A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer." (From Dorland, 27th ed)
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
The first alpha-globulins to appear in mammalian sera during FETAL DEVELOPMENT and the dominant serum proteins in early embryonic life.
A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.
Administration of antineoplastic agents together with an embolizing vehicle. This allows slow release of the agent as well as obstruction of the blood supply to the neoplasm.
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A benign epithelial tumor of the LIVER.
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.
Experimentally induced tumors of the LIVER.
A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.
Excision of all or part of the liver. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.
A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)
A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.
A human liver tumor cell line used to study a variety of liver-specific metabolic functions.
Ability of neoplasms to infiltrate and actively destroy surrounding tissue.
Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the extent of the neoplasm in the patient.
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.
Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.
The local recurrence of a neoplasm following treatment. It arises from microscopic cells of the original neoplasm that have escaped therapeutic intervention and later become clinically visible at the original site.
A preparation of oil that contains covalently bound IODINE. It is commonly used as a RADIOCONTRAST AGENT and as a suspension medium for CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS.
Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.
A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Compounds that include the amino-N-phenylamide structure.
An important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD. Its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and PELLAGRA. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake.
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.
A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.
A infiltrating (invasive) breast cancer, relatively uncommon, accounting for only 5%-10% of breast tumors in most series. It is often an area of ill-defined thickening in the breast, in contrast to the dominant lump characteristic of ductal carcinoma. It is typically composed of small cells in a linear arrangement with a tendency to grow around ducts and lobules. There is likelihood of axillary nodal involvement with metastasis to meningeal and serosal surfaces. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1205)
The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods.
The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another.
All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.
Organic salts and esters of benzenesulfonic acid.
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.
A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round "blue cells", granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small ("oat") cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
The type species of the genus ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS which causes human HEPATITIS B and is also apparently a causal agent in human HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. The Dane particle is an intact hepatitis virion, named after its discoverer. Non-infectious spherical and tubular particles are also seen in the serum.
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.
Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.
Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.
One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.
A family of GLYCOSYLPHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL-anchored, cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans that may play a role in CELL GROWTH PROCESSES and CELL DIFFERENTIATION by modulating ligand-receptor interactions.
The main structural component of the LIVER. They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.
A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function.
A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.
A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.
The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.
DNA present in neoplastic tissue.
Pathological processes of the LIVER.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Pathological processes that tend eventually to become malignant. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Experimental transplantation of neoplasms in laboratory animals for research purposes.
A tumor of both low- and high-grade malignancy. The low-grade grow slowly, appear in any age group, and are readily cured by excision. The high-grade behave aggressively, widely infiltrate the salivary gland and produce lymph node and distant metastases. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas account for about 21% of the malignant tumors of the parotid gland and 10% of the sublingual gland. They are the most common malignant tumor of the parotid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240)
A mixed adenocarcinoma and squamous cell or epidermoid carcinoma.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Ethyl ester of iodinated fatty acid of poppyseed oil. It contains 37% organically bound iodine and has been used as a diagnostic aid (radiopaque medium) and as an antineoplastic agent when part of the iodine is 131-I. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.
Transfer of a neoplasm from its primary site to lymph nodes or to distant parts of the body by way of the lymphatic system.
An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of cells resembling the glandular cells of the ENDOMETRIUM. It is a common histological type of ovarian CARCINOMA and ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA. There is a high frequency of co-occurrence of this form of adenocarcinoma in both tissues.
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.
A nonparametric method of compiling LIFE TABLES or survival tables. It combines calculated probabilities of survival and estimates to allow for observations occurring beyond a measurement threshold, which are assumed to occur randomly. Time intervals are defined as ending each time an event occurs and are therefore unequal. (From Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1995)
Two or more abnormal growths of tissue occurring simultaneously and presumed to be of separate origin. The neoplasms may be histologically the same or different, and may be found in the same or different sites.
A highly malignant, primitive form of carcinoma, probably of germinal cell or teratomatous derivation, usually arising in a gonad and rarely in other sites. It is rare in the female ovary, but in the male it accounts for 20% of all testicular tumors. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1595)
Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.
Nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the p53 gene (GENES, P53) whose normal function is to control CELL PROLIFERATION and APOPTOSIS. A mutant or absent p53 protein has been found in LEUKEMIA; OSTEOSARCOMA; LUNG CANCER; and COLORECTAL CANCER.
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.
A carcinoma arising from MERKEL CELLS located in the basal layer of the epidermis and occurring most commonly as a primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin. Merkel cells are tactile cells of neuroectodermal origin and histologically show neurosecretory granules. The skin of the head and neck are a common site of Merkel cell carcinoma, occurring generally in elderly patients. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1245)
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally, and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.
Malignant neoplasms involving the ductal systems of any of a number of organs, such as the MAMMARY GLANDS, the PANCREAS, the PROSTATE, or the LACRIMAL GLAND.
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.
A short thick vein formed by union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein.
Period after successful treatment in which there is no appearance of the symptoms or effects of the disease.
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.
The total amount (cell number, weight, size or volume) of tumor cells or tissue in the body.
Solitary or multiple benign hepatic vascular tumors, usually occurring in women of 20-50 years of age. The nodule, poorly encapsulated, consists of a central stellate fibrous scar and normal liver elements such as HEPATOCYTES, small BILE DUCTS, and KUPFFER CELLS among the intervening fibrous septa. The pale colored central scar represents large blood vessels with hyperplastic fibromuscular layer and narrowing lumen.
A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.
A variant of well-differentiated epidermoid carcinoma that is most common in the oral cavity, but also occurs in the larynx, nasal cavity, esophagus, penis, anorectal region, vulva, vagina, uterine cervix, and skin, especially on the sole of the foot. Most intraoral cases occur in elderly male abusers of smokeless tobacco. The treatment is surgical resection. Radiotherapy is not indicated, as up to 30% treated with radiation become highly aggressive within six months. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.
Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.
A poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in which the nucleus is pressed to one side by a cytoplasmic droplet of mucus. It usually arises in the gastrointestinal system.
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
A benign tumor of the intrahepatic bile ducts.
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.
Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.
The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.
The treatment of a disease or condition by several different means simultaneously or sequentially. Chemoimmunotherapy, RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY, chemoradiotherapy, cryochemotherapy, and SALVAGE THERAPY are seen most frequently, but their combinations with each other and surgery are also used.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
Those hepatitis B antigens found on the surface of the Dane particle and on the 20 nm spherical and tubular particles. Several subspecificities of the surface antigen are known. These were formerly called the Australia antigen.
A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.
Tumor suppressor genes located on the short arm of human chromosome 17 and coding for the phosphoprotein p53.
The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.
RNA present in neoplastic tissue.
The simultaneous analysis of multiple samples of TISSUES or CELLS from BIOPSY or in vitro culture that have been arranged in an array format on slides or microchips.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
A branch of the celiac artery that distributes to the stomach, pancreas, duodenum, liver, gallbladder, and greater omentum.
A tumor of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large size. It is usually bronchogenic. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
A pathologic process consisting of the proliferation of blood vessels in abnormal tissues or in abnormal positions.
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included.
A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.
Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
In vivo methods of screening investigative anticancer drugs, biologic response modifiers or radiotherapies. Human tumor tissue or cells are transplanted into mice or rats followed by tumor treatment regimens. A variety of outcomes are monitored to assess antitumor effectiveness.
Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.
Transplantation between animals of different species.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.
A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.
Removal of tissue with electrical current delivered via electrodes positioned at the distal end of a catheter. Energy sources are commonly direct current (DC-shock) or alternating current at radiofrequencies (usually 750 kHz). The technique is used most often to ablate the AV junction and/or accessory pathways in order to interrupt AV conduction and produce AV block in the treatment of various tachyarrhythmias.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.
Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.
An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.
The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.
Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.
The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.
An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).
The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair, resulting in abnormal HEMIZYGOSITY. It is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the ALLELES was deleted.
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.
A CELL CYCLE and tumor growth marker which can be readily detected using IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY methods. Ki-67 is a nuclear antigen present only in the nuclei of cycling cells.
The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.
DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.
The malignant stem cells of TERATOCARCINOMAS, which resemble pluripotent stem cells of the BLASTOCYST INNER CELL MASS. The EC cells can be grown in vitro, and experimentally induced to differentiate. They are used as a model system for studying early embryonic cell differentiation.
A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.
Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.
Genes that inhibit expression of the tumorigenic phenotype. They are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. When tumor suppressor genes are inactivated or lost, a barrier to normal proliferation is removed and unregulated growth is possible.
Experimentally induced new abnormal growth of TISSUES in animals to provide models for studying human neoplasms.
A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A thyroid neoplasm of mixed papillary and follicular arrangement. Its biological behavior and prognosis is the same as that of a papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1271)
A multi-functional catenin that participates in CELL ADHESION and nuclear signaling. Beta catenin binds CADHERINS and helps link their cytoplasmic tails to the ACTIN in the CYTOSKELETON via ALPHA CATENIN. It also serves as a transcriptional co-activator and downstream component of WNT PROTEIN-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS.
Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.
Passages within the liver for the conveyance of bile. Includes right and left hepatic ducts even though these may join outside the liver to form the common hepatic duct.
A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE causing parenterally-transmitted HEPATITIS C which is associated with transfusions and drug abuse. Hepatitis C virus is the type species.
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
A type II keratin found associated with KERATIN-19 in ductal epithelia and gastrointestinal epithelia.
Calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They are important in the formation of ADHERENS JUNCTIONS between cells. Cadherins are classified by their distinct immunological and tissue specificities, either by letters (E- for epithelial, N- for neural, and P- for placental cadherins) or by numbers (cadherin-12 or N-cadherin 2 for brain-cadherin). Cadherins promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism as in the construction of tissues and of the whole animal body.
Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.
The pathological process occurring in cells that are dying from irreparable injuries. It is caused by the progressive, uncontrolled action of degradative ENZYMES, leading to MITOCHONDRIAL SWELLING, nuclear flocculation, and cell lysis. It is distinct it from APOPTOSIS, which is a normal, regulated cellular process.
Furano-furano-benzopyrans that are produced by ASPERGILLUS from STERIGMATOCYSTIN. They are structurally related to COUMARINS and easily oxidized to an epoxide form to become ALKYLATING AGENTS. Members of the group include AFLATOXIN B1; aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2; AFLATOXIN M1; and aflatoxin M2.
Blood tests that are used to evaluate how well a patient's liver is working and also to help diagnose liver conditions.
An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of varying combinations of clear and hobnail-shaped tumor cells. There are three predominant patterns described as tubulocystic, solid, and papillary. These tumors, usually located in the female reproductive organs, have been seen more frequently in young women since 1970 as a result of the association with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed)
Regional infusion of drugs via an arterial catheter. Often a pump is used to impel the drug through the catheter. Used in therapy of cancer, upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, infection, and peripheral vascular disease.
A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.
A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.
The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.6.1.2.
Proteins that are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. Deficiencies or abnormalities in these proteins may lead to unregulated cell growth and tumor development.
Statistical models used in survival analysis that assert that the effect of the study factors on the hazard rate in the study population is multiplicative and does not change over time.
Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.
The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.
The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially in the drug therapy of neoplasms. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.
Compounds with a six membered aromatic ring containing NITROGEN. The saturated version is PIPERIDINES.
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.
Tests to experimentally measure the tumor-producing/cancer cell-producing potency of an agent by administering the agent (e.g., benzanthracenes) and observing the quantity of tumors or the cell transformation developed over a given period of time. The carcinogenicity value is usually measured as milligrams of agent administered per tumor developed. Though this test differs from the DNA-repair and bacterial microsome MUTAGENICITY TESTS, researchers often attempt to correlate the finding of carcinogenicity values and mutagenicity values.
A malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. It often occurs in the ovary and usually bilaterally. The external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. Microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma cells. Psammoma bodies may be present. The tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (From Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p185)
A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.
Substances used to allow enhanced visualization of tissues.
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, and chemicals from the environment.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs, 21-25 nucleotides in length generated from single-stranded microRNA gene transcripts by the same RIBONUCLEASE III, Dicer, that produces small interfering RNAs (RNA, SMALL INTERFERING). They become part of the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX and repress the translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of target RNA by binding to homologous 3'UTR region as an imperfect match. The small temporal RNAs (stRNAs), let-7 and lin-4, from C. elegans, are the first 2 miRNAs discovered, and are from a class of miRNAs involved in developmental timing.
Injections introduced directly into localized lesions.
Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.
Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.
Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.
Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the level of CELL DIFFERENTIATION in neoplasms as increasing ANAPLASIA correlates with the aggressiveness of the neoplasm.
Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.
A method of hemostasis utilizing various agents such as Gelfoam, silastic, metal, glass, or plastic pellets, autologous clot, fat, and muscle as emboli. It has been used in the treatment of spinal cord and INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS, renal arteriovenous fistulas, gastrointestinal bleeding, epistaxis, hypersplenism, certain highly vascular tumors, traumatic rupture of blood vessels, and control of operative hemorrhage.
Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. PCNA is required for the coordinated synthesis of both leading and lagging strands at the replication fork during DNA replication. PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types.
Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Intrahepatic recurrence after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term results of treatment and prognostic factors. (1/11254)

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the long-term results of treatment and prognostic factors in patients with intrahepatic recurrence after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Recent studies have demonstrated the usefulness of re-resection, transarterial oily chemoembolization (TOCE), or percutaneous ethanol injection therapy (PEIT) in selected patients with intrahepatic recurrent HCC. The overall results of a treatment strategy combining these modalities have not been fully evaluated, and the prognostic factors determining survival in these patients remain to be clarified. METHODS: Two hundred and forty-four patients who underwent curative resection for HCC were followed for intrahepatic recurrence, which was treated aggressively with a strategy including different modalities. Survival results after recurrence and from initial hepatectomy were analyzed, and prognostic factors were determined by univariate and multivariate analysis using 27 clinicopathologic variables. RESULTS: One hundred and five patients (43%) with intrahepatic recurrence were treated with re-resection (11), TOCE (71), PEIT (6), systemic chemotherapy (8) or conservatively (9). The overall 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival rates from the time of recurrence were 65.5%, 34.9%, and 19.7%, respectively, and from the time of initial hepatectomy were 78.4%, 47.2%, and 30.9%, respectively. The re-resection group had the best survival, followed by the TOCE group. Multivariate analysis revealed Child's B or C grading, serum albumin < or = 40 g/l, multiple recurrent tumors, recurrence < or = 1 year after hepatectomy, and concurrent extrahepatic recurrence to be independent adverse prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: Aggressive treatment with a multimodality strategy could result in prolonged survival in patients with intrahepatic recurrence after curative resection for HCC. Prognosis was determined by the liver function status, interval to recurrence, number of recurrent tumors, any concurrent extrahepatic recurrence, and type of treatment.  (+info)

Identification of a cAMP response element within the glucose- 6-phosphatase hydrolytic subunit gene promoter which is involved in the transcriptional regulation by cAMP and glucocorticoids in H4IIE hepatoma cells. (2/11254)

The expression of a luciferase reporter gene under the control of the human glucose 6-phosphatase gene promoter was stimulated by both dexamethasone and dibutyryl cAMP in H4IIE hepatoma cells. A cis-active element located between nucleotides -161 and -152 in the glucose 6-phosphatase gene promoter was identified and found to be necessary for both basal reporter-gene expression and induction of expression by both dibutyryl cAMP and dexamethasone. Nucleotides -161 to -152 were functionally replaced by the consensus sequence for a cAMP response element. An antibody against the cAMP response element-binding protein caused a supershift in gel-electrophoretic-mobility-shift assays using an oligonucleotide probe representing the glucose 6-phosphatase gene promoter from nucleotides -161 to -152. These results strongly indicate that in H4IIE cells the glucose 6-phosphatase gene-promoter sequence from -161 to -152 is a cAMP response element which is important for the regulation of transcription of the glucose 6-phosphatase gene by both cAMP and glucocorticoids.  (+info)

Tumour ablation and hepatic decompensation rates in multi-agent chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. (3/11254)

Thirty-seven cirrhotic patients with 62 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) foci--most Child-Pugh class B or C and/or with large, inoperable tumours--underwent 148 sessions of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) using lipiodol, doxorubicin and cisplatin. Treatment efficacy was assessed by serial hepatic arteriography in 34/37 (91.9%) patients and abdominal CT scanning in 3/37 (8.1%) patients. Child-Pugh status was determined prior to each treatment session. Varying degrees of control of tumour neovascularity occurred for a median 390 days (range 90 to > 1680 days) in 33/34 (97.1%) patients in whom progress hepatic arteriography was performed. Ablation of tumour neovascularity occurred in 6/6 (100%), 4/12 (33.3%) and 6/16 (37.5%) patients with HCC diameters < 4 cm, 4-7 cm and > 8 cm, respectively (p < 0.02). Significantly more sessions were required for ablation of larger tumours (p < 0.05). Recurrent HCC was detected in 50% of patients after a median 240 days (range 60-1120 days). Deterioration in Child-Pugh status followed a session of TACE on 19/148 (12.8%) occasions but resulted in unscheduled hospitalization on only 4/148 (2.7%) occasions, the highest incidence (8.3%) in Child-Pugh C patients. Actuarial survival was 27/36 (75.0%) at 6 months, 17/34 (50.0%) at 12 months, 14/34 (41.2%) at 18 months, 9/31 (29.0%) at 24 months and 4/27 (14.8%) at 36 months. Multi-agent TACE with lipiodol, doxorubicin and cisplatin provides a useful anti-tumour effect, even in cirrhotic patients with large HCCs. The incidence of clinically significant deterioration in hepatic function due to ischaemia of non-tumorous liver is acceptably low, even in Child-Pugh C patients.  (+info)

Clinical significance of circulating anti-p53 antibodies in European patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. (4/11254)

p53 alterations are considered to be predictive of poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and may induce a humoral response. Anti-p53 serum antibodies were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using purified recombinant human p53 on 130 European HCC patients before treatment and during the clinical course of the disease. p53 immunohistochemistry was performed on tumours from the 52 patients who underwent surgery, and DNA sequencing analysis was initiated when circulating anti-p53 antibodies were detected. Nine (7%) HCC patients had anti-p53 serum antibodies before treatment. During a mean period of 30 months of follow-up, all the negative patients remained negative, even when recurrence was observed. Of the nine positive patients, eight were still positive 12-30 months after surgery. The presence of anti-p53 serum antibodies was correlated neither with mutation of the p53 gene nor the serum alpha-fetoprotein levels and clinicopathological characteristics of the tumours. However, a greater incidence of vascular invasion and accumulation of p53 protein were observed in the tumours of these patients (P<0.03 and P<0.01 respectively) as well as a better survival rate without recurrence (P = 0.05). In conclusion, as was recently shown in pancreatic cancer, anti-p53 serum antibodies may constitute a marker of relative 'good prognosis' in a subgroup of patients exhibiting one or several markers traditionally thought to be of bad prognosis.  (+info)

Mutant p53 can provoke apoptosis in p53-deficient Hep3B cells with delayed kinetics relative to wild-type p53. (5/11254)

Wild-type (wt) p53 frequently induces apoptosis when expressed in tumor cells whereas mutant p53 acts as an oncoprotein and consequently, stimulates cell proliferation. We report here exceptions to that rule. p53 conformational mutant 175H and DNA contact mutant 273H provoke apoptosis in human p53-deficient Hep3B hepatoma cells with delayed kinetics relative to wt p53. Similarly, c-Myc strongly stimulates apoptosis in these cells. In contrast, viral oncoproteins E1A and E7, and the cellular oncoprotein MDM-2, fail to elicit cytocidal responses. Efficient apoptotic cell death by mutant p53 requires oligomerization as 175H and 273H with deletions between amino acid residues 326 and 347 of the oligomerization domain are nontoxic. Apoptosis by mutant or wt p53 was significantly inhibited by the serine protease inhibitor AEBSF but not by the inactive analog AEBSA. Together, these results suggest that a wt p53-independent control mechanism is operational in Hep3B cells that eliminates cells upon sensing illegitimate proliferation signals originating from certain oncoproteins, including mutant p53 and Myc. We suggest that some tumor cell types lack p53 altogether because they tolerate neither wild-type nor mutant forms of the protein.  (+info)

Enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis is associated with increased expression of the mitochondrial ATP-dependent Lon protease. (6/11254)

Rats bearing the Zajdela hepatoma tumor and T3-treated hypothyroid rats were used to study the role of protein degradation in the process of mitochondrial biogenesis. It was shown that the activity, protein and mRNA levels of the ATP-dependent Lon protease increased in rapidly growing Zajdela hepatoma cells. The increase in the rate of mitochondrial biogenesis by thyroid hormone was similarly accompanied by enhanced expression of the Lon protease. The results imply that mitochondrial biogenesis in mammalian cells is, at least partially, regulated by the matrix Lon protease.  (+info)

Homologous regulation of the alpha2C-adrenoceptor subtype in human hepatocarcinoma, HepG2. (7/11254)

1. Previous studies of the regulation of the alpha2C-adrenoceptor in OK and in transfected cells have led to discrepant conclusions. In the present work, we examined the homologous regulation of the human alpha2C-adrenoceptor in the hepatocarcinoma cell-line, HepG2; a model which expresses this subtype spontaneously. 2. Short-period treatment of the cells with UK14304 provoked neither a diminution of the potency of the alpha2-agonist to inhibit forskolin-induced cyclic AMP-accumulation nor a change in the degree of receptor coupling to G-proteins. 3. Long-period exposure to UK14304 resulted in a large reduction of [3H]MK912 binding sites (55% decrease). The action of UK14304 was dose-dependent (EC50 = 190 +/- 45 nM), rapid (t1/2 = 4.2 h) and reversible. Receptor down-regulation was also observed with clonidine or (-)adrenaline (38 and 36% decrease, respectively) and was blocked by the addition of alpha2-antagonists. 4. Conversely to that observed with alpha2-agonists, treatment of the cells with RX821002 or yohimbine alone, but not with phentolamine, promoted a significant increase of the receptor expression. 5. The observed alterations of receptor density are not the reflection of changes at the alpha2C4 mRNA level. Estimation of the receptor protein turnover and measurement of its half-life demonstrated that down-regulation by alpha2-agonists and up-regulation by alpha2-antagonists, with inverse-agonist efficacy, are respectively the consequence of increased and decreased rate of receptor degradation. 6. In conclusion, our data show that alpha2C-adrenoceptor does not undergo desensitization but is down-regulated in HepG2. The lack of desensitization agrees with previous results obtained in cells transfected with the alpha2C4 gene, but not with observations made in OK cells. Inversely, down-regulation fits with results obtained in OK but not in transfected cells. The reasons for these discrepancies are discussed. Our results also demonstrated that certain alpha2-antagonists behave as inverse agonist on the HepG2 model and thus provide for the first time evidence of inverse efficacy of antagonists on a cellular model expressing physiological level of a wild-type alpha2-adrenoceptor.  (+info)

Variation of liver-type fatty acid binding protein content in the human hepatoma cell line HepG2 by peroxisome proliferators and antisense RNA affects the rate of fatty acid uptake. (8/11254)

The liver-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP), a member of a family of mostly cytosolic 14-15 kDa proteins known to bind fatty acids in vitro and in vivo, is discussed to play a role in fatty acid uptake. Cells of the hepatoma HepG2 cell line endogenously express this protein to approximately 0.2% of cytosolic proteins and served as a model to study the effect of L-FABP on fatty acid uptake, by manipulating L-FABP expression in two approaches. First, L-FABP content was more than doubled upon treating the cells with the potent peroxisome proliferators bezafibrate and Wy14,643 and incubation of these cells with [1-14C]oleic acid led to an increase in fatty acid uptake rate from 0.55 to 0.74 and 0.98 nmol/min per mg protein, respectively. In the second approach L-FABP expression was reduced by stable transfection with antisense L-FABP mRNA yielding seven clones with L-FABP contents ranging from 0.03% to 0.14% of cytosolic proteins. This reduction to one sixth of normal L-FABP content reduced the rate of [1-14C]oleic acid uptake from 0.55 to 0. 19 nmol/min per mg protein, i.e., by 66%. The analysis of peroxisome proliferator-treated cells and L-FABP mRNA antisense clones revealed a direct correlation between L-FABP content and fatty acid uptake.  (+info)

There are several risk factors for developing HCC, including:

* Cirrhosis, which can be caused by heavy alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis (such as hepatitis B and C), or fatty liver disease
* Family history of liver disease
* Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
* Diabetes
* Obesity

HCC can be challenging to diagnose, as the symptoms are non-specific and can be similar to those of other conditions. However, some common symptoms of HCC include:

* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Abdominal pain or discomfort
* Weight loss

If HCC is suspected, a doctor may perform several tests to confirm the diagnosis, including:

* Imaging tests, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, to look for tumors in the liver
* Blood tests to check for liver function and detect certain substances that are produced by the liver
* Biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of tissue from the liver to examine under a microscope

Once HCC is diagnosed, treatment options will depend on several factors, including the stage and location of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and their personal preferences. Treatment options may include:

* Surgery to remove the tumor or parts of the liver
* Ablation, which involves destroying the cancer cells using heat or cold
* Chemoembolization, which involves injecting chemotherapy drugs into the hepatic artery to reach the cancer cells
* Targeted therapy, which uses drugs or other substances to target specific molecules that are involved in the growth and spread of the cancer

Overall, the prognosis for HCC is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 20%. However, early detection and treatment can improve outcomes. It is important for individuals at high risk for HCC to be monitored regularly by a healthcare provider, and to seek medical attention if they experience any symptoms.

Liver neoplasms, also known as liver tumors or hepatic tumors, are abnormal growths of tissue in the liver. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant liver tumors can be primary, meaning they originate in the liver, or metastatic, meaning they spread to the liver from another part of the body.

There are several types of liver neoplasms, including:

1. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer and arises from the main cells of the liver (hepatocytes). HCC is often associated with cirrhosis and can be caused by viral hepatitis or alcohol abuse.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: This type of cancer arises from the cells lining the bile ducts within the liver (cholangiocytes). Cholangiocarcinoma is rare and often diagnosed at an advanced stage.
3. Hemangiosarcoma: This is a rare type of cancer that originates in the blood vessels of the liver. It is most commonly seen in dogs but can also occur in humans.
4. Fibromas: These are benign tumors that arise from the connective tissue of the liver (fibrocytes). Fibromas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.
5. Adenomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the glandular cells of the liver (hepatocytes). Adenomas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.

The symptoms of liver neoplasms vary depending on their size, location, and whether they are benign or malignant. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, fatigue, weight loss, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and ultrasound, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment options for liver neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery may be an option for some patients with small, localized tumors, while others may require chemotherapy or radiation therapy to shrink the tumor before surgery can be performed. In some cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.

Prognosis for liver neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the cancer. In general, early detection and treatment improve the prognosis, while advanced-stage disease is associated with a poorer prognosis.

There are several subtypes of carcinoma, including:

1. Adenocarcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in glandular cells, which produce fluids or mucus. Examples include breast cancer, prostate cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in squamous cells, which are found on the surface layers of skin and mucous membranes. Examples include head and neck cancers, cervical cancer, and anal cancer.
3. Basal cell carcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in the deepest layer of skin, called the basal layer. It is the most common type of skin cancer and tends to grow slowly.
4. Neuroendocrine carcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in cells that produce hormones and neurotransmitters. Examples include lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and thyroid cancer.
5. Small cell carcinoma: This type of carcinoma is a highly aggressive form of lung cancer that spreads quickly to other parts of the body.

The signs and symptoms of carcinoma depend on the location and stage of the cancer. Some common symptoms include:

* A lump or mass
* Pain
* Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the color or texture of the skin
* Changes in bowel or bladder habits
* Abnormal bleeding

The diagnosis of carcinoma typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, and a biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope. Treatment options for carcinoma depend on the location and stage of the cancer and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these.

In conclusion, carcinoma is a type of cancer that originates in epithelial cells and can occur in various parts of the body. Early detection and treatment are important for improving outcomes.

References:

1. American Cancer Society. (2022). Carcinoma. Retrieved from
2. Mayo Clinic. (2022). Carcinoma. Retrieved from
3. MedlinePlus. (2022). Carcinoma. Retrieved from

SCC typically appears as a firm, flat, or raised bump on the skin, and may be pink, red, or scaly. The cancer cells are usually well-differentiated, meaning they resemble normal squamous cells, but they can grow rapidly and invade surrounding tissues if left untreated.

SCC is more common in fair-skinned individuals and those who spend a lot of time in the sun, as UV radiation can damage the skin cells and increase the risk of cancer. The cancer can also spread to other parts of the body, such as lymph nodes or organs, and can be life-threatening if not treated promptly and effectively.

Treatment for SCC usually involves surgery to remove the cancerous tissue, and may also include radiation therapy or chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. Early detection and treatment are important to improve outcomes for patients with SCC.

Also known as CIS.

Adenomas, liver cell are relatively rare and account for only 1-3% of all primary liver tumors. They tend to affect middle-aged adults, and the exact cause is not known. However, certain factors such as cirrhosis, hepatitis B and C, and exposure to certain chemicals have been linked to an increased risk of developing an adenoma.

The diagnosis of an adenoma, liver cell is based on a combination of imaging studies such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and a biopsy to confirm the presence of malignant cells. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the tumor, and in some cases, embolization may be used to shrink the tumor before surgery.

It is important to note that not all liver cell adenomas are benign, and some may be premalignant or even malignant. Therefore, it is important to follow up with a healthcare professional regularly after diagnosis to monitor for any changes in the tumor.

The condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including excessive alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and certain medications. It can also be a complication of other diseases such as hemochromatosis and Wilson's disease.

The symptoms of liver cirrhosis can vary depending on the severity of the disease, but may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal swelling, and pain in the upper right side of the abdomen. As the disease progresses, it can lead to complications such as esophageal varices, ascites, and liver failure, which can be life-threatening.

There is no cure for liver cirrhosis, but treatment options are available to manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These may include medications to control swelling and pain, dietary changes, and in severe cases, liver transplantation. In some cases, a liver transplant may be necessary if the disease has caused significant damage and there is no other option to save the patient's life.

In conclusion, liver cirrhosis is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that can cause significant damage to the liver and lead to complications such as liver failure. It is important for individuals to be aware of the risk factors and symptoms of the disease in order to seek medical attention if they suspect they may have liver cirrhosis. With proper treatment and management, it is possible to slow the progression of the disease and improve the patient's quality of life.

Examples of experimental liver neoplasms include:

1. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer and can be induced experimentally by injecting carcinogens such as diethylnitrosamine (DEN) or dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) into the liver tissue of animals.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: This type of cancer originates in the bile ducts within the liver and can be induced experimentally by injecting chemical carcinogens such as DEN or DMBA into the bile ducts of animals.
3. Hepatoblastoma: This is a rare type of liver cancer that primarily affects children and can be induced experimentally by administering chemotherapy drugs to newborn mice or rats.
4. Metastatic tumors: These are tumors that originate in other parts of the body and spread to the liver through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Experimental models of metastatic tumors can be studied by injecting cancer cells into the liver tissue of animals.

The study of experimental liver neoplasms is important for understanding the underlying mechanisms of liver cancer development and progression, as well as identifying potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of this disease. Animal models can be used to test the efficacy of new drugs or therapies before they are tested in humans, which can help to accelerate the development of new treatments for liver cancer.

The exact cause of ductal carcinoma is unknown, but certain risk factors such as family history, genetics, hormone replacement therapy, obesity, and delayed childbearing have been linked to its development. Early detection through mammography and breast self-examination can improve survival rates, which are generally high for women diagnosed with this type of cancer if caught early. Treatment typically involves surgery to remove the tumor (lumpectomy or mastectomy), followed by radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy.

BCC usually appears as a flesh-colored or pink bump, often with small blood vessels on the surface. It may also be flat and scaly, or have a waxy appearance. In rare cases, BCC can grow deep into the skin and cause damage to surrounding tissue.

Although BCC is not as aggressive as other types of skin cancer, such as melanoma, it can still cause significant damage if left untreated. Treatment options for BCC include topical creams, surgical excision, and Mohs microscopic surgery.

Preventative measures against BCC include protecting the skin from the sun, using sunscreen with a high SPF, and avoiding prolonged exposure to UV radiation. Early detection and treatment are key in managing this condition.

1. Tumor size and location: Larger tumors that have spread to nearby tissues or organs are generally considered more invasive than smaller tumors that are confined to the original site.
2. Cellular growth patterns: The way in which cancer cells grow and divide can also contribute to the overall invasiveness of a neoplasm. For example, cells that grow in a disorganized or chaotic manner may be more likely to invade surrounding tissues.
3. Mitotic index: The mitotic index is a measure of how quickly the cancer cells are dividing. A higher mitotic index is generally associated with more aggressive and invasive cancers.
4. Necrosis: Necrosis, or the death of cells, can be an indication of the level of invasiveness of a neoplasm. The presence of significant necrosis in a tumor is often a sign that the cancer has invaded surrounding tissues and organs.
5. Lymphovascular invasion: Cancer cells that have invaded lymphatic vessels or blood vessels are considered more invasive than those that have not.
6. Perineural invasion: Cancer cells that have invaded nerve fibers are also considered more invasive.
7. Histological grade: The histological grade of a neoplasm is a measure of how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope. Higher-grade cancers are generally considered more aggressive and invasive than lower-grade cancers.
8. Immunohistochemical markers: Certain immunohistochemical markers, such as Ki-67, can be used to evaluate the proliferative activity of cancer cells. Higher levels of these markers are generally associated with more aggressive and invasive cancers.

Overall, the degree of neoplasm invasiveness is an important factor in determining the likelihood of the cancer spreading to other parts of the body (metastasizing) and in determining the appropriate treatment strategy for the patient.

Transitional cell carcinoma typically affects older adults, with the average age at diagnosis being around 70 years. Men are more likely to be affected than women, and the risk of developing TCC increases with age and exposure to certain environmental factors such as smoking and exposure to certain chemicals.

The symptoms of TCC can vary depending on the location and stage of the cancer, but may include:

* Blood in the urine (hematuria)
* Painful urination
* Frequent urination
* Pain in the lower abdomen or back

If left untreated, TCC can spread to other parts of the body, including the lymph nodes, liver, and bones. Treatment options for TCC may include surgery, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, and the prognosis depends on the stage and location of the cancer at the time of diagnosis.

Preventive measures to reduce the risk of developing TCC include maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle, avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, and regular screening for bladder cancer. Early detection and treatment can improve the prognosis for patients with TCC.

This definition of 'Neoplasm Recurrence, Local' is from the Healthcare Professionals edition of the Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary, copyright © 2007 by Merriam-Webster, Inc.

The risk factors for developing bronchogenic carcinoma include smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke, exposure to radon gas, asbestos, and certain industrial chemicals, as well as a family history of lung cancer. Symptoms of bronchogenic carcinoma can include coughing, chest pain, difficulty breathing, fatigue, weight loss, and coughing up blood.

Bronchogenic carcinoma is diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests such as chest x-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, and positron emission tomography (PET) scans, as well as biopsy. Treatment options for bronchogenic carcinoma can include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these. The prognosis for bronchogenic carcinoma is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of about 18%.

Prevention is the best approach to managing bronchogenic carcinoma, and this includes quitting smoking, avoiding exposure to secondhand smoke and other risk factors, and getting regular screenings if you are at high risk. Early detection and treatment can improve survival rates for patients with bronchogenic carcinoma, so it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Intraductal carcinoma may or may not cause symptoms, and is usually detected by a mammogram. Treatment often involves surgery to remove the cancerous cells from the milk ducts. If left untreated, intraductal carcinoma may progress to more advanced breast cancer in some cases.

Intraductal carcinoma accounts for 20% of all breast cancers diagnosed each year in the United States, according to estimates from the American Cancer Society. The condition affects women of all ages, but is most common in postmenopausal women.

Adenocarcinoma is a term used to describe a variety of different types of cancer that arise in glandular tissue, including:

1. Colorectal adenocarcinoma (cancer of the colon or rectum)
2. Breast adenocarcinoma (cancer of the breast)
3. Prostate adenocarcinoma (cancer of the prostate gland)
4. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (cancer of the pancreas)
5. Lung adenocarcinoma (cancer of the lung)
6. Thyroid adenocarcinoma (cancer of the thyroid gland)
7. Skin adenocarcinoma (cancer of the skin)

The symptoms of adenocarcinoma depend on the location of the cancer and can include:

1. Blood in the stool or urine
2. Abdominal pain or discomfort
3. Changes in bowel habits
4. Unusual vaginal bleeding (in the case of endometrial adenocarcinoma)
5. A lump or thickening in the breast or elsewhere
6. Weight loss
7. Fatigue
8. Coughing up blood (in the case of lung adenocarcinoma)

The diagnosis of adenocarcinoma is typically made through a combination of imaging tests, such as CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, and a biopsy, which involves removing a sample of tissue from the affected area and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.

Treatment options for adenocarcinoma depend on the location of the cancer and can include:

1. Surgery to remove the tumor
2. Chemotherapy, which involves using drugs to kill cancer cells
3. Radiation therapy, which involves using high-energy X-rays or other particles to kill cancer cells
4. Targeted therapy, which involves using drugs that target specific molecules on cancer cells to kill them
5. Immunotherapy, which involves using drugs that stimulate the immune system to fight cancer cells.

The prognosis for adenocarcinoma is generally good if the cancer is detected and treated early, but it can be more challenging to treat if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

This cancer is known for its aggressive behavior and early metastasis to regional lymph nodes, bones, and distant organs such as the liver and lungs. The prognosis is generally poor, with a 5-year survival rate of about 50%. The treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, and the choice of treatment depends on the stage and location of the tumor.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma is also known as adenoid cystic cancer, cylindromatosis, or basaloid squamous cell carcinoma. It is a rare malignancy that requires specialized knowledge and management by head and neck surgeons and oncologists.

Epidemiology:

* Incidence: Small cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for approximately 10%-15% of all skin cancers, but it is more common in certain populations such as fair-skinned individuals and those with a history of sun exposure.
* Prevalence: The prevalence of SCC is difficult to determine due to its rarity, but it is believed to be more common in certain geographic regions such as Australia and New Zealand.

Clinical features:

* Appearance: Small cell carcinoma usually appears as a firm, shiny nodule or plaque on sun-exposed areas of the skin, such as the face, ears, lips, and hands. It can also occur in other parts of the body, including the mucous membranes.
* Color: The color of SCC can range from pink to red to purple, and it may be covered with a crust or scab.
* Dimensions: SCC usually measures between 1-5 cm in diameter, but it can be larger in some cases.
* Surface: The surface of SCC may be smooth or rough, and it may have a "pearly" appearance due to the presence of small, white, and shiny nodules called "heidlebergs."

Differential diagnosis:

* Other types of skin cancer, such as basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
* Other diseases that can cause similar symptoms and appearance, such as psoriasis, eczema, and actinic keratosis.

Treatment:

* Surgical excision: Small cell carcinoma is usually treated with surgical excision, which involves removing the tumor and some surrounding tissue.
* Radiation therapy: In some cases, radiation therapy may be used after surgical excision to ensure that all cancer cells are eliminated.
* Topical treatments: For more superficial SCC, topical treatments such as imiquimod cream or podofilox solution may be effective.

Prognosis:

* The prognosis for small cell carcinoma is generally good if it is detected and treated early.
* However, if left untreated, SCC can invade surrounding tissues and organs, leading to serious complications and potentially fatal outcomes.

Complications:

* Invasion of surrounding tissues and organs.
* Spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body (metastasis).
* Scarring and disfigurement.
* Infection and inflammation.

Characteristics of Medullary Carcinoma:

1. Location: Medullary carcinoma typically arises in the inner substance of the breast, near the milk ducts and blood vessels.
2. Growth pattern: The cancer cells grow in a nodular or sheet-like pattern, with a clear boundary between the tumor and the surrounding normal tissue.
3. Cellular features: The cancer cells are typically large and polygonal, with prominent nucleoli and a pale, pinkish cytoplasm.
4. Lymphocytic infiltration: There is often a significant amount of lymphocytic infiltration surrounding the tumor, which can give it a "spiculated" or "heterogeneous" appearance.
5. Grade: Medullary carcinoma is generally a low-grade cancer, meaning that the cells are slow-growing and less aggressive than those of other types of breast cancer.
6. Hormone receptors: Medullary carcinoma is often hormone receptor-positive, meaning that the cancer cells have estrogen or progesterone receptors on their surface.
7. Her2 status: The cancer cells are typically Her2-negative, meaning that they do not overexpress the Her2 protein.

Prognosis and Treatment of Medullary Carcinoma:

The prognosis for medullary carcinoma is generally good, as it tends to be a slow-growing and less aggressive type of breast cancer. The 5-year survival rate for medullary carcinoma is around 80-90%.

Treatment for medullary carcinoma typically involves surgery, such as a lumpectomy or mastectomy, followed by radiation therapy and/or hormone therapy. Chemotherapy is sometimes used in addition to these treatments, especially if the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of the body.

It's important for women with medullary carcinoma to work closely with their healthcare team to develop a personalized treatment plan that takes into account their unique needs and circumstances. With appropriate treatment, many women with medullary carcinoma can achieve long-term survival and a good quality of life.

The symptoms of hepatitis B can range from mild to severe and may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, joint pain, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). In some cases, hepatitis B can be asymptomatic, meaning that individuals may not experience any symptoms at all.

Hepatitis B is diagnosed through blood tests that detect the presence of HBV antigens or antibodies in the body. Treatment for acute hepatitis B typically involves rest, hydration, and medication to manage symptoms, while chronic hepatitis B may require ongoing therapy with antiviral drugs to suppress the virus and prevent liver damage.

Preventive measures for hepatitis B include vaccination, which is recommended for individuals at high risk of infection, such as healthcare workers, sexually active individuals, and those traveling to areas where HBV is common. In addition, safe sex practices, avoiding sharing of needles or other bodily fluids, and proper sterilization of medical equipment can help reduce the risk of transmission.

Overall, hepatitis B is a serious infection that can have long-term consequences for liver health, and it is important to take preventive measures and seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Carcinoma, lobular (also known as lobular carcinoma in situ or LCIS) is a type of cancer that originates in the milk-producing glands (lobules) of the breast. It is a precancerous condition that can progress to invasive breast cancer if left untreated.

Precancerous changes occur within the lobules, leading to an abnormal growth of cells that can eventually break through the basement membrane and invade surrounding tissues. The risk of developing invasive breast cancer is increased in individuals with LCIS, especially if there are multiple areas of involvement.

Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of clinical breast examination, mammography, and histopathological analysis of a biopsy sample. Treatment options for LCIS include close surveillance, surgery, or radiation therapy, depending on the extent of the condition and the individual patient's risk factors.

Medical Specialty:

The medical specialty that deals with carcinoma, lobular is breast surgical oncology. Breast surgical oncologists are trained to diagnose and treat all types of breast cancer, including ductal and lobular carcinomas. They work in collaboration with other healthcare professionals, such as radiation oncologists and medical oncologists, to develop a comprehensive treatment plan for each patient.

Other relevant information:

* Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is a precancerous condition that affects the milk-producing glands (lobules) of the breast.
* It is estimated that 10-15% of all breast cancers are derived from LCIS.
* Women with a history of LCIS have a higher risk of developing invasive breast cancer in the future.
* The exact cause of LCIS is not fully understood, but it is thought to be linked to hormonal and genetic factors.

There are several types of lung neoplasms, including:

1. Adenocarcinoma: This is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for approximately 40% of all lung cancers. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the glands of the respiratory tract and can be found in any part of the lung.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of lung cancer accounts for approximately 25% of all lung cancers and is more common in men than women. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the squamous cells lining the airways of the lungs.
3. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC): This is a highly aggressive form of lung cancer that accounts for approximately 15% of all lung cancers. It is often found in the central parts of the lungs and can spread quickly to other parts of the body.
4. Large cell carcinoma: This is a rare type of lung cancer that accounts for only about 5% of all lung cancers. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the large cells of the respiratory tract and can be found in any part of the lung.
5. Bronchioalveolar carcinoma (BAC): This is a rare type of lung cancer that originates in the cells lining the airways and alveoli of the lungs. It is more common in women than men and tends to affect older individuals.
6. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM): This is a rare, progressive, and often fatal lung disease that primarily affects women of childbearing age. It is characterized by the growth of smooth muscle-like cells in the lungs and can lead to cysts, lung collapse, and respiratory failure.
7. Hamartoma: This is a benign tumor that originates in the tissue of the lungs and is usually found in children. It is characterized by an overgrowth of normal lung tissue and can be treated with surgery.
8. Secondary lung cancer: This type of cancer occurs when cancer cells from another part of the body spread to the lungs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It is more common in people who have a history of smoking or exposure to other carcinogens.
9. Metastatic cancer: This type of cancer occurs when cancer cells from another part of the body spread to the lungs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It is more common in people who have a history of smoking or exposure to other carcinogens.
10. Mesothelioma: This is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that originates in the lining of the lungs or abdomen. It is caused by asbestos exposure and can be treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

Lung diseases can also be classified based on their cause, such as:

1. Infectious diseases: These are caused by bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms and can include pneumonia, tuberculosis, and bronchitis.
2. Autoimmune diseases: These are caused by an overactive immune system and can include conditions such as sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
3. Genetic diseases: These are caused by inherited mutations in genes that affect the lungs and can include cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia.
4. Environmental diseases: These are caused by exposure to harmful substances such as tobacco smoke, air pollution, and asbestos.
5. Radiological diseases: These are caused by exposure to ionizing radiation and can include conditions such as radiographic breast cancer and lung cancer.
6. Vascular diseases: These are caused by problems with the blood vessels in the lungs and can include conditions such as pulmonary embolism and pulmonary hypertension.
7. Tumors: These can be benign or malignant and can include conditions such as lung metastases and lung cancer.
8. Trauma: This can include injuries to the chest or lungs caused by accidents or other forms of trauma.
9. Congenital diseases: These are present at birth and can include conditions such as bronchopulmonary foregut malformations and congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation.

Each type of lung disease has its own set of symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any persistent or severe respiratory symptoms, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and quality of life.

Neoplastic metastasis can occur in any type of cancer but are more common in solid tumors such as carcinomas (breast, lung, colon). It is important for cancer diagnosis and prognosis because metastasis indicates that the cancer has spread beyond its original site and may be more difficult to treat.

Metastases can appear at any distant location but commonly found sites include the liver, lungs, bones, brain, and lymph nodes. The presence of metastases indicates a higher stage of cancer which is associated with lower survival rates compared to localized cancer.

Definition:
A type of cancer that arises from cells of the neuroendocrine system, which are cells that produce hormones and neurotransmitters. These tumors can occur in various parts of the body, such as the lungs, digestive tract, and pancreas. They tend to grow slowly and can produce excess hormones or neurotransmitters, leading to a variety of symptoms. Carcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors are relatively rare but are becoming more commonly diagnosed.

Synonyms:

* Neuroendocrine carcinoma
* Neuroendocrine tumor
* Carcinoid tumor

Note: The term "carcinoma" refers to a type of cancer that arises from epithelial cells, while the term "neuroendocrine" refers to the fact that these tumors originate in cells of the neuroendocrine system.

Translation:

English: Neuroendocrine carcinoma
German: Neuroendokrines Karzinom
French: Tumeur carcinoïde neuroendocrine
Spanish: Carcinoma neuendocrino
Italian: Carcinoma neuroendocrino

There are several types of thyroid neoplasms, including:

1. Thyroid nodules: These are abnormal growths or lumps that can develop in the thyroid gland. Most thyroid nodules are benign (non-cancerous), but some can be malignant (cancerous).
2. Thyroid cancer: This is a type of cancer that develops in the thyroid gland. There are several types of thyroid cancer, including papillary, follicular, and medullary thyroid cancer.
3. Thyroid adenomas: These are benign tumors that develop in the thyroid gland. They are usually non-cancerous and do not spread to other parts of the body.
4. Thyroid cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in the thyroid gland. They are usually benign and do not cause any symptoms.

Thyroid neoplasms can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, exposure to radiation, and certain medical conditions, such as thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid gland).

Symptoms of thyroid neoplasms can include:

* A lump or swelling in the neck
* Pain in the neck or throat
* Difficulty swallowing or breathing
* Hoarseness or voice changes
* Weight loss or fatigue

Diagnosis of thyroid neoplasms usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as ultrasound or CT scans), and biopsies. Treatment depends on the type and severity of the neoplasm, and can include surgery, radiation therapy, and medications.

Most nasopharyngeal neoplasms are rare and tend to affect children and young adults more frequently than older adults. The most common types of nasopharyngeal neoplasms include:

1. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC): This is the most common type of malignant nasopharyngeal neoplasm and tends to affect young adults in Southeast Asia more frequently than other populations.
2. Adenoid cystic carcinoma: This is a rare, slow-growing tumor that usually affects the nasopharynx and salivary glands.
3. Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma: This is a type of cancer that originates in another part of the body (usually the head and neck) and spreads to the nasopharynx.
4. Lymphoma: This is a type of cancer that affects the immune system and can occur in the nasopharynx.
5. Benign tumors: These include benign growths such as papillomas, fibromas, and meningiomas.

Symptoms of nasopharyngeal neoplasms can vary depending on the size and location of the tumor but may include:

* Difficulty swallowing
* Nosebleeds
* Headaches
* Facial pain or numbness
* Trouble breathing through the nose
* Hoarseness or voice changes
* Enlarged lymph nodes in the neck

Diagnosis of nasopharyngeal neoplasms usually involves a combination of imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, endoscopy (insertion of a flexible tube with a camera into the nose and throat), and biopsy (removal of a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope).

Treatment of nasopharyngeal neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor but may include:

* Surgery to remove the tumor
* Radiation therapy to kill cancer cells
* Chemotherapy to kill cancer cells
* Targeted therapy to attack specific molecules on cancer cells

Prognosis for nasopharyngeal neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the tumor but in general, early detection and treatment improve the chances of a successful outcome.

There are different types of Breast Neoplasms such as:

1. Fibroadenomas: These are benign tumors that are made up of glandular and fibrous tissues. They are usually small and round, with a smooth surface, and can be moved easily under the skin.

2. Cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in both breast tissue and milk ducts. They are usually benign and can disappear on their own or be drained surgically.

3. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): This is a precancerous condition where abnormal cells grow inside the milk ducts. If left untreated, it can progress to invasive breast cancer.

4. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): This is the most common type of breast cancer and starts in the milk ducts but grows out of them and invades surrounding tissue.

5. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC): It originates in the milk-producing glands (lobules) and grows out of them, invading nearby tissue.

Breast Neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as a lump or thickening in the breast or underarm area, skin changes like redness or dimpling, change in size or shape of one or both breasts, discharge from the nipple, and changes in the texture or color of the skin.

Treatment options for Breast Neoplasms may include surgery such as lumpectomy, mastectomy, or breast-conserving surgery, radiation therapy which uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells, chemotherapy using drugs to kill cancer cells, targeted therapy which uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack cancer cells while minimizing harm to normal cells, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and clinical trials.

It is important to note that not all Breast Neoplasms are cancerous; some are benign (non-cancerous) tumors that do not spread or grow.

Disease progression can be classified into several types based on the pattern of worsening:

1. Chronic progressive disease: In this type, the disease worsens steadily over time, with a gradual increase in symptoms and decline in function. Examples include rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and Parkinson's disease.
2. Acute progressive disease: This type of disease worsens rapidly over a short period, often followed by periods of stability. Examples include sepsis, acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), and stroke.
3. Cyclical disease: In this type, the disease follows a cycle of worsening and improvement, with periodic exacerbations and remissions. Examples include multiple sclerosis, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis.
4. Recurrent disease: This type is characterized by episodes of worsening followed by periods of recovery. Examples include migraine headaches, asthma, and appendicitis.
5. Catastrophic disease: In this type, the disease progresses rapidly and unpredictably, with a poor prognosis. Examples include cancer, AIDS, and organ failure.

Disease progression can be influenced by various factors, including:

1. Genetics: Some diseases are inherited and may have a predetermined course of progression.
2. Lifestyle: Factors such as smoking, lack of exercise, and poor diet can contribute to disease progression.
3. Environmental factors: Exposure to toxins, allergens, and other environmental stressors can influence disease progression.
4. Medical treatment: The effectiveness of medical treatment can impact disease progression, either by slowing or halting the disease process or by causing unintended side effects.
5. Co-morbidities: The presence of multiple diseases or conditions can interact and affect each other's progression.

Understanding the type and factors influencing disease progression is essential for developing effective treatment plans and improving patient outcomes.

There are many different types of liver diseases, including:

1. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD): A condition caused by excessive alcohol consumption that can lead to inflammation, scarring, and cirrhosis.
2. Viral hepatitis: Hepatitis A, B, and C are viral infections that can cause inflammation and damage to the liver.
3. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A condition where there is an accumulation of fat in the liver, which can lead to inflammation and scarring.
4. Cirrhosis: A condition where the liver becomes scarred and cannot function properly.
5. Hemochromatosis: A genetic disorder that causes the body to absorb too much iron, which can damage the liver and other organs.
6. Wilson's disease: A rare genetic disorder that causes copper to accumulate in the liver and brain, leading to damage and scarring.
7. Liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma): Cancer that develops in the liver, often as a result of cirrhosis or viral hepatitis.

Symptoms of liver disease can include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, and swelling in the legs. Treatment options for liver disease depend on the underlying cause and may include lifestyle changes, medication, or surgery. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary.

Prevention of liver disease includes maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle, avoiding excessive alcohol consumption, getting vaccinated against hepatitis A and B, and managing underlying medical conditions such as obesity and diabetes. Early detection and treatment of liver disease can help to prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes for patients.

A persistent infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that can lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV is a bloodborne pathogen and can be spread through contact with infected blood, sexual contact, or vertical transmission from mother to child during childbirth.

Chronic hepatitis B is characterized by the presence of HBsAg in the blood for more than 6 months, indicating that the virus is still present in the liver. The disease can be asymptomatic or symptomatic, with symptoms such as fatigue, malaise, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, joint pain, and jaundice.

Chronic hepatitis B is diagnosed through serological tests such as HBsAg, anti-HBc, and HBV DNA. Treatment options include interferon alpha and nucleos(t)ide analogues, which can slow the progression of the disease but do not cure it.

Prevention strategies for chronic hepatitis B include vaccination with hepatitis B vaccine, which is effective in preventing acute and chronic HBV infection, as well as avoidance of risky behaviors such as unprotected sex and sharing of needles.

Examples of precancerous conditions include:

1. Dysplasia: This is a condition where abnormal cells are present in the tissue, but have not yet invaded surrounding tissues. Dysplasia can be found in organs such as the cervix, colon, and breast.
2. Carcinoma in situ (CIS): This is a condition where cancer cells are present in the tissue, but have not yet invaded surrounding tissues. CIS is often found in organs such as the breast, prostate, and cervix.
3. Atypical hyperplasia: This is a condition where abnormal cells are present in the tissue, but they are not yet cancerous. Atypical hyperplasia can be found in organs such as the breast and uterus.
4. Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS): This is a condition where cancer cells are present in the milk-producing glands of the breasts, but have not yet invaded surrounding tissues. LCIS is often found in both breasts and can increase the risk of developing breast cancer.
5. Adenomas: These are small growths on the surface of the colon that can become malignant over time if left untreated.
6. Leukoplakia: This is a condition where thick, white patches develop on the tongue or inside the mouth. Leukoplakia can be a precancerous condition and may increase the risk of developing oral cancer.
7. Oral subsquamous carcinoma: This is a type of precancerous lesion that develops in the mouth and can progress to squamous cell carcinoma if left untreated.
8. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN): This is a condition where abnormal cells are present on the surface of the cervix, but have not yet invaded surrounding tissues. CIN can progress to cancer over time if left untreated.
9. Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN): This is a condition where abnormal cells are present on the vulva, but have not yet invaded surrounding tissues. VIN can progress to cancer over time if left untreated.
10. Penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN): This is a condition where abnormal cells are present on the penis, but have not yet invaded surrounding tissues. PIN can progress to cancer over time if left untreated.

It is important to note that not all precancerous conditions will develop into cancer, and some may resolve on their own without treatment. However, it is important to follow up with a healthcare provider to monitor any changes and determine the best course of treatment.

The cancer cells of this type are thought to arise from abnormalities in the cells that line the ducts of the salivary glands. These abnormal cells grow and divide uncontrollably, forming a mass that can obstruct the flow of saliva and cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, and difficulty eating or speaking.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is typically diagnosed with a combination of imaging studies, such as CT scans, MRI, and PET scans, and a biopsy, where a sample of tissue is removed from the tumor and examined under a microscope for cancer cells. Treatment typically involves surgery to remove the tumor, followed by radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells.

Prognosis for this type of cancer is generally good if it is diagnosed early and treated promptly, but it can be challenging to treat if it has spread to other parts of the body.

Example Sentences:

The patient was diagnosed with adenosquamous carcinoma of the lung and underwent surgical resection.

The pathology report revealed that the tumor was an adenosquamous carcinoma, which is a rare type of lung cancer.

Note: Adenosquamous carcinoma is a rare subtype of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), accounting for approximately 1-3% of all lung cancers. It has a more aggressive clinical course and poorer prognosis compared to other types of NSCLC.

Lymphatic metastasis occurs when cancer cells enter the lymphatic vessels and are carried through the lymphatic system to other parts of the body. This can happen through several mechanisms, including:

1. Direct invasion: Cancer cells can invade the nearby lymphatic vessels and spread through them.
2. Lymphatic vessel embolization: Cancer cells can block the flow of lymphatic fluid and cause the formation of a clot-like structure, which can trap cancer cells and allow them to grow.
3. Lymphatic vessel invasion: Cancer cells can infiltrate the walls of lymphatic vessels and spread through them.

Lymphatic metastasis is a common mechanism for the spread of cancer, particularly in the breast, melanoma, and other cancers that have a high risk of lymphatic invasion. The presence of lymphatic metastasis in a patient's body can indicate a more aggressive cancer and a poorer prognosis.

Treatment for lymphatic metastasis typically involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Surgery may be used to remove any affected lymph nodes or other tumors that have spread through the lymphatic system. Chemotherapy may be used to kill any remaining cancer cells, while radiation therapy may be used to shrink the tumors and relieve symptoms.

In summary, lymphatic metastasis is a common mechanism for the spread of cancer through the body, particularly in cancers that originate in organs with a high lymphatic drainage. Treatment typically involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy to remove or shrink the tumors and relieve symptoms.

Some common types of head and neck neoplasms include:

1. Oral cavity cancer: Cancer that develops in the mouth, tongue, lips, or floor of the mouth.
2. Oropharyngeal cancer: Cancer that develops in the throat, including the base of the tongue, soft palate, and tonsils.
3. Hypopharyngeal cancer: Cancer that develops in the lower part of the throat, near the esophagus.
4. Laryngeal cancer: Cancer that develops in the voice box (larynx).
5. Paranasal sinus cancer: Cancer that develops in the air-filled cavities around the eyes and nose.
6. Salivary gland cancer: Cancer that develops in the salivary glands, which produce saliva to moisten food and keep the mouth lubricated.
7. Thyroid gland cancer: Cancer that develops in the butterfly-shaped gland in the neck that regulates metabolism and growth.

The risk factors for developing head and neck neoplasms include tobacco use, heavy alcohol consumption, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, poor diet, and exposure to environmental carcinogens such as asbestos or radiation. Symptoms of head and neck neoplasms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include a lump or swelling, pain, difficulty swallowing, bleeding, and changes in voice or breathing.

Diagnosis of head and neck neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as CT scans or MRI, and biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options can include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, depending on the type, location, and stage of the cancer.

Overall, head and neck neoplasms can have a significant impact on quality of life, and early detection and treatment are important for improving outcomes. If you suspect any changes in your head or neck, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Types of Esophageal Neoplasms:

1. Barrett's Esophagus: This is a precancerous condition that occurs when the cells lining the esophagus undergo abnormal changes, increasing the risk of developing esophageal cancer.
2. Adenocarcinoma: This is the most common type of esophageal cancer, accounting for approximately 70% of all cases. It originates in the glands that line the esophagus.
3. Squamous Cell Carcinoma: This type of cancer accounts for about 20% of all esophageal cancers and originates in the squamous cells that line the esophagus.
4. Other rare types: Other rare types of esophageal neoplasms include lymphomas, sarcomas, and carcinoid tumors.

Causes and Risk Factors:

1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Long-standing GERD can lead to the development of Barrett's esophagus, which is a precancerous condition that increases the risk of developing esophageal cancer.
2. Obesity: Excess body weight is associated with an increased risk of developing esophageal cancer.
3. Diet: A diet high in processed meats and low in fruits and vegetables may increase the risk of developing esophageal cancer.
4. Alcohol consumption: Heavy alcohol consumption is a known risk factor for esophageal cancer.
5. Smoking: Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for esophageal cancer.
6. Family history: Having a family history of esophageal cancer or other cancers may increase an individual's risk.
7. Age: The risk of developing esophageal cancer increases with age, with most cases occurring in people over the age of 50.
8. Other medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as achalasia, may increase the risk of developing esophageal cancer.

Symptoms and Diagnosis:

1. Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing): This is the most common symptom of esophageal cancer, and can be caused by a narrowing or blockage of the esophagus due to the tumor.
2. Chest pain or discomfort: Pain in the chest or upper back can be a symptom of esophageal cancer.
3. Weight loss: Losing weight without trying can be a symptom of esophageal cancer.
4. Coughing or hoarseness: If the tumor is obstructing the airway, it can cause coughing or hoarseness.
5. Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak can be a symptom of esophageal cancer.
6. Diagnosis: A diagnosis of esophageal cancer is typically made through a combination of endoscopy, imaging tests (such as CT scans), and biopsies.

Treatment Options:

1. Surgery: Surgery is the primary treatment for esophageal cancer, and can involve removing the tumor and some surrounding tissue, or removing the entire esophagus and replacing it with a section of stomach or intestine.
2. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy involves using drugs to kill cancer cells, and is often used in combination with surgery to treat esophageal cancer.
3. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells, and can be used alone or in combination with surgery or chemotherapy.
4. Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy drugs are designed to target specific molecules that are involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells, and can be used in combination with other treatments.

Prognosis and Survival Rate:

1. The prognosis for esophageal cancer is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of around 20%.
2. Factors that can improve the prognosis include early detection, small tumor size, and absence of spread to lymph nodes or other organs.
3. The overall survival rate for esophageal cancer has not improved much over the past few decades, but advances in treatment have led to a slight increase in survival time for some patients.

Lifestyle Changes and Prevention:

1. Avoiding tobacco and alcohol: Tobacco and alcohol are major risk factors for esophageal cancer, so avoiding them can help reduce the risk of developing the disease.
2. Maintaining a healthy diet: Eating a balanced diet that is high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can help protect against esophageal cancer.
3. Managing obesity: Obesity is a risk factor for esophageal cancer, so maintaining a healthy weight through diet and exercise can help reduce the risk of developing the disease.
4. Reducing exposure to pollutants: Exposure to certain chemicals and pollutants, such as pesticides and asbestos, has been linked to an increased risk of esophageal cancer. Avoiding these substances can help reduce the risk of developing the disease.
5. Getting regular screening: Regular screening for Barrett's esophagus, a precancerous condition that can develop in people with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), can help detect and treat esophageal cancer early, when it is most treatable.

Current Research and Future Directions:

1. Targeted therapies: Researchers are working on developing targeted therapies that can specifically target the genetic mutations that drive the growth of esophageal cancer cells. These therapies may be more effective and have fewer side effects than traditional chemotherapy.
2. Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy, which uses the body's immune system to fight cancer, is being studied as a potential treatment for esophageal cancer. Researchers are working on developing vaccines and other immunotherapies that can help the body recognize and attack cancer cells.
3. Precision medicine: With the help of advanced genomics and precision medicine, researchers are working to identify specific genetic mutations that drive the growth of esophageal cancer in each patient. This information can be used to develop personalized treatment plans that are tailored to the individual patient's needs.
4. Early detection: Researchers are working on developing new methods for early detection of esophageal cancer, such as using machine learning algorithms to analyze medical images and detect signs of cancer at an early stage.
5. Lifestyle modifications: Studies have shown that lifestyle modifications, such as quitting smoking and maintaining a healthy diet, can help reduce the risk of developing esophageal cancer. Researchers are working on understanding the specific mechanisms by which these modifications can help prevent the disease.

In conclusion, esophageal cancer is a complex and aggressive disease that is often diagnosed at an advanced stage. However, with advances in technology, research, and treatment options, there is hope for improving outcomes for patients with this disease. By understanding the risk factors, early detection methods, and current treatments, as well as ongoing research and future directions, we can work towards a future where esophageal cancer is more manageable and less deadly.

Multiple primary neoplasms can arise in different organs or tissues throughout the body, such as the breast, colon, prostate, lung, or skin. Each tumor is considered a separate entity, with its own unique characteristics, including size, location, and aggressiveness. Treatment for multiple primary neoplasms typically involves surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these modalities.

The diagnosis of multiple primary neoplasms can be challenging due to the overlapping symptoms and radiological findings between the different tumors. Therefore, it is essential to have a thorough clinical evaluation and diagnostic workup to rule out other possible causes of the symptoms and confirm the presence of multiple primary neoplasms.

Multiple primary neoplasms are more common than previously thought, with an estimated prevalence of 2% to 5% in some populations. The prognosis for patients with multiple primary neoplasms varies depending on the location, size, and aggressiveness of each tumor, as well as the patient's overall health status.

It is important to note that multiple primary neoplasms are not the same as metastatic cancer, in which a single primary tumor spreads to other parts of the body. Multiple primary neoplasms are distinct tumors that arise independently from different primary sites within the body.

Embryonal carcinoma is thought to be caused by genetic mutations that occur during fetal development. These mutations can disrupt the normal growth and development of cells, leading to the formation of abnormal tissue and eventually cancer.

Symptoms of embryonal carcinoma vary depending on the location of the tumor. They may include skin lesions, seizures, developmental delays, and gastrointestinal problems. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scans, and MRI scans, as well as biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment for embryonal carcinoma usually involves surgery to remove the tumor, as well as chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy to destroy any remaining cancer cells. In some cases, bone marrow or stem cell transplantation may be necessary. Prognosis for this disease is generally poor, as it is often diagnosed at a late stage and can be difficult to treat effectively.

Embryonal carcinoma is different from other types of cancer in that it arises from embryonic tissue rather than adult tissue. It is also characterized by the presence of immature cells, which are not found in more advanced cancers. Overall, embryonal carcinoma is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that requires specialized treatment and management.

There are several types of colonic neoplasms, including:

1. Adenomas: These are benign growths that are usually precursors to colorectal cancer.
2. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from the epithelial lining of the colon.
3. Sarcomas: These are rare malignant tumors that arise from the connective tissue of the colon.
4. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system that can affect the colon.

Colonic neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including bleeding, abdominal pain, and changes in bowel habits. They are often diagnosed through a combination of medical imaging tests (such as colonoscopy or CT scan) and biopsy. Treatment for colonic neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the tumor, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy.

Overall, colonic neoplasms are a common condition that can have serious consequences if left untreated. It is important for individuals to be aware of their risk factors and to undergo regular screening for colon cancer to help detect and treat any abnormal growths or tumors in the colon.

Types of mouth neoplasms include:

1. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC): This is the most common type of mouth cancer, accounting for about 90% of all cases. It usually occurs on the tongue, lips, or floor of the mouth.
2. Verrucous carcinoma: This type of cancer is slow-growing and typically affects the gums or the outer surface of the tongue.
3. Adenoid cystic carcinoma: This type of cancer is rare and usually affects the salivary glands. It can infiltrate surrounding tissues and cause significant destruction of nearby structures.
4. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma: This type of cancer is relatively rare and occurs most commonly on the tongue or the floor of the mouth. It can be benign or malignant, and its behavior varies depending on the type.
5. Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor: This is a rare type of cancer that affects the melanocytes (pigment-producing cells) in the mouth. It typically occurs in the tongue or the lips.

Symptoms of mouth neoplasms can include:

* A sore or ulcer that does not heal
* A lump or mass in the mouth
* Bleeding or pain in the mouth
* Difficulty swallowing or speaking
* Numbness or tingling in the mouth

Diagnosis of mouth neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies (such as X-rays or CT scans), and biopsy. Treatment options vary depending on the type and severity of the cancer, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these. Early detection and treatment are important for improving outcomes in patients with mouth neoplasms.

MCC typically affects older adults, with most cases occurring in people over the age of 60. The disease is more common in fair-skinned individuals, especially those who have had prolonged exposure to the sun. MCC can occur anywhere on the body, but it is most commonly found on the face, neck, and arms.

The symptoms of MCC can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but they may include:

* A firm, shiny nodule or lump on the skin
* Painless lumps or swelling in the affected area
* Redness, scaliness, or oozing of the skin around the nodule
* Itching or burning sensations in the affected area

If MCC is suspected, a biopsy will be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment for MCC typically involves surgery to remove the tumor and any affected tissue. In some cases, radiation therapy or chemotherapy may also be recommended to kill any remaining cancer cells.

The prognosis for MCC is generally poor, as it tends to be an aggressive disease that can spread quickly to other parts of the body. However, early detection and treatment can improve the chances of a successful outcome.

There are several types of hepatitis C, including genotype 1, which is the most common and accounts for approximately 70% of cases in the United States. Other genotypes include 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The symptoms of hepatitis C can range from mild to severe and may include fatigue, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, joint pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, pale stools, and itching all over the body. Some people with hepatitis C may not experience any symptoms at all.

Hepatitis C is diagnosed through a combination of blood tests that detect the presence of antibodies against HCV or the virus itself. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications, including interferon and ribavirin, which can cure the infection but may have side effects such as fatigue, nausea, and depression. In recent years, new drugs known as direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have become available, which can cure the infection with fewer side effects and in a shorter period of time.

Prevention measures for hepatitis C include avoiding sharing needles or other drug paraphernalia, using condoms to prevent sexual transmission, and ensuring that any tattoos or piercings are performed with sterilized equipment. Vaccines are also available for people who are at high risk of contracting the virus, such as healthcare workers and individuals who engage in high-risk behaviors.

Overall, hepatitis C is a serious and common liver disease that can lead to significant health complications if left untreated. Fortunately, with advances in medical technology and treatment options, it is possible to manage and cure the virus with proper care and attention.

Benign ovarian neoplasms include:

1. Serous cystadenoma: A fluid-filled sac that develops on the surface of the ovary.
2. Mucinous cystadenoma: A tumor that is filled with mucin, a type of protein.
3. Endometrioid tumors: Tumors that are similar to endometrial tissue (the lining of the uterus).
4. Theca cell tumors: Tumors that develop in the supportive tissue of the ovary called theca cells.

Malignant ovarian neoplasms include:

1. Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC): The most common type of ovarian cancer, which arises from the surface epithelium of the ovary.
2. Germ cell tumors: Tumors that develop from germ cells, which are the cells that give rise to eggs.
3. Stromal sarcomas: Tumors that develop in the supportive tissue of the ovary.

Ovarian neoplasms can cause symptoms such as pelvic pain, abnormal bleeding, and abdominal swelling. They can also be detected through pelvic examination, imaging tests such as ultrasound and CT scan, and biopsy. Treatment options for ovarian neoplasms depend on the type, stage, and location of the tumor, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

There are several types of stomach neoplasms, including:

1. Adenocarcinoma: This is the most common type of stomach cancer, accounting for approximately 90% of all cases. It begins in the glandular cells that line the stomach and can spread to other parts of the body.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of cancer begins in the squamous cells that cover the outer layer of the stomach. It is less common than adenocarcinoma but more likely to be found in the upper part of the stomach.
3. Gastric mixed adenocarcinomasquamous cell carcinoma: This type of cancer is a combination of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
4. Lymphoma: This is a cancer of the immune system that can occur in the stomach. It is less common than other types of stomach cancer but can be more aggressive.
5. Carcinomas of the stomach: These are malignant tumors that arise from the epithelial cells lining the stomach. They can be subdivided into adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and others.
6. Gastric brunner's gland adenoma: This is a rare type of benign tumor that arises from the Brunner's glands in the stomach.
7. Gastric polyps: These are growths that occur on the lining of the stomach and can be either benign or malignant.

The symptoms of stomach neoplasms vary depending on the location, size, and type of tumor. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and difficulty swallowing. Diagnosis is usually made through a combination of endoscopy, imaging studies (such as CT or PET scans), and biopsy. Treatment depends on the type and stage of the tumor and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these. The prognosis for stomach neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the tumor, but early detection and treatment can improve outcomes.

The exact cause of FNH is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to hormonal factors, genetic mutations, or chronic liver injury. The lesion usually grows slowly over time, and it can range in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter.

The symptoms of FNH are generally non-specific and can include abdominal pain, fatigue, and mild elevations in liver enzymes. However, many patients with FNH may not experience any symptoms at all. The lesion is typically detected incidentally during imaging studies performed for other medical conditions.

The diagnosis of FNH is based on a combination of imaging studies and pathological examination of a liver biopsy specimen. Imaging studies, such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), can help to identify the size and location of the lesion. However, the only way to definitively diagnose FNH is by performing a liver biopsy, which involves inserting a needle into the liver and withdrawing a small sample of tissue for pathological examination.

The treatment of FNH depends on the size and location of the lesion, as well as the patient's overall health status. Small lesions that are less than 3 cm in diameter may not require any treatment, while larger lesions may be treated with liver ablation therapies, such as radiofrequency ablation or laser ablation. In some cases, surgical resection of the affected liver lobe may be necessary.

In summary, focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) is a benign liver lesion that is characterized by a focal proliferation of hepatocytes and bile ducts within a well-defined nodule. Imaging studies and liver biopsy are essential for diagnosis, and treatment options depend on the size and location of the lesion.

Adrenocortical carcinoma can be subdivided into three main types based on their histological features:

1. Typical adrenocortical carcinoma: This is the most common type and accounts for about 70% of all cases. It is characterized by a large, irregular tumor that grows in the cortex of the adrenal gland.
2. Adenomatous adrenocortical carcinoma: This type is less aggressive than typical adrenocortical carcinoma and accounts for about 20% of cases. It is characterized by a small, well-circumscribed tumor that grows in the cortex of the adrenal gland.
3. Adrenocortical sarcoma: This is the least common type and accounts for about 10% of cases. It is characterized by a rare, malignant tumor that grows in the cortex of the adrenal gland.

Adrenocortical carcinoma can cause a variety of symptoms, including abdominal pain, weight loss, fatigue, and skin changes. The diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging studies, such as CT scans and MRI, and tissue biopsy. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, and the prognosis depends on the stage and aggressiveness of the tumor.

Overall, adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare and aggressive cancer that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to improve patient outcomes.

Carcinoma verrucous is a type of squamous cell carcinoma that appears as a rough, bumpy, cauliflower-like lesion on the skin or mucous membranes. It is typically found in the oral cavity, lips, tongue, and penis. The tumor grows slowly, and the surface may be covered with a crust or scab that bleeds easily. Carcinoma verrucous tends to occur in older men, particularly those who smoke or drink excessively.

The exact cause of carcinoma verrucous is not known, but it is believed to be linked to exposure to certain viruses, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), and environmental factors, such as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. The risk of developing carcinoma verrucous may also be increased by chronic inflammation, immunosuppression, and a diet low in fruits and vegetables.

The symptoms of carcinoma verrucous can vary depending on the location of the tumor. In the oral cavity, it may cause painless ulcers or bleeding gums, while in the penis, it may cause difficulty urinating or painful sexual activity. The diagnosis is made by a biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of tissue from the affected area and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.

Carcinoma verrucous tends to grow slowly, and the prognosis is generally good if the tumor is completely removed before it spreads to other parts of the body. However, local recurrence is common, and the cancer can be difficult to treat once it has spread. The five-year survival rate for carcinoma verrucous is approximately 80%.

Carcinoma verrucous is often treated with surgery, and in some cases, radiation therapy or chemotherapy may also be recommended. Early detection and treatment are important to improve the chances of successful treatment and long-term survival.

Hepatitis, chronic is a type of liver disease that is characterized by inflammation and damage to the liver, which can lead to scarring, cirrhosis, and potentially liver failure. It is caused by a variety of factors, including viral infections (such as hepatitis B and C), alcohol consumption, and autoimmune disorders.

Chronic hepatitis can be challenging to diagnose, as its symptoms are often nonspecific and may resemble those of other conditions. However, some common signs and symptoms include:

* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Nausea and vomiting
* Abdominal pain
* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Dark urine
* Pale stools

If left untreated, chronic hepatitis can lead to serious complications, such as liver failure, liver cancer, and esophageal varices. Treatment options for chronic hepatitis depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle changes, and in severe cases, liver transplantation.

Preventing Chronic Hepatitis:

While some forms of chronic hepatitis are incurable, there are steps you can take to prevent the development of this condition or slow its progression. These include:

* Avoiding alcohol or drinking in moderation
* Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
* Getting vaccinated against hepatitis A and B
* Practicing safe sex to avoid sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
* Avoiding sharing needles or other drug-injecting equipment
* Seeking medical attention if you suspect you have been exposed to hepatitis

Managing Chronic Hepatitis:

If you have chronic hepatitis, managing the condition is crucial to prevent complications and improve quality of life. This may involve:

* Medications to treat the underlying cause of the hepatitis (e.g., antiviral drugs for hepatitis B or C)
* Lifestyle changes, such as avoiding alcohol and maintaining a healthy diet
* Regular monitoring of liver function and viral load
* In some cases, liver transplantation

Living with Chronic Hepatitis:

Living with chronic hepatitis can be challenging, but there are resources available to help you cope. These may include:

* Support groups for people with hepatitis and their families
* Counseling to address emotional and mental health concerns
* Educational resources to help you understand the condition and its management
* Legal assistance to navigate insurance and disability benefits

Conclusion:

Chronic hepatitis is a complex and multifactorial condition that can have serious consequences if left untreated. However, with early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and lifestyle changes, it is possible to manage the condition and improve quality of life. By understanding the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management of chronic hepatitis, you can take an active role in your healthcare and make informed decisions about your care.

The exact cause of cholangiocarcinoma is not known, but there are several risk factors that have been linked to the development of the disease. These include:

1. Chronic inflammation of the bile ducts (cholangitis)
2. Infection with certain viruses, such as hepatitis B and C
3. Genetic conditions, such as inherited syndromes that affect the liver and bile ducts
4. Exposure to certain chemicals, such as thorium dioxide
5. Obesity and metabolic disorders

The symptoms of cholangiocarcinoma can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. Common symptoms include:

1. Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
2. Itching all over the body
3. Fatigue
4. Loss of appetite
5. Abdominal pain and swelling
6. Weight loss
7. Nausea and vomiting

If cholangiocarcinoma is suspected, a doctor may perform several tests to confirm the diagnosis. These may include:

1. Imaging tests, such as CT scans, MRI scans, or PET scans
2. Blood tests to check for certain liver enzymes and bilirubin levels
3. Endoscopic ultrasound to examine the bile ducts
4. Biopsy to collect a sample of tissue from the suspected tumor

Treatment for cholangiocarcinoma depends on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery is often the first line of treatment, and may involve removing the tumor and a portion of the bile ducts. In more advanced cases, chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be used to shrink the tumor before surgery or to relieve symptoms.

It's important for patients with cholangiocarcinoma to work closely with their healthcare team to develop a personalized treatment plan and to monitor their condition regularly. With prompt and appropriate treatment, some patients with cholangiocarcinoma may experience long-term survival and a good quality of life.

Bile duct neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the bile ducts, which are the tubes that carry bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine. Bile duct neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Types of Bile Duct Neoplasms:

There are several types of bile duct neoplasms, including:

1. Bile duct adenoma: A benign tumor that grows in the bile ducts.
2. Bile duct carcinoma: A malignant tumor that grows in the bile ducts and can spread to other parts of the body.
3. Cholangiocarcinoma: A rare type of bile duct cancer that originates in the cells lining the bile ducts.
4. Gallbladder cancer: A type of cancer that occurs in the gallbladder, which is a small organ located under the liver that stores bile.

Causes and Risk Factors:

The exact cause of bile duct neoplasms is not known, but there are several risk factors that may increase the likelihood of developing these tumors, including:

1. Age: Bile duct neoplasms are more common in people over the age of 50.
2. Gender: Women are more likely to develop bile duct neoplasms than men.
3. Family history: People with a family history of bile duct cancer or other liver diseases may be at increased risk.
4. Previous exposure to certain chemicals: Exposure to certain chemicals, such as thorium, has been linked to an increased risk of developing bile duct neoplasms.

Symptoms:

The symptoms of bile duct neoplasms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. Some common symptoms include:

1. Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
2. Fatigue
3. Loss of appetite
4. Nausea and vomiting
5. Abdominal pain or discomfort
6. Weight loss
7. Itching all over the body
8. Dark urine
9. Pale stools

Diagnosis:

Diagnosis of bile duct neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging tests and biopsy. The following tests may be used to diagnose bile duct neoplasms:

1. Ultrasound: This non-invasive test uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the liver and bile ducts.
2. Computed tomography (CT) scan: This imaging test uses X-rays and computer technology to create detailed images of the liver and bile ducts.
3. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): This test uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the liver and bile ducts.
4. Endoscopic ultrasound: This test involves inserting an endoscope (a thin, flexible tube with a small ultrasound probe) into the bile ducts through the mouth or stomach to obtain images and samples of the bile ducts.
5. Biopsy: A biopsy may be performed during an endoscopic ultrasound or during surgery to remove the tumor. The sample is then examined under a microscope for cancer cells.

Treatment:

The treatment of bile duct neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type and stage of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and the patient's preferences. The following are some common treatment options for bile duct neoplasms:

1. Surgery: Surgery may be performed to remove the tumor or a portion of the bile duct. This may involve a Whipple procedure (a surgical procedure to remove the head of the pancreas, the gallbladder, and a portion of the bile duct), a bile duct resection, or a liver transplant.
2. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be used before or after surgery to shrink the tumor and kill any remaining cancer cells.
3. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy may be used to destroy cancer cells that cannot be removed by surgery or to relieve symptoms such as pain or blockage of the bile duct.
4. Stent placement: A stent may be placed in the bile duct to help keep it open and improve blood flow to the liver.
5. Ablation therapy: Ablation therapy may be used to destroy cancer cells by freezing or heating them with a probe inserted through an endoscope.
6. Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy may be used to treat certain types of bile duct cancer, such as cholangiocarcinoma, by targeting specific molecules that promote the growth and spread of the cancer cells.
7. Clinical trials: Clinical trials are research studies that evaluate new treatments for bile duct neoplasms. These may be an option for patients who have not responded to other treatments or who have advanced cancer.

A rare type of carcinoma that develops in the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) such as stomach, small intestine, or large intestine is known as signet ring cell carcinoma. This cancerous tumor is characterized by its appearance under a microscope, which displays cells arranged in a signet ring pattern.

These cells have a distinctive round nucleus and prominent nucleoli that give them a characteristic signet ring appearance. Signet ring cell carcinomas tend to grow slowly, and they do not typically cause any symptoms until they reach an advanced stage.

Signet ring cell carcinoma can be difficult to diagnose because it often looks like other types of noncancerous conditions, such as inflammation or infection. To diagnose this condition, a healthcare provider will need to perform tests such as endoscopy, imaging studies (such as CT scan or MRI), and biopsy.

Treatment options for signet ring cell carcinoma include surgery to remove the tumor, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these. Treatment decisions depend on the stage of the cancer, location, and other factors such as patient's overall health status and personal preferences.

In summary, signet ring cell carcinoma is a rare type of gastrointestinal tract cancer characterized by its distinctive signet ring appearance under a microscope. It tends to grow slowly and can be difficult to diagnose until it reaches an advanced stage. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or combination of these depending on the stage of the cancer and other factors.

Sources:
American Cancer Society. (2022). Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma of the Stomach. Retrieved from
National Cancer Institute. (2022). Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Retrieved from

These tumors can be benign or malignant, and their growth and behavior vary depending on the type of cancer. Malignant tumors can invade the surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, causing serious complications and potentially life-threatening consequences.

The risk factors for developing urinary bladder neoplasms include smoking, exposure to certain chemicals, recurrent bladder infections, and a family history of bladder cancer. The symptoms of these tumors can include blood in the urine, pain during urination, frequent urination, and abdominal pain.

Diagnosis of urinary bladder neoplasms is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and cystoscopy, which involves inserting a flexible tube with a camera into the bladder to visualize the tumor.

Treatment options for urinary bladder neoplasms depend on the type of cancer, stage, and location of the tumor. Treatment may include surgery to remove the tumor, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these modalities. Early detection and treatment can improve the prognosis for patients with urinary bladder neoplasms.

Explanation: Neoplastic cell transformation is a complex process that involves multiple steps and can occur as a result of genetic mutations, environmental factors, or a combination of both. The process typically begins with a series of subtle changes in the DNA of individual cells, which can lead to the loss of normal cellular functions and the acquisition of abnormal growth and reproduction patterns.

Over time, these transformed cells can accumulate further mutations that allow them to survive and proliferate despite adverse conditions. As the transformed cells continue to divide and grow, they can eventually form a tumor, which is a mass of abnormal cells that can invade and damage surrounding tissues.

In some cases, cancer cells can also break away from the primary tumor and travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system to other parts of the body, where they can establish new tumors. This process, known as metastasis, is a major cause of death in many types of cancer.

It's worth noting that not all transformed cells will become cancerous. Some forms of cellular transformation, such as those that occur during embryonic development or tissue regeneration, are normal and necessary for the proper functioning of the body. However, when these transformations occur in adult tissues, they can be a sign of cancer.

See also: Cancer, Tumor

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Prevalence: Adenomas account for approximately 10% to 20% of all primary liver tumors.

Risk Factors: Risk factors for developing adenoma include age (>60 years old), cirrhosis, and a family history of hepatocellular carcinoma or polycystic liver disease.

Pathology: Adenomas are typically slow-growing and may not cause symptoms in the early stages. They can grow large enough to obstruct bile flow and cause abdominal pain, jaundice, and pruritus.

Diagnosis: Adenomas are diagnosed via imaging studies such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Endoscopic ultrasound may also be used to evaluate the tumor and assess for invasive features.

Treatment: Surgical resection is the primary treatment for adenomas. In some cases, liver transplantation may be considered if the tumor is large or multiple and surgical resection is not feasible. Ablation therapies such as radiofrequency ablation or chemoembolization may also be used to control symptoms and slow tumor growth.

Prognosis: The prognosis for patients with adenoma is generally good, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 90%. However, the risk of malignant transformation (cancer) is present, particularly in cases where there are multiple adenomas or invasive features.

In conclusion, adenoma of the bile ducts is a benign tumor that can occur within the liver. While the prognosis is generally good, early detection and treatment are important to prevent complications and minimize the risk of malignant transformation.

There are several types of skin neoplasms, including:

1. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC): This is the most common type of skin cancer, and it usually appears as a small, fleshy bump or a flat, scaly patch. BCC is highly treatable, but if left untreated, it can grow and invade surrounding tissue.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): This type of skin cancer is less common than BCC but more aggressive. It typically appears as a firm, flat, or raised bump on sun-exposed areas. SCC can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
3. Melanoma: This is the most serious type of skin cancer, accounting for only 1% of all skin neoplasms but responsible for the majority of skin cancer deaths. Melanoma can appear as a new or changing mole, and it's essential to recognize the ABCDE signs (Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter >6mm, Evolving size, shape, or color) to detect it early.
4. Sebaceous gland carcinoma: This rare type of skin cancer originates in the oil-producing glands of the skin and can appear as a firm, painless nodule on the forehead, nose, or other oily areas.
5. Merkel cell carcinoma: This is a rare and aggressive skin cancer that typically appears as a firm, shiny bump on the skin. It's more common in older adults and those with a history of sun exposure.
6. Cutaneous lymphoma: This type of cancer affects the immune system and can appear as a rash, nodules, or tumors on the skin.
7. Kaposi sarcoma: This is a rare type of skin cancer that affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS. It typically appears as a flat, red or purple lesion on the skin.

While skin cancers are generally curable when detected early, it's important to be aware of your skin and notice any changes or unusual spots, especially if you have a history of sun exposure or other risk factors. If you suspect anything suspicious, see a dermatologist for an evaluation and potential biopsy. Remember, prevention is key to avoiding the harmful effects of UV radiation and reducing your risk of developing skin cancer.

Also known as: Large cell carcinoma (LCC), malignant large cell carcinoma, and giant cell carcinoma.

Pathologic neovascularization can be seen in a variety of conditions, including cancer, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration. In cancer, for example, the formation of new blood vessels can help the tumor grow and spread to other parts of the body. In diabetic retinopathy, the growth of new blood vessels in the retina can cause vision loss and other complications.

There are several different types of pathologic neovascularization, including:

* Angiosarcoma: a type of cancer that arises from the cells lining blood vessels
* Hemangiomas: benign tumors that are composed of blood vessels
* Cavernous malformations: abnormal collections of blood vessels in the brain or other parts of the body
* Pyogenic granulomas: inflammatory lesions that can form in response to trauma or infection.

The diagnosis of pathologic neovascularization is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies (such as ultrasound, CT scans, or MRI), and biopsy. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause of the condition, but may include medications, surgery, or radiation therapy.

In summary, pathologic neovascularization is a process that occurs in response to injury or disease, and it can lead to serious complications. It is important for healthcare professionals to be aware of this condition and its various forms in order to provide appropriate diagnosis and treatment.

The most common types of laryngeal neoplasms include:

1. Vocal cord nodules and polyps: These are benign growths that develop on the vocal cords due to overuse, misuse, or trauma.
2. Laryngeal papillomatosis: This is a condition where warts grow on the vocal cords, often caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV).
3. Adenoid cystic carcinoma: This is a rare type of cancer that develops in the salivary glands near the larynx.
4. Squamous cell carcinoma: This is the most common type of cancer that develops in the larynx, often due to smoking or heavy alcohol consumption.
5. Verrucous carcinoma: This is a rare type of cancer that develops on the vocal cords and is often associated with chronic inflammation.
6. Lymphoma: This is a type of cancer that affects the immune system, and can develop in the larynx.
7. Melanoma: This is a rare type of cancer that develops from pigment-producing cells called melanocytes.

Symptoms of laryngeal neoplasms can include hoarseness or difficulty speaking, breathing difficulties, and ear pain. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as CT scans or MRI, and biopsy. Treatment options vary depending on the type and severity of the neoplasm, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.

Precancerous changes in the uterine cervix are called dysplasias, and they can be detected by a Pap smear, which is a routine screening test for women. If dysplasia is found, it can be treated with cryotherapy (freezing), laser therapy, or cone biopsy, which removes the affected cells.

Cervical cancer is rare in developed countries where Pap screening is widely available, but it remains a common cancer in developing countries where access to healthcare and screening is limited. The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has been shown to be effective in preventing cervical precancerous changes and cancer.

Cervical cancer can be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy, depending on the stage and location of the cancer. The prognosis for early-stage cervical cancer is good, but advanced-stage cancer can be difficult to treat and may have a poor prognosis.

The following are some types of uterine cervical neoplasms:

1. Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS): This is a precancerous condition that occurs when glandular cells on the surface of the cervix become abnormal and grow out of control.
2. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN): This is a precancerous condition that occurs when abnormal cells are found on the surface of the cervix. There are several types of CIN, ranging from mild to severe.
3. Squamous cell carcinoma: This is the most common type of cervical cancer and arises from the squamous cells that line the cervix.
4. Adnexal carcinoma: This is a rare type of cervical cancer that arises from the glands or ducts near the cervix.
5. Small cell carcinoma: This is a rare and aggressive type of cervical cancer that grows rapidly and can spread quickly to other parts of the body.
6. Micropapillary uterine carcinoma: This is a rare type of cervical cancer that grows in a finger-like shape and can be difficult to diagnose.
7. Clear cell carcinoma: This is a rare type of cervical cancer that arises from clear cells and can be more aggressive than other types of cervical cancer.
8. Adenocarcinoma: This is a type of cervical cancer that arises from glandular cells and can be less aggressive than squamous cell carcinoma.
9. Sarcoma: This is a rare type of cervical cancer that arises from the connective tissue of the cervix.

The treatment options for uterine cervical neoplasms depend on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences. The following are some common treatments for uterine cervical neoplasms:

1. Hysterectomy: This is a surgical procedure to remove the uterus and may be recommended for early-stage cancers or precancerous changes.
2. Cryotherapy: This is a minimally invasive procedure that uses liquid nitrogen to freeze and destroy abnormal cells in the cervix.
3. Laser therapy: This is a minimally invasive procedure that uses a laser to remove or destroy abnormal cells in the cervix.
4. Cone biopsy: This is a surgical procedure to remove a small cone-shaped sample of tissue from the cervix to diagnose and treat early-stage cancers or precancerous changes.
5. Radiation therapy: This is a non-surgical treatment that uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells and may be recommended for more advanced cancers or when the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
6. Chemotherapy: This is a non-surgical treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells and may be recommended for more advanced cancers or when the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
7. Immunotherapy: This is a non-surgical treatment that uses drugs to stimulate the immune system to fight cancer cells and may be recommended for more advanced cancers or when other treatments have failed.
8. Targeted therapy: This is a non-surgical treatment that uses drugs to target specific genes or proteins that contribute to cancer growth and development and may be recommended for more advanced cancers or when other treatments have failed.

It is important to note that the choice of treatment will depend on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences. Patients should discuss their treatment options with their doctor and develop a personalized plan that is right for them.

There are several types of hepatitis, including:

1. Hepatitis A: This type is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) and is usually transmitted through contaminated food or water or through close contact with someone who has the infection.
2. Hepatitis B: This type is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and can be spread through sexual contact, sharing of needles, or mother-to-child transmission during childbirth.
3. Hepatitis C: This type is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and is primarily spread through blood-to-blood contact, such as sharing of needles or receiving a tainted blood transfusion.
4. Alcoholic hepatitis: This type is caused by excessive alcohol consumption and can lead to inflammation and scarring in the liver.
5. Drug-induced hepatitis: This type is caused by certain medications, such as antidepressants, anti-seizure drugs, or chemotherapy agents.
6. Autoimmune hepatitis: This type is caused by an abnormal immune response and can lead to inflammation in the liver.

Symptoms of hepatitis may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, and yellowing of the skin (jaundice). In severe cases, it can lead to liver failure or even death.

Diagnosis of hepatitis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests such as blood tests and imaging studies like ultrasound or CT scans. Treatment options vary depending on the cause and severity of the condition, but may include medications to manage symptoms, antiviral therapy, or in severe cases, liver transplantation. Prevention measures for hepatitis include vaccination against certain types of the disease, practicing safe sex, avoiding sharing needles or other drug paraphernalia, and following proper hygiene practices.

In conclusion, hepatitis is a serious condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It is important to be aware of the different types of hepatitis and their causes in order to prevent and manage this condition effectively. By taking appropriate measures such as getting vaccinated and practicing safe sex, individuals can reduce their risk of contracting hepatitis. In severe cases, early diagnosis and treatment can help to minimize damage to the liver and improve outcomes for patients.

The symptoms of chronic hepatitis C may be mild or absent, but some people experience fatigue, joint pain, muscle aches, nausea, loss of appetite, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes).

Chronic hepatitis C is usually diagnosed through blood tests that detect the presence of antibodies against HCV or the virus itself. Imaging tests such as ultrasound and liver biopsy may also be performed to assess the extent of liver damage.

Treatment for chronic hepatitis C typically involves a combination of medications, including interferon and ribavirin, which can help clear the virus from the body. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary. Prevention of the spread of HCV includes avoiding sharing of needles or other sharp objects, practicing safe sex, and getting tested for the virus before donating blood or organs.

See also: Hepatitis C; Liver; Virus

Types of Gallbladder Neoplasms:

1. Adenoma: A benign tumor that grows in the gallbladder wall and can become malignant over time if left untreated.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: A rare and aggressive malignant tumor that arises in the gallbladder or bile ducts.
3. Gallbladder cancer: A general term used to describe any type of cancer that develops in the gallbladder, including adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and other rare types.

Causes and Risk Factors:

1. Genetics: A family history of gallbladder disease or certain genetic conditions can increase the risk of developing gallbladder neoplasms.
2. Chronic inflammation: Long-standing inflammation in the gallbladder, such as that caused by gallstones or chronic bile duct obstruction, can increase the risk of developing cancer.
3. Obesity: Being overweight or obese may increase the risk of developing gallbladder neoplasms.
4. Age: The risk of developing gallbladder neoplasms increases with age, with most cases occurring in people over the age of 50.

Symptoms and Diagnosis:

1. Abdominal pain: Pain in the upper right abdomen is a common symptom of gallbladder neoplasms.
2. Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and eyes can occur if the cancer blocks the bile ducts.
3. Weight loss: Unexplained weight loss can be a symptom of some types of gallbladder neoplasms.
4. Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak can be a symptom of some types of gallbladder neoplasms.

Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment:

1. Surgery: Surgery is the primary treatment for gallbladder neoplasms. The type of surgery depends on the stage and location of the cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be used in combination with surgery to treat advanced or aggressive cancers.
3. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy may be used in combination with surgery to treat advanced or aggressive cancers.
4. Watchful waiting: For early-stage cancers, a wait-and-watch approach may be taken, where the patient is monitored regularly with imaging tests to see if the cancer progresses.

Prognosis:
The prognosis for gallbladder neoplasms depends on the stage and location of the cancer at the time of diagnosis. In general, the earlier the cancer is detected and treated, the better the prognosis. For early-stage cancers, the 5-year survival rate is high, while for advanced cancers, the prognosis is poor.

Complications:

1. Bile duct injury: During surgery, there is a risk of damaging the bile ducts, which can lead to complications such as bile leakage or bleeding.
2. Infection: There is a risk of infection after surgery, which can be serious and may require hospitalization.
3. Pancreatitis: Gallbladder cancer can cause inflammation of the pancreas, leading to pancreatitis.
4. Jaundice: Cancer of the gallbladder can block the bile ducts, leading to jaundice and other complications.
5. Spread of cancer: Gallbladder cancer can spread to other parts of the body, such as the liver or lymph nodes, which can reduce the chances of a cure.

Adenocarcinoma, follicular accounts for approximately 15% of all thyroid cancers and is more common in women than men. This type of cancer tends to be less aggressive than other types of thyroid cancer, such as papillary carcinoma, but it can still recur (come back) after treatment and spread to other parts of the body (metastasize).

Treatment options for adenocarcinoma, follicular include surgery to remove the tumor, radioactive iodine therapy, and hormone therapy. The prognosis is generally good for patients with this type of cancer, especially if it is detected early and treated appropriately.

In summary, adenocarcinoma, follicular is a type of thyroid cancer that originates in the glands (follicles) of the thyroid gland. It tends to be less aggressive than other types of thyroid cancer but can still recur and spread to other parts of the body. Treatment options include surgery, radioactive iodine therapy, and hormone therapy.

Examples of 'Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous' in medical literature:

* The patient was diagnosed with adenocarcinoma, mucinous type, in their colon after undergoing a colonoscopy and biopsy. (From the Journal of Clinical Oncology)

* The patient had a history of adenocarcinoma, mucinous type, in their breast and was being monitored for potential recurrence. (From the Journal of Surgical Oncology)

* The tumor was found to be an adenocarcinoma, mucinous type, with a high grade and was treated with surgery and chemotherapy. (From the Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology)

Synonyms for 'Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous' include:

* Mucinous adenocarcinoma
* Colon adenocarcinoma, mucinous type
* Rectal adenocarcinoma, mucinous type
* Adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum, mucinous type.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the most common type of malignant pancreatic neoplasm and accounts for approximately 85% of all pancreatic cancers. It originates in the glandular tissue of the pancreas and has a poor prognosis, with a five-year survival rate of less than 10%.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are less common but more treatable than pancreatic adenocarcinoma. These tumors originate in the hormone-producing cells of the pancreas and can produce excess hormones that cause a variety of symptoms, such as diabetes or high blood sugar. PNETs are classified into two main types: functional and non-functional. Functional PNETs produce excess hormones and are more aggressive than non-functional tumors.

Other rare types of pancreatic neoplasms include acinar cell carcinoma, ampullary cancer, and oncocytic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. These tumors are less common than pancreatic adenocarcinoma and PNETs but can be equally aggressive and difficult to treat.

The symptoms of pancreatic neoplasms vary depending on the type and location of the tumor, but they often include abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice, and fatigue. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, endoscopic ultrasound, and biopsy. Treatment options for pancreatic neoplasms depend on the type and stage of the tumor but may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these.

Prognosis for patients with pancreatic neoplasms is generally poor, especially for those with advanced stages of disease. However, early detection and treatment can improve survival rates. Research into the causes and mechanisms of pancreatic neoplasms is ongoing, with a focus on developing new and more effective treatments for these devastating diseases.




The causes of colorectal neoplasms are not fully understood, but factors such as age, genetics, diet, and lifestyle have been implicated. Symptoms of colorectal cancer can include changes in bowel habits, blood in the stool, abdominal pain, and weight loss. Screening for colorectal cancer is recommended for adults over the age of 50, as it can help detect early-stage tumors and improve survival rates.

There are several subtypes of colorectal neoplasms, including adenomas (which are precancerous polyps), carcinomas (which are malignant tumors), and lymphomas (which are cancers of the immune system). Treatment options for colorectal cancer depend on the stage and location of the tumor, but may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these.

Research into the causes and treatment of colorectal neoplasms is ongoing, and there has been significant progress in recent years. Advances in screening and treatment have improved survival rates for patients with colorectal cancer, and there is hope that continued research will lead to even more effective treatments in the future.

Types of experimental neoplasms include:

* Xenografts: tumors that are transplanted into animals from another species, often humans.
* Transgenic tumors: tumors that are created by introducing cancer-causing genes into an animal's genome.
* Chemically-induced tumors: tumors that are caused by exposure to certain chemicals or drugs.

The use of experimental neoplasms in research has led to significant advances in our understanding of cancer biology and the development of new treatments for the disease. However, the use of animals in cancer research is a controversial topic and alternatives to animal models are being developed and implemented.

The exact cause of hepatoblastoma is not known, but it is believed to be linked to genetic mutations that occur during fetal development. Children with certain congenital conditions, such as Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, are at higher risk of developing hepatoblastoma. The symptoms of hepatoblastoma can include abdominal pain, weight loss, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), but in many cases, the cancer may not cause any noticeable symptoms until it has reached an advanced stage.

Hepatoblastoma is diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests, such as ultrasound, CT scans, and MRI, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment typically involves surgery to remove the affected lobe of the liver, followed by chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. In some cases, a liver transplant may be necessary if the cancer has spread too far or if the child's liver is not functioning properly. The prognosis for hepatoblastoma depends on several factors, including the stage of the cancer at diagnosis and the effectiveness of treatment. With current treatments, the 5-year survival rate for children with hepatoblastoma is around 70%.

The term "papillary" refers to the fact that the cancer cells grow in a finger-like shape, resembling a papilla. The term "follicular" refers to the fact that the cancer cells grow near or within glands (follicles). Both types of cancer are considered relatively low-grade, meaning they tend to grow slowly and do not aggressively invade surrounding tissue.

It's important to note that while these types of carcinomas are generally less aggressive than other types of breast or thyroid cancer, they can still be serious and require prompt medical attention. If you suspect you may have symptoms of papillary or follicular carcinoma, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Adenocarcinoma is the most common subtype of NSCLC and is characterized by malignant cells that have glandular or secretory properties. Squamous cell carcinoma is less common and is characterized by malignant cells that resemble squamous epithelium. Large cell carcinoma is a rare subtype and is characterized by large, poorly differentiated cells.

The main risk factor for developing NSCLC is tobacco smoking, which is responsible for approximately 80-90% of all cases. Other risk factors include exposure to secondhand smoke, radon gas, asbestos, and certain chemicals in the workplace or environment.

Symptoms of NSCLC can include coughing, chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue. The diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging studies such as CT scans, PET scans, and biopsy. Treatment options for NSCLC can include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these. The prognosis for NSCLC depends on several factors, including the stage of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and the effectiveness of treatment.

Overall, NSCLC is a common and aggressive form of lung cancer that can be treated with a variety of therapies. Early detection and treatment are critical for improving outcomes in patients with this diagnosis.

Endometrial neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the lining of the uterus, known as the endometrium. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). The most common type of endometrial neoplasm is endometrial hyperplasia, which is a condition where the endometrium grows too thick and can become cancerous if left untreated. Other types of endometrial neoplasms include endometrial adenocarcinoma, which is the most common type of uterine cancer, and endometrial sarcoma, which is a rare type of uterine cancer that develops in the muscle or connective tissue of the uterus.

Endometrial neoplasms can be caused by a variety of factors, including hormonal imbalances, genetic mutations, and exposure to certain chemicals or radiation. Risk factors for developing endometrial neoplasms include obesity, early onset of menstruation, late onset of menopause, never being pregnant or having few or no full-term pregnancies, and taking hormone replacement therapy or other medications that can increase estrogen levels.

Symptoms of endometrial neoplasms can include abnormal vaginal bleeding, painful urination, and pelvic pain or discomfort. Treatment for endometrial neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the condition, and may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or hormone therapy. In some cases, a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) may be necessary.

In summary, endometrial neoplasms are abnormal growths that can develop in the lining of the uterus and can be either benign or malignant. They can be caused by a variety of factors and can cause symptoms such as abnormal bleeding and pelvic pain. Treatment depends on the type and stage of the condition, and may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or hormone therapy.

Necrosis is a type of cell death that occurs when cells are exposed to excessive stress, injury, or inflammation, leading to damage to the cell membrane and the release of cellular contents into the surrounding tissue. This can lead to the formation of gangrene, which is the death of body tissue due to lack of blood supply.

There are several types of necrosis, including:

1. Coagulative necrosis: This type of necrosis occurs when there is a lack of blood supply to the tissues, leading to the formation of a firm, white plaque on the surface of the affected area.
2. Liquefactive necrosis: This type of necrosis occurs when there is an infection or inflammation that causes the death of cells and the formation of pus.
3. Caseous necrosis: This type of necrosis occurs when there is a chronic infection, such as tuberculosis, and the affected tissue becomes soft and cheese-like.
4. Fat necrosis: This type of necrosis occurs when there is trauma to fatty tissue, leading to the formation of firm, yellowish nodules.
5. Necrotizing fasciitis: This is a severe and life-threatening form of necrosis that affects the skin and underlying tissues, often as a result of bacterial infection.

The diagnosis of necrosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans, and laboratory tests such as biopsy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the necrosis and may include antibiotics, surgical debridement, or amputation in severe cases.

Clear cell adenocarcinomas can occur in various parts of the body, such as the ovary, pancreas, and lung. In general, clear cell adenocarcinomas tend to grow more slowly than other types of cancer and are less aggressive. However, they can still be malignant and may require treatment.

The prognosis for clear cell adenocarcinoma depends on various factors, such as the stage of the cancer (how far it has spread) and the specific location of the tumor. In general, the prognosis for clear cell adenocarcinoma is good if the cancer is caught early and treated appropriately. However, if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, the prognosis may be poorer.

There are several treatment options for clear cell adenocarcinoma, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy. The specific treatment plan will depend on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as other individual factors such as age and overall health.

In summary, clear cell adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that begins in glandular cells and has clear cells. It can occur in various parts of the body and tends to grow slowly, but it can still be malignant and require treatment. The prognosis for clear cell adenocarcinoma depends on various factors, and there are several treatment options available.

1. Squamous cell carcinoma: This is the most common type of tongue cancer, accounting for about 90% of all cases. It usually starts on the front two-thirds of the tongue and can spread to other parts of the mouth and throat.
2. Verrucous carcinoma: This type of cancer is less aggressive than squamous cell carcinoma but can still invade surrounding tissues. It typically occurs on the lateral or back part of the tongue.
3. Papillary carcinoma: This type of cancer is rare and usually affects young people. It starts in the mucous glands on the surface of the tongue and tends to grow slowly.
4. Lymphoma: This type of cancer affects the immune system and can occur in various parts of the body, including the tongue. There are different subtypes of lymphoma that can affect the tongue, such as Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
5. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma: This is a rare type of cancer that usually affects children and young adults. It tends to grow slowly and can occur anywhere on the tongue, but it is most common on the front part of the tongue.

The symptoms of tongue neoplasms can vary depending on the type and location of the tumor. Common symptoms include:

* A lump or mass on the tongue that may be painful or tender to the touch
* Bleeding or discharge from the tongue
* Difficulty speaking, swallowing, or moving the tongue
* Pain in the tongue or mouth that does not go away
* A sore throat or ear pain

If you suspect you may have a tongue neoplasm, it is important to see a doctor for an evaluation. A biopsy can be performed to determine the type of tumor and develop a treatment plan. Treatment options can vary depending on the type and location of the tumor, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these.

The term "alcoholic" in this context refers to the fact that the damage is caused by excessive alcohol consumption, rather than any other underlying medical condition or disease process. The suffix "-osis" means "condition" or "disease," and "alcoholic" modifies the noun "liver cirrhosis" to indicate the cause of the condition.

The term "LC-ALD" is used in medical literature and research to specifically refer to this type of cirrhosis caused by alcohol consumption, as opposed to other types of cirrhosis that may be caused by viral hepatitis or other factors.

The term "serous" refers to the fact that the tumor produces a fluid-filled cyst, which typically contains a clear, serous (watery) liquid. The cancer cells are typically found in the outer layer of the ovary, near the surface of the organ.

Cystadenocarcinoma, serous is the most common type of ovarian cancer, accounting for about 50-60% of all cases. It is often diagnosed at an advanced stage, as it can be difficult to detect in its early stages. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel or bladder habits.

Treatment for cystadenocarcinoma, serous usually involves a combination of surgery and chemotherapy. Surgery may involve removing the uterus, ovaries, and other affected tissues, followed by chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. In some cases, radiation therapy may also be used.

Prognosis for cystadenocarcinoma, serous varies depending on the stage of the cancer at diagnosis. Women with early-stage disease have a good prognosis, while those with advanced-stage disease have a poorer outlook. However, overall survival rates have improved in recent years due to advances in treatment and screening.

In summary, cystadenocarcinoma, serous is a type of ovarian cancer that originates in the lining of the ovary and grows slowly over time. It can be difficult to detect in its early stages, but treatment typically involves surgery and chemotherapy. Prognosis varies depending on the stage of the cancer at diagnosis.

The tumor cells are typically small, uniform, and well-differentiated, with a distinct cell border and a central nucleus. The tumor cells are often arranged in a glandular or tubular pattern, which is characteristic of this type of cancer.

Carcinoma, Lewis lung usually affects older adults, with the median age at diagnosis being around 60 years. Men are slightly more likely to be affected than women. The main risk factor for developing this type of cancer is smoking, although it can also occur in people who have never smoked.

The symptoms of Carcinoma, Lewis lung can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but they may include:

* Chest pain or discomfort
* Coughing up blood
* Shortness of breath
* Fatigue
* Weight loss

If you suspect you may have Carcinoma, Lewis lung or are experiencing any of these symptoms, it is important to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

The post Definition of 'Carcinoma, Lewis Lung' in the medical field appeared first on Healthy Life Tips.

The definition of DILI has been revised several times over the years, but the most recent definition was published in 2013 by the International Consortium for DILI Research (ICDCR). According to this definition, DILI is defined as:

"A clinically significant alteration in liver function that is caused by a medication or other exogenous substance, and is not related to underlying liver disease. The alteration may be biochemical, morphological, or both, and may be acute or chronic."

The ICDCR definition includes several key features of DILI, including:

1. Clinically significant alteration in liver function: This means that the liver damage must be severe enough to cause symptoms or signs of liver dysfunction, such as jaundice, nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain.
2. Caused by a medication or other exogenous substance: DILI is triggered by exposure to certain drugs or substances that are not related to underlying liver disease.
3. Not related to underlying liver disease: This means that the liver damage must not be caused by an underlying condition such as hepatitis B or C, alcoholic liver disease, or other genetic or metabolic disorders.
4. May be acute or chronic: DILI can occur as a sudden and severe injury (acute DILI) or as a slower and more insidious process (chronic DILI).

The ICDCR definition provides a standardized way of defining and diagnosing DILI, which is important for clinicians and researchers to better understand the cause of liver damage in patients who are taking medications. It also helps to identify the drugs or substances that are most likely to cause liver injury and to develop strategies for preventing or treating DILI.

There are different types of hyperplasia, depending on the location and cause of the condition. Some examples include:

1. Benign hyperplasia: This type of hyperplasia is non-cancerous and does not spread to other parts of the body. It can occur in various tissues and organs, such as the uterus (fibroids), breast tissue (fibrocystic changes), or prostate gland (benign prostatic hyperplasia).
2. Malignant hyperplasia: This type of hyperplasia is cancerous and can invade nearby tissues and organs, leading to serious health problems. Examples include skin cancer, breast cancer, and colon cancer.
3. Hyperplastic polyps: These are abnormal growths that occur in the gastrointestinal tract and can be precancerous.
4. Adenomatous hyperplasia: This type of hyperplasia is characterized by an increase in the number of glandular cells in a specific organ, such as the colon or breast. It can be a precursor to cancer.

The symptoms of hyperplasia depend on the location and severity of the condition. In general, they may include:

* Enlargement or swelling of the affected tissue or organ
* Pain or discomfort in the affected area
* Abnormal bleeding or discharge
* Changes in bowel or bladder habits
* Unexplained weight loss or gain

Hyperplasia is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI, and biopsy. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and severity of the condition, and may include medication, surgery, or other interventions.

Types of Bronchial Neoplasms:

1. Adenocarcinoma: This is the most common type of lung cancer and accounts for approximately 40% of all lung cancers. It originates in the glandular cells that line the bronchi.
2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma: This type of lung cancer originates in the squamous cells that line the bronchi. It is the second most common type of lung cancer, accounting for approximately 25% of all lung cancers.
3. Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC): This type of lung cancer is highly aggressive and accounts for approximately 10% of all lung cancers. It originates in the small cells that line the bronchi.
4. Large Cell Carcinoma: This type of lung cancer is rare and accounts for approximately 5% of all lung cancers. It originates in the large cells that line the bronchi.
5. Bronchioloalveolar Carcinoma (BAC): This type of lung cancer originates in the small air sacs (alveoli) and is rare, accounting for approximately 2% of all lung cancers.
6. Lymphoma: This type of cancer originates in the immune system cells that line the bronchi. It is rare, accounting for approximately 1% of all lung cancers.
7. Carcinoid Tumors: These are rare types of lung cancer that originate in the neuroendocrine cells that line the bronchi. They are typically slow-growing and less aggressive than other types of lung cancer.
8. Secondary Cancers: These are cancers that have spread to the lungs from other parts of the body, such as breast cancer or colon cancer.

Diagnosis of Bronchial Neoplasms:

1. Medical History and Physical Examination: A thorough medical history and physical examination are essential for diagnosing bronchial neoplasms. The doctor will ask questions about the patient's symptoms, risk factors, and medical history.
2. Chest X-Ray: A chest X-ray is often the first diagnostic test performed to evaluate the lungs for any abnormalities.
3. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: A CT scan is a more detailed imaging test that uses X-rays and computer technology to produce cross-sectional images of the lungs. It can help identify the size, location, and extent of the tumor.
4. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan: A PET scan is a diagnostic test that uses small amounts of radioactive material to visualize the metabolic activity of the cells in the lungs. It can help identify the presence of cancerous cells and determine the effectiveness of treatment.
5. Biopsy: A biopsy involves taking a sample of tissue from the lung and examining it under a microscope for cancerous cells. It is a definitive diagnostic test for bronchial neoplasms.
6. Bronchoscopy: Bronchoscopy is a procedure in which a thin, flexible tube with a camera on the end is inserted through the nose or mouth and guided to the lungs. It can help identify any abnormalities in the airways and obtain a biopsy sample.
7. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): An MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the lungs and surrounding tissues. It is not as commonly used for diagnosing bronchial neoplasms as other imaging tests, but it may be recommended in certain cases.
8. Ultrasound: An ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of the lungs and surrounding tissues. It is not typically used as a diagnostic test for bronchial neoplasms, but it may be used to evaluate the spread of cancer to other parts of the body.

It's important to note that the specific diagnostic tests and procedures used will depend on the individual case and the suspicion of malignancy. Your doctor will discuss the best course of action with you based on your symptoms, medical history, and test results.

1. Parotid gland tumors: These are the most common type of salivary gland tumor and can be benign or malignant.
2. Submandibular gland tumors: These are less common than parotid gland tumors but can also be benign or malignant.
3. Sublingual gland tumors: These are rare and usually benign.
4. Warthin's tumor: This is a type of benign tumor that affects the parotid gland.
5. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma: This is a type of malignant tumor that can occur in any of the major salivary glands.
6. Acinic cell carcinoma: This is a rare type of malignant tumor that usually occurs in the parotid gland.
7. Adenoid cystic carcinoma: This is a slow-growing malignant tumor that can occur in any of the major salivary glands.
8. Metastatic tumors: These are tumors that have spread to the salivary glands from another part of the body.

Salivary gland neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including painless lumps or swelling in the neck or face, difficulty swallowing, and numbness or weakness in the face. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the tumor and may include surgery, radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy.

In conclusion, salivary gland neoplasms are a diverse group of cancers that affect the salivary glands, and it's important to be aware of the different types, symptoms, and treatment options in order to provide effective care for patients with these tumors.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

Neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth of cells that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Neoplasms can occur in any part of the body and can affect various organs and tissues. The term "neoplasm" is often used interchangeably with "tumor," but while all tumors are neoplasms, not all neoplasms are tumors.

Types of Neoplasms

There are many different types of neoplasms, including:

1. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the epithelial cells lining organs and glands. Examples include breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Sarcomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in connective tissue, such as bone, cartilage, and fat. Examples include osteosarcoma (bone cancer) and soft tissue sarcoma.
3. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system, specifically affecting the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues. Examples include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
4. Leukemias: These are cancers of the blood and bone marrow that affect the white blood cells. Examples include acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
5. Melanomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. Examples include skin melanoma and eye melanoma.

Causes and Risk Factors of Neoplasms

The exact causes of neoplasms are not fully understood, but there are several known risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing a neoplasm. These include:

1. Genetic predisposition: Some people may be born with genetic mutations that increase their risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as radiation and certain chemicals, can increase the risk of developing a neoplasm.
3. Infection: Some neoplasms are caused by viruses or bacteria. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common cause of cervical cancer.
4. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a poor diet can increase the risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
5. Family history: A person's risk of developing a neoplasm may be higher if they have a family history of the condition.

Signs and Symptoms of Neoplasms

The signs and symptoms of neoplasms can vary depending on the type of cancer and where it is located in the body. Some common signs and symptoms include:

1. Unusual lumps or swelling
2. Pain
3. Fatigue
4. Weight loss
5. Change in bowel or bladder habits
6. Unexplained bleeding
7. Coughing up blood
8. Hoarseness or a persistent cough
9. Changes in appetite or digestion
10. Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the size or color of an existing mole.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Neoplasms

The diagnosis of a neoplasm usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans), and biopsy. A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from the suspected tumor and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.

The treatment of neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Some common treatments include:

1. Surgery: Removing the tumor and surrounding tissue can be an effective way to treat many types of cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
3. Radiation therapy: Using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer is located in a specific area of the body.
4. Immunotherapy: Boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
5. Targeted therapy: Using drugs or other substances to target specific molecules on cancer cells can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.

Prevention of Neoplasms

While it is not always possible to prevent neoplasms, there are several steps that can reduce the risk of developing cancer. These include:

1. Avoiding exposure to known carcinogens (such as tobacco smoke and radiation)
2. Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
3. Getting regular exercise
4. Not smoking or using tobacco products
5. Limiting alcohol consumption
6. Getting vaccinated against certain viruses that are associated with cancer (such as human papillomavirus, or HPV)
7. Participating in screening programs for early detection of cancer (such as mammograms for breast cancer and colonoscopies for colon cancer)
8. Avoiding excessive exposure to sunlight and using protective measures such as sunscreen and hats to prevent skin cancer.

It's important to note that not all cancers can be prevented, and some may be caused by factors that are not yet understood or cannot be controlled. However, by taking these steps, individuals can reduce their risk of developing cancer and improve their overall health and well-being.

There are two main types of fatty liver disease:

1. Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD): This type of fatty liver disease is caused by excessive alcohol consumption and is the most common cause of fatty liver disease in the United States.
2. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): This type of fatty liver disease is not caused by alcohol consumption and is the most common cause of fatty liver disease worldwide. It is often associated with obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol.

There are several risk factors for developing fatty liver disease, including:

* Obesity
* Physical inactivity
* High calorie intake
* Alcohol consumption
* Diabetes
* High cholesterol
* High triglycerides
* History of liver disease

Symptoms of fatty liver disease can include:

* Fatigue
* Abdominal discomfort
* Loss of appetite
* Nausea and vomiting
* Abnormal liver function tests

Diagnosis of fatty liver disease is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as:

* Liver biopsy
* Imaging studies (ultrasound, CT or MRI scans)
* Blood tests (lipid profile, glucose, insulin, and liver function tests)

Treatment of fatty liver disease depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, exercise, and a healthy diet can help improve the condition. In severe cases, medications such as antioxidants, fibric acids, and anti-inflammatory drugs may be prescribed. In some cases, surgery or other procedures may be necessary.

Prevention of fatty liver disease includes:

* Maintaining a healthy weight
* Eating a balanced diet low in sugar and saturated fats
* Engaging in regular physical activity
* Limiting alcohol consumption
* Managing underlying medical conditions such as diabetes and high cholesterol.

The term "papillary" refers to the fact that the cancer cells grow in a finger-like shape, with each cell forming a small papilla (bump) on the surface of the tumor. APC is often slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms in its early stages.

APC is generally considered to be less aggressive than other types of cancer, such as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive breast cancer. However, it can still spread to other parts of the body if left untreated. Treatment options for APC may include surgery, radiation therapy, and/or hormone therapy, depending on the location and stage of the cancer.

It's worth noting that APC is sometimes referred to as "papillary adenocarcinoma" or simply "papillary cancer." However, these terms are often used interchangeably with "adenocarcinoma, papillary" in medical literature and clinical practice.

The hallmark features of ADSC include:

1. Glandular differentiation: The tumor cells are derived from glandular epithelium and exhibit distinctive glandular structures, such as papillae or acini.
2. Scirrhous growth pattern: The tumor cells grow in a finger-like or papillary pattern, with each finger or papilla containing a central lumen.
3. Slow growth rate: ADSC tends to grow slowly compared to other types of cancer, which can help to explain the relatively late presentation and diagnosis of this condition.
4. Locally invasive: ADSC can invade nearby tissues and organs, leading to serious complications if left untreated.
5. Poor prognosis: ADSC has a poorer prognosis compared to other types of cancer, particularly if it is diagnosed at an advanced stage.

The exact cause of ADSC is not fully understood, but genetic mutations, environmental factors, and chronic inflammation are thought to play a role in its development. The symptoms of ADSC can vary depending on the location of the tumor, but they may include abdominal pain, swelling, and difficulty with bowel movements or urination.

Treatment options for ADSC typically involve a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Surgery is often the first line of treatment, followed by chemotherapy to reduce the risk of recurrence. Radiation therapy may also be used in select cases. Overall, early detection and prompt treatment are essential for improving outcomes in patients with ADSC.

Note: This definition may have some variations in different contexts and medical fields.

Examples of 'Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental' in a sentence:

1. The researchers studied the effects of hormone therapy on mammary neoplasms in experimental animals to better understand its potential role in human breast cancer.
2. The lab used mice with genetic mutations that predispose them to developing mammary neoplasms to test the efficacy of new cancer drugs.
3. In order to investigate the link between obesity and breast cancer, the researchers conducted experiments on mammary neoplasms in rats with diet-induced obesity.

Carcinogenesis is the process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. This complex process involves a series of genetic and molecular changes that can take place over a long period of time. The term "carcinogenesis" is derived from the Greek words "carcinoma," meaning cancer, and "genesis," meaning origin or creation.

Carcinogenesis is a multistep process that involves several stages, including:

1. initiation: This stage involves the activation of oncogenes or the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, leading to the formation of precancerous cells.
2. promotion: In this stage, the precancerous cells undergo further changes that allow them to grow and divide uncontrollably.
3. progression: This stage is characterized by the spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body (metastasis).

The process of carcinogenesis is influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices. Some of the known risk factors for carcinogenesis include:

1. tobacco use
2. excessive alcohol consumption
3. exposure to certain chemicals and radiation
4. obesity and poor diet
5. lack of physical activity
6. certain viral infections

Understanding the process of carcinogenesis is important for developing effective cancer prevention and treatment strategies. By identifying the early stages of carcinogenesis, researchers may be able to develop interventions that can prevent or reverse the process before cancer develops.

CBASQ is characterized by the presence of both squamous and basal cell features, with a mixed pattern of keratinization and a high proliferation rate. The tumor cells are positive for cytokeratins (such as cytokeratin 5/6) and negative for melanoma-specific markers (such as HMB-45 and S100).

The diagnosis of CBASQ requires a thorough clinical evaluation, including a history of prolonged sun exposure, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of both squamous and basal cell features. Treatment typically involves surgical excision with a wide margin, and may also involve adjuvant therapies such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy for more advanced cases.

The prognosis for CBASQ is generally poorer than for other types of skin cancer, due to its aggressive nature and tendency to recur. However, early detection and treatment can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of metastasis.

There are several types of cholestasis, including:

1. Obstructive cholestasis: This occurs when there is a blockage in the bile ducts, preventing bile from flowing freely from the liver.
2. Metabolic cholestasis: This is caused by a problem with the metabolism of bile acids in the liver.
3. Inflammatory cholestasis: This occurs when there is inflammation in the liver, which can cause scarring and impair bile flow.
4. Idiopathic cholestasis: This type of cholestasis has no identifiable cause.

Treatment for cholestasis depends on the underlying cause, but may include medications to improve bile flow, dissolve gallstones, or reduce inflammation. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary. Early diagnosis and treatment can help to manage symptoms and prevent complications of cholestasis.

Rectal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the rectum, which is the lower part of the digestive system. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Types of Rectal Neoplasms:

There are several types of rectal neoplasms, including:

1. Adenoma: A benign growth that is usually found in the colon and rectum. It is a common precursor to colorectal cancer.
2. Carcinoma: A malignant tumor that arises from the epithelial cells lining the rectum. It is the most common type of rectal cancer.
3. Rectal adenocarcinoma: A type of carcinoma that originates in the glandular cells lining the rectum.
4. Rectal squamous cell carcinoma: A type of carcinoma that originates in the squamous cells lining the rectum.
5. Rectal melanoma: A rare type of carcinoma that originates in the pigment-producing cells (melanocytes) of the rectum.

Causes and Risk Factors:

The exact causes of rectal neoplasms are not known, but several factors can increase the risk of developing these growths. These include:

1. Age: The risk of developing rectal neoplasms increases with age, with most cases occurring in people over the age of 50.
2. Family history: Having a family history of colorectal cancer or polyps can increase the risk of developing rectal neoplasms.
3. Inflammatory bowel disease: People with inflammatory bowel disease, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are at higher risk of developing rectal neoplasms.
4. Diet: A diet high in fat and low in fiber may increase the risk of developing rectal neoplasms.
5. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, obesity, and lack of physical activity may also increase the risk of developing rectal neoplasms.

Symptoms:

The symptoms of rectal neoplasms can vary depending on the type and location of the growth. Some common symptoms include:

1. Blood in the stool
2. Changes in bowel movements (such as diarrhea or constipation)
3. Abdominal pain or discomfort
4. Weakness and fatigue
5. Loss of appetite

Diagnosis:

To diagnose rectal neoplasms, a doctor may perform several tests, including:

1. Digital rectal exam (DRE): A doctor will insert a gloved finger into the rectum to feel for any abnormalities.
2. Colonoscopy: A flexible tube with a camera and light on the end is inserted through the anus and into the rectum to examine the inside of the rectum and colon for polyps or other abnormalities.
3. Imaging tests: Such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans to visualize the growth and determine its location and size.
4. Biopsy: A sample of tissue is removed from the rectum and examined under a microscope for cancer cells.

Treatment:

The treatment of rectal neoplasms depends on the type, location, and stage of the growth. Some common treatments include:

1. Polypectomy: Removal of polyps through a colonoscopy or surgery.
2. Local excision: Surgical removal of the tumor and a small amount of surrounding tissue.
3. Radiation therapy: High-energy beams are used to kill cancer cells.
4. Chemotherapy: Drugs are used to kill cancer cells.
5. Immunotherapy: A treatment that uses the body's immune system to fight cancer.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for rectal neoplasms depends on the type, location, and stage of the growth. In general, the earlier the diagnosis and treatment, the better the prognosis. However, some types of rectal neoplasms can be more aggressive and difficult to treat, and may have a poorer prognosis.

Prevention:

There is no sure way to prevent rectal neoplasms, but there are several screening tests that can help detect them early, including:

1. Colonoscopy: A test in which a flexible tube with a camera and light on the end is inserted into the rectum and colon to examine for polyps or cancer.
2. Fecal occult blood test (FOBT): A test that checks for blood in the stool.
3. Flexible sigmoidoscopy: A test similar to a colonoscopy, but only examines the lower part of the colon and rectum.
4. Digital rectal exam (DRE): An examination of the rectum using a gloved finger to feel for any abnormalities.

It is important to talk to your doctor about your risk for rectal neoplasms and any screening tests that may be appropriate for you. Early detection and treatment can improve the prognosis for these types of growths.

Explanation: Genetic predisposition to disease is influenced by multiple factors, including the presence of inherited genetic mutations or variations, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices. The likelihood of developing a particular disease can be increased by inherited genetic mutations that affect the functioning of specific genes or biological pathways. For example, inherited mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes increase the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer.

The expression of genetic predisposition to disease can vary widely, and not all individuals with a genetic predisposition will develop the disease. Additionally, many factors can influence the likelihood of developing a particular disease, such as environmental exposures, lifestyle choices, and other health conditions.

Inheritance patterns: Genetic predisposition to disease can be inherited in an autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or multifactorial pattern, depending on the specific disease and the genetic mutations involved. Autosomal dominant inheritance means that a single copy of the mutated gene is enough to cause the disease, while autosomal recessive inheritance requires two copies of the mutated gene. Multifactorial inheritance involves multiple genes and environmental factors contributing to the development of the disease.

Examples of diseases with a known genetic predisposition:

1. Huntington's disease: An autosomal dominant disorder caused by an expansion of a CAG repeat in the Huntingtin gene, leading to progressive neurodegeneration and cognitive decline.
2. Cystic fibrosis: An autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, leading to respiratory and digestive problems.
3. BRCA1/2-related breast and ovarian cancer: An inherited increased risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer due to mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes.
4. Sickle cell anemia: An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a point mutation in the HBB gene, leading to defective hemoglobin production and red blood cell sickling.
5. Type 1 diabetes: An autoimmune disease caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including multiple genes in the HLA complex.

Understanding the genetic basis of disease can help with early detection, prevention, and treatment. For example, genetic testing can identify individuals who are at risk for certain diseases, allowing for earlier intervention and preventive measures. Additionally, understanding the genetic basis of a disease can inform the development of targeted therapies and personalized medicine."


Example sentences:

1. The patient's neoplasm seeding had spread to her liver and bones, making treatment more challenging.
2. Researchers are studying the mechanisms of neoplasm seeding in order to develop new therapies for cancer.

These cells are typically small and irregular in shape and may have different surface markers than normal cells. They can travel through the bloodstream and potentially establish new tumors in other parts of the body. The presence of NCCs in the blood can be an early sign of cancer metastasis and can provide important diagnostic and prognostic information.

NCCs can be detected using various techniques, such as the CellSearch system, which uses a combination of magnetic and fluorescent markers to capture and identify CTCs in the blood. The detection and characterization of NCCs are becoming increasingly important in the management of cancer patients, particularly those with solid tumors like breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer.

Neoplastic cells circulating can be used for various purposes, including:

1. Diagnosis: The presence of NCCs in the blood can help confirm a cancer diagnosis and identify specific types of cancer.
2. Prognosis: The number and characteristics of NCCs can provide information about the aggressiveness of the cancer and the likelihood of metastasis.
3. Monitoring treatment response: The presence or absence of NCCs in the blood during treatment can indicate whether the therapy is effective or not.
4. Detection of minimal residual disease (MRD): NCCs can be used to detect small numbers of cancer cells that may remain after treatment, which can be an indicator of potential relapse.
5. Liquid biopsy: NCCs can be analyzed for genetic mutations and other molecular markers, providing valuable information for personalized medicine.

The carcinogenesis process of PDAC usually starts with the accumulation of genetic mutations in the pancreatic duct cells, which progressively leads to the formation of a premalignant lesion called PanIN (pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia). Over time, these lesions can develop into invasive adenocarcinoma, which is PDAC.

The main risk factor for developing PDAC is smoking, but other factors such as obesity, diabetes, and family history of pancreatic cancer also contribute to the development of the disease. Symptoms of PDAC are often non-specific and late-stage, which makes early diagnosis challenging.

The treatment options for PDAC are limited, and the prognosis is generally poor. Surgery is the only potentially curative treatment, but only a small percentage of patients are eligible for surgical resection due to the locally advanced nature of the disease at the time of diagnosis. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies are used to palliate symptoms and improve survival in non-surgical cases.

PDAC is an aggressive and lethal cancer, and there is a need for better diagnostic tools and more effective treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes.

Types of Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms:

1. Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC): A rare and aggressive malignant tumor that originates in the adrenal cortex. It is often associated with virilization (excessive masculinization) in women.
2. Adrenocortical adenoma (ACA): A benign tumor that originates in the adrenal cortex. It is less common than ACC and may not cause any symptoms.
3. Pheochromocytoma: A rare tumor that originates in the adrenal medulla, which is the inner part of the adrenal gland. It can secrete excessive amounts of hormones that regulate blood pressure and heart rate.
4. Paraganglioma: A rare tumor that originates in the paraganglia, which are clusters of cells located near the adrenal glands. These tumors can produce excessive amounts of hormones and cause similar symptoms as pheochromocytoma.

Symptoms of Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms:

1. Virilization (excessive masculinization) in women, such as deepening of the voice, excessive body hair growth, and clitoral enlargement.
2. Headache, fatigue, and weight gain due to excessive production of steroid hormones.
3. High blood pressure and heart rate due to excessive production of catecholamines (hormones that regulate blood pressure and heart rate).
4. Abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting due to the tumor's size and location.

Diagnosis of Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms:

1. Imaging tests such as CT scans or MRI to visualize the tumor and determine its size and location.
2. Laboratory tests to measure hormone levels in the blood, including cortisol, aldosterone, and catecholamines.
3. Biopsy to obtain a tissue sample for further examination under a microscope.

Treatment of Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms:

1. Surgery to remove the tumor, which is usually curative.
2. Medications to control symptoms such as high blood pressure and hormone levels.
3. Radiation therapy may be used in cases where surgery is not feasible or if there is a risk of recurrence.

Prognosis of Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms:

The prognosis for adrenal cortex neoplasms depends on the type and size of the tumor, as well as the extent of hormone production. In general, the prognosis is good for patients with benign tumors that are removed surgically. However, malignant tumors can have a poorer prognosis and may require additional treatments such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy.

Prevention of Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms:

There is no known prevention for adrenal cortex neoplasms, but early detection and treatment can improve outcomes. Regular monitoring of hormone levels and imaging tests can help detect tumors at an early stage.

Lifestyle Changes:

1. Reduce stress: High levels of cortisol can be caused by stress, so finding ways to manage stress can help prevent adrenal cortex neoplasms.
2. Maintain a healthy diet: Eating a balanced diet that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can help support overall health and well-being.
3. Exercise regularly: Regular physical activity can help reduce stress and improve overall health.
4. Get enough sleep: Aim for 7-8 hours of sleep per night to help regulate hormone levels.
5. Limit caffeine and alcohol: Both substances can disrupt hormone levels and contribute to the development of adrenal cortex neoplasms.

There are several types of vulvar neoplasms, including:

1. Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN): This is a precancerous condition that affects the squamous cells on the surface of the vulva. VIN can progress to vulvar cancer if left untreated.
2. Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma: This is the most common type of vulvar cancer and arises from the squamous cells that line the vulva.
3. Vulvar adenocarcinoma: This type of vulvar cancer originates in the glandular cells that are found near the opening of the vagina.
4. Vulvar melanoma: This is a rare type of vulvar cancer that arises from the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes.
5. Lymphoma: This is a type of cancer that affects the immune system and can occur in the vulva.

The symptoms of vulvar neoplasms can vary depending on the type and location of the growth, but may include:

* A visible lump or lesion on the vulva
* Itching, burning, or pain in the affected area
* Discharge or bleeding from the vulva
* Changes in the color or texture of the skin on the vulva

If you suspect you have a vulvar neoplasm, it is important to see a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and treatment. A physical examination and biopsy may be performed to determine the type and extent of the growth. Treatment options will depend on the type and stage of the neoplasm, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.

Cocarcinogenesis can occur through various mechanisms, such as:

1. Synergistic effects: The combined effect of two or more substances is greater than the sum of their individual effects. For example, smoking and exposure to asbestos can increase the risk of lung cancer more than either factor alone.
2. Antagonism: One substance may counteract the protective effects of another substance, leading to an increased risk of cancer. For example, alcohol consumption may antagonize the protective effects of a healthy diet against liver cancer.
3. Potentiation: One substance may enhance the carcinogenic effects of another substance. For example, smoking can potentiate the carcinogenic effects of exposure to certain chemicals in tobacco smoke.
4. Multistage carcinogenesis: Cocarcinogens can contribute to the development of cancer through multiple stages of carcinogenesis, including initiation, promotion, and progression.

Understanding cocarcinogenesis is important for developing effective cancer prevention strategies and for identifying potential co-carcinogens in our environment and diet. By identifying and avoiding co-carcinogens, we can reduce our risk of cancer and improve our overall health.

Oropharyngeal neoplasms can be caused by a variety of factors, including tobacco use, heavy alcohol consumption, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and exposure to environmental carcinogens such as asbestos or coal tar. They can also be associated with other medical conditions, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), weakened immune systems, and a history of head and neck radiation therapy.

Symptoms of oropharyngeal neoplasms can include a persistent sore throat, difficulty swallowing, ear pain, weight loss, and lumps in the neck. Treatment options for these neoplasms depend on the location, size, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health status. Treatment may involve surgery to remove the tumor, radiation therapy to kill cancer cells, or a combination of both. In some cases, chemotherapy may also be used to shrink the tumor before surgery or to kill any remaining cancer cells after treatment.

Early detection and diagnosis of oropharyngeal neoplasms are important for successful treatment and improved patient outcomes. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as CT scans or MRI, and biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Overall, oropharyngeal neoplasms are a serious medical condition that can have significant implications for patient quality of life and survival. Early detection and appropriate treatment are essential for improving outcomes and preventing complications associated with these tumors.

There are several types of chromosome aberrations, including:

1. Chromosomal deletions: Loss of a portion of a chromosome.
2. Chromosomal duplications: Extra copies of a chromosome or a portion of a chromosome.
3. Chromosomal translocations: A change in the position of a chromosome or a portion of a chromosome.
4. Chromosomal inversions: A reversal of a segment of a chromosome.
5. Chromosomal amplifications: An increase in the number of copies of a particular chromosome or gene.

Chromosome aberrations can be detected through various techniques, such as karyotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), or array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). These tests can help identify changes in the chromosomal makeup of cells and provide information about the underlying genetic causes of disease.

Chromosome aberrations are associated with a wide range of diseases, including:

1. Cancer: Chromosome abnormalities are common in cancer cells and can contribute to the development and progression of cancer.
2. Birth defects: Many birth defects are caused by chromosome abnormalities, such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21), which is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
3. Neurological disorders: Chromosome aberrations have been linked to various neurological disorders, including autism and intellectual disability.
4. Immunodeficiency diseases: Some immunodeficiency diseases, such as X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), are caused by chromosome abnormalities.
5. Infectious diseases: Chromosome aberrations can increase the risk of infection with certain viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
6. Ageing: Chromosome aberrations have been linked to the ageing process and may contribute to the development of age-related diseases.
7. Radiation exposure: Exposure to radiation can cause chromosome abnormalities, which can increase the risk of cancer and other diseases.
8. Genetic disorders: Many genetic disorders are caused by chromosome aberrations, such as Turner syndrome (45,X), which is caused by a missing X chromosome.
9. Rare diseases: Chromosome aberrations can cause rare diseases, such as Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY), which is caused by an extra copy of the X chromosome.
10. Infertility: Chromosome abnormalities can contribute to infertility in both men and women.

Understanding the causes and consequences of chromosome aberrations is important for developing effective treatments and improving human health.

Some common types of urologic neoplasms include:

1. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC): a type of kidney cancer that originates in the cells of the kidney's tubules.
2. Bladder cancer: a type of cancer that affects the cells lining the bladder, and can be classified as superficial or invasive.
3. Ureteral cancer: a rare type of cancer that develops in the muscular tissue of the ureters.
4. Prostate cancer: a common type of cancer in men that affects the prostate gland.
5. Penile cancer: a rare type of cancer that develops on the penis, usually in the skin or mucous membranes.
6. Testicular cancer: a rare type of cancer that develops in the testicles, and is most common in young men between the ages of 15 and 35.

The symptoms of urologic neoplasms can vary depending on their location and size, but may include blood in the urine, painful urination, frequent urination, or abdominal pain. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging studies (such as CT scans or ultrasound) and tissue biopsy.

Treatment options for urologic neoplasms vary depending on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, but may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these. In some cases, watchful waiting or active surveillance may be recommended for small, slow-growing tumors that are not causing symptoms or threatening the patient's life.

The prognosis for urologic neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the cancer at the time of diagnosis. In general, early detection and treatment improve the chances of a successful outcome. However, some types of urologic neoplasms are more aggressive and difficult to treat than others.

Prevention is often challenging for urologic neoplasms, as many risk factors (such as family history or genetic predisposition) cannot be controlled. However, some measures may help reduce the risk of developing certain types of urologic neoplasms, such as:

* Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
* Avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption
* Protecting the skin from sun exposure to reduce the risk of skin cancer
* Avoiding exposure to certain chemicals or toxins that may increase the risk of certain types of cancer
* Practicing safe sex to reduce the risk of HPV-related cancers.

Papillomas can occur anywhere on the body, but they are most commonly found on the face, neck, and scalp. They may appear as small bumps or growths that look like a wart. In some cases, papillomas may be associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.

Papillomas are typically diagnosed through a physical examination of the affected area. In some cases, a biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other potential causes. Treatment for papillomas usually involves removal of the growth through a minor surgical procedure or cryotherapy (freezing).

Papillomas are not cancerous and do not typically pose any long-term health risks. However, they may be unsightly and can cause psychological distress for some people. In these cases, treatment may be sought for cosmetic reasons. It is important to note that papillomas should not be confused with squamous cell carcinoma, a type of skin cancer that can resemble a papilloma in appearance but has the potential to be more aggressive and harmful.

Peritoneal neoplasms are relatively rare, but they can be aggressive and difficult to treat. The most common types of peritoneal neoplasms include:

1. Peritoneal mesothelioma: This is the most common type of peritoneal neoplasm and arises from the mesothelial cells that line the abdominal cavity. It is often associated with asbestos exposure.
2. Ovarian cancer: This type of cancer originates in the ovaries and can spread to the peritoneum.
3. Appendiceal cancer: This type of cancer arises in the appendix and can spread to the peritoneum.
4. Pseudomyxoma peritonei: This is a rare type of cancer that originates in the abdominal cavity and resembles a mucin-secreting tumor.
5. Primary peritoneal cancer: This type of cancer originates in the peritoneum itself and can be of various types, including adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and sarcoma.

The symptoms of peritoneal neoplasms vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include abdominal pain, distension, and difficulty eating or passing stool. Treatment options for peritoneal neoplasms depend on the type and stage of the cancer, but may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Prognosis for peritoneal neoplasms is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of around 20-30%.

Neoplasms, unknown primary can occur in any organ or tissue in the body and can affect anyone, regardless of age or gender. The symptoms and treatment options for these types of neoplasms depend on the location and size of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and medical history.

Some common types of neoplasms, unknown primary include:

1. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that originate in the skin or organs.
2. Sarcomas: These are malignant tumors that originate in connective tissue, such as bone, cartilage, and fat.
3. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system, such as Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
4. Leukemias: These are cancers of the blood and bone marrow.

The diagnosis of a neoplasm, unknown primary is typically made through a combination of imaging tests, such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, and a biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of tissue from the tumor for examination under a microscope. Treatment options for these types of neoplasms can include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these methods.

It is important to note that not all neoplasms, unknown primary are cancerous, and some may be benign but still require treatment to remove the tumor. In some cases, the tumor may be monitored with regular check-ups and imaging tests to ensure that it does not grow or spread.

Overall, the prognosis for neoplasms, unknown primary depends on several factors, including the type of tumor, its size and location, and the effectiveness of treatment. In general, early detection and prompt treatment can improve outcomes for these types of conditions.

The most common types of ureteral neoplasms include:

1. Ureteral calculi (stones): Small, hard mineral deposits that form in the ureters and can cause pain and blockage.
2. Ureteral tumors: Both benign and malignant tumors can occur in the ureters, including transitional cell carcinoma, papillary tumors, and ureteral leiomyomas (smooth muscle tumors).
3. Metanephric stromal tumors: Rare tumors that originate in the supporting tissue of the kidney and can occur in the ureters.
4. Wilms' tumor: A rare type of kidney cancer that can spread to the ureters.

Symptoms of ureteral neoplasms may include blood in the urine, pain in the flank or abdomen, frequent urination, and abdominal mass. Diagnosis is typically made with imaging studies such as CT scans and/or ultrasound, followed by a biopsy to confirm the type of tumor. Treatment depends on the type and location of the tumor, and may involve surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy.

Recurrence can also refer to the re-emergence of symptoms in a previously treated condition, such as a chronic pain condition that returns after a period of remission.

In medical research, recurrence is often studied to understand the underlying causes of disease progression and to develop new treatments and interventions to prevent or delay its return.

A sudden and unexpected tearing or breaking open of a bodily structure, such as a blood vessel, muscle, or tendon, without any obvious external cause. This can occur due to various factors, including genetic predisposition, aging, or other underlying medical conditions.

Examples:

* Spontaneous rupture of the Achilles tendon
* Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD)
* Spontaneous pneumothorax (collapsed lung)

Symptoms and Signs:

* Sudden, severe pain
* Swelling and bruising in the affected area
* Difficulty moving or using the affected limb
* Palpitations or shortness of breath (in cardiac cases)

Diagnosis:

* Physical examination and medical history
* Imaging tests, such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans, to confirm the rupture and assess the extent of damage
* Blood tests to check for underlying conditions that may have contributed to the rupture

Treatment:

* Rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE) to reduce pain and swelling
* Immobilization of the affected limb with a cast or brace
* Medications to manage pain and inflammation
* Surgery may be required in some cases to repair the damaged tissue or organ

Prognosis:

* The prognosis for spontaneous rupture depends on the location and severity of the rupture, as well as the underlying cause. In general, the sooner treatment is received, the better the outcome.

Complications:

* Infection
* Further damage to surrounding tissues or organs
* Chronic pain or limited mobility
* In some cases, long-term disability or death

Some common types of bone neoplasms include:

* Osteochondromas: These are benign tumors that grow on the surface of a bone.
* Giant cell tumors: These are benign tumors that can occur in any bone of the body.
* Chondromyxoid fibromas: These are rare, benign tumors that develop in the cartilage of a bone.
* Ewing's sarcoma: This is a malignant tumor that usually occurs in the long bones of the arms and legs.
* Multiple myeloma: This is a type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow.

Symptoms of bone neoplasms can include pain, swelling, or deformity of the affected bone, as well as weakness or fatigue. Treatment options depend on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the severity of the symptoms. Treatment may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these.

Biliary tract neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the biliary tract, which includes the liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

There are several types of biliary tract neoplasms, including:

1. Cholangiocarcinoma: This is a rare type of cancer that originates in the cells lining the bile ducts. It can occur in the liver or outside the liver.
2. Gallbladder cancer: This type of cancer occurs in the gallbladder and is relatively rare.
3. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer, which means it originates in the liver rather than spreading from another part of the body.
4. Bile duct cancer: This type of cancer occurs in the bile ducts that carry bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine.

Biliary tract neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including abdominal pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), weight loss, fatigue, and itching. These symptoms can be non-specific and may resemble those of other conditions, making diagnosis challenging.

Diagnosis of biliary tract neoplasms usually involves a combination of imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scans, MRI, and PET scans, as well as biopsies to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options for biliary tract neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these.

There are several causes of liver failure, including:

1. Alcohol-related liver disease: Prolonged and excessive alcohol consumption can damage liver cells, leading to inflammation, scarring, and eventually liver failure.
2. Viral hepatitis: Hepatitis A, B, and C are viral infections that can cause inflammation and damage to the liver, leading to liver failure.
3. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A condition where there is an accumulation of fat in the liver, leading to inflammation and scarring.
4. Drug-induced liver injury: Certain medications can cause liver damage and failure, especially when taken in high doses or for extended periods.
5. Genetic disorders: Certain inherited conditions, such as hemochromatosis and Wilson's disease, can cause liver damage and failure.
6. Acute liver failure: This is a sudden and severe loss of liver function, often caused by medication overdose or other toxins.
7. Chronic liver failure: A gradual decline in liver function over time, often caused by cirrhosis or NAFLD.

Symptoms of liver failure can include:

1. Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
2. Fatigue
3. Loss of appetite
4. Nausea and vomiting
5. Abdominal pain
6. Confusion and altered mental state
7. Easy bruising and bleeding

Diagnosis of liver failure is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, such as blood tests to check for liver enzymes and bilirubin levels. Imaging tests, such as ultrasound and CT scans, may also be used to evaluate the liver.

Treatment of liver failure depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, a liver transplant may be necessary. Other treatments may include medications to manage symptoms, such as nausea and pain, and supportive care to maintain nutrition and hydration. In severe cases, hospitalization may be required to monitor and treat complications.

Prevention of liver failure is important, and this can be achieved by:

1. Avoiding alcohol or drinking in moderation
2. Maintaining a healthy weight and diet
3. Managing underlying medical conditions, such as diabetes and high blood pressure
4. Avoiding exposure to toxins, such as certain medications and environmental chemicals
5. Getting vaccinated against hepatitis A and B
6. Practicing safe sex to prevent the spread of hepatitis B and C.

Examples and Observations:

Oxyphil adenomas are rare in the small bowel (less than 1% of all small intestinal tumors) but are more common in the duodenum and proximal jejunum. They usually manifest as multiple, submucosal nodules that can vary in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter. [2]

The presence of oxyphil adenomas in the stomach is rare (less than 1% of all gastric tumors) and most often occurs as multiple, small, submucosal nodules. However, larger adenomas may also be present. [3]

Synonyms: oxyphil cell adenoma; oxyphil cell tumor; oxyphil polyp. [1]

Notes:

* Oxyphil adenomas are often associated with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and Turcot syndrome. [2]

References:

[1] Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Care Professionals. © 2008 Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Used with permission.

[2] Oxyphil Adenoma. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, Professional Edition. © 2015 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc. All rights reserved. Used with permission.

[3] Oxyphil Adenoma. Gastrointestinal Tumors: benign and malignant tumors of the digestive system, including colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, biliary tract cancer, and soft tissue sarcomas. © 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland. All rights reserved. Used with permission.

Carcinosarcomas are typically slow-growing and can occur in various parts of the body, including the abdomen, pelvis, and extremities. They can be difficult to diagnose because they often have a mix of cancerous and noncancerous cells, making it challenging to determine the exact type of tumor.

The treatment of carcinosarcoma depends on the location, size, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery is often the first line of treatment, followed by radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. In some cases, a combination of all three may be necessary.

Overall, carcinosarcoma is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that requires careful management and coordinated care from a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals. With proper treatment, many patients with carcinosarcoma can achieve long-term survival and a good quality of life.

Example sentences:

1. The patient was diagnosed with a rare form of cancer called carcinosarcoma, which is a combination of both carcinoma and sarcoma.
2. The carcinosarcoma had spread to the patient's lymph nodes and required aggressive treatment, including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
3. Due to the rarity of carcinosarcoma, the oncologist consulted with a team of specialists to develop a personalized treatment plan for the patient.

There are several types of eyelid neoplasms, including:

1. Basal cell carcinoma: This is the most common type of skin cancer, and it usually occurs on the skin around the nose and forehead. It can also occur on the eyelids.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of cancer usually occurs on sun-exposed areas, such as the face, ears, and hands. It can also occur on the eyelids.
3. Melanoma: This is a rare but aggressive type of cancer that can occur on any skin surface, including the eyelids.
4. Lymphoma: This is a type of cancer that affects the immune system, and it can occur in the eyelid tissue.
5. Sebaceous gland carcinoma: This is a rare type of cancer that affects the oil-producing glands in the eyelids.
6. Hemangiopericytic sarcoma: This is a rare type of cancer that affects the blood vessels in the eyelids.
7. Xanthelasma: This is a benign growth that occurs on the eyelids and is usually associated with high cholesterol levels.
8. Pyogenic granuloma: This is a benign growth that can occur on the eyelids and is usually caused by an infection.

Symptoms of eyelid neoplasms can include:

* A lump or bump on the eyelid
* Redness, swelling, or discharge from the eyelid
* Pain or tenderness in the eyelid
* Difficulty moving the eye or vision problems

If you suspect that you have an eyelid neoplasm, it is important to see an eye doctor as soon as possible for a proper diagnosis and treatment. Your doctor will perform a comprehensive examination of your eyes, including a visual examination of the eyelids, and may also use diagnostic tests such as imaging studies or biopsies to determine the cause of your symptoms. Treatment for eyelid neoplasms depends on the specific type of cancer or other condition that is present, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or other treatments.

Papillomavirus infections can be classified into two main categories: low-risk and high-risk. Low-risk papillomavirus infections typically cause benign growths such as common warts, which are usually harmless and resolve on their own over time. High-risk papillomavirus infections, on the other hand, can lead to serious health problems such as cancer, particularly cervical cancer in women and anal cancer in both men and women.

The most common form of papillomavirus infection is genital warts, which are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is the most common sexually transmitted virus and affects both men and women. It is estimated that up to 80% of people will be infected with HPV at some point in their lifetime, but most will not develop any symptoms or complications.

Other forms of papillomavirus infections include plantar warts, which are common on the soles of the feet and palms of the hands, and flat warts, which are small, rough growths that can appear anywhere on the body.

Papillomavirus infections can be diagnosed through a variety of methods, including visual inspection, biopsy, and molecular tests such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction). Treatment options vary depending on the type and location of the infection, but may include cryotherapy (freezing), surgical removal, or topical medications. Vaccines are also available to protect against certain types of papillomaviruses, particularly HPV.

Overall, papillomavirus infections are a common and diverse group of conditions that can have significant health implications if left untreated or if they progress to more severe forms. Proper diagnosis and treatment are important for managing these infections and preventing long-term complications.



The signs and symptoms of CE can vary depending on the location of the tumor, but they may include:

* Lumps or swelling in the neck, underarm, or groin area
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats
* Swollen lymph nodes
* Pain in the affected area

CE is caused by a genetic mutation that leads to uncontrolled cell growth and division. The exact cause of the mutation is not fully understood, but it is believed to be linked to exposure to certain viruses or chemicals.

Diagnosis of CE typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as CT scans or PET scans, and biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options for CE depend on the stage and location of the tumor, but may include:

* Chemotherapy to kill cancer cells
* Radiation therapy to shrink the tumor
* Surgery to remove the tumor
* Immunotherapy to boost the immune system's ability to fight the cancer

Overall, CE is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to improve outcomes.

There are several types of teratomas, including:

1. Mature teratoma: This type of teratoma is made up of well-differentiated tissues that resemble normal tissues. It can contain structures such as hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.
2. Immature teratoma: This type of teratoma is made up of poorly differentiated cells that do not resemble normal tissues. It can contain structures such as cartilage, bone, and nervous tissue.
3. Teratoid mesodermal tumor: This type of teratoma arises from the mesoderm, which is one of the three primary layers of cells in the embryo. It can contain structures such as muscle, bone, and connective tissue.
4. Teratoid endodermal tumor: This type of teratoma arises from the endoderm, which is another primary layer of cells in the embryo. It can contain structures such as glandular tissue and epithelial tissue.

Teratomas are usually benign, but they can sometimes be malignant. Malignant teratomas can spread to other parts of the body and cause serious complications. The treatment of teratomas depends on their type, size, and location, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options can include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

In summary, a teratoma is a type of tumor that contains abnormal cells that grow and multiply in an uncontrolled manner, often forming masses or lumps. There are several types of teratomas, and they can occur in various parts of the body. Treatment options depend on the type, size, location, and patient's overall health.

Also known as:

* Cystadenocarcinoma, papilliferum
* Papillary adenocarcinoma
* Glandular neoplasm, papillary

Synonyms:

* Adenocarcinoma, papillary
* Carcinoma, papillary
* Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
* Cystic papillary carcinoma

Epithelial tumors of the breast with a glandular or mixed (glandular and ductal) pattern account for approximately 15% of all breast cancers. The most common histologic type is papillary adenocarcinoma, which accounts for about 70% of all glandular tumors.

Papillary carcinoma (PC) was first described by Miles in 1932 as a distinct clinical and pathological entity. It typically affects women between the ages of 40 to 60 years, with rare cases occurring in men. The incidence is 1/1,800,000 for invasive PC and 1/3,500,000 for DCIS.

The majority of papillary carcinomas are confined to the breast and regional lymph nodes; however, there have been case reports of distant metastases.

PC is a slow-growing tumor with an average diameter of 15-20 mm, and most patients present with a palpable mass or nipple discharge. The microscopic features include a glandular or acinar pattern, with papillary structures lined by bland-appearing cells.

The malignant potential of PC is less than that of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). The 5-year survival rate for PC is approximately 90%, and the risk of recurrence is low.

Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and hormone therapy. Surgical excision is the primary treatment, with a wide local excision being preferred over lumpectomy or simple mastectomy. Radiation therapy may be recommended for patients with positive axillary nodes or large tumors. Hormone therapy may be considered for postmenopausal women with ER-positive tumors.

Despite its relatively low malignant potential, PC should be treated aggressively to prevent local recurrence and possible distant metastases. The prognosis is generally excellent, but long-term follow-up is essential to monitor for any signs of recurrence or new primary cancers.

A type of cancer that arises from squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells that are found in the outer layers of the skin and mucous membranes. Squamous cell neoplasms can occur in various parts of the body, including the head and neck, lung, esophagus, and cervix. They are often slow-growing and may not cause symptoms until they have reached an advanced stage.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common type of squamous cell neoplasm. It can be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy, depending on the location and stage of the cancer. Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (SCCS) is the second most common type of skin cancer, after basal cell carcinoma.

Other types of squamous cell neoplasms include:

* Squamous cell papilloma: a benign tumor that grows on the surface of the skin or mucous membranes.
* Squamous cell hyperplasia: an abnormal growth of squamous cells that can be precancerous.
* Squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SCCIS): a precancerous condition in which abnormal squamous cells are found in the skin or mucous membranes.

Overall, squamous cell neoplasms can be treated successfully if they are detected early and appropriate treatment is provided.

SCC tends to be more aggressive than other types of skin cancer (such as basal cell carcinoma) and can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated. Treatment for SCC usually involves surgical removal of the affected tissue, and in some cases, may require additional therapies such as radiation or chemotherapy.

It's important to note that early detection and treatment of SCC can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications. Regular self-exams and screening by a dermatologist can help identify skin cancers in their early stages.

Examples of mammary neoplasms in animals include:

* Mammary adenocarcinoma: A type of tumor that develops in the mammary gland of animals and is characterized by the growth of abnormal cells that produce milk.
* Mammary fibroadenoma: A benign tumor that develops in the mammary gland of animals and is characterized by the growth of fibrous and glandular tissue.
* Inflammatory mammary carcinoma: A type of tumor that develops in the mammary gland of animals and is characterized by the presence of inflammatory cells and abnormal cells.

These tumors can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, hormonal imbalances, and exposure to certain environmental agents. They can also be induced experimentally using chemical carcinogens or viruses.

The study of mammary neoplasms in animals is important for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying breast cancer development and progression, as well as for identifying potential therapeutic targets and developing new treatments.

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Some common effects of chromosomal deletions include:

1. Genetic disorders: Chromosomal deletions can lead to a variety of genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, which is caused by a deletion of a portion of chromosome 21. Other examples include Prader-Willi syndrome (deletion of chromosome 15), and Williams syndrome (deletion of chromosome 7).
2. Birth defects: Chromosomal deletions can increase the risk of birth defects, such as heart defects, cleft palate, and limb abnormalities.
3. Developmental delays: Children with chromosomal deletions may experience developmental delays, learning disabilities, and intellectual disability.
4. Increased cancer risk: Some chromosomal deletions can increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer, such as chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and breast cancer.
5. Reproductive problems: Chromosomal deletions can lead to reproductive problems, such as infertility or recurrent miscarriage.

Chromosomal deletions can be diagnosed through a variety of techniques, including karyotyping (examination of the chromosomes), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and microarray analysis. Treatment options for chromosomal deletions depend on the specific effects of the deletion and may include medication, surgery, or other forms of therapy.

The most common type of pharyngeal neoplasm is squamous cell carcinoma, which accounts for approximately 90% of all cases. Other types of pharyngeal neoplasms include adenocarcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and lymphoma.

The symptoms of pharyngeal neoplasms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but they may include:

* Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
* Pain with swallowing (odynophagia)
* Hoarseness or a raspy voice
* Sore throat
* Ear pain
* Weight loss
* Fatigue
* Coughing up blood (hemoptysis)

If you have any of these symptoms, it is important to see a doctor for proper evaluation and diagnosis. A biopsy or other diagnostic tests will be needed to confirm the presence of a pharyngeal neoplasm and determine its type and extent. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these, depending on the specific type of tumor and its stage (extent) of growth.

In summary, pharyngeal neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that can develop in the pharynx, and they can be benign or malignant. Symptoms may include difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, ear pain, and other symptoms, and diagnosis typically requires a biopsy or other diagnostic tests. Treatment options depend on the specific type of tumor and its stage of growth.

Spontaneous neoplasm regression can be seen in various types of cancer, but it is more common in certain types such as breast cancer, melanoma, and thyroid cancer. The mechanism behind spontaneous regression is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic and immune-related factors. Some studies suggest that the immune system may play a role in recognizing and attacking cancer cells, leading to their disappearance.

Spontaneous neoplasm regression can be difficult to distinguish from treatment-induced responses, making it challenging to determine whether the cancer has truly regressed spontaneously or if the response is due to therapy. However, certain characteristics such as rapidity of response and the absence of any identifiable treatment can help differentiate between spontaneous regression and treatment-induced responses.

While spontaneous neoplasm regression is a rare occurrence, it has important implications for cancer treatment and management. It highlights the complexity of cancer biology and the need for continued research into the underlying mechanisms of cancer development and progression. Moreover, the study of spontaneous regression can provide insights into potential therapeutic strategies that could be used to enhance or mimic this process in other cancer patients.

There are several types of hypopharyngeal neoplasms, including:

1. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): This is the most common type of hypopharyngeal cancer, accounting for about 90% of cases. It arises from the squamous cells that line the hypopharynx.
2. Adenocarcinoma: This type of cancer arises from the glandular cells that line the hypopharynx.
3. Other rare types: Other types of hypopharyngeal neoplasms include sarcomas, lymphomas, and melanomas.

The symptoms of hypopharyngeal neoplasms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. Common symptoms include:

1. Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
2. Pain when swallowing (odynophagia)
3. Hoarseness or voice changes
4. Lumps in the neck
5. Weight loss
6. Fatigue
7. Coughing up blood (hemoptysis)
8. Difficulty breathing (dyspnea)

Hypopharyngeal neoplasms are diagnosed through a combination of endoscopy, imaging tests such as CT scans or MRI, and biopsies. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies. The prognosis for hypopharyngeal neoplasms depends on the stage and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health.

In summary, hypopharyngeal neoplasms are a type of cancer that affects the lower part of the throat, and can be diagnosed through a combination of endoscopy, imaging tests, and biopsies. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies, and the prognosis depends on the stage and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health.

1. Parvovirus (Parvo): A highly contagious viral disease that affects dogs of all ages and breeds, causing symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and severe dehydration.
2. Distemper: A serious viral disease that can affect dogs of all ages and breeds, causing symptoms such as fever, coughing, and seizures.
3. Rabies: A deadly viral disease that affects dogs and other animals, transmitted through the saliva of infected animals, and causing symptoms such as aggression, confusion, and paralysis.
4. Heartworms: A common condition caused by a parasitic worm that infects the heart and lungs of dogs, leading to symptoms such as coughing, fatigue, and difficulty breathing.
5. Ticks and fleas: These external parasites can cause skin irritation, infection, and disease in dogs, including Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis.
6. Canine hip dysplasia (CHD): A genetic condition that affects the hip joint of dogs, causing symptoms such as arthritis, pain, and mobility issues.
7. Osteosarcoma: A type of bone cancer that affects dogs, often diagnosed in older dogs and causing symptoms such as lameness, swelling, and pain.
8. Allergies: Dog allergies can cause skin irritation, ear infections, and other health issues, and may be triggered by environmental factors or specific ingredients in their diet.
9. Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV): A life-threatening condition that occurs when a dog's stomach twists and fills with gas, causing symptoms such as vomiting, pain, and difficulty breathing.
10. Cruciate ligament injuries: Common in active dogs, these injuries can cause joint instability, pain, and mobility issues.

It is important to monitor your dog's health regularly and seek veterinary care if you notice any changes or abnormalities in their behavior, appetite, or physical condition.

Some common types of gastrointestinal neoplasms include:

1. Gastric adenocarcinoma: A type of stomach cancer that starts in the glandular cells of the stomach lining.
2. Colorectal adenocarcinoma: A type of cancer that starts in the glandular cells of the colon or rectum.
3. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A type of cancer that starts in the squamous cells of the esophagus.
4. Small intestine neuroendocrine tumors: Tumors that start in the hormone-producing cells of the small intestine.
5. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): Tumors that start in the connective tissue of the GI tract.

The symptoms of gastrointestinal neoplasms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but they may include:

* Abdominal pain or discomfort
* Changes in bowel habits (such as diarrhea or constipation)
* Weight loss
* Fatigue
* Nausea and vomiting

If you have any of these symptoms, it is important to see a doctor for further evaluation and diagnosis. A gastrointestinal neoplasm can be diagnosed through a combination of endoscopy (insertion of a flexible tube into the GI tract to visualize the inside), imaging tests (such as CT or MRI scans), and biopsy (removal of a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope).

Treatment options for gastrointestinal neoplasms depend on the type, location, and stage of the tumor, but they may include:

* Surgery to remove the tumor
* Chemotherapy (use of drugs to kill cancer cells)
* Radiation therapy (use of high-energy X-rays or other particles to kill cancer cells)
* Targeted therapy (use of drugs that target specific molecules involved in cancer growth and development)
* Supportive care (such as pain management and nutritional support)

The prognosis for gastrointestinal neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the tumor, but in general, early detection and treatment improve outcomes. If you have been diagnosed with a gastrointestinal neoplasm, it is important to work closely with your healthcare team to develop a personalized treatment plan and follow up regularly for monitoring and adjustments as needed.

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"Expression and processing of gastrin in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, fibrolamellar carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma ... Carr, Brian I; Pancoska, Petr; Branch, Robert A (2010-02-25). "Low alpha-fetoprotein hepatocellular carcinoma". Journal of ... be improved by measuring hPG80 levels as a complementary blood biomarker in a cohort of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma ... It has been observed that hPG80 concentrations are increased in patients at risk of developing colorectal carcinoma. In ...
Mallory bodies in hepatocellular carcinoma. Trichrome stain. "Cell Injury". Denk, H; Franke, WW; Eckerstorfer, R; Schmid, E; ... hepatocellular carcinoma (23%) and morbid obesity (8%), among other conditions. However, it has also been reported in certain ...
Co-author) Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Methods and Protocols[. Totowa: Springer. 2000. ISBN 978-1-59259-079-7. "Habib Nagy / ... gene therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma". Cancer Gene Therapy. 9 (3): 254-259. doi:10.1038/sj.cgt.7700431. ISSN 1476-5500. ... "New therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma". Oncogene. 25 (27): 3866-3884. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1209550. hdl:10171/27496. ISSN ...
Michielsen, Peter P; Francque, Sven M; Van Dongen, Jurgen L (2005). "Viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma". World ... H Salim, Omer E; Hamid, Hytham K S; Mekki, Salwa O; Suleiman, Suleiman H; Ibrahim, Shakir Z (2010). "Colorectal carcinoma ... February 2012). "Fusobacterium nucleatum infection is prevalent in human colorectal carcinoma". Genome Research. 22 (2): 299- ...
"Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Working Group Report from the ILTS Transplant Oncology Consensus Conference ... "Evaluation of the Intention-to-Treat Benefit of Living Donation in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma Awaiting a Liver ... "Experience With LDLT in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Portal Vein Tumor Thrombosis Postdownstaging". Retrieved 2 ... Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Working Group Report from the ILTS Transplant Oncology Consensus Conference ...
"Malignant transformation of hepatocellular adenomas into hepatocellular carcinomas: a systematic review including more than ... but the best available data suggests that the risk of hepatocellular adenoma becoming hepatocellular carcinoma, which is ... Transformation to hepatocellular carcinoma is more common in men. Currently, if the hepatic adenoma is >5 cm, increasing in ... Zhao YJ, Ju Q, Li GC (2013). "Tumor markers for hepatocellular carcinoma". Mol Clin Oncol. 1 (4): 593-598. doi:10.3892/mco. ...
"Orbital metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma". Surv Ophthalmol. 50 (5): 485-9. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2005.06.014. PMID ... Honavar SG (2018). "Sebaceous gland carcinoma: Can we do better?". Indian J Ophthalmol. 66 (9): 1235-1237. doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_ ... Mulay K, White VA, Shah SJ, Honavar SG (2014). "Sebaceous carcinoma: clinicopathologic features and diagnostic role of ... "Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland: role of nuclear survivin (BIRC5) as a prognostic marker". Histopathology. 62 (6 ...
Chen C, Lou T (2017). "Hypoxia inducible factors in hepatocellular carcinoma". Oncotarget. 8 (28): 46691-703. doi:10.18632/ ... "Hypoxia inducible factors in hepatocellular carcinoma". Oncotarget. 8 (28): 46691-703. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.17358. PMC ...
"Phase 3 Study of ThermoDox With Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) in Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) - Full Text View ... The most common indication is for treatment of unresectable liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma). Transarterial ... Salem, Riad; Lewandowski, Robert J. (June 2013). "Chemoembolization and radioembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma". ... primary liver tumors such as hepatocellular carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma and liver metastases are often treated by ...
... is being researched for efficacy as a treatment for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), ... renal cell carcinoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is a small molecule inhibitor of the tyrosine kinases c-Met and VEGFR2, ... In January 2019, the FDA approved cabozantinib (Cabometyx, Exelixis, Inc.) for people with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who ... "FDA approves cabozantinib for hepatocellular carcinoma". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 14 January 2019. Retrieved 23 ...
Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus. A prospective study of 22,707 men in Taiwan. Lancet 1981;2(8256):1129-1133 " ... His longitudinal observations were the first to demonstrate that hepatocellular carcinoma was prevented in Taiwanese males by ... making hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis of the liver-one of the primary causes of death for much of the developing world ... cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma." Dr. Beasley "demonstrated the efficacy of hepatitis B immune globulin in blocking ...
Fanelli A (2016). "HepG2 (liver hepatocellular carcinoma): cell culture". HepG2. Retrieved 3 December 2017. Mersch-Sundermann V ... gelatin Hydrogels Cultured with HepG2 Cells as a 3D Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Morphological Study". Journal of ... 1975 from the liver tissue of a 15-year-old Caucasian male from Argentina with a well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma. ... "Controlled synthesis of HBsAg in a differentiated human liver carcinoma-derived cell line". Nature. 282 (5739): 615-616. ...
The rationale for the use of bland embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) and/or other hyper-vascular tumors is based ... The m o common indication of this therapy is for treatment of unresectable primary hepatocellular carcinoma, based on anatomic ... Llovet JM, Brú C, Bruix J (1999). "Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: the BCLC staging classification". Seminars in Liver ... Shah RP, Brown KT, Sofocleous CT (October 2011). "Arterially directed therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma". AJR. American ...
Although this agent was the clear cause of hepatitis and might contribute to liver cancer hepatocellular carcinoma, this link ... Beasley RP, Hwang LY, Lin CC, Chien CS (November 1981). "Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus. A prospective study of ... The hepatitis B vaccine is the first vaccine that has been established to prevent cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) by ... HCV was subsequently shown to be a major contributor to Hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer) worldwide. In 1994 Patrick S. ...
On 10 May 2019, ramucirumab was approved by FDA as a single agent treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients who ... Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and (10 May 2019). "FDA approves ramucirumab for hepatocellular carcinoma". FDA. "Cyramza ... Levitan D (February 2016). "Added to Docetaxel Extends PFS in Urothelial Carcinoma". Cancer Network. Clinical trial number ... with metastatic colorectal carcinoma (CRC) progressive during or following first-line combination therapy with bevacizumab (bev ...
"Hepatitis C virus infection is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 87 (17 ... "Hepatitis C HCV associated hepatocellular carcinoma". Hepatology. 10 (4): 589-91. doi:10.1002/hep.1840100432. PMID 2169456. De ...
Also see radioembolization in the case of combined cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Needles made of yttrium-90, which ... Salem, R; Lewandowski, R. J (2013). "Chemoembolization and Radioembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma". Clinical ... A technique called radioembolization is used to treat hepatocellular carcinoma and liver metastasis. Radioembolization is a low ...
... hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, non-small-cell lung carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, and breast cancer. The forced ... Xu G, Dang C (2017). "CMTM5 is downregulated and suppresses tumour growth in hepatocellular carcinoma through regulating PI3K- ... "Chemokine-Like Factor-Like MARVEL Transmembrane Domain-Containing Family in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Latest Advances". ... "CMTM5 exhibits tumor suppressor activities and is frequently silenced by methylation in carcinoma cell lines". Clinical Cancer ...
... and virological characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma in Asia: Survey of 414 patients from four countries". Journal of ...
... and EMT interactions may also play a role in hepatocellular carcinoma. VEGF-B treatment of hepatoma carcinoma cells can ... In another example, Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been identified as activating microRNA-181s in hepatocellular carcinoma that ... Ji J, Yamashita T, Wang XW (2011). "Wnt/β-catenin signaling activates microRNA-181 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma". ... F9 embryonal carcinoma cells are similar to the P19 cells shown in Figure 1 and normally have cell-to-cell adhesion mediated by ...
March 2008). "Heat shock protein A1B 1267 polymorphism is highly associated with risk and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma ... and caspase-dependent ATF5 degradation in hepatocellular carcinoma cells". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 287 (23): 19599 ... infection who harbor a HSPA1B-1267 single nucleotide polymorphism have a higher risk for developing hepatocellular carcinoma. ... expression in bladder urothelial carcinoma is associated with tumour progression and promotes migration and invasion". European ...
Control of chronic hepatitis C by IFN is associated with reduced hepatocellular carcinoma. Unconfirmed results suggested that ... "Secondary prevention of recurrence by interferon therapy after ablation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic ...
Tan S, Li R, Ding K, Lobie PE, Zhu T (July 2011). "miR-198 inhibits migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by ... "MicroRNA gene expression profile of hepatitis C virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma". Hepatology. 47 (4): 1223-32. doi: ... "Mature miR-184 as Potential Oncogenic microRNA of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Tongue". Clinical Cancer Research. 14 (9): 2588-92 ...
Prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma in individuals exposed to aflatoxin, increases with co-infection of hepatitis B virus. ... Up to 44% of hepatocellular carcinomas in regions with high aflatoxin exposure bear a GC → TA transversion at codon 249 of p53 ... Aflatoxin B1 is considered the most toxic aflatoxin and it is highly implicated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in humans.[ ... Kew, MC (September 2013). "Aflatoxins as a cause of hepatocellular carcinoma". Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases. ...
In November 2018, the US FDA granted accelerated approval to pembrolizumab for those with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who ... "FDA grants accelerated approval to pembrolizumab for hepatocellular carcinoma". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press ... in Participants With Progressive Locally Advanced or Metastatic Carcinoma, Melanoma, or Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma (P07990/ ... Results of a Phase II clinical trial in Merkel-cell carcinoma were reported in The New England Journal of Medicine in June 2016 ...
... and hepatocellular carcinoma. HAVCR2/ galectin-9 interaction attenuated T-cell expansion and effectors function in tumor ... "Galectin-9 acts as a prognostic factor with antimetastatic potential in hepatocellular carcinoma". Asian Pacific Journal of ... May 2017). "Dectin 1 activation on macrophages by galectin 9 promotes pancreatic carcinoma and peritumoral immune tolerance". ... "Galectin-9 as a regulator of cellular adhesion in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines". International Journal of ...
... into hepatocellular carcinogenesis at transcriptome level by comparing gene expression profiles of hepatocellular carcinoma ... of individuals with Hepatocellular carcinoma. In the latter form of liver cancer, LECT2 levels increase with increasingly poor ...
In addition, he demonstrated that fructose kinase KHK-A is highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma cells by alternate ... "A splicing switch from ketohexokinase-C to ketohexokinase-A drives hepatocellular carcinoma formation". Nature Cell Biology. 18 ...
"Processing by convertases is not required for glypican-3-induced stimulation of hepatocellular carcinoma growth". The Journal ...
... as a novel prognostic factor for hepatocellular carcinoma". Oncotarget. 8 (40): 68381-68392. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.20266. ...
"MicroRNA-101 suppresses migration and invasion via targeting vascular endothelial growth factor-C in hepatocellular carcinoma ... After ionizing radiation DNA-PKcs was increased in the surviving cells of oral squamous cell carcinoma tissues. The ATM protein ... "Expressions of Ku70 and DNA-PKcs as prognostic indicators of local control in nasopharyngeal carcinoma". Int. J. Radiat. Oncol ... "MicroRNA-101 is a potential prognostic indicator of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and modulates CDK8". J Transl Med. 13: ...
One example of an oncofetal antigen is alpha-fetoprotein, which is produced by hepatocellular carcinoma and some germ cell ...
Rudnick DA, Perlmutter DH (September 2005). "Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency: a new paradigm for hepatocellular carcinoma in ...
... "miRNA-195 sensitizes human hepatocellular carcinoma cells to 5-FU by targeting BCL-w". Oncol. Rep. 27 (1): 250-7. doi:10.3892/ ... "Potentially important microRNA cluster on chromosome 17p13.1 in primary peritoneal carcinoma". Mod. Pathol. 22 (2): 197-205. ...
In particular, overexpression of HSP72 has been linked to the development some cancers, such as hepatocellular carcinoma, ... Therefore, the vaccine holds promise for treating hepatocellular carcinoma. Alternatively, overexpression of Hsp70 can mitigate ...
On December 14, 2013 he died from hepatocellular carcinoma. アメリカ文学ミレニアム ("A Millennium of American Literature"), Vol. 1-2, ...
Liver Resection in hepatocellular carcinoma Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE) Partial resection in living donor ...
Nishida N, Kudo M (2014). "Alteration of Epigenetic Profile in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Its Clinical Implications". ...
... into hepatocellular carcinogenesis at transcriptome level by comparing gene expression profiles of hepatocellular carcinoma ...
"Down-regulation of miR-517a and miR-517c promotes proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via targeting Pyk2". Cancer ...
... and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is proposed that ALDOA overexpression enhances glycolysis in these tumor cells, promoting ... Aldolase A (ALDOA) is highly expressed in multiple cancers, including lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), renal cancer, ... "Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase a is a potential metastasis-associated marker of lung squamous cell carcinoma and promotes lung ... "Histological examination of the aldolase monomer composition of cells from human kidney and hypernephroid carcinoma". Beiträge ...
"Analysis of intracytoplasmic hyaline bodies in a hepatocellular carcinoma. Demonstration of p62 as major constituent". Am. J. ...
... or down-regulated in a hepatocellular carcinoma patient. These genes were subsequently evaluated against a panel of human HCC ... a novel gene that is frequently down-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma, suppresses cell growth and induces apoptosis in ... a novel Ig-like cell adhesion molecule suppressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma". Journal of Hepatology. 42 (6): 833-41. ... Metastatic canine mammary carcinoma and their metastases are characterized by decreased HEPACAM2 but unchanged HEPACAM2 ...
... linked to Hepatocellular carcinoma and Chordoma (6q27) TAAR1: trace amine associated receptor 1 (6q23.1) TAAR2: trace amine ... DQB1 X-linked sideroblastic anemia Epilepsy Guillain Barre Syndrome Chordoma Hepatocellular carcinoma Schizophrenia G-banding ...
... hepatocellular carcinoma) and human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (T-cell leukemias). Bacterial infection may also increase the risk ... spindle cell carcinoma and small-cell carcinoma. An invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast (pale area at the center) ... These types include: Carcinoma: Cancers derived from epithelial cells. This group includes many of the most common cancers and ... Cancers are usually named using -carcinoma, -sarcoma or -blastoma as a suffix, with the Latin or Greek word for the organ or ...
... Liver cancer, primarily hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is the third ... Decreased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B vaccines: a 20-year follow-up study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009;101 ... Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States and worldwide; infection with hepatitis ... Hepatocellular carcinoma incidence, mortality, and survival trends in the United States from 1975 to 2005. J Clin Oncol 2009;27 ...
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer. Learn about symptoms, causes, risk factors, treatment, ... What is hepatocellular carcinoma?. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer. Researchers estimate ... However, hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common.. In this article, we delve deeper into hepatocellular carcinoma. We look ... How is hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosed and staged?. There are several tests that are involved in the diagnosis and staging ...
MD Andersons Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) focuses on improving outcomes ... and clinicopathological information of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who are referred to MD Anderson. Reflecting ...
... and radiographic features that distinguish it from the relatively more common hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). ... or fibrolamellar carcinoma, is an uncommon malignant neoplasm of the liver. Fibrolamellar carcinoma has distinctive clinical, ... encoded search term (Fibrolamellar Hepatocellular Carcinoma Imaging) and Fibrolamellar Hepatocellular Carcinoma Imaging What to ... What is fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma?. What is the role of CT scans in the workup of fibrolamellar hepatocellular ...
... of hepatocellular carcinoma lesions. Evidence suggests that this extrahepatic supply most commonly originates from a right ... Hepatocellular carcinoma with extrahepatic blood supply from right renal artery J Surg Case Rep. 2021 Oct 11;2021(10):rjab391. ... Extrahepatic blood supply is seen in around 17-27% of hepatocellular carcinoma lesions. Evidence suggests that this ...
... hepatocellular carcinoma) is caused by cirrhosis of the liver. Reasons are Alcoholism & Hepatitis C, Obesity, Anabolic steroid ... Hepatocellular Carcinoma There are two types of primary liver tumors or cancers. The first and more common of the two is ... Because it often doesnt cause symptoms in its early stages hepatocellular carcinoma often goes undetected until in its ... and Hepatitis B have also been linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.. ...
... and radiographic features that distinguish it from the relatively more common hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). ... or fibrolamellar carcinoma, is an uncommon malignant neoplasm of the liver. Fibrolamellar carcinoma has distinctive clinical, ... encoded search term (Fibrolamellar Hepatocellular Carcinoma Imaging) and Fibrolamellar Hepatocellular Carcinoma Imaging What to ... What is fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma?. What is the role of CT scans in the workup of fibrolamellar hepatocellular ...
The most common form of liver cancer in adults is hepatocellular carcinoma. Learn about diagnosis, treatment and taking part in ... Childhood Hepatocellular Carcinoma (National Cancer Institute) Also in Spanish * Childhood Liver Cancer (National Cancer ... ClinicalTrials.gov: Carcinoma, Hepatocellular (National Institutes of Health) * ClinicalTrials.gov: Hepatoblastoma (National ... Article: Transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: 2023 Expert consensus-based practical recommendations of ...
1983)‎. Prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma by immunization*. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 61 (‎5)‎, 731 - 744 ...
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is recognized as the fourth in incidence and the third in mortality worldwide. The onset of HCC ... Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is recognized as the fourth in incidence and the third in mortality worldwide. The onset of HCC ... A. Huang, X. R. Yang, W. Y. Chung, A. R. Dennison, and J. Zhou, "Targeted therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma," Signal ... circACTG1 Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression by Regulating miR-940/RIF1 Axis and Activating AKT/mTOR Pathway. ...
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Prevention and risk reduction are ...
"Hepatocellular Carcinoma - Pipeline Review, H1 2014" Published. "Hepatocellular Carcinoma - Pipeline Review, H1 2014" Published ... Hepatocellular Carcinoma - Pipeline Review, H1 2014, provides an overview of the Hepatocellular Carcinomas therapeutic ... Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma - Pipeline Review, H1 2014 - Hepatocellular Carcinoma Global Clinical Trials Review, H1, 2014 ... It also reviews key players involved in the therapeutic development for Hepatocellular Carcinoma and special features on late- ...
Hepatitis C and hepatocellular carcinoma (WP3646). Homo sapiens. Open in new tab Open in NDEx ... Based on Figure 4 from Poortahmasebi et al, How Hepatitis C Virus Leads to Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Network-Based Study. ... From a set of differentially expressed genes in both chronic HCV (hepatitis C virus) and HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma) samples ... How Hepatitis C Virus Leads to Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Network-Based Study. Poortahmasebi V, Poorebrahim M, Najafi S, ...
Laparoscopic Hepatic Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Comparative Analysis of Short and Long Term Results. Satoru Imura ... became a realizable option for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the feasibility of LH for HCC should be ...
Exome sequencing of hepatocellular carcinomas identifies new mutational signatures and potential therapeutic targets. Nature ... Nivolumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (CheckMate 040): an open-label, non-comparative, phase 1/2 dose ... Efficacy and Safety of Nivolumab Plus Ipilimumab in Patients With Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma Previously Treated With ... 5. Finkelmeier F, Waidmann O, Trojan J. Nivolumab for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. ...
Hepatocellular carcinoma (... , Find, read and cite all the research you need on Tech Science Press ... Gleditsia sinensis extract (GSE); Anticancer; Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); Gene expression Cite This Article. Cai, Y., Zhang ... Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer and still requires the development of new drugs ... Anticancer Effects of Gleditsia sinensis Extract in Rats Transplanted With Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Yue Cai*†‡, Chizhi ...
Angiopoietin 2 displays a vascular endothelial growth factor dependent synergistic effect in hepatocellular carcinoma ... Angiopoietin 2 displays a vascular endothelial growth factor dependent synergistic effect in hepatocellular carcinoma ... Angiopoietin 2 displays a vascular endothelial growth factor dependent synergistic effect in hepatocellular carcinoma ...
An extremely rare case of a single isolated pituitary metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma - Journal of Neurosurgical ... An extremely rare case of a single isolated pituitary metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma. Giuseppe LA ROCCA 1, Pier P. ... An extremely rare case of a single isolated pituitary metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma. J Neurosurg Sci 2017;61:213-5. ...
Hepatocellular carcinoma was more common among male patients. Mean age at the time of diagnosis was 60.0 (SD 12.8) years. The 3 ... Staging of hepatocellular carcinoma: assessment of the CLIP, Okuda, and Child-Pugh staging systems in a cohort of 257 patients ... The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) varies among ethnic groups and even among regions in the same country (1,2). ... Poon RT, Fan ST, Lo CM, Liu C L, Ng I O, Wong J. Long-term prognosis after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma associated ...
Alternate Names : Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Hepatoma. Cancer of the Liver , Symptoms & Signs , Diagnosis & Tests , Prevention ...
DNA methylation of individual repetitive elements in hepatitis C virus infection-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. ... DNA methylation of individual repetitive elements in hepatitis C virus infection-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal ... Hepatitis C virus (HCV) may cause hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by suppressing host defenses, through DNA methylation that ...
BackgroundBecause imaging has a high sensitivity to diagnose hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and tissue biopsies carry risks ... reports that blood-derived circulating tumor DNA can provide therapeutically exploitable genomic profiles in hepatocellular ... Because imaging has a high sensitivity to diagnose hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and tissue biopsies carry risks such as ... reports that blood-derived circulating tumor DNA can provide therapeutically exploitable genomic profiles in hepatocellular ...
Ominous Electrocardiographic Abnormalities in a Patient With Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Educational Objective. To identify the ... The patients medical history was significant for hepatocellular carcinoma, for which the patient had received radical surgery ... Camrelizumab in patients with previously treated advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicentre, open-label, parallel-group, ... including hepatocellular carcinoma.1 However, this comes at the cost of various immune-related adverse events (irAEs), among ...
"Unique genomic profile of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma",. abstract = "Background Aims Fibrolamellar hepatocellular ... Background Aims Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FLC) is a rare primary hepatic cancer that develops in children and ... Unique genomic profile of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma. / Cornella, Helena; Alsinet, Clara; Sayols, Sergi et al. In: ... Unique genomic profile of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma. In: Gastroenterology. 2015 ; Vol. 148, No. 4. pp. 806-818.e10 ...
Localization of primary hepatocellular carcinoma using a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody. Lookup NU author(s): Professor ...
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and the fourth major cause of cancer-related death.1 ... Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma across a biological gradient of serum hepatitis B virus DNA level. JAMA. 2006;295:65-73. ... Hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis of the liver. cirrhosisoftheliver.us. Accessed December 20, 2019. ... Sanyal AJ, Yoon SK, Lencioni R. The etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma and consequences for treatment. Oncologist. 2010;15( ...
Posts about Hepatocellular carcinoma written by Kevin McCormack ... Hepatocellular carcinoma Stem cell agency invests in therapy ... hepatocellular carcinoma, and osteosarcoma-it addresses a significant unmet medical need in fatal conditions for which there ...
All Products → Fibrolamellar Hepatocellular Carcinoma Catalog. Fibrolamellar Hepatocellular Carcinoma Catalog. No items found. ...
Aims: We aimed to investigate the clinical significance of GPx3 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to characterize its tumor ... Clinical significance and therapeutic value of glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3) in hepatocellular carcinoma. ...
Hepatocellular Carcinoma Surveillance. / Jou, Janice H.; Muir, Andrew J. In: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Vol. 16 ... Hepatocellular Carcinoma Surveillance. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2018 Jan;16(1):19-20. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh. ... Jou, J. H., & Muir, A. J. (2018). Hepatocellular Carcinoma Surveillance. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 16(1), 19-20 ... Jou, JH & Muir, AJ 2018, Hepatocellular Carcinoma Surveillance, Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol. 16, no. 1, pp ...
  • Based on Figure 4 from Poortahmasebi et al, How Hepatitis C Virus Leads to Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Network-Based Study. (wikipathways.org)
  • DNA methylation of individual repetitive elements in hepatitis C virus infection-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. (duke.edu)
  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) may cause hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by suppressing host defenses, through DNA methylation that controls the mobilization of REs. (duke.edu)
  • Liver cancer can be divided into hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cholangiocarcinoma, and mixed type. (medsci.org)
  • Gut dysbiosis in Thai intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. (bvsalud.org)
  • Primary liver cancer (PLC), which includes intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), has the highest incidence of all cancer types in Thailand . (bvsalud.org)
  • Perhaps because of the younger ages of the patients and the lack of coexisting cirrhosis, patients with fibrolamellar carcinoma are often treated aggressively. (medscape.com)
  • Alcoholism and Hepatitis C are the two most common causes of cirrhosis in the U.S. Obesity, anabolic steroid abuse, exposure to certain chemicals, and Hepatitis B have also been linked to hepatocellular carcinoma. (emoryhealthcare.org)
  • Background Aims Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FLC) is a rare primary hepatic cancer that develops in children and young adults without cirrhosis. (elsevier.com)
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis of the liver. (gitailor.com)
  • There are approximately 350 including cirrhosis and hepatocel ular carcinoma mil ion carriers of the virus worldwide (Kane, (HCC) (Cisneros-Castolo et al . (who.int)
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is recognized as the fourth in incidence and the third in mortality worldwide. (hindawi.com)
  • The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) varies among ethnic groups and even among regions in the same country (1,2). (who.int)
  • Additionally, hepatocellular carcinoma incidence was increased in male mice. (cdc.gov)
  • [ 9 ] Also, fibrolamellar carcinoma may have a slightly better prognosis than HCC . (medscape.com)
  • This study aimed to validate FANCI as a potential marker for both prognosis and therapy in liver hepatocellular carcinoma. (medsci.org)
  • The prognosis of Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma (LIHC) patients with highly expressed FANCI was constructed utilizing Kaplan-Meier Plotter. (medsci.org)
  • Camrelizumab, a programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) inhibitor, represents a substantial advance for treating various cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma. (ama-assn.org)
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest cancers in the world and has a high death rate in the world. (who.int)
  • [ 8 ] Fibrolamellar carcinoma occurs in a younger population than does HCC , and it is typically not associated with underlying liver disease or elevated serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein tumor markers. (medscape.com)
  • the carcinoma appears as an area of hypervascularity and tumor blush in the inferior aspect of the liver. (medscape.com)
  • Next-Generation Sequencing of Circulating Tumor DNA Reveals Frequent Alterations in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma. (escholarship.org)
  • This study reports that blood-derived circulating tumor DNA can provide therapeutically exploitable genomic profiles in hepatocellular cancer, a malignancy that is known to be difficult to biopsy. (escholarship.org)
  • Aims: We aimed to investigate the clinical significance of GPx3 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to characterize its tumor suppressive role. (oncotarget.com)
  • Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, or fibrolamellar carcinoma , is a rare primary malignant neoplasm of the liver that constitutes 0.8-16% of all hepatocellular malignancies. (medscape.com)
  • See the images of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma below. (medscape.com)
  • Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan of fibrolamellar carcinoma demonstrates a large, heterogeneously enhancing mass in the right lobe of the liver, with a hypoattenuating central scar and punctate, central calcification. (medscape.com)
  • Abdominal computed tomography (CT) scanning is the preferred examination for the detection, diagnosis, staging, and postoperative follow-up evaluation of fibrolamellar carcinoma. (medscape.com)
  • This report provides comprehensive information on the therapeutic development for Hepatocellular Carcinoma, complete with comparative analysis at various stages, therapeutics assessment by drug target, mechanism of action (MoA), route of administration (RoA) and molecule type, along with latest updates, and featured news and press releases. (usprwire.com)
  • Liver cancer, primarily hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is the third leading cause of death from cancer worldwide and the ninth leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States ( 1,2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma is a type of liver cancer. (healthline.com)
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer . (healthline.com)
  • As the most frequent for primary liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for almost 40% death in liver cancer all over the world [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer and still requires the development of new drugs with higher efficiency. (techscience.com)
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and the fourth major cause of cancer-related death. (gitailor.com)
  • With the intent to develop this treatment for chemotherapy-resistant or refractory solid tumors-including colorectal cancer, triple negative breast cancer, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and osteosarcoma-it addresses a significant unmet medical need in fatal conditions for which there are limited treatment options," says Dr. Maria T. Millan, President and CEO of CIRM. (ca.gov)
  • Global Markets Direct's, 'Hepatocellular Carcinoma - Pipeline Review, H1 2014', provides an overview of the Hepatocellular Carcinoma's therapeutic pipeline. (usprwire.com)
  • It also reviews key players involved in the therapeutic development for Hepatocellular Carcinoma and special features on late-stage and discontinued projects. (usprwire.com)
  • What are the symptoms of hepatocellular carcinoma? (healthline.com)
  • Because it often doesn't cause symptoms in its early stages hepatocellular carcinoma often goes undetected until in its advanced stages. (emoryhealthcare.org)
  • Quinoline administered by intraperitoneal injection in CD-1 mice induced lymphoma in females and hepatocellular carcinoma in males. (cdc.gov)
  • INTRODUCTION: With progress of surgical technique and devices, laparoscopic hepatectomy (LH) became a realizable option for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). (sages.org)
  • When patients present with hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) at the symptomatic stage, the disease is rapidly fatal, with a mean survival time of less than 4 months (1). (cdc.gov)
  • [ 6 , 7 ] and radiographic features that distinguish it from the relatively more common hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC ). (medscape.com)
  • The first and more common of the two is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). (emoryhealthcare.org)
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a significant health problem, and the associated mortality rate is increasing. (who.int)
  • The patient's medical history was significant for hepatocellular carcinoma, for which the patient had received radical surgery followed by an initial dose of camrelizumab 1 month before presentation. (ama-assn.org)
  • La Rocca G, Mattogno PP, Pompucci A, Coli A, Rigante M, Mangiola A. An extremely rare case of a single isolated pituitary metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma. (minervamedica.it)
  • Sanyal AJ, Yoon SK, Lencioni R. The etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma and consequences for treatment. (gitailor.com)
  • In this article, we delve deeper into hepatocellular carcinoma. (healthline.com)
  • Who's at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma? (healthline.com)
  • Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma across a biological gradient of serum hepatitis B virus DNA level. (gitailor.com)
  • Extrahepatic blood supply is seen in around 17-27% of hepatocellular carcinoma lesions. (nih.gov)
  • Favorable outcome of primary liver transplantation in children with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. (medscape.com)
  • This 3cm hepatocelluar carcinoma appeared elsewhere in the liver after prior surgery for the same disease. (nih.gov)
  • CDC estimates that although persons born during 1945-1965 comprise an estimated 27% of the population, they account for approximately three fourths of all HCV infections in the United States, 73% of HCV-associated mortality, and are at greatest risk for hepatocellular carcinoma and other HCV-related liver disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. (medscape.com)
  • Hepatitis C virus related cirrhosis: time to occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma and death. (medscape.com)
  • Summary The combination of chronic dietary exposure to the fungal toxin, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection is associated with a significant increased risk for early onset hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) in millions of people living in East Asia, Central and South America, and sub-Saharan Africa. (nih.gov)
  • HBsAg-negative hepatitis B virus infections in hepatitis C virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. (nih.gov)
  • Hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma : novel approaches : joint conference of the National Health Research Institutes (NHRI) and American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) in conjuction with 4th TCOG annual meeting. (who.int)
  • Is surgical resection superior to transplantation in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma? (medscape.com)
  • Fine needle aspiration cytology of clear cell carcinoma of the gallbladder with hepatic infiltration: a case report. (medscape.com)
  • Letter: repeat hepatic resection versus radiofrequency ablation for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma in ideal candidates. (bvsalud.org)
  • Imaging techniques for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (medscape.com)
  • Clinical characteristics and outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma in children and adolescents. (medscape.com)
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a significant health problem, and the associated mortality rate is increasing. (who.int)
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma in children: results of the first prospective study of the International Society of Pediatric Oncology group. (medscape.com)
  • Treatment protocols for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are provided below. (medscape.com)