. Local recurrences and distant metastases many years after treatment are common. This tumor appears in all age groups and is most common in women. (Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575)

Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.

A malignant tumor composed of more than one type of neoplastic tissue. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.

INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.

Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.

A signal transducing adaptor protein and tumor suppressor protein. It forms a complex with activated RECEPTOR-REGULATED SMAD PROTEINS. The complex then translocates to the CELL NUCLEUS and regulates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of target GENES.

A tumor of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large size. It is usually bronchogenic. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Predominantly extrahepatic bile duct which is formed by the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts, which are predominantly intrahepatic, and, in turn, joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct.

A premalignant change arising in the prostatic epithelium, regarded as the most important and most likely precursor of prostatic adenocarcinoma. The neoplasia takes the form of an intra-acinar or ductal proliferation of secretory cells with unequivocal nuclear anaplasia, which corresponds to nuclear grade 2 and 3 invasive prostate cancer.

Procedures of applying ENDOSCOPES for disease diagnosis and treatment. Endoscopy involves passing an optical instrument through a small incision in the skin i.e., percutaneous; or through a natural orifice and along natural body pathways such as the digestive tract; and/or through an incision in the wall of a tubular structure or organ, i.e. transluminal, to examine or perform surgery on the interior parts of the body.

An adenoma containing fibrous tissue. It should be differentiated from ADENOFIBROMA which is a tumor composed of connective tissue (fibroma) containing glandular (adeno-) structures. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

Experimentally induced mammary neoplasms in animals to provide a model for studying human BREAST NEOPLASMS.

A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.

Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.

Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.

Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.

Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.

Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.

A severe form of acute INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS characterized by one or more areas of NECROSIS in the pancreas with varying degree of involvement of the surrounding tissues or organ systems. Massive pancreatic necrosis may lead to DIABETES MELLITUS, and malabsorption.

Tumors or cancer of the MAMMARY GLAND in animals (MAMMARY GLANDS, ANIMAL).

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The treatment of a disease or condition by several different means simultaneously or sequentially. Chemoimmunotherapy, RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY, chemoradiotherapy, cryochemotherapy, and SALVAGE THERAPY are seen most frequently, but their combinations with each other and surgery are also used.

Carbohydrate antigen elevated in patients with tumors of the breast, ovary, lung, and prostate as well as other disorders. The mucin is expressed normally by most glandular epithelia but shows particularly increased expression in the breast at lactation and in malignancy. It is thus an established serum marker for breast cancer.

An abnormal passage communicating between any components of the digestive system, or between any part of the digestive system and surrounding organ(s).

Experimental transplantation of neoplasms in laboratory animals for research purposes.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

Surgical procedure to remove one or both breasts.

Use of ultrasound for imaging the breast. The most frequent application is the diagnosis of neoplasms of the female breast.

X-ray image-detecting devices that make a focused image of body structures lying in a predetermined plane from which more complex images are computed.

Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.

Glandular tissue in the BREAST of human that is under the influence of hormones such as ESTROGENS; PROGESTINS; and PROLACTIN. In WOMEN, after PARTURITION, the mammary glands secrete milk (MILK, HUMAN) for the nourishment of the young.

Period after successful treatment in which there is no appearance of the symptoms or effects of the disease.

Using fine needles (finer than 22-gauge) to remove tissue or fluid specimens from the living body for examination in the pathology laboratory and for disease diagnosis.

Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.

Diagnosis of the type and, when feasible, the cause of a pathologic process by means of microscopic study of cells in an exudate or other form of body fluid. (Stedman, 26th ed)

Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.

Genes that inhibit expression of the tumorigenic phenotype. They are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. When tumor suppressor genes are inactivated or lost, a barrier to normal proliferation is removed and unregulated growth is possible.

In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.

Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.

The malignant stem cells of TERATOCARCINOMAS, which resemble pluripotent stem cells of the BLASTOCYST INNER CELL MASS. The EC cells can be grown in vitro, and experimentally induced to differentiate. They are used as a model system for studying early embryonic cell differentiation.

A common and benign breast disease characterized by varying degree of fibrocystic changes in the breast tissue. There are three major patterns of morphological changes, including FIBROSIS, formation of CYSTS, and proliferation of glandular tissue (adenosis). The fibrocystic breast has a dense irregular, lumpy, bumpy consistency.

The channels that collect and transport the bile secretion from the BILE CANALICULI, the smallest branch of the BILIARY TRACT in the LIVER, through the bile ductules, the bile ducts out the liver, and to the GALLBLADDER for storage.

An imaging test of the BILIARY TRACT in which a contrast dye (RADIOPAQUE MEDIA) is injected into the BILE DUCT and x-ray pictures are taken.

A thyroid neoplasm of mixed papillary and follicular arrangement. Its biological behavior and prognosis is the same as that of a papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1271)

Instruments for the visual examination of the interior of the gastrointestinal tract.

Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.

A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.

Any surgical procedure performed on the biliary tract.

A nonparametric method of compiling LIFE TABLES or survival tables. It combines calculated probabilities of survival and estimates to allow for observations occurring beyond a measurement threshold, which are assumed to occur randomly. Time intervals are defined as ending each time an event occurs and are therefore unequal. (From Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1995)

Sialylated Lewis blood group carbohydrate antigen found in many adenocarcinomas of the digestive tract, especially pancreatic tumors.

Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.

An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of varying combinations of clear and hobnail-shaped tumor cells. There are three predominant patterns described as tubulocystic, solid, and papillary. These tumors, usually located in the female reproductive organs, have been seen more frequently in young women since 1970 as a result of the association with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed)

Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

A product of the p16 tumor suppressor gene (GENES, P16). It is also called INK4 or INK4A because it is the prototype member of the INK4 CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITORS. This protein is produced from the alpha mRNA transcript of the p16 gene. The other gene product, produced from the alternatively spliced beta transcript, is TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P14ARF. Both p16 gene products have tumor suppressor functions.

Impairment of bile flow in the large BILE DUCTS by mechanical obstruction or stricture due to benign or malignant processes.

The first alpha-globulins to appear in mammalian sera during FETAL DEVELOPMENT and the dominant serum proteins in early embryonic life.

Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

A condition characterized by poorly-circumscribed gelatinous masses filled with malignant mucin-secreting cells. Forty-five percent of pseudomyxomas arise from the ovary, usually in a mucinous cystadenocarcinoma (CYSTADENOCARCINOMA, MUCINOUS), which has prognostic significance. Pseudomyxoma peritonei must be differentiated from mucinous spillage into the peritoneum by a benign mucocele of the appendix. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.

A malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. It often occurs in the ovary and usually bilaterally. The external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. Microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma cells. Psammoma bodies may be present. The tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (From Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p185)

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Excision of all or part of the liver. (Dorland, 28th ed)

A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.

Radiographic examination of the breast.

An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones.

MAMMARY GLANDS in the non-human MAMMALS.

Proteins that are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. Deficiencies or abnormalities in these proteins may lead to unregulated cell growth and tumor development.

Removal and examination of tissue obtained through a transdermal needle inserted into the specific region, organ, or tissue being analyzed.

Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

A variety of simple repeat sequences that are distributed throughout the GENOME. They are characterized by a short repeat unit of 2-8 basepairs that is repeated up to 100 times. They are also known as short tandem repeats (STRs).

Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.

The simultaneous analysis of multiple samples of TISSUES or CELLS from BIOPSY or in vitro culture that have been arranged in an array format on slides or microchips.

Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).

A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.

An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.

Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.

They are oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system.

RNA present in neoplastic tissue.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

The infiltrating of tissue specimens with paraffin, as a supporting substance, to prepare for sectioning with a microtome.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

Abnormal passage communicating with the PANCREAS.

Transplantation between animals of different species.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

High frequency of germ-line BRCA2 mutations among Hungarian male breast cancer patients without family history. (1/1031)

To determine the contribution of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations to the pathogenesis of male breast cancer in Hungary, the country with the highest male breast cancer mortality rates in continental Europe, a series of 18 male breast cancer patients and three patients with gynecomastia was analyzed for germ-line mutations in both BRCA1 and BRCA2. Although no germ-line BRCA1 mutation was observed, 6 of the 18 male breast cancer cases (33%) carried truncating mutations in the BRCA2 gene. Unexpectedly, none of them reported a family history for breast/ovarian cancer. Four of six truncating mutations were novel, and two mutations were recurrent. Four patients (22%) had a family history of breast/ovarian cancer in at least one first- or second-degree relative; however, no BRCA2 mutation was identified among them. No mutation was identified in either of the genes in the gynecomastias. These results provide evidence for a strong genetic component of male breast cancer in Hungary. (+info)

VEGFR-3 and its ligand VEGF-C are associated with angiogenesis in breast cancer. (2/1031)

Recently, monoclonal antibodies against the human vascular endothelial growth factor receptor VEGFR-3 were shown to provide a specific antigenic marker for lymphatic endothelium in various normal tissues. In this study we have investigated the expression of VEGFR-3 and its ligand VEGF-C in normal breast tissue and in breast tumors by immunohistochemistry. VEGFR-3 was weakly expressed in capillaries of normal breast tissue and in fibroadenomas. In intraductal breast carcinomas, VEGFR-3 was prominent in the "necklace" vessels adjacent to the basal lamina of the tumor-filled ducts. VEGF receptor 1 and 2 as well as blood vessel endothelial and basal lamina markers were colocalized with VEGFR-3 in many of these vessels. Antibodies against smooth muscle alpha-actin gave a weak staining of the necklace vessels, suggesting that they were incompletely covered by pericytes/smooth muscle cells. A highly elevated number of VEGFR-3 positive vessels was found in invasive breast cancer in comparison with histologically normal breast tissue (P < 0.0001, the Mann-Whitney test). VEGF-C was located in the cytoplasm of intraductal and invasive cancer cells. The results demonstrate that the expression of VEGFR-3 becomes up-regulated in the endothelium of angiogenic blood vessels in breast cancer. The results also suggest that VEGF-C secreted by the intraductal carcinoma cells acts predominantly as an angiogenic growth factor for blood vessels, although this paracrine signaling network between the cancer cells and the endothelium may also be involved in modifying the permeabilities of both blood and lymphatic vessels and metastasis formation. (+info)

Vascular stroma formation in carcinoma in situ, invasive carcinoma, and metastatic carcinoma of the breast. (3/1031)

The generation of vascular stroma is essential for solid tumor growth and involves stimulatory and inhibiting factors as well as stromal components that regulate functions such as cellular adhesion, migration, and gene expression. In an effort to obtain a more integrated understanding of vascular stroma formation in breast carcinoma, we examined expression of the angiogenic factor vascular permeability factor (VPF)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); the VPF/VEGF receptors flt-1 and KDR; thrombospondin-1, which has been reported to inhibit angiogenesis; and the stromal components collagen type I, total fibronectin, ED-A+ fibronectin, versican, and decorin by mRNA in situ hybridization on frozen sections of 113 blocks of breast tissue from 68 patients including 28 sections of breast tissue without malignancy, 18 with in situ carcinomas, 56 with invasive carcinomas, and 8 with metastatic carcinomas. A characteristic expression profile emerged that was remarkably similar in invasive carcinoma, carcinoma in situ, and metastatic carcinoma, with the following characteristics: strong tumor cell expression of VPF/VEGF; strong endothelial cell expression of VPF/VEGF receptors; strong expression of thrombospondin-1 by stromal cells and occasionally by tumor cells; and strong stromal cell expression of collagen type I, total fibronectin, ED-A+ fibronectin, versican, and decorin. The formation of vascular stroma preceded invasion, raising the possibility that tumor cells invade not into normal breast stroma but rather into a richly vascular stroma that they have induced. Similarly, tumor cells at sites of metastasis appear to induce the vascular stroma in which they grow. We conclude that a distinct pattern of mRNA expression characterizes the generation of vascular stroma in breast cancer and that the formation of vascular stroma may play a role not only in growth of the primary tumor but also in invasion and metastasis. (+info)

An audit of breast cancer pathology reporting in Australia in 1995. (4/1031)

To measure the quality of pathology reporting of breast cancer and establish a baseline against which future changes can be measured, we audited item completeness in breast cancer reports in Australia in 1995 before the release of specific recommendations from the Australian Cancer Network. Tumour type and size were given in reports of invasive breast cancer for 93% of women, 70% had, in addition, grade and clearance of the margins while only 28% had all recommended information. The most complete items in reports were histological type of breast cancer (99.6% of cases), tumour size (94%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 92-95) and margins of excision (87%, 95% CI 85-89). Histological grade (84%, 95% CI 82-86 of cases) and presence or absence of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) (79%, 95% CI 77-81) were less complete and vessel invasion (61%, 95% CI 58-63) and changes in non-neoplastic breast tissue adjacent to the breast cancer (68%, 95% CI 66-71) the least complete. Less than half the reports of DCIS reported on tumour size (49%, 95% CI 42-57), presence or absence of necrosis (41%, 95% CI 34-49) or nuclear grade (39%, 95% CI 31-46). Around 1500 reports were identified as issued by 147 laboratories and 392 pathologists; 69% of pathologists issued fewer than two reports a month in the audit. We concluded that infrequency of reporting may have contributed to incompleteness of reporting. In addition, we found significant variation across Australian states with some indication that reporting was consistently poor in one state. The audit highlighted areas for improvement for breast cancer reporting in Australia. Research evidence suggests that multifaceted strategies are needed to assist practitioners with implementing more uniform reporting standards. (+info)

Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (CD87) expression of tumor-associated macrophages in ductal carcinoma in situ, breast cancer, and resident macrophages of normal breast tissue. (5/1031)

Macrophages concentrate urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) at the cell surface by expressing urokinase receptors (uPAR) in order to focus the pericellular space plasminogen-dependent proteolysis important in matrix remodeling and cell movement. This study examines the uPAR levels of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) of invasive breast carcinomas, of TAMs from ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and of macrophages derived from normal (non-tumor) breast tissue. TAMs from invasive breast carcinomas (n = 30), from DCIS (n = 12), and macrophages from normal breast tissue (n = 30) were cultured and immunocytochemically phenotyped by using a panel of antibodies. Urokinase receptor levels were determined by Western blot analysis and in cell-free supernatants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Urokinase receptor cell surface fluorescence intensity was determined by FACS and by confocal laser scan microscopy. Urokinase-receptor mRNA was detected by in situ hybridization. TAMs of invasive breast carcinomas and of DCIS possess significantly elevated uPAR levels compared with macrophages derived from normal breast tissue. CONCLUSIONS: activated macrophages with elevated uPAR levels belong to inflammatory areas in close vicinity of infiltrating and non-infiltrating (DCIS) tumor cells. Blood monocytes that possess elevated uPAR-levels may be selectively recruited from the bloodstream to inflammatory sites close to carcinoma cells, and/or breast cancer and precursor lesions may induce elevated uPAR-levels in TAMs by paracrine interactions. (+info)

Primary tumour characteristics and axillary lymph node status in breast cancer. (6/1031)

This paper examines the correlation between axillary lymph node status and primary tumour characteristics in breast cancer and whether this can be used to select patients for axillary lymphadenectomy. The results are based on a retrospective analysis of 909 patients who underwent axillary dissection in our unit. Axillary lymph nodes containing metastases were found in 406 patients (44.7%), all with invasive carcinomas, but in none of the 37 carcinomas-in-situ. Nodal status was negative in all T1a tumours, but lymph node metastases were present in 16.3% and 35.7% of T1b and T1c tumours respectively. When histological grade was taken into account, positivity for grade I T1b and T1c tumours fell to 13.6% and 26.7% respectively. Lymph node metastases were found in 85% of patients with lymphovascular invasion in their tumours as compared to only 15.4% of those without and in 45.5% of oestrogen and progesterone receptor-positive tumours. When one or both hormone receptors were absent this figure was much higher. It appears that for T1a breast cancers axillary dissection is not necessary, whereas for T1b, T1c and grade I T2 tumours other histopathological parameters should be taken into consideration in deciding who should undergo axillary lymphadenectomy. (+info)

Elevated expression of the CC chemokine regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) in advanced breast carcinoma. (7/1031)

Breast carcinoma is the most common malignant disease among women and the second most lethal one. In search for a better understanding of the role of cellular mediators in the progression of this disease, we investigated the potential involvement of the CC chemokine Regulated on Activation, Normal T Cell Expressed and Secreted (RANTES) in breast carcinoma progression. To this end, RANTES expression was determined in breast tumor cell lines and in sections of breast carcinomas, followed by analysis of the incidence and intensity of its expression in different stages of the disease. Our study reveals that high and physiologically relevant levels of RANTES are constitutively produced by T47D and MCF-7 breast tumor cell lines. Analysis of RANTES expression in sections of breast carcinomas demonstrates a high incidence of RANTES expression in epithelial tumor cells; the chemokine was expressed in 74% of the sections. RANTES expression was rarely detected in normal duct epithelial cells or in epithelial cells that constitute benign breast lumps, which were located in proximity to tumor cells. High incidence and intensity of RANTES expression were detected in sections of most of the patients with stage II and stage III of the disease (expression was detected in 83 and 83.3%, respectively), whereas RANTES was expressed at a lower incidence and intensity in sections of patients with stage I of breast carcinoma (55% of the cases). Most importantly, the expression of RANTES was minimally detected in sections of patients diagnosed with benign breast disorders and of women that underwent reduction mammoplasty (15.4% of the cases). These results indicate that the expression of RANTES is directly correlated with a more advanced stage of disease, suggesting that RANTES may be involved in breast cancer progression. Moreover, it is possible that in patients diagnosed with benign breast disorders, RANTES expression may be indicative of an ongoing, but as yet undetectable, malignant process. (+info)

Prognosis in women with a carcinoma in situ of the breast: a population-based study in Sweden. (8/1031)

We studied the risk of invasive breast cancer and breast cancer death after a breast carcinoma in situ during a period when mammography screening became a nationwide practice and when breast conservation was introduced. In a study base including all 4661 women registered to the Swedish Cancer Registry for a first carcinoma in situ between 1960 and 1992, we selected a cohort of 3398 women diagnosed between 1980 and 1992. The recruitment period was chosen according to the reporting routines for the registry. The corrected survival was 97.4% after 10 years. The risk of invasive cancer was similar in the ipsilateral and contralateral breast. Women diagnosed between 1989 and 1992 ran a relative risk of 0.1 (95% confidence interval, 0.0-0.9) of dying of breast cancer, as compared with women diagnosed from 1980-1982. Residence in counties where mammography screening was available was associated with a relative risk of 0.2 (95% confidence interval, 0.0-2.1) for breast cancer death in the age groups screened. Screening mammography may have contributed to the improvement of prognosis over this time period. This study cannot distinguish between lead time effects and a "true" improvement in prognosis. The increased use of breast conservation was not associated with a worse prognosis in the group as a whole. The study indicates that at least 50% of invasive cancers occurring after treatment for in situ lesions may be new cancers. (+info)

Intraductal carcinoma may or may not cause symptoms, and is usually detected by a mammogram. Treatment often involves surgery to remove the cancerous cells from the milk ducts. If left untreated, intraductal carcinoma may progress to more advanced breast cancer in some cases.

Intraductal carcinoma accounts for 20% of all breast cancers diagnosed each year in the United States, according to estimates from the American Cancer Society. The condition affects women of all ages, but is most common in postmenopausal women.

Papillomas are relatively common in women, especially during pregnancy or while taking hormone replacement therapy. They are usually diagnosed with imaging tests such as mammography or ultrasound. Treatment options for papillomas include observation, surgical removal, or laser ablation.

Papilloma, intraductal definition: A benign (non-cancerous) growth that occurs within a milk duct of the breast. See more at medical dictionary.reliantmedicalgroup.org

There are several subtypes of carcinoma, including:

1. Adenocarcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in glandular cells, which produce fluids or mucus. Examples include breast cancer, prostate cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in squamous cells, which are found on the surface layers of skin and mucous membranes. Examples include head and neck cancers, cervical cancer, and anal cancer.
3. Basal cell carcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in the deepest layer of skin, called the basal layer. It is the most common type of skin cancer and tends to grow slowly.
4. Neuroendocrine carcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in cells that produce hormones and neurotransmitters. Examples include lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and thyroid cancer.
5. Small cell carcinoma: This type of carcinoma is a highly aggressive form of lung cancer that spreads quickly to other parts of the body.

The signs and symptoms of carcinoma depend on the location and stage of the cancer. Some common symptoms include:

* A lump or mass
* Pain
* Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the color or texture of the skin
* Changes in bowel or bladder habits
* Abnormal bleeding

The diagnosis of carcinoma typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, and a biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope. Treatment options for carcinoma depend on the location and stage of the cancer and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these.

In conclusion, carcinoma is a type of cancer that originates in epithelial cells and can occur in various parts of the body. Early detection and treatment are important for improving outcomes.

References:

1. American Cancer Society. (2022). Carcinoma. Retrieved from
2. Mayo Clinic. (2022). Carcinoma. Retrieved from
3. MedlinePlus. (2022). Carcinoma. Retrieved from

Examples of 'Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous' in medical literature:

* The patient was diagnosed with adenocarcinoma, mucinous type, in their colon after undergoing a colonoscopy and biopsy. (From the Journal of Clinical Oncology)

* The patient had a history of adenocarcinoma, mucinous type, in their breast and was being monitored for potential recurrence. (From the Journal of Surgical Oncology)

* The tumor was found to be an adenocarcinoma, mucinous type, with a high grade and was treated with surgery and chemotherapy. (From the Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology)

Synonyms for 'Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous' include:

* Mucinous adenocarcinoma
* Colon adenocarcinoma, mucinous type
* Rectal adenocarcinoma, mucinous type
* Adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum, mucinous type.

The carcinogenesis process of PDAC usually starts with the accumulation of genetic mutations in the pancreatic duct cells, which progressively leads to the formation of a premalignant lesion called PanIN (pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia). Over time, these lesions can develop into invasive adenocarcinoma, which is PDAC.

The main risk factor for developing PDAC is smoking, but other factors such as obesity, diabetes, and family history of pancreatic cancer also contribute to the development of the disease. Symptoms of PDAC are often non-specific and late-stage, which makes early diagnosis challenging.

The treatment options for PDAC are limited, and the prognosis is generally poor. Surgery is the only potentially curative treatment, but only a small percentage of patients are eligible for surgical resection due to the locally advanced nature of the disease at the time of diagnosis. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies are used to palliate symptoms and improve survival in non-surgical cases.

PDAC is an aggressive and lethal cancer, and there is a need for better diagnostic tools and more effective treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes.

The term "papillary" refers to the fact that the cancer cells grow in a finger-like shape, with each cell forming a small papilla (bump) on the surface of the tumor. APC is often slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms in its early stages.

APC is generally considered to be less aggressive than other types of cancer, such as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive breast cancer. However, it can still spread to other parts of the body if left untreated. Treatment options for APC may include surgery, radiation therapy, and/or hormone therapy, depending on the location and stage of the cancer.

It's worth noting that APC is sometimes referred to as "papillary adenocarcinoma" or simply "papillary cancer." However, these terms are often used interchangeably with "adenocarcinoma, papillary" in medical literature and clinical practice.

SCC typically appears as a firm, flat, or raised bump on the skin, and may be pink, red, or scaly. The cancer cells are usually well-differentiated, meaning they resemble normal squamous cells, but they can grow rapidly and invade surrounding tissues if left untreated.

SCC is more common in fair-skinned individuals and those who spend a lot of time in the sun, as UV radiation can damage the skin cells and increase the risk of cancer. The cancer can also spread to other parts of the body, such as lymph nodes or organs, and can be life-threatening if not treated promptly and effectively.

Treatment for SCC usually involves surgery to remove the cancerous tissue, and may also include radiation therapy or chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. Early detection and treatment are important to improve outcomes for patients with SCC.

There are several risk factors for developing HCC, including:

* Cirrhosis, which can be caused by heavy alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis (such as hepatitis B and C), or fatty liver disease
* Family history of liver disease
* Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
* Diabetes
* Obesity

HCC can be challenging to diagnose, as the symptoms are non-specific and can be similar to those of other conditions. However, some common symptoms of HCC include:

* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Abdominal pain or discomfort
* Weight loss

If HCC is suspected, a doctor may perform several tests to confirm the diagnosis, including:

* Imaging tests, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, to look for tumors in the liver
* Blood tests to check for liver function and detect certain substances that are produced by the liver
* Biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of tissue from the liver to examine under a microscope

Once HCC is diagnosed, treatment options will depend on several factors, including the stage and location of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and their personal preferences. Treatment options may include:

* Surgery to remove the tumor or parts of the liver
* Ablation, which involves destroying the cancer cells using heat or cold
* Chemoembolization, which involves injecting chemotherapy drugs into the hepatic artery to reach the cancer cells
* Targeted therapy, which uses drugs or other substances to target specific molecules that are involved in the growth and spread of the cancer

Overall, the prognosis for HCC is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 20%. However, early detection and treatment can improve outcomes. It is important for individuals at high risk for HCC to be monitored regularly by a healthcare provider, and to seek medical attention if they experience any symptoms.

Also known as CIS.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the most common type of malignant pancreatic neoplasm and accounts for approximately 85% of all pancreatic cancers. It originates in the glandular tissue of the pancreas and has a poor prognosis, with a five-year survival rate of less than 10%.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are less common but more treatable than pancreatic adenocarcinoma. These tumors originate in the hormone-producing cells of the pancreas and can produce excess hormones that cause a variety of symptoms, such as diabetes or high blood sugar. PNETs are classified into two main types: functional and non-functional. Functional PNETs produce excess hormones and are more aggressive than non-functional tumors.

Other rare types of pancreatic neoplasms include acinar cell carcinoma, ampullary cancer, and oncocytic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. These tumors are less common than pancreatic adenocarcinoma and PNETs but can be equally aggressive and difficult to treat.

The symptoms of pancreatic neoplasms vary depending on the type and location of the tumor, but they often include abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice, and fatigue. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, endoscopic ultrasound, and biopsy. Treatment options for pancreatic neoplasms depend on the type and stage of the tumor but may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these.

Prognosis for patients with pancreatic neoplasms is generally poor, especially for those with advanced stages of disease. However, early detection and treatment can improve survival rates. Research into the causes and mechanisms of pancreatic neoplasms is ongoing, with a focus on developing new and more effective treatments for these devastating diseases.

Characteristics:

* Mucinous cystadenomas are typically slow-growing and asymptomatic, but can occasionally cause pelvic pain or discomfort due to their size.
* They are usually unilateral (affecting one ovary), but can rarely occur bilaterally (affecting both ovaries).
* The tumor is composed of mucin-secreting epithelial cells that form glands or cysts within a fibrous stroma.
* Cystadenomas are typically encapsulated, but can rarely become invasive and infiltrate surrounding tissues.
* Mucinous cystadenomas are usually small (less than 5 cm in diameter), but can occasionally be larger.

Diagnosis:

* Imaging studies such as ultrasound or computed tomography (CT) scans may be used to detect the presence of a cystic mass in the ovary, but a definitive diagnosis is usually made through surgical exploration and histopathologic examination of the tumor tissue.
* A preoperative diagnosis of mucinous cystadenoma can be challenging, as the imaging features are not specific and may resemble other ovarian tumors, such as serous cystadenomas or borderline tumors.

Treatment:

* Surgical excision is the primary treatment for mucinous cystadenoma, and the procedure is usually performed through a laparotomy or laparoscopy.
* The surgical approach depends on the size and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and fertility status.
* In some cases, the tumor may be removed through a staged approach, with initial cytoreduction followed by chemotherapy or radiation therapy to shrink the remaining tumor burden.

Prognosis:

* Mucinous cystadenoma is generally considered a benign tumor, and the prognosis is excellent for most patients.
* The overall survival rate is high, and the majority of patients can expect to be cured with surgical excision alone.
* However, in rare cases, mucinous cystadenoma can recur or progress to more aggressive types of ovarian cancer, such as serous carcinoma.

Follow-up:

* After surgical excision, patients with mucinous cystadenoma should be followed up with regular pelvic examinations, imaging studies, and serum CA 125 levels to monitor for any signs of recurrence or progression.
* The frequency of follow-up appointments may vary depending on the patient's age, tumor size, and other factors, but annual pelvic examinations and imaging studies are generally recommended for at least 5 years after surgery.

References:

1. Kurman RJ, et al. The origin and pathology of ovarian borderline tumors. International Journal of Gynecological Pathology. 2014;33(2):197-211.
2. Di Cerbo A, et al. Mucinous cystadenoma of the ovary: a review of the literature. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. 2018;40(6):753-763.
3. Chung H, et al. The clinicopathological features and prognosis of mucinous cystadenoma of the ovary: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gynecologic Oncology Reports. 2018;20:135-143.

Cystic neoplasms are fluid-filled sacs that grow in the body. They can be benign or malignant and can arise from a variety of tissues, including the ovaries, pancreas, and lungs. Mucinous neoplasms are tumors that produce mucin, a type of protein found in mucus. These tumors can occur in the breast, ovary, or colon, and are often benign.

Serous neoplasms are tumors that arise from the serous membranes, which are the thin layers of tissue that line the cavities of the body. Examples of serous neoplasms include ovarian cancer and mesothelioma. These tumors can be benign or malignant.

In summary, neoplasms, cystic, mucinous, and serous are different types of tumors that can occur in various organs and tissues throughout the body. While they can be benign, many of these tumors are malignant and can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.

The exact cause of ductal carcinoma is unknown, but certain risk factors such as family history, genetics, hormone replacement therapy, obesity, and delayed childbearing have been linked to its development. Early detection through mammography and breast self-examination can improve survival rates, which are generally high for women diagnosed with this type of cancer if caught early. Treatment typically involves surgery to remove the tumor (lumpectomy or mastectomy), followed by radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy.

Bile duct neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the bile ducts, which are the tubes that carry bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine. Bile duct neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Types of Bile Duct Neoplasms:

There are several types of bile duct neoplasms, including:

1. Bile duct adenoma: A benign tumor that grows in the bile ducts.
2. Bile duct carcinoma: A malignant tumor that grows in the bile ducts and can spread to other parts of the body.
3. Cholangiocarcinoma: A rare type of bile duct cancer that originates in the cells lining the bile ducts.
4. Gallbladder cancer: A type of cancer that occurs in the gallbladder, which is a small organ located under the liver that stores bile.

Causes and Risk Factors:

The exact cause of bile duct neoplasms is not known, but there are several risk factors that may increase the likelihood of developing these tumors, including:

1. Age: Bile duct neoplasms are more common in people over the age of 50.
2. Gender: Women are more likely to develop bile duct neoplasms than men.
3. Family history: People with a family history of bile duct cancer or other liver diseases may be at increased risk.
4. Previous exposure to certain chemicals: Exposure to certain chemicals, such as thorium, has been linked to an increased risk of developing bile duct neoplasms.

Symptoms:

The symptoms of bile duct neoplasms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. Some common symptoms include:

1. Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
2. Fatigue
3. Loss of appetite
4. Nausea and vomiting
5. Abdominal pain or discomfort
6. Weight loss
7. Itching all over the body
8. Dark urine
9. Pale stools

Diagnosis:

Diagnosis of bile duct neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging tests and biopsy. The following tests may be used to diagnose bile duct neoplasms:

1. Ultrasound: This non-invasive test uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the liver and bile ducts.
2. Computed tomography (CT) scan: This imaging test uses X-rays and computer technology to create detailed images of the liver and bile ducts.
3. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): This test uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the liver and bile ducts.
4. Endoscopic ultrasound: This test involves inserting an endoscope (a thin, flexible tube with a small ultrasound probe) into the bile ducts through the mouth or stomach to obtain images and samples of the bile ducts.
5. Biopsy: A biopsy may be performed during an endoscopic ultrasound or during surgery to remove the tumor. The sample is then examined under a microscope for cancer cells.

Treatment:

The treatment of bile duct neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type and stage of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and the patient's preferences. The following are some common treatment options for bile duct neoplasms:

1. Surgery: Surgery may be performed to remove the tumor or a portion of the bile duct. This may involve a Whipple procedure (a surgical procedure to remove the head of the pancreas, the gallbladder, and a portion of the bile duct), a bile duct resection, or a liver transplant.
2. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be used before or after surgery to shrink the tumor and kill any remaining cancer cells.
3. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy may be used to destroy cancer cells that cannot be removed by surgery or to relieve symptoms such as pain or blockage of the bile duct.
4. Stent placement: A stent may be placed in the bile duct to help keep it open and improve blood flow to the liver.
5. Ablation therapy: Ablation therapy may be used to destroy cancer cells by freezing or heating them with a probe inserted through an endoscope.
6. Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy may be used to treat certain types of bile duct cancer, such as cholangiocarcinoma, by targeting specific molecules that promote the growth and spread of the cancer cells.
7. Clinical trials: Clinical trials are research studies that evaluate new treatments for bile duct neoplasms. These may be an option for patients who have not responded to other treatments or who have advanced cancer.

1. Pancreatic mucinous cysts: These are the most common type of pancreatic cyst and are usually benign (non-cancerous). They can range in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters and may contain mucin, a type of protein.
2. Pancreatic pseudocysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that develop after pancreatitis, an inflammation of the pancreas. Pseudocysts are usually more solid than mucinous cysts and can be filled with pancreatic tissue, blood, and other debris.
3. Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs): These are precancerous growths that develop in the pancreatic ducts and can progress to pancreatic cancer if left untreated.
4. Other rare types of pancreatic cysts include serous cystic neoplasms, clear cell cysts, and oncocytic cysts.

Pancreatic cysts may not cause any symptoms in their early stages, but as they grow, they can press on nearby organs and cause pain, nausea, vomiting, and other digestive problems. Large cysts can also block the pancreatic ducts, leading to pancreatitis.

Diagnosis of pancreatic cysts typically involves imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, or endoscopic ultrasound. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy may also be performed to collect a sample of the cyst fluid for further examination.

Treatment of pancreatic cysts depends on their type, size, and location. Small, benign cysts may not require treatment and can be monitored with regular imaging tests. Larger cysts may need to be drained or removed surgically, especially if they are causing symptoms or increasing in size.

It is essential for individuals with a history of pancreatic cysts to follow up regularly with their healthcare provider to monitor for any changes in the cysts and to ensure early detection of any potential cancerous changes.

Liver neoplasms, also known as liver tumors or hepatic tumors, are abnormal growths of tissue in the liver. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant liver tumors can be primary, meaning they originate in the liver, or metastatic, meaning they spread to the liver from another part of the body.

There are several types of liver neoplasms, including:

1. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer and arises from the main cells of the liver (hepatocytes). HCC is often associated with cirrhosis and can be caused by viral hepatitis or alcohol abuse.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: This type of cancer arises from the cells lining the bile ducts within the liver (cholangiocytes). Cholangiocarcinoma is rare and often diagnosed at an advanced stage.
3. Hemangiosarcoma: This is a rare type of cancer that originates in the blood vessels of the liver. It is most commonly seen in dogs but can also occur in humans.
4. Fibromas: These are benign tumors that arise from the connective tissue of the liver (fibrocytes). Fibromas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.
5. Adenomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the glandular cells of the liver (hepatocytes). Adenomas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.

The symptoms of liver neoplasms vary depending on their size, location, and whether they are benign or malignant. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, fatigue, weight loss, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and ultrasound, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment options for liver neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery may be an option for some patients with small, localized tumors, while others may require chemotherapy or radiation therapy to shrink the tumor before surgery can be performed. In some cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.

Prognosis for liver neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the cancer. In general, early detection and treatment improve the prognosis, while advanced-stage disease is associated with a poorer prognosis.

There are different types of Breast Neoplasms such as:

1. Fibroadenomas: These are benign tumors that are made up of glandular and fibrous tissues. They are usually small and round, with a smooth surface, and can be moved easily under the skin.

2. Cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in both breast tissue and milk ducts. They are usually benign and can disappear on their own or be drained surgically.

3. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): This is a precancerous condition where abnormal cells grow inside the milk ducts. If left untreated, it can progress to invasive breast cancer.

4. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): This is the most common type of breast cancer and starts in the milk ducts but grows out of them and invades surrounding tissue.

5. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC): It originates in the milk-producing glands (lobules) and grows out of them, invading nearby tissue.

Breast Neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as a lump or thickening in the breast or underarm area, skin changes like redness or dimpling, change in size or shape of one or both breasts, discharge from the nipple, and changes in the texture or color of the skin.

Treatment options for Breast Neoplasms may include surgery such as lumpectomy, mastectomy, or breast-conserving surgery, radiation therapy which uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells, chemotherapy using drugs to kill cancer cells, targeted therapy which uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack cancer cells while minimizing harm to normal cells, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and clinical trials.

It is important to note that not all Breast Neoplasms are cancerous; some are benign (non-cancerous) tumors that do not spread or grow.

1. Tumor size and location: Larger tumors that have spread to nearby tissues or organs are generally considered more invasive than smaller tumors that are confined to the original site.
2. Cellular growth patterns: The way in which cancer cells grow and divide can also contribute to the overall invasiveness of a neoplasm. For example, cells that grow in a disorganized or chaotic manner may be more likely to invade surrounding tissues.
3. Mitotic index: The mitotic index is a measure of how quickly the cancer cells are dividing. A higher mitotic index is generally associated with more aggressive and invasive cancers.
4. Necrosis: Necrosis, or the death of cells, can be an indication of the level of invasiveness of a neoplasm. The presence of significant necrosis in a tumor is often a sign that the cancer has invaded surrounding tissues and organs.
5. Lymphovascular invasion: Cancer cells that have invaded lymphatic vessels or blood vessels are considered more invasive than those that have not.
6. Perineural invasion: Cancer cells that have invaded nerve fibers are also considered more invasive.
7. Histological grade: The histological grade of a neoplasm is a measure of how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope. Higher-grade cancers are generally considered more aggressive and invasive than lower-grade cancers.
8. Immunohistochemical markers: Certain immunohistochemical markers, such as Ki-67, can be used to evaluate the proliferative activity of cancer cells. Higher levels of these markers are generally associated with more aggressive and invasive cancers.

Overall, the degree of neoplasm invasiveness is an important factor in determining the likelihood of the cancer spreading to other parts of the body (metastasizing) and in determining the appropriate treatment strategy for the patient.

The term "cystadenoma" refers to a benign tumor that grows from glandular tissue, and "serous" indicates that the tumor is derived from the serous (fluid-producing) cells of the ovary. The tumor typically forms a cystic mass filled with a clear or cloudy liquid, and can range in size from small to several centimeters in diameter.

CS usually affects women during their reproductive years, and the peak incidence is between 20 and 40 years of age. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, and vaginal bleeding, but many cases are asymptomatic and are detected incidentally during pelvic examination or imaging studies.

The exact cause of CS is not known, but it is believed to be related to genetic mutations and hormonal factors. The tumor cells have a characteristic immunophenotype, with expression of markers such as cytokeratin 7 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).

The diagnosis of CS is based on a combination of imaging studies, such as ultrasound and computed tomography (CT), and histopathological examination of tissue samples obtained through laparoscopy or surgery. Treatment options for CS include watchful waiting, fertility-sparing surgery, and total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (THBSO).

In summary, cystadenoma, serous is a common type of benign ovarian tumor that originates from the serous cells of the ovary. It typically affects women during their reproductive years and can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. The exact cause is not known, but it is believed to be related to genetic mutations and hormonal factors. Diagnosis is based on a combination of imaging studies and histopathological examination of tissue samples, and treatment options include watchful waiting, fertility-sparing surgery, and total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.

BCC usually appears as a flesh-colored or pink bump, often with small blood vessels on the surface. It may also be flat and scaly, or have a waxy appearance. In rare cases, BCC can grow deep into the skin and cause damage to surrounding tissue.

Although BCC is not as aggressive as other types of skin cancer, such as melanoma, it can still cause significant damage if left untreated. Treatment options for BCC include topical creams, surgical excision, and Mohs microscopic surgery.

Preventative measures against BCC include protecting the skin from the sun, using sunscreen with a high SPF, and avoiding prolonged exposure to UV radiation. Early detection and treatment are key in managing this condition.

Adenocarcinoma is a term used to describe a variety of different types of cancer that arise in glandular tissue, including:

1. Colorectal adenocarcinoma (cancer of the colon or rectum)
2. Breast adenocarcinoma (cancer of the breast)
3. Prostate adenocarcinoma (cancer of the prostate gland)
4. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (cancer of the pancreas)
5. Lung adenocarcinoma (cancer of the lung)
6. Thyroid adenocarcinoma (cancer of the thyroid gland)
7. Skin adenocarcinoma (cancer of the skin)

The symptoms of adenocarcinoma depend on the location of the cancer and can include:

1. Blood in the stool or urine
2. Abdominal pain or discomfort
3. Changes in bowel habits
4. Unusual vaginal bleeding (in the case of endometrial adenocarcinoma)
5. A lump or thickening in the breast or elsewhere
6. Weight loss
7. Fatigue
8. Coughing up blood (in the case of lung adenocarcinoma)

The diagnosis of adenocarcinoma is typically made through a combination of imaging tests, such as CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, and a biopsy, which involves removing a sample of tissue from the affected area and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.

Treatment options for adenocarcinoma depend on the location of the cancer and can include:

1. Surgery to remove the tumor
2. Chemotherapy, which involves using drugs to kill cancer cells
3. Radiation therapy, which involves using high-energy X-rays or other particles to kill cancer cells
4. Targeted therapy, which involves using drugs that target specific molecules on cancer cells to kill them
5. Immunotherapy, which involves using drugs that stimulate the immune system to fight cancer cells.

The prognosis for adenocarcinoma is generally good if the cancer is detected and treated early, but it can be more challenging to treat if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma is a type of primary ovarian cancer, meaning it originates in the ovary rather than spreading from another part of the body. It accounts for only about 2% to 5% of all ovarian cancers and tends to affect women in their later reproductive years or postmenopausal age.

The exact cause of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma is not known, but it may be related to genetic mutations or hormonal imbalances. Women with a family history of ovarian cancer or those with certain inherited genetic syndromes are at higher risk for developing this type of cancer.

The diagnosis of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma is based on a combination of imaging studies, such as ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) scans, and tissue biopsy. Treatment typically involves surgery to remove the affected ovary and any other involved organs or tissues, followed by chemotherapy or radiation therapy to reduce the risk of recurrence. Prognosis for this type of cancer is generally good if it is detected early and treated appropriately.

In summary, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma is a rare type of ovarian cancer that develops in the mucin-secreting cells of the ovary. It tends to affect older women and may be related to genetic or hormonal factors. Diagnosis is based on imaging studies and tissue biopsy, and treatment typically involves surgery and chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Prognosis is generally good if caught early.

Example sentence: "After undergoing surgery to remove the papillary cystadenoma, the patient made a full recovery."

Carcinoma, lobular (also known as lobular carcinoma in situ or LCIS) is a type of cancer that originates in the milk-producing glands (lobules) of the breast. It is a precancerous condition that can progress to invasive breast cancer if left untreated.

Precancerous changes occur within the lobules, leading to an abnormal growth of cells that can eventually break through the basement membrane and invade surrounding tissues. The risk of developing invasive breast cancer is increased in individuals with LCIS, especially if there are multiple areas of involvement.

Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of clinical breast examination, mammography, and histopathological analysis of a biopsy sample. Treatment options for LCIS include close surveillance, surgery, or radiation therapy, depending on the extent of the condition and the individual patient's risk factors.

Medical Specialty:

The medical specialty that deals with carcinoma, lobular is breast surgical oncology. Breast surgical oncologists are trained to diagnose and treat all types of breast cancer, including ductal and lobular carcinomas. They work in collaboration with other healthcare professionals, such as radiation oncologists and medical oncologists, to develop a comprehensive treatment plan for each patient.

Other relevant information:

* Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is a precancerous condition that affects the milk-producing glands (lobules) of the breast.
* It is estimated that 10-15% of all breast cancers are derived from LCIS.
* Women with a history of LCIS have a higher risk of developing invasive breast cancer in the future.
* The exact cause of LCIS is not fully understood, but it is thought to be linked to hormonal and genetic factors.

Transitional cell carcinoma typically affects older adults, with the average age at diagnosis being around 70 years. Men are more likely to be affected than women, and the risk of developing TCC increases with age and exposure to certain environmental factors such as smoking and exposure to certain chemicals.

The symptoms of TCC can vary depending on the location and stage of the cancer, but may include:

* Blood in the urine (hematuria)
* Painful urination
* Frequent urination
* Pain in the lower abdomen or back

If left untreated, TCC can spread to other parts of the body, including the lymph nodes, liver, and bones. Treatment options for TCC may include surgery, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, and the prognosis depends on the stage and location of the cancer at the time of diagnosis.

Preventive measures to reduce the risk of developing TCC include maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle, avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, and regular screening for bladder cancer. Early detection and treatment can improve the prognosis for patients with TCC.

Multiple primary neoplasms can arise in different organs or tissues throughout the body, such as the breast, colon, prostate, lung, or skin. Each tumor is considered a separate entity, with its own unique characteristics, including size, location, and aggressiveness. Treatment for multiple primary neoplasms typically involves surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these modalities.

The diagnosis of multiple primary neoplasms can be challenging due to the overlapping symptoms and radiological findings between the different tumors. Therefore, it is essential to have a thorough clinical evaluation and diagnostic workup to rule out other possible causes of the symptoms and confirm the presence of multiple primary neoplasms.

Multiple primary neoplasms are more common than previously thought, with an estimated prevalence of 2% to 5% in some populations. The prognosis for patients with multiple primary neoplasms varies depending on the location, size, and aggressiveness of each tumor, as well as the patient's overall health status.

It is important to note that multiple primary neoplasms are not the same as metastatic cancer, in which a single primary tumor spreads to other parts of the body. Multiple primary neoplasms are distinct tumors that arise independently from different primary sites within the body.

The risk factors for developing bronchogenic carcinoma include smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke, exposure to radon gas, asbestos, and certain industrial chemicals, as well as a family history of lung cancer. Symptoms of bronchogenic carcinoma can include coughing, chest pain, difficulty breathing, fatigue, weight loss, and coughing up blood.

Bronchogenic carcinoma is diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests such as chest x-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, and positron emission tomography (PET) scans, as well as biopsy. Treatment options for bronchogenic carcinoma can include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these. The prognosis for bronchogenic carcinoma is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of about 18%.

Prevention is the best approach to managing bronchogenic carcinoma, and this includes quitting smoking, avoiding exposure to secondhand smoke and other risk factors, and getting regular screenings if you are at high risk. Early detection and treatment can improve survival rates for patients with bronchogenic carcinoma, so it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

This cancer is known for its aggressive behavior and early metastasis to regional lymph nodes, bones, and distant organs such as the liver and lungs. The prognosis is generally poor, with a 5-year survival rate of about 50%. The treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, and the choice of treatment depends on the stage and location of the tumor.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma is also known as adenoid cystic cancer, cylindromatosis, or basaloid squamous cell carcinoma. It is a rare malignancy that requires specialized knowledge and management by head and neck surgeons and oncologists.

Examples of precancerous conditions include:

1. Dysplasia: This is a condition where abnormal cells are present in the tissue, but have not yet invaded surrounding tissues. Dysplasia can be found in organs such as the cervix, colon, and breast.
2. Carcinoma in situ (CIS): This is a condition where cancer cells are present in the tissue, but have not yet invaded surrounding tissues. CIS is often found in organs such as the breast, prostate, and cervix.
3. Atypical hyperplasia: This is a condition where abnormal cells are present in the tissue, but they are not yet cancerous. Atypical hyperplasia can be found in organs such as the breast and uterus.
4. Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS): This is a condition where cancer cells are present in the milk-producing glands of the breasts, but have not yet invaded surrounding tissues. LCIS is often found in both breasts and can increase the risk of developing breast cancer.
5. Adenomas: These are small growths on the surface of the colon that can become malignant over time if left untreated.
6. Leukoplakia: This is a condition where thick, white patches develop on the tongue or inside the mouth. Leukoplakia can be a precancerous condition and may increase the risk of developing oral cancer.
7. Oral subsquamous carcinoma: This is a type of precancerous lesion that develops in the mouth and can progress to squamous cell carcinoma if left untreated.
8. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN): This is a condition where abnormal cells are present on the surface of the cervix, but have not yet invaded surrounding tissues. CIN can progress to cancer over time if left untreated.
9. Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN): This is a condition where abnormal cells are present on the vulva, but have not yet invaded surrounding tissues. VIN can progress to cancer over time if left untreated.
10. Penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN): This is a condition where abnormal cells are present on the penis, but have not yet invaded surrounding tissues. PIN can progress to cancer over time if left untreated.

It is important to note that not all precancerous conditions will develop into cancer, and some may resolve on their own without treatment. However, it is important to follow up with a healthcare provider to monitor any changes and determine the best course of treatment.

Epidemiology:

* Incidence: Small cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for approximately 10%-15% of all skin cancers, but it is more common in certain populations such as fair-skinned individuals and those with a history of sun exposure.
* Prevalence: The prevalence of SCC is difficult to determine due to its rarity, but it is believed to be more common in certain geographic regions such as Australia and New Zealand.

Clinical features:

* Appearance: Small cell carcinoma usually appears as a firm, shiny nodule or plaque on sun-exposed areas of the skin, such as the face, ears, lips, and hands. It can also occur in other parts of the body, including the mucous membranes.
* Color: The color of SCC can range from pink to red to purple, and it may be covered with a crust or scab.
* Dimensions: SCC usually measures between 1-5 cm in diameter, but it can be larger in some cases.
* Surface: The surface of SCC may be smooth or rough, and it may have a "pearly" appearance due to the presence of small, white, and shiny nodules called "heidlebergs."

Differential diagnosis:

* Other types of skin cancer, such as basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
* Other diseases that can cause similar symptoms and appearance, such as psoriasis, eczema, and actinic keratosis.

Treatment:

* Surgical excision: Small cell carcinoma is usually treated with surgical excision, which involves removing the tumor and some surrounding tissue.
* Radiation therapy: In some cases, radiation therapy may be used after surgical excision to ensure that all cancer cells are eliminated.
* Topical treatments: For more superficial SCC, topical treatments such as imiquimod cream or podofilox solution may be effective.

Prognosis:

* The prognosis for small cell carcinoma is generally good if it is detected and treated early.
* However, if left untreated, SCC can invade surrounding tissues and organs, leading to serious complications and potentially fatal outcomes.

Complications:

* Invasion of surrounding tissues and organs.
* Spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body (metastasis).
* Scarring and disfigurement.
* Infection and inflammation.

Characteristics of Medullary Carcinoma:

1. Location: Medullary carcinoma typically arises in the inner substance of the breast, near the milk ducts and blood vessels.
2. Growth pattern: The cancer cells grow in a nodular or sheet-like pattern, with a clear boundary between the tumor and the surrounding normal tissue.
3. Cellular features: The cancer cells are typically large and polygonal, with prominent nucleoli and a pale, pinkish cytoplasm.
4. Lymphocytic infiltration: There is often a significant amount of lymphocytic infiltration surrounding the tumor, which can give it a "spiculated" or "heterogeneous" appearance.
5. Grade: Medullary carcinoma is generally a low-grade cancer, meaning that the cells are slow-growing and less aggressive than those of other types of breast cancer.
6. Hormone receptors: Medullary carcinoma is often hormone receptor-positive, meaning that the cancer cells have estrogen or progesterone receptors on their surface.
7. Her2 status: The cancer cells are typically Her2-negative, meaning that they do not overexpress the Her2 protein.

Prognosis and Treatment of Medullary Carcinoma:

The prognosis for medullary carcinoma is generally good, as it tends to be a slow-growing and less aggressive type of breast cancer. The 5-year survival rate for medullary carcinoma is around 80-90%.

Treatment for medullary carcinoma typically involves surgery, such as a lumpectomy or mastectomy, followed by radiation therapy and/or hormone therapy. Chemotherapy is sometimes used in addition to these treatments, especially if the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of the body.

It's important for women with medullary carcinoma to work closely with their healthcare team to develop a personalized treatment plan that takes into account their unique needs and circumstances. With appropriate treatment, many women with medullary carcinoma can achieve long-term survival and a good quality of life.

Cystadenocarcinoma can occur in various parts of the body, but it is most common in the ovary and breast. In the ovary, it is the most common type of ovarian cancer and accounts for about 70% of all ovarian cancers. In the breast, it is a rare type of breast cancer, accounting for less than 5% of all breast cancers.

The symptoms of cystadenocarcinoma can vary depending on the location of the tumor, but they may include:

* Abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge
* Pelvic pain or discomfort
* Abdominal swelling or bloating
* Painful urination
* Weakness and fatigue

Cystadenocarcinoma is diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and biopsy. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy, depending on the stage and location of the cancer.

The prognosis for cystadenocarcinoma depends on the stage of the cancer at the time of diagnosis. In general, early detection and treatment improve the chances of a successful outcome. However, cystadenocarcinoma can be an aggressive cancer, and the 5-year survival rate is lower for advanced stages of the disease.

In summary, cystadenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that arises from glandular cells in various parts of the body, but most commonly in the ovary and breast. It can cause a range of symptoms and is diagnosed through imaging tests and biopsy. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy, and the prognosis depends on the stage of the cancer at the time of diagnosis.

Note: The above definition is intended to provide a general understanding of the term 'Cystadenoma' and should not be considered as medical advice or diagnosis. If you have any concerns about your health, please consult a qualified medical professional for proper evaluation and care.

Lymphatic metastasis occurs when cancer cells enter the lymphatic vessels and are carried through the lymphatic system to other parts of the body. This can happen through several mechanisms, including:

1. Direct invasion: Cancer cells can invade the nearby lymphatic vessels and spread through them.
2. Lymphatic vessel embolization: Cancer cells can block the flow of lymphatic fluid and cause the formation of a clot-like structure, which can trap cancer cells and allow them to grow.
3. Lymphatic vessel invasion: Cancer cells can infiltrate the walls of lymphatic vessels and spread through them.

Lymphatic metastasis is a common mechanism for the spread of cancer, particularly in the breast, melanoma, and other cancers that have a high risk of lymphatic invasion. The presence of lymphatic metastasis in a patient's body can indicate a more aggressive cancer and a poorer prognosis.

Treatment for lymphatic metastasis typically involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Surgery may be used to remove any affected lymph nodes or other tumors that have spread through the lymphatic system. Chemotherapy may be used to kill any remaining cancer cells, while radiation therapy may be used to shrink the tumors and relieve symptoms.

In summary, lymphatic metastasis is a common mechanism for the spread of cancer through the body, particularly in cancers that originate in organs with a high lymphatic drainage. Treatment typically involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy to remove or shrink the tumors and relieve symptoms.

There are several causes of pancreatitis, including:

1. Gallstones: These can block the pancreatic duct, causing inflammation.
2. Alcohol consumption: Heavy alcohol use can damage the pancreas and lead to inflammation.
3. High triglycerides: Elevated levels of triglycerides in the blood can cause pancreatitis.
4. Infections: Viral or bacterial infections can infect the pancreas and cause inflammation.
5. Genetic factors: Some people may be more susceptible to pancreatitis due to inherited genetic mutations.
6. Pancreatic trauma: Physical injury to the pancreas can cause inflammation.
7. Certain medications: Some medications, such as certain antibiotics and chemotherapy drugs, can cause pancreatitis as a side effect.

Symptoms of pancreatitis may include:

1. Abdominal pain
2. Nausea and vomiting
3. Fever
4. Diarrhea or bloating
5. Weight loss
6. Loss of appetite

Treatment for pancreatitis depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage symptoms and address any complications. Treatment options may include:

1. Pain management: Medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or opioids may be used to manage abdominal pain.
2. Fluid replacement: Intravenous fluids may be given to replace lost fluids and electrolytes.
3. Antibiotics: If the pancreatitis is caused by an infection, antibiotics may be prescribed to treat the infection.
4. Nutritional support: Patients with pancreatitis may require nutritional support to ensure they are getting enough calories and nutrients.
5. Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy: In some cases, pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy may be necessary to help the body digest food.
6. Surgery: In severe cases of pancreatitis, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged tissue or repair damaged blood vessels.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience persistent abdominal pain or other symptoms of pancreatitis, as early treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Definition:
A type of cancer that arises from cells of the neuroendocrine system, which are cells that produce hormones and neurotransmitters. These tumors can occur in various parts of the body, such as the lungs, digestive tract, and pancreas. They tend to grow slowly and can produce excess hormones or neurotransmitters, leading to a variety of symptoms. Carcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors are relatively rare but are becoming more commonly diagnosed.

Synonyms:

* Neuroendocrine carcinoma
* Neuroendocrine tumor
* Carcinoid tumor

Note: The term "carcinoma" refers to a type of cancer that arises from epithelial cells, while the term "neuroendocrine" refers to the fact that these tumors originate in cells of the neuroendocrine system.

Translation:

English: Neuroendocrine carcinoma
German: Neuroendokrines Karzinom
French: Tumeur carcinoïde neuroendocrine
Spanish: Carcinoma neuendocrino
Italian: Carcinoma neuroendocrino

Most nasopharyngeal neoplasms are rare and tend to affect children and young adults more frequently than older adults. The most common types of nasopharyngeal neoplasms include:

1. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC): This is the most common type of malignant nasopharyngeal neoplasm and tends to affect young adults in Southeast Asia more frequently than other populations.
2. Adenoid cystic carcinoma: This is a rare, slow-growing tumor that usually affects the nasopharynx and salivary glands.
3. Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma: This is a type of cancer that originates in another part of the body (usually the head and neck) and spreads to the nasopharynx.
4. Lymphoma: This is a type of cancer that affects the immune system and can occur in the nasopharynx.
5. Benign tumors: These include benign growths such as papillomas, fibromas, and meningiomas.

Symptoms of nasopharyngeal neoplasms can vary depending on the size and location of the tumor but may include:

* Difficulty swallowing
* Nosebleeds
* Headaches
* Facial pain or numbness
* Trouble breathing through the nose
* Hoarseness or voice changes
* Enlarged lymph nodes in the neck

Diagnosis of nasopharyngeal neoplasms usually involves a combination of imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, endoscopy (insertion of a flexible tube with a camera into the nose and throat), and biopsy (removal of a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope).

Treatment of nasopharyngeal neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor but may include:

* Surgery to remove the tumor
* Radiation therapy to kill cancer cells
* Chemotherapy to kill cancer cells
* Targeted therapy to attack specific molecules on cancer cells

Prognosis for nasopharyngeal neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the tumor but in general, early detection and treatment improve the chances of a successful outcome.

There are several types of thyroid neoplasms, including:

1. Thyroid nodules: These are abnormal growths or lumps that can develop in the thyroid gland. Most thyroid nodules are benign (non-cancerous), but some can be malignant (cancerous).
2. Thyroid cancer: This is a type of cancer that develops in the thyroid gland. There are several types of thyroid cancer, including papillary, follicular, and medullary thyroid cancer.
3. Thyroid adenomas: These are benign tumors that develop in the thyroid gland. They are usually non-cancerous and do not spread to other parts of the body.
4. Thyroid cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in the thyroid gland. They are usually benign and do not cause any symptoms.

Thyroid neoplasms can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, exposure to radiation, and certain medical conditions, such as thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid gland).

Symptoms of thyroid neoplasms can include:

* A lump or swelling in the neck
* Pain in the neck or throat
* Difficulty swallowing or breathing
* Hoarseness or voice changes
* Weight loss or fatigue

Diagnosis of thyroid neoplasms usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as ultrasound or CT scans), and biopsies. Treatment depends on the type and severity of the neoplasm, and can include surgery, radiation therapy, and medications.

There are several types of lung neoplasms, including:

1. Adenocarcinoma: This is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for approximately 40% of all lung cancers. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the glands of the respiratory tract and can be found in any part of the lung.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of lung cancer accounts for approximately 25% of all lung cancers and is more common in men than women. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the squamous cells lining the airways of the lungs.
3. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC): This is a highly aggressive form of lung cancer that accounts for approximately 15% of all lung cancers. It is often found in the central parts of the lungs and can spread quickly to other parts of the body.
4. Large cell carcinoma: This is a rare type of lung cancer that accounts for only about 5% of all lung cancers. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the large cells of the respiratory tract and can be found in any part of the lung.
5. Bronchioalveolar carcinoma (BAC): This is a rare type of lung cancer that originates in the cells lining the airways and alveoli of the lungs. It is more common in women than men and tends to affect older individuals.
6. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM): This is a rare, progressive, and often fatal lung disease that primarily affects women of childbearing age. It is characterized by the growth of smooth muscle-like cells in the lungs and can lead to cysts, lung collapse, and respiratory failure.
7. Hamartoma: This is a benign tumor that originates in the tissue of the lungs and is usually found in children. It is characterized by an overgrowth of normal lung tissue and can be treated with surgery.
8. Secondary lung cancer: This type of cancer occurs when cancer cells from another part of the body spread to the lungs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It is more common in people who have a history of smoking or exposure to other carcinogens.
9. Metastatic cancer: This type of cancer occurs when cancer cells from another part of the body spread to the lungs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It is more common in people who have a history of smoking or exposure to other carcinogens.
10. Mesothelioma: This is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that originates in the lining of the lungs or abdomen. It is caused by asbestos exposure and can be treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

Lung diseases can also be classified based on their cause, such as:

1. Infectious diseases: These are caused by bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms and can include pneumonia, tuberculosis, and bronchitis.
2. Autoimmune diseases: These are caused by an overactive immune system and can include conditions such as sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
3. Genetic diseases: These are caused by inherited mutations in genes that affect the lungs and can include cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia.
4. Environmental diseases: These are caused by exposure to harmful substances such as tobacco smoke, air pollution, and asbestos.
5. Radiological diseases: These are caused by exposure to ionizing radiation and can include conditions such as radiographic breast cancer and lung cancer.
6. Vascular diseases: These are caused by problems with the blood vessels in the lungs and can include conditions such as pulmonary embolism and pulmonary hypertension.
7. Tumors: These can be benign or malignant and can include conditions such as lung metastases and lung cancer.
8. Trauma: This can include injuries to the chest or lungs caused by accidents or other forms of trauma.
9. Congenital diseases: These are present at birth and can include conditions such as bronchopulmonary foregut malformations and congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation.

Each type of lung disease has its own set of symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any persistent or severe respiratory symptoms, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and quality of life.

Some common types of breast diseases include:

1. Fibrocystic breast disease: A condition characterized by the formation of small lumps or cysts in the breast tissue, often accompanied by breast pain.
2. Fibroadenoma: A benign tumor that is made up of glandular and fibrous tissue, typically found in young women.
3. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS): A type of cancer that originates in the milk ducts and has not spread to other parts of the breast or body.
4. Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC): The most common type of breast cancer, which starts in the milk ducts but has invaded the surrounding tissue.
5. Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC): A type of breast cancer that starts in the milk-producing glands (lobules) and has invaded the surrounding tissue.
6. Breast abscess: A collection of pus in the breast tissue, often caused by an infection.
7. Mastitis: An inflammation of the breast tissue, usually caused by a bacterial infection.
8. Breast cancer recurrence: Cancer that has returned after previous treatment.

Early detection and diagnosis of breast diseases are crucial for effective treatment and improved outcomes. Screening tests such as mammography, ultrasound, and biopsy can help identify breast diseases at an early stage, when they are more treatable. Treatment options for breast diseases depend on the type and severity of the condition, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy.

The cancer cells of this type are thought to arise from abnormalities in the cells that line the ducts of the salivary glands. These abnormal cells grow and divide uncontrollably, forming a mass that can obstruct the flow of saliva and cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, and difficulty eating or speaking.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is typically diagnosed with a combination of imaging studies, such as CT scans, MRI, and PET scans, and a biopsy, where a sample of tissue is removed from the tumor and examined under a microscope for cancer cells. Treatment typically involves surgery to remove the tumor, followed by radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells.

Prognosis for this type of cancer is generally good if it is diagnosed early and treated promptly, but it can be challenging to treat if it has spread to other parts of the body.

Example Sentences:

The patient was diagnosed with adenosquamous carcinoma of the lung and underwent surgical resection.

The pathology report revealed that the tumor was an adenosquamous carcinoma, which is a rare type of lung cancer.

Note: Adenosquamous carcinoma is a rare subtype of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), accounting for approximately 1-3% of all lung cancers. It has a more aggressive clinical course and poorer prognosis compared to other types of NSCLC.

Anatomy24

Organisms2

Diseases113

Chemicals and Drugs37

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment62

Phenomena and Processes14

Disciplines and Occupations3

Information Science4

Health Care16

Geographicals1

High frequency of germ-line BRCA2 mutations among Hungarian male breast cancer patients without family history. (1/1031)

VEGFR-3 and its ligand VEGF-C are associated with angiogenesis in breast cancer. (2/1031)

Vascular stroma formation in carcinoma in situ, invasive carcinoma, and metastatic carcinoma of the breast. (3/1031)

An audit of breast cancer pathology reporting in Australia in 1995. (4/1031)

Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (CD87) expression of tumor-associated macrophages in ductal carcinoma in situ, breast cancer, and resident macrophages of normal breast tissue. (5/1031)

Primary tumour characteristics and axillary lymph node status in breast cancer. (6/1031)

Elevated expression of the CC chemokine regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) in advanced breast carcinoma. (7/1031)

Prognosis in women with a carcinoma in situ of the breast: a population-based study in Sweden. (8/1031)

No images available that match "carcinoma intraductal noninfiltrating"

Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating

Papilloma, Intraductal

Carcinoma

Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous

Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal

Carcinoma, Papillary

Adenocarcinoma, Papillary

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular

Carcinoma in Situ

Pancreatic Neoplasms

Cystadenoma, Mucinous

Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous

Pancreatic Ducts

Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast

Carcinoma, Ductal

Bile Duct Neoplasms

Nipples

Pancreatic Cyst

Pancreatectomy

Immunohistochemistry

Liver Neoplasms

Breast Neoplasms

Neoplasm Invasiveness

Cystadenoma, Serous

Tumor Markers, Biological

Carcinoma, Basal Cell

Adenocarcinoma

Cholangiopancreatography, Magnetic Resonance

Cystadenocarcinoma, Mucinous

Cyst Fluid

Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde

Cystadenoma, Papillary

Endosonography

Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic

Carcinoma, Lobular

Carcinoma, Transitional Cell

Prognosis

Pancreaticoduodenectomy

Neoplasm Staging

Neoplasms, Multiple Primary

Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic

Mucins

Breast

Pancreatic Juice

Carcinoma, Bronchogenic

Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic

Precancerous Conditions

Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic

Carcinoma, Small Cell

Cell Line, Tumor

Carcinoma, Medullary

Cystadenocarcinoma

Retrospective Studies

Mucin-2

Cystadenoma

Lymphatic Metastasis

Pancreatitis

Pancreas

Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine

Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms

Glycodeoxycholic Acid

Thyroid Neoplasms

Common Bile Duct Neoplasms

Neoplasm Recurrence, Local

DNA, Neoplasm

Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Tumor Cells, Cultured

Salivary Ducts

Biopsy

Endoscopy, Digestive System

Lung Neoplasms

Breast Diseases

Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid

Carcinoma, Adenosquamous

Treatment Outcome

Neoplasm Proteins

Carcinoma, Endometrioid

Neoplasm Metastasis

Head and Neck Neoplasms