An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of cells resembling the glandular cells of the ENDOMETRIUM. It is a common histological type of ovarian CARCINOMA and ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA. There is a high frequency of co-occurrence of this form of adenocarcinoma in both tissues.
Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer." (From Dorland, 27th ed)
An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of varying combinations of clear and hobnail-shaped tumor cells. There are three predominant patterns described as tubulocystic, solid, and papillary. These tumors, usually located in the female reproductive organs, have been seen more frequently in young women since 1970 as a result of the association with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed)
A malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. It often occurs in the ovary and usually bilaterally. The external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. Microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma cells. Psammoma bodies may be present. The tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (From Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p185)
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.
An adenocarcinoma in which the tumor elements are arranged as finger-like processes or as a solid spherical nodule projecting from an epithelial surface.
Benign proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM in the UTERUS. Endometrial hyperplasia is classified by its cytology and glandular tissue. There are simple, complex (adenomatous without atypia), and atypical hyperplasia representing also the ascending risk of becoming malignant.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.
A tumor, basically a carcinoma with a single sarcoma such as leiomyosarcoma or angiosarcoma or multiple sarcomas of uterine origin. The role of estrogen has been postulated as a possible etiological factor in this tumor. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1703)
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.
Excision of the uterus.
Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the extent of the neoplasm in the patient.
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.
A malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma and sarcoma so extensively intermixed as to indicate neoplasia of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Ability of neoplasms to infiltrate and actively destroy surrounding tissue.
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.
The simultaneous analysis of multiple samples of TISSUES or CELLS from BIOPSY or in vitro culture that have been arranged in an array format on slides or microchips.
An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.
A mixed adenocarcinoma and squamous cell or epidermoid carcinoma.
A lipid phosphatase that acts on phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate to regulate various SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. It modulates CELL GROWTH PROCESSES; CELL MIGRATION; and APOPTOSIS. Mutations in PTEN are associated with COWDEN DISEASE and PROTEUS SYNDROME as well as NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION.
A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)
Neoplasms composed of glandular tissue, an aggregation of epithelial cells that elaborate secretions, and of any type of epithelium itself. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the various glands or in epithelial tissue.
A malignant cystic or semisolid tumor most often occurring in the ovary. Rarely, one is solid. This tumor may develop from a mucinous cystadenoma, or it may be malignant at the onset. The cysts are lined with tall columnar epithelial cells; in others, the epithelium consists of many layers of cells that have lost normal structure entirely. In the more undifferentiated tumors, one may see sheets and nests of tumor cells that have very little resemblance to the parent structure. (Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p184)
Dilatation of the cervix uteri followed by a scraping of the endometrium with a curette.
The mucous membrane lining of the uterine cavity that is hormonally responsive during the MENSTRUAL CYCLE and PREGNANCY. The endometrium undergoes cyclic changes that characterize MENSTRUATION. After successful FERTILIZATION, it serves to sustain the developing embryo.
Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the level of CELL DIFFERENTIATION in neoplasms as increasing ANAPLASIA correlates with the aggressiveness of the neoplasm.
Neoplasms containing cyst-like formations or producing mucin or serum.
General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.
A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.
DNA present in neoplastic tissue.
Two or more abnormal growths of tissue occurring simultaneously and presumed to be of separate origin. The neoplasms may be histologically the same or different, and may be found in the same or different sites.
A multi-functional catenin that participates in CELL ADHESION and nuclear signaling. Beta catenin binds CADHERINS and helps link their cytoplasmic tails to the ACTIN in the CYTOSKELETON via ALPHA CATENIN. It also serves as a transcriptional co-activator and downstream component of WNT PROTEIN-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS.
Transfer of a neoplasm from its primary site to lymph nodes or to distant parts of the body by way of the lymphatic system.
Excision of one or both of the FALLOPIAN TUBES.
Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.
Nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the p53 gene (GENES, P53) whose normal function is to control CELL PROLIFERATION and APOPTOSIS. A mutant or absent p53 protein has been found in LEUKEMIA; OSTEOSARCOMA; LUNG CANCER; and COLORECTAL CANCER.
A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.
Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Proteins secreted by the epididymal epithelium. These proteins are both tissue- and species-specific. They are important molecular agents in the process of sperm maturation.
The occurrence of highly polymorphic mono- and dinucleotide MICROSATELLITE REPEATS in somatic cells. It is a form of genome instability associated with defects in DNA MISMATCH REPAIR.
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)
Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.
A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods.
A infiltrating (invasive) breast cancer, relatively uncommon, accounting for only 5%-10% of breast tumors in most series. It is often an area of ill-defined thickening in the breast, in contrast to the dominant lump characteristic of ductal carcinoma. It is typically composed of small cells in a linear arrangement with a tendency to grow around ducts and lobules. There is likelihood of axillary nodal involvement with metastasis to meningeal and serosal surfaces. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1205)
Pathological processes that tend eventually to become malignant. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
The local recurrence of a neoplasm following treatment. It arises from microscopic cells of the original neoplasm that have escaped therapeutic intervention and later become clinically visible at the original site.
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.
A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round "blue cells", granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small ("oat") cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
Cancer or tumors of the URETHRA. Benign epithelial tumors of the urethra usually consist of squamous and transitional cells. Primary urethral carcinomas are rare and typically of squamous cells. Urethral carcinoma is the only urological malignancy that is more common in females than in males.
A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function.
Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.
Period after successful treatment in which there is no appearance of the symptoms or effects of the disease.
Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.
The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair, resulting in abnormal HEMIZYGOSITY. It is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the ALLELES was deleted.
A tumor of both low- and high-grade malignancy. The low-grade grow slowly, appear in any age group, and are readily cured by excision. The high-grade behave aggressively, widely infiltrate the salivary gland and produce lymph node and distant metastases. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas account for about 21% of the malignant tumors of the parotid gland and 10% of the sublingual gland. They are the most common malignant tumor of the parotid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240)
Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.
An expression of the number of mitoses found in a stated number of cells.
Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.
A sarcoma of the body of the uterus arising in older women, composed of more than one mesenchymal tissue, especially including striated muscle cells. It is associated with previous pelvic radiation exposure in 20% of patients. (Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1702)
A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)
Genes that inhibit expression of the tumorigenic phenotype. They are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. When tumor suppressor genes are inactivated or lost, a barrier to normal proliferation is removed and unregulated growth is possible.
A nonparametric method of compiling LIFE TABLES or survival tables. It combines calculated probabilities of survival and estimates to allow for observations occurring beyond a measurement threshold, which are assumed to occur randomly. Time intervals are defined as ending each time an event occurs and are therefore unequal. (From Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1995)
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.
A highly malignant, primitive form of carcinoma, probably of germinal cell or teratomatous derivation, usually arising in a gonad and rarely in other sites. It is rare in the female ovary, but in the male it accounts for 20% of all testicular tumors. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1595)
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.
A carcinoma arising from MERKEL CELLS located in the basal layer of the epidermis and occurring most commonly as a primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin. Merkel cells are tactile cells of neuroectodermal origin and histologically show neurosecretory granules. The skin of the head and neck are a common site of Merkel cell carcinoma, occurring generally in elderly patients. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1245)
Specific proteins found in or on cells of progesterone target tissues that specifically combine with progesterone. The cytosol progesterone-receptor complex then associates with the nucleic acids to initiate protein synthesis. There are two kinds of progesterone receptors, A and B. Both are induced by estrogen and have short half-lives.
Malignant neoplasms involving the ductal systems of any of a number of organs, such as the MAMMARY GLANDS, the PANCREAS, the PROSTATE, or the LACRIMAL GLAND.
The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.
A variety of simple repeat sequences that are distributed throughout the GENOME. They are characterized by a short repeat unit of 2-8 basepairs that is repeated up to 100 times. They are also known as short tandem repeats (STRs).
Carbohydrate antigen most commonly seen in tumors of the ovary and occasionally seen in breast, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract tumors and normal tissue. CA 125 is clearly tumor-associated but not tumor-specific.
Carbohydrate antigens expressed by malignant tissue. They are useful as tumor markers and are measured in the serum by means of a radioimmunoassay employing monoclonal antibodies.
A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.
A variant of well-differentiated epidermoid carcinoma that is most common in the oral cavity, but also occurs in the larynx, nasal cavity, esophagus, penis, anorectal region, vulva, vagina, uterine cervix, and skin, especially on the sole of the foot. Most intraoral cases occur in elderly male abusers of smokeless tobacco. The treatment is surgical resection. Radiotherapy is not indicated, as up to 30% treated with radiation become highly aggressive within six months. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
A poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in which the nucleus is pressed to one side by a cytoplasmic droplet of mucus. It usually arises in the gastrointestinal system.
Cytoplasmic proteins that bind estrogens and migrate to the nucleus where they regulate DNA transcription. Evaluation of the state of estrogen receptors in breast cancer patients has become clinically important.
Proteins that are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. Deficiencies or abnormalities in these proteins may lead to unregulated cell growth and tumor development.
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.
Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.
A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.
Surgical excision of one or more lymph nodes. Its most common use is in cancer surgery. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p966)
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.
Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.
A tumor of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large size. It is usually bronchogenic. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
They are oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system.
Neoplasms derived from the primitive sex cord or gonadal stromal cells of the embryonic GONADS. They are classified by their presumed histogenesis and differentiation. From the sex cord, there are SERTOLI CELL TUMOR and GRANULOSA CELL TUMOR; from the gonadal stroma, LEYDIG CELL TUMOR and THECOMA. These tumors may be identified in either the OVARY or the TESTIS.
Calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They are important in the formation of ADHERENS JUNCTIONS between cells. Cadherins are classified by their distinct immunological and tissue specificities, either by letters (E- for epithelial, N- for neural, and P- for placental cadherins) or by numbers (cadherin-12 or N-cadherin 2 for brain-cadherin). Cadherins promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism as in the construction of tissues and of the whole animal body.
Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Increased expression of the RIalpha subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A is associated with advanced stage ovarian cancer. (1/354)

The primary element in the cAMP signal transduction pathway is the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Expression of the RIalpha subunit of type I PKA is elevated in a variety of human tumours and cancer cell lines. The purpose of this study was to assess the prognostic importance of RIalpha expression in patients with ovarian cancer. We have evaluated the expression of RIalpha in a panel of human ovarian tumours (n = 40) and five human ovarian cancer cell lines using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis. The human ovarian cell lines OAW42 and OTN14 express high endogenous levels of RIalpha mRNA and protein (at significantly higher mRNA levels than high tissue expressors, P < 0.05). The ovarian cell line A2780 expresses low endogenous levels of RIalpha mRNA and protein (also at higher mRNA levels than low tissue expressors, P < 0.05). Quantitative RT-PCR revealed no significant difference in RIalpha mRNA expression between different ovarian histological subtypes in this study. No associations were found between RIalpha mRNA expression and differentiation state. RIalpha mRNA expression was significantly associated with tumour stage (P = 0.0036), and this remained significant in univariate analysis (P = 0.0002). A trend emerged between RIalpha mRNA expression levels and overall survival in univariate analysis (P = 0.051), however, by multivariate analysis, stage remained the major determinant of overall survival (P = 0.0001). This study indicates that in ovarian epithelial tumours high RIalpha mRNA expression is associated with advanced stage disease. RIalpha expression may be of predictive value in ovarian cancer and may be associated with dysfunctional signalling pathways in this cancer type.  (+info)

Primary endometrioid carcinoma of fallopian tube. Clinicomorphologic study. (2/354)

Twenty cases of primary Fallopian tube endometrioid carcinoma (PFTEC) are presented in the paper. This accounts for 42.5% of all histologic forms of primary Fallopian tube carcinoma (PFTC) found in our Department. The youngest patient was 38, and the oldest 68 years (mean: 56 years). Seven patients were nulliparas. Only two cases were bilateral. According to FIGO staging, 13 cases were evaluated as stage I, 4 as II, and 3 as stage III. Due to the histologic grading, 8 tumors were classified as well, 7 as moderately, and 5 as poorly differentiated. In the time of preparation of the manuscript, 12 women were still alive, 2 of them with recurrent disease. The follow-up of patients without recurrence ranged from 4 to 120 months (median: 63). Eight patients had died (survival time: from 4 to 65 months; median: 26). Metastases were found in 8 patients, especially to ovaries. In 14/20 cases of PFTEC various forms of tubal wall invasion were observed. Blood or lymphatic vessels involvement was found in 9 patients. Six of them had died and one is alive with the symptoms of disease. Immunohistochemical detection of the mutant form of p53 protein and oncogene product, c-erbB-2, was studied in 17 cases. Nine patients exhibited simultaneous p53 protein accumulation and c-erbB-2 expression. 2/9 of these patients are alive with recurrent tumors and 4/9 died. Endometrioid carcinoma of the Fallopian tube can be characterized by a tendency to superficial invasion of tubal wall and in a half of the cases by invasion of vessels. The majority of these tumors were diagnosed at an early stage tumors.  (+info)

Clear cell carcinoma arising in a Cesarean section scar endometriosis: a case report. (3/354)

Endometriosis of a surgical scar is rare and occurs mainly when a hysterectomy or Cesarean section was performed. We describe a 54-year-old woman with a large suprapubic mass as a definite case of a endomerioid carcinoma developing within the scar endometriosis following Cesarean section. Scar endometriosis, as well as endometriosis at other sites, can turn malignant. Endometrioid carcinoma is the most common histological pattern of malignant tumor arising in endometriosis. But clear cell carcinoma is very unusual. A case of primary clear cell carcinoma in endometriosis of a Cesarean section scar is described. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented case of endomerioid carcinoma developing within the scar endometriosis in Korea.  (+info)

Overexpression of H-Ryk in mouse fibroblasts confers transforming ability in vitro and in vivo: correlation with up-regulation in epithelial ovarian cancer. (4/354)

Abnormalities in the function of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) have been demonstrated to be important in the pathogenesis of cancer. H-Ryk, a new member of the RTK family, is an unusual RTK in that it is catalytically inactive because of amino acid substitutions of conserved residues in the catalytic domain. We show by immunohistochemistry that it is expressed in the epithelium, stroma, and blood vessels of normal tissues. Evaluation of a panel of 33 primary ovarian tumors (2 benign, 8 borderline, and 23 malignant) was performed. H-Ryk was overexpressed in borderline and malignant ovarian tumors. In serous and clear cell subtypes, there was increased expression in the epithelium, stroma, and blood vessels. Consistent with this observation, overexpression of H-Ryk in the mouse fibroblast cell line NIH3T3 induces anchorage-independent growth and tumorigenicity in nude mice. This implies that overexpression of the receptor can be transforming and may therefore be significant in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer.  (+info)

beta-catenin expression pattern in stage I and II ovarian carcinomas : relationship with beta-catenin gene mutations, clinicopathological features, and clinical outcome. (5/354)

The immunohistochemical expression pattern of beta-catenin has been correlated with beta-catenin gene mutations, clinicopathological features, and disease outcome in 69 stage I and II ovarian carcinomas. beta-Catenin expression was localized in the nuclei, in addition to the cytoplasm and membrane, in 11 tumors (16%): nine endometrioid carcinomas with widespread nuclear expression and two serous carcinomas with focal nuclear expression. The remaining 58 carcinomas (84%) only had membranous beta-catenin expression. All but one of the endometrioid carcinomas with nuclear beta-catenin expression had considerable squamous metaplasia, and five of these cases had large areas of endometrioid tumor of low malignant potential. In addition, beta-catenin nuclear expression was observed in atypical epithelial cells in endometriotic glands adjacent to an endometrioid carcinoma. Sequencing was performed on 25 tumors and corresponding normal tissue: all 13 endometrioid tumors as well as 12 carcinomas of other histological types (four serous, two clear cell, two mucinous, and two mixed). There were oncogenic mutations in the phosphorylation sequence for GSK-3beta in exon 3 of the beta-catenin gene in seven endometrioid carcinomas with beta-catenin nuclear expression. Three mutations affected codon 32 (D32G, D32Y, and D32Y), one affected codon 33 (S33C), two affected codon 37 (S37C and S37F), and one affected codon 41 (T41A). No mutations were observed in the other 18 carcinomas analyzed, comprising two endometrioid and two serous carcinomas with beta-catenin nuclear expression, and 14 carcinomas of different histological types with only membranous expression. In the univariate and multivariate survival analyses, beta-catenin nuclear expression was selected as an indicator of good prognosis, because no patient whose tumor expressed beta-catenin in the nuclei showed relapses or died, in contrast to the 19 relapses and deaths among patients with tumors that only had beta-catenin membranous expression, including three of the four patients with endometrioid carcinomas. Oncogenic beta-catenin mutation is characteristic of a group of endometrioid carcinomas with a good prognosis, most of which originate from previous benign or borderline lesions. Endometrioid carcinomas with exclusively membranous expression of beta-catenin seem to represent a different subgroup of carcinomas that probably have a worse prognosis. In early-stage ovarian cancer, determination of the beta-catenin expression pattern could prove to be a useful marker for selecting low-risk patients.  (+info)

Evaluation of the tyrosine kinase domain of the Met proto-oncogene in sporadic ovarian carcinomas*. (6/354)

Most of the ovarian cancers originate from the ovarian surface epithelium derived from the coelomic mesothelium. The Met proto-oncogene encodes a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor (Met) that has the capacity to regulate cell proliferation and differentation and it is activated by hepatocyte growth factor. Trisomy of chromosome 7 and Met protein overexpression have been were observed in ovarian carcinomas, the papillary renal cancers and other solid tumors. Frequent mutations of Met proto-oncogene have been found in hereditary papillary renal cancer (HPRC) and most of the mutations are located in the tyrosine kinase domain. The aim of this study to perform a mutation analysis of exons 17 19 of Met proto-oncogene in epithelial ovarian tumors (EOTs). We have examined 24 tumor samples from patients, operated with EOTs. Mutation was detected in exon 18 in only one sample of 24 EOTs. Our results indicate that mutations located in the Met proto-oncogene is not a common event in EOT. It is not clear whether the mutation plays a role in the tumorigenesis or progression of EOT or not.  (+info)

Hormone replacement therapy and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. (7/354)

It has been suggested that oestrogen replacement therapy is associated with risk of epithelial ovarian cancer of the endometrioid type. Using data from an Australian population-based case-control study, the relation between unopposed oestrogen replacement therapy and epithelial ovarian cancer, both overall and according to histological type, was examined. A total of 793 eligible incident cases of epithelial ovarian cancer diagnosed from 1990 to 1993 among women living in Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria were identified. These were compared with 855 eligible female controls selected at random from the electoral roll, stratified by age and geographic region. Trained interviewers administered standard questionnaires to obtain detailed reproductive and contraceptive histories, as well as details about hormone replacement therapy and pelvic operations. No clear associations were observed between use of hormone replacement therapy overall and risk of ovarian cancer. Unopposed oestrogen replacement therapy was, however, associated with a significant increase in risk of endometrioid or clear cell epithelial ovarian tumours (odds ratio (OR) 2.56; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.32-4.94). In addition, the risk associated with oestrogen replacement therapy was much larger in women with an intact genital tract (OR 3.00; 95% CI 1.54-5.85) than in those with a history of either hysterectomy or tubal ligation. Post-menopausal oestrogen replacement therapy may, therefore, be a risk factor associated with endometrioid and clear cell tumours in particular. Additionally, the risk may be increased predominantly in women with an intact genital tract. These associations could reflect a possible role of endometriosis in the development of endometrioid or clear cell ovarian tumours.  (+info)

A case-control study of galactose consumption and metabolism in relation to ovarian cancer. (8/354)

Consumption or metabolism of dairy sugar and ovarian cancer have been linked based on evidence that galactose may be toxic to ovarian germ cells and that ovarian cancer is induced in animals by depletion of oocytes. We assessed consumption of dairy products and obtained blood for biochemical and molecular genetic assessment of galactose metabolism in 563 women with newly diagnosed epithelial ovarian cancer and 523 control women selected either by random digit dialing or through lists of residents in eastern Massachusetts and New Hampshire. We observed no significant differences between cases and controls in usual consumption of various types of dairy products or total daily lactose (the principal source of galactose in the diet); nor did we find that RBC activity of either galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT) or galactokinase differed. The mean (and SE) activity of uridine diphospho-galactose 4'-epimerase (in micromoles per hour per gram of hemoglobin) was, however, significantly lower (P < 0.005) in cases compared with controls, 20.32 (0.31) versus 21.64 (0.36). Ovarian cancer cases were also more likely to carry the N314D polymorphism of the GALT gene, generally predisposing to lower GALT activity. The difference was most evident for endometrioid and clear cell types of ovarian cancer, in which 3.9% of cases were found to be homozygous for N314D compared with 0.4% of controls, yielding an odds ratio and 95% confidence interval of 14.17 (2.62-76.60). We conclude that, whereas adult consumption of lactose carries no clear risk for the disease, certain genetic or biochemical features of galactose metabolism may influence disease risk for particular types of ovarian cancer.  (+info)

Carcinoma, endometrioid is a type of cancer that originates in the endometrium, which is the lining of the uterus. It is the most common type of uterine cancer and usually affects women in their 50s and 60s. Endometrioid carcinomas are characterized by the presence of glandular structures that resemble the normal endometrial glands. These tumors are usually slow-growing and may not cause symptoms in the early stages. However, as the tumor grows, it can cause abnormal bleeding, pain, and other symptoms. The diagnosis of endometrioid carcinoma is typically made through a combination of imaging tests, such as ultrasound and MRI, and a biopsy of the tumor. Treatment options for endometrioid carcinoma may include surgery, radiation therapy, and hormone therapy, depending on the stage and severity of the cancer. The prognosis for endometrioid carcinoma is generally good, with a high survival rate if the cancer is detected and treated early.

Endometrial neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the lining of the uterus, known as the endometrium. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Endometrial neoplasms are classified based on their degree of malignancy, with the most common types being endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer. Endometrial hyperplasia is a condition in which the cells in the endometrium grow abnormally, but do not invade into nearby tissues. Endometrial cancer, on the other hand, is a more serious condition in which the abnormal cells invade into nearby tissues and can spread to other parts of the body. Endometrial neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, and pain during sexual intercourse. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies, and biopsy of the endometrial tissue. Treatment for endometrial neoplasms depends on the type, stage, and severity of the condition. Benign neoplasms may be treated with medication, surgery, or a combination of both. Malignant neoplasms may require more aggressive treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy. Early detection and treatment are important for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of complications.

Carcinoma is a type of cancer that originates in the epithelial cells, which are the cells that line the surfaces of organs and tissues in the body. Carcinomas can develop in any part of the body, but they are most common in the skin, lungs, breast, prostate, and colon. Carcinomas are classified based on the location and type of epithelial cells from which they originate. For example, a carcinoma that develops in the skin is called a skin carcinoma, while a carcinoma that develops in the lungs is called a lung carcinoma. Carcinomas can be further classified as either non-melanoma skin cancers (such as basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma) or melanoma, which is a more aggressive type of skin cancer that can spread to other parts of the body. Treatment for carcinomas depends on the type and stage of the cancer, as well as the overall health of the patient. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy.

Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell is a type of cancer that begins in the glandular cells of the body. It is characterized by the presence of clear, glassy cells that are easily visible under a microscope. This type of cancer is most commonly found in the lungs, kidneys, and thyroid gland, but it can also occur in other parts of the body, such as the ovaries, uterus, and colon. Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell is typically diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests, such as CT scans or ultrasounds, and a biopsy, in which a small sample of tissue is removed from the affected area and examined under a microscope. Treatment for this type of cancer depends on the location and stage of the cancer, as well as the overall health of the patient. It may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these treatments.

Cystadenocarcinoma, serous is a type of ovarian cancer that arises from the epithelial cells lining the cysts of the ovary. It is a malignant tumor that can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. The tumor is characterized by the production of a large number of fluid-filled cysts on the ovaries, which can cause abdominal pain, bloating, and other symptoms. Treatment for cystadenocarcinoma, serous typically involves surgery to remove the affected ovaries and any other affected organs, followed by chemotherapy or radiation therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. The prognosis for this type of cancer depends on the stage of the disease at the time of diagnosis and the response to treatment.

Ovarian neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the ovaries, which are the female reproductive organs responsible for producing eggs and hormones. These neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can vary in size, shape, and location within the ovaries. Ovarian neoplasms can be classified based on their histological type, which refers to the type of cells that make up the tumor. Some common types of ovarian neoplasms include epithelial ovarian cancer, germ cell tumors, sex cord-stromal tumors, and stromal tumors. Symptoms of ovarian neoplasms may include abdominal pain, bloating, pelvic pain, and changes in menstrual patterns. However, many ovarian neoplasms are asymptomatic and are discovered incidentally during routine pelvic exams or imaging studies. Diagnosis of ovarian neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging studies, such as ultrasound or CT scans, and blood tests to measure levels of certain hormones and tumor markers. A biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the type and stage of the neoplasm. Treatment for ovarian neoplasms depends on the type, stage, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences. Options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes and survival rates for patients with ovarian neoplasms.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell is a type of cancer that originates in the squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells that line the surface of the body. Squamous cells are found in the skin, mouth, throat, lungs, and other organs. Carcinoma, Squamous Cell can develop in any part of the body where squamous cells are present, but it is most commonly found in the head and neck, lungs, and skin. The exact cause of Squamous Cell Carcinoma is not always clear, but it is often associated with exposure to certain substances, such as tobacco smoke, alcohol, and certain chemicals. It can also develop as a result of chronic inflammation or infection, such as HPV (human papillomavirus) infection in the cervix. Symptoms of Squamous Cell Carcinoma can vary depending on the location of the tumor, but may include a persistent sore or lesion that does not heal, a change in the appearance of the skin or mucous membranes, difficulty swallowing or breathing, and unexplained weight loss. Treatment for Squamous Cell Carcinoma typically involves surgery to remove the tumor, followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. In some cases, targeted therapy or immunotherapy may also be used. The prognosis for Squamous Cell Carcinoma depends on the stage of the cancer at the time of diagnosis and the overall health of the patient.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular is a type of cancer that originates in the liver cells, specifically in the cells that line the small blood vessels within the liver. It is the most common type of liver cancer and is often associated with chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis or hepatitis B or C infection. The cancer cells in hepatocellular carcinoma can grow and spread to other parts of the body, including the lungs, bones, and lymph nodes. Symptoms of hepatocellular carcinoma may include abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), and fatigue. Treatment options for hepatocellular carcinoma may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and liver transplantation. The choice of treatment depends on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as the overall health of the patient.

Cystadenocarcinoma, papillary is a type of cancer that arises from the cells lining fluid-filled sacs (cysts) in the pancreas. It is a rare type of pancreatic cancer, accounting for less than 1% of all pancreatic cancers. The cancer cells in cystadenocarcinoma, papillary are typically small and grow in clusters, forming papillary structures. These structures can grow into the cysts and cause them to enlarge. The cancer cells can also invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Symptoms of cystadenocarcinoma, papillary may include abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), and nausea. Diagnosis is typically made through imaging tests such as CT scans or MRI, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment for cystadenocarcinoma, papillary may include surgery to remove the affected cysts and surrounding tissue, as well as chemotherapy and radiation therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. The prognosis for this type of cancer depends on the stage of the disease at the time of diagnosis and the overall health of the patient.

Endometrial hyperplasia is a condition in which the lining of the uterus (endometrium) grows abnormally thick and may become cancerous over time. It is a common condition that affects women of reproductive age, and is often associated with hormonal imbalances, such as those caused by unopposed estrogen (lack of progesterone) in the uterus. Endometrial hyperplasia can be classified into two types: simple hyperplasia and complex hyperplasia. Simple hyperplasia is a less severe form of the condition, characterized by the thickening of the endometrium without any atypia (abnormal cell growth). Complex hyperplasia, on the other hand, is a more severe form of the condition, characterized by the thickening of the endometrium with atypia. Endometrial hyperplasia can be detected through a pelvic exam, ultrasound, or biopsy. Treatment options for endometrial hyperplasia depend on the severity of the condition and the patient's age and reproductive goals. In some cases, treatment may involve hormonal therapy to regulate the menstrual cycle and prevent further growth of the endometrium. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the uterus (hysterectomy).

Adenocarcinoma, mucinous is a type of cancer that starts in the glandular cells of the body's tissues and produces a large amount of mucus. It is a subtype of adenocarcinoma, which is a type of cancer that begins in the glandular cells that produce mucus, sweat, or other fluids. Mucinous adenocarcinomas are often found in the digestive system, such as the colon, stomach, and pancreas, but they can also occur in other parts of the body, such as the lungs, ovaries, and breast. They are typically slow-growing and may not cause symptoms until they are advanced. Treatment for mucinous adenocarcinoma may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, depending on the location and stage of the cancer.

Carcinoma, papillary refers to a type of cancer that originates in the cells lining a gland or duct, such as the thyroid gland or the breast. Papillary carcinomas are characterized by the presence of small, finger-like projections called papillae, which are a common feature of these types of tumors. These tumors are typically slow-growing and may not cause symptoms until they are quite large. Treatment for papillary carcinoma usually involves surgery to remove the affected gland or duct, followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. In some cases, hormone therapy may also be used to treat papillary carcinoma.

Carcinoma in situ, also known as CIS or intraepithelial neoplasia, is a type of cancer that has not yet invaded the surrounding tissue. It is a precancerous condition where abnormal cells are present only in the lining of a tissue or organ, but have not yet spread beyond the basement membrane. CIS is often found in the early stages of cancer and can be detected through routine screening tests such as Pap smears for cervical cancer or colonoscopies for colorectal cancer. Treatment for CIS typically involves removing the affected tissue or organ, and may include surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy. CIS is considered a serious condition because it has the potential to develop into invasive cancer if left untreated. However, with early detection and treatment, the risk of progression to invasive cancer can be significantly reduced.

Mixed tumor, also known as a mixed Mullerian tumor, is a type of gynecological cancer that arises from the cells that make up the Müllerian ducts, which are the embryonic structures that eventually develop into the female reproductive organs. These tumors are a combination of both epithelial and stromal cells, which gives them a mixed appearance. Mixed tumors can occur in various parts of the female reproductive system, including the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. They are typically classified as either low-grade or high-grade, depending on the degree of cell differentiation and the likelihood of the tumor spreading to other parts of the body. Treatment for mixed tumors typically involves surgery to remove the tumor and any affected tissue. In some cases, chemotherapy or radiation therapy may also be used to help prevent the tumor from returning. The prognosis for mixed tumors depends on the stage of the cancer at the time of diagnosis and the effectiveness of treatment.

Uterine neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the uterus, which is the female reproductive organ responsible for carrying and nourishing a developing fetus during pregnancy. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) in nature. Benign uterine neoplasms include leiomyomas (fibroids), adenomyosis, and endometrial polyps. These conditions are relatively common and often do not require treatment unless they cause symptoms such as heavy bleeding, pain, or pressure on other organs. Malignant uterine neoplasms, on the other hand, are less common but more serious. The most common type of uterine cancer is endometrial cancer, which develops in the lining of the uterus. Other types of uterine cancer include uterine sarcomas, which are rare and aggressive tumors that develop in the muscle or connective tissue of the uterus. Diagnosis of uterine neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as ultrasound or MRI, and biopsy. Treatment options depend on the type, size, and location of the neoplasm, as well as the patient's overall health and age. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Endometriosis is a medical condition in which the tissue that normally lines the inside of the uterus (endometrium) grows outside of the uterus, on other organs in the pelvic cavity, such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and the lining of the pelvis. This tissue can also grow on the surface of the bowel, bladder, or other abdominal organs. Endometriosis can cause a range of symptoms, including pelvic pain, heavy menstrual bleeding, pain during sex, and infertility. The severity of symptoms can vary widely from person to person, and some people with endometriosis may not experience any symptoms at all. The exact cause of endometriosis is not known, but it is thought to be related to the retrograde menstruation, which is the backward flow of menstrual blood through the fallopian tubes and into the pelvic cavity. This can cause the endometrial tissue to implant and grow in other areas of the body. Diagnosis of endometriosis typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as ultrasound, MRI, or laparoscopy. Treatment options for endometriosis include pain management, hormonal therapy, and surgery to remove the endometrial tissue.

Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that starts in the glandular cells of an organ or tissue. It is one of the most common types of cancer and can occur in many different parts of the body, including the lungs, breast, colon, rectum, pancreas, stomach, and thyroid gland. Adenocarcinomas typically grow slowly and may not cause symptoms in the early stages. However, as the cancer grows, it can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. This can lead to more serious symptoms and a higher risk of complications. Treatment for adenocarcinoma depends on the location and stage of the cancer, as well as the overall health of the patient. Options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these approaches. The goal of treatment is to remove or destroy the cancer cells and prevent them from spreading further.

Carcinosarcoma is a type of cancer that arises from the coexistence of both carcinoma (a cancer that begins in the epithelial cells) and sarcoma (a cancer that begins in the connective tissue) in the same tumor. It is also known as carcinosarcomatous carcinoma or carcinosarcomatous tumor. Carcinosarcomas can occur in various parts of the body, including the lung, breast, uterus, and gastrointestinal tract. They are typically aggressive and difficult to treat, with a poor prognosis. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy, depending on the location and stage of the cancer.

In the medical field, "neoplasm invasiveness" refers to the ability of a cancerous tumor to invade and spread beyond its original site of origin. This can occur through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, or by direct extension into surrounding tissues. The degree of invasiveness of a neoplasm can be an important factor in determining the prognosis and treatment options for a patient. More invasive tumors are generally considered to be more aggressive and may be more difficult to treat. However, the specific characteristics of the tumor, such as its type, stage, and location, as well as the overall health of the patient, can also play a role in determining the prognosis. Invasive neoplasms may also be referred to as malignant tumors, as they have the potential to spread and cause harm to surrounding tissues and organs. Non-invasive neoplasms, on the other hand, are generally considered to be benign and are less likely to spread.

Liver neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the liver. These growths can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign liver neoplasms include hemangiomas, focal nodular hyperplasia, and adenomas. These growths are usually slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant liver neoplasms, on the other hand, are more serious and include primary liver cancer (such as hepatocellular carcinoma) and secondary liver cancer (such as metastatic cancer from other parts of the body). These tumors can grow quickly and spread to other parts of the body, leading to serious health complications. Diagnosis of liver neoplasms typically involves imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, as well as blood tests and biopsy. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the neoplasm, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or targeted therapy.

Carcinoma, ductal, breast is a type of cancer that starts in the milk ducts of the breast. It is the most common type of breast cancer, accounting for about 80% of all breast cancer cases. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-invasive form of this cancer, where cancer cells are found in the lining of the milk ducts but have not spread to nearby tissues or lymph nodes. Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) is a more advanced form of the cancer, where cancer cells have invaded the surrounding breast tissue. The diagnosis of ductal carcinoma is usually made through a combination of a physical examination, imaging tests such as mammography or ultrasound, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options for ductal carcinoma may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the stage and severity of the cancer.

Carcinoma, Adenosquamous is a type of cancer that arises from the cells that line the inside of certain organs, such as the lungs, bladder, and pancreas. These cells are called glandular cells, and they produce mucus or other substances that help to lubricate and protect the organs. Adenosquamous carcinoma is a rare type of cancer that arises when glandular cells and squamous cells, which are flat, scale-like cells that line the surface of organs, mix together and form a tumor. This type of cancer is often aggressive and can spread quickly to other parts of the body. Treatment for adenosquamous carcinoma typically involves surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

PTEN (Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog Deleted on Chromosome 10) is a protein that plays a crucial role in regulating cell growth and preventing the development of cancer. It is a tumor suppressor gene that functions as a phosphatase, removing phosphate groups from other proteins. PTEN is involved in a variety of cellular processes, including cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). It regulates the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, which is a key pathway involved in cell growth and survival. When PTEN is functioning properly, it helps to keep this pathway in check and prevent uncontrolled cell growth. Mutations in the PTEN gene can lead to the production of a non-functional protein or a complete loss of function, which can contribute to the development of cancer. PTEN is commonly mutated in several types of cancer, including breast, prostate, and endometrial cancer. Understanding the role of PTEN in cancer development and identifying ways to target its function may lead to the development of new cancer treatments.

Carcinoma, Basal Cell is a type of skin cancer that originates from the basal cells, which are the cells that line the bottom layer of the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. It is the most common type of skin cancer and is usually slow-growing and non-aggressive. However, if left untreated, it can spread to other parts of the body and become more serious. The main risk factors for basal cell carcinoma include exposure to UV radiation from the sun or tanning beds, fair skin, and a history of skin cancer. Treatment options for basal cell carcinoma include surgery, radiation therapy, and topical medications.

In the medical field, "Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial" refers to abnormal growths or tumors that arise from glandular or epithelial cells. These types of neoplasms can occur in various organs and tissues throughout the body, including the breast, prostate, thyroid, and lungs. Glandular neoplasms are tumors that develop in glands, which are organs that produce and secrete substances such as hormones and enzymes. Examples of glandular neoplasms include breast cancer, prostate cancer, and thyroid cancer. Epithelial neoplasms, on the other hand, are tumors that develop in epithelial cells, which are the cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of organs and tissues. Examples of epithelial neoplasms include skin cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer. Both glandular and epithelial neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms typically do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant neoplasms have the potential to invade nearby tissues and spread to other organs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.

Cystadenocarcinoma, mucinous is a type of cancer that arises from the epithelial cells lining the cysts of the ovary. It is a type of ovarian cancer that is characterized by the production of large amounts of a thick, gelatinous substance called mucus. This type of cancer is typically slow-growing and may not cause symptoms in the early stages. However, as the cancer grows, it can cause abdominal pain, bloating, and other symptoms. Treatment for cystadenocarcinoma, mucinous typically involves surgery to remove the affected ovary and any other affected tissue. In some cases, chemotherapy may also be used to help kill any remaining cancer cells.

Neoplasms, cystic, mucinous, and serous are types of tumors that can occur in various organs of the body. Cystic neoplasms are tumors that are filled with fluid or semi-solid material. They can be benign or malignant and can occur in various organs, including the liver, kidneys, ovaries, and pancreas. Mucinous neoplasms are tumors that produce a thick, gelatinous substance called mucus. They can be benign or malignant and are most commonly found in the ovaries, appendix, and colon. Serous neoplasms are tumors that produce a clear, watery fluid called serous fluid. They can be benign or malignant and are most commonly found in the ovaries, peritoneum, and pleura. It's important to note that not all cystic, mucinous, and serous neoplasms are cancerous, and some may be benign and not require treatment. However, it's important to have any suspicious cystic, mucinous, or serous neoplasm evaluated by a medical professional to determine the best course of action.

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop on the ovaries, which are the female reproductive organs responsible for producing eggs. These cysts are a common occurrence in women of all ages, but are most commonly found in women of reproductive age. There are two types of ovarian cysts: functional and non-functional. Functional cysts are caused by hormonal changes in the body and usually resolve on their own within a few months. Non-functional cysts, on the other hand, are not caused by hormones and may require medical intervention. Symptoms of ovarian cysts may include abdominal pain, bloating, and discomfort during sexual intercourse. In some cases, ovarian cysts may be asymptomatic and discovered during a routine pelvic exam. Diagnosis of ovarian cysts typically involves imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI. Treatment options depend on the size and type of cyst, as well as the patient's overall health. Small cysts may be monitored with regular imaging tests, while larger cysts or cysts that cause symptoms may require surgical removal.

A cell line, tumor is a type of cell culture that is derived from a cancerous tumor. These cell lines are grown in a laboratory setting and are used for research purposes, such as studying the biology of cancer and testing potential new treatments. They are typically immortalized, meaning that they can continue to divide and grow indefinitely, and they often exhibit the characteristics of the original tumor from which they were derived, such as specific genetic mutations or protein expression patterns. Cell lines, tumor are an important tool in cancer research and have been used to develop many of the treatments that are currently available for cancer patients.

Carcinoma, Transitional Cell is a type of cancer that originates in the transitional cells lining the urinary tract, including the bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis. These cells are responsible for regulating the flow of urine and lining the inner surface of the urinary tract. Transitional cell carcinoma can develop in any part of the urinary tract, but it is most commonly found in the bladder. It is the most common type of bladder cancer and can be either non-invasive (in situ) or invasive (infiltrating) depending on whether the cancer cells have spread beyond the lining of the bladder. Symptoms of transitional cell carcinoma may include blood in the urine, frequent urination, pain or burning during urination, and abdominal pain or discomfort. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies, and biopsy. Treatment for transitional cell carcinoma may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the stage and location of the cancer. Early detection and treatment are important for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of recurrence.

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that carries genetic information in living organisms. It is composed of four types of nitrogen-containing molecules called nucleotides, which are arranged in a specific sequence to form the genetic code. Neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth of cells in the body, which can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Neoplasms can occur in any part of the body and can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, exposure to carcinogens, and hormonal imbalances. In the medical field, DNA and neoplasms are closely related because many types of cancer are caused by mutations in the DNA of cells. These mutations can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and the formation of tumors. DNA analysis is often used to diagnose and treat cancer, as well as to identify individuals who are at increased risk of developing the disease.

Multiple primary neoplasms, also known as synchronous or metachronous neoplasms, are two or more neoplasms (cancerous or non-cancerous tumors) that occur in the same individual at the same time or at different times. In the medical field, multiple primary neoplasms can occur in different organs or tissues of the body, and they can be either cancerous (malignant) or non-cancerous (benign). The occurrence of multiple primary neoplasms can be due to various factors, including genetic predisposition, exposure to environmental toxins, lifestyle factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption, and certain medical conditions such as immunosuppression. The diagnosis of multiple primary neoplasms typically involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, imaging studies, and biopsy of the tumors. Treatment options depend on the type, location, and stage of the neoplasms, as well as the overall health of the individual.

Beta-catenin is a protein that plays a crucial role in the regulation of cell adhesion and signaling pathways in the body. In the medical field, beta-catenin is often studied in the context of cancer, as mutations in the beta-catenin gene (CTNNB1) can lead to the development of various types of cancer, including colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, and ovarian cancer. In normal cells, beta-catenin is a component of the cadherin adhesion complex, which helps cells stick together and maintain tissue integrity. However, in cancer cells, mutations in the beta-catenin gene can lead to the accumulation of beta-catenin in the cytoplasm and nucleus, where it can activate downstream signaling pathways that promote cell proliferation and survival. Beta-catenin is also involved in the regulation of other cellular processes, such as cell migration, differentiation, and apoptosis. As such, it is a potential target for the development of new cancer therapies.

Lymphatic metastasis is a type of cancer spread that occurs when cancer cells from a primary tumor travel through the lymphatic system and spread to other parts of the body. The lymphatic system is a network of vessels and organs that helps to fight infection and remove waste products from the body. When cancer cells enter the lymphatic system, they can travel through the lymph nodes, which are small, bean-shaped structures that filter out harmful substances from the lymph fluid. If the cancer cells reach the lymph nodes, they can multiply and form new tumors, which can then spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system. Lymphatic metastasis is a common way for cancer to spread, and it can occur in many different types of cancer, including breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer.

Carcinoma, bronchogenic is a type of cancer that starts in the cells that line the airways of the lungs. These airways include the bronchi, which are the large tubes that carry air into and out of the lungs, and the bronchioles, which are smaller tubes that branch off from the bronchi. Carcinoma, bronchogenic is also known as lung cancer. There are several different types of lung cancer, including small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Carcinoma, bronchogenic is a type of non-small cell lung cancer. It is the most common type of lung cancer and is usually diagnosed at a later stage, when it has already spread to other parts of the body. Symptoms of carcinoma, bronchogenic may include a persistent cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, hoarseness, and coughing up blood. These symptoms may be caused by the cancer itself or by the body's response to the cancer. Treatment for carcinoma, bronchogenic may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these treatments. The best treatment option will depend on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as the overall health of the person.

Tumor suppressor protein p53 is a protein that plays a crucial role in regulating cell growth and preventing the development of cancer. It is encoded by the TP53 gene and is one of the most commonly mutated genes in human cancer. The p53 protein acts as a "guardian of the genome" by detecting DNA damage and initiating a series of cellular responses to repair the damage or trigger programmed cell death (apoptosis) if the damage is too severe. This helps to prevent the accumulation of mutations in the DNA that can lead to the development of cancer. In addition to its role in preventing cancer, p53 also plays a role in regulating cell cycle progression, DNA repair, and the response to cellular stress. Mutations in the TP53 gene can lead to the production of a non-functional or mutated p53 protein, which can result in the loss of these important functions and contribute to the development of cancer. Overall, the p53 protein is a critical regulator of cell growth and survival, and its dysfunction is a common feature of many types of cancer.

Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating (CIN) is a type of cancer that originates in the lining of the milk ducts in the breast. It is also known as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). CIN is considered a pre-cancerous condition because it has the potential to develop into invasive breast cancer if left untreated. However, it is important to note that not all cases of CIN will progress to invasive cancer. CIN is typically detected through a mammogram, which is an X-ray of the breast. If CIN is detected, a biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the extent of the disease. Treatment for CIN may include surgery, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy, depending on the specific circumstances of the case. It is important for women to be aware of the signs and symptoms of breast cancer and to have regular mammograms as part of their routine healthcare. Early detection and treatment of breast cancer can improve outcomes and increase the chances of a successful recovery.

Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic is a type of cancer that originates in the salivary glands, particularly the minor salivary glands located in the mouth, nose, and throat. It is a slow-growing cancer that can spread to nearby tissues and organs, as well as to distant parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. The adenoid cystic carcinoma cells are characterized by their ability to invade surrounding tissues and form cysts or nodules. These tumors can be difficult to diagnose and treat because they often do not cause symptoms until they have spread to other parts of the body. Treatment options for adenoid cystic carcinoma may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. The prognosis for this type of cancer depends on several factors, including the stage of the cancer at diagnosis, the location of the tumor, and the patient's overall health.

Epididymal secretory proteins are proteins that are produced and secreted by the epididymis, a tube located in the male reproductive system that is responsible for storing and transporting sperm from the testes to the vas deferens. These proteins play a number of important roles in the maturation and function of sperm, including protecting them from damage, facilitating their movement, and helping them to bind to and fertilize an egg. Some of the most well-known epididymal secretory proteins include prostate-specific antigen (PSA), Clara cell secretory protein (CC16), and epididymal secretory protein 1 (ESP1).

Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a genetic abnormality characterized by the presence of unstable, repeated DNA sequences (microsatellites) in the genome. This instability can lead to the insertion or deletion of nucleotides (DNA building blocks) in these sequences, resulting in changes to the length of the repeat. MSI is typically associated with certain types of cancer, such as colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, and some types of ovarian cancer. In these cases, MSI is often caused by defects in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system, which normally corrects errors in DNA replication. When the MMR system is not functioning properly, microsatellites can become unstable and lead to the development of cancer. MSI can also be used as a diagnostic tool in cancer, as it can help to identify tumors that are likely to be caused by defects in the MMR system. In some cases, MSI can also be used to predict the response of cancer to certain treatments, such as immunotherapy.

Carcinoma, Small Cell is a type of cancer that begins in the cells of the lungs. It is called "small cell" because the cancer cells are smaller than the normal cells in the lungs. Small cell carcinoma is a fast-growing cancer that spreads quickly to other parts of the body. It is usually treated with chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and in some cases, surgery. Small cell carcinoma is more common in men than in women and is often associated with smoking. It is a very aggressive form of cancer and can be difficult to treat.

Carcinoma, Medullary is a type of cancer that originates in the medullary layer of the thyroid gland. The medullary layer is the innermost layer of the thyroid gland, and it is responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism. Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare type of thyroid cancer, accounting for about 5% of all thyroid cancers. It is more common in women than in men and is often associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2), a genetic disorder that increases the risk of developing MTC and other types of endocrine tumors. MTC typically presents with symptoms such as a lump in the neck, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, and a persistent cough. Diagnosis is usually made through a combination of imaging studies, such as ultrasound and CT scans, and a biopsy of the thyroid gland. Treatment for MTC typically involves surgery to remove the affected thyroid gland and any nearby lymph nodes that may be affected. In some cases, additional treatments such as radioactive iodine therapy or targeted therapy may be used to help control the cancer. The prognosis for MTC depends on the stage of the cancer at the time of diagnosis and the effectiveness of treatment.

Carcinoma, Lobular refers to a type of cancer that originates in the lobules of the breast tissue. Lobules are the small glandular structures in the breast that produce milk. Lobular carcinoma is a type of invasive breast cancer, which means that it has the potential to spread to other parts of the body. Lobular carcinoma is typically diagnosed through a combination of mammography, ultrasound, and biopsy. It is often difficult to detect on mammography because it does not typically form a mass, but rather spreads throughout the breast tissue. Ultrasound can help identify areas of abnormal tissue that may be indicative of lobular carcinoma. Treatment for lobular carcinoma may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or a combination of these approaches. The specific treatment plan will depend on the stage and grade of the cancer, as well as the overall health of the patient. Early detection and treatment are key to improving outcomes for patients with lobular carcinoma.

In the medical field, precancerous conditions refer to abnormal cells or tissues in the body that have the potential to develop into cancer if left untreated. These conditions are not yet cancerous, but they have the potential to become cancerous if they are not detected and treated early. Examples of precancerous conditions include: 1. Dysplasia: A condition in which cells in a tissue or organ do not grow or develop normally, leading to the formation of abnormal cells. 2. Papillomas: Non-cancerous growths on the skin or in the respiratory tract that can become cancerous if left untreated. 3. Leukoplakia: A white patch or plaque on the lining of the mouth or throat that can be caused by smoking, alcohol, or other irritants and can develop into cancer. 4. Barrett's Esophagus: A condition in which the lining of the esophagus is replaced by cells that are similar to those found in the lining of the stomach. This condition can increase the risk of developing esophageal cancer. 5. Atypical Hyperplasia: A condition in which cells in the cervix grow abnormally and may develop into cervical cancer if left untreated. It is important to note that not all precancerous conditions will develop into cancer, and some may spontaneously regress. However, early detection and treatment of precancerous conditions can significantly reduce the risk of developing cancer.

Neoplasm proteins are proteins that are produced by cancer cells. These proteins are often abnormal and can contribute to the growth and spread of cancer. They can be detected in the blood or other body fluids, and their presence can be used as a diagnostic tool for cancer. Some neoplasm proteins are also being studied as potential targets for cancer treatment.

Neoplasm recurrence, local refers to the return of cancer cells to the original site of the tumor after treatment. This can occur even if the cancer has been completely removed through surgery or other treatments. Local recurrence is typically treated with additional surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy, depending on the type and stage of the cancer. It is important to note that local recurrence does not necessarily mean that the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

Cell transformation, neoplastic refers to the process by which normal cells in the body undergo genetic changes that cause them to become cancerous or malignant. This process involves the accumulation of mutations in genes that regulate cell growth, division, and death, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation and the formation of tumors. Neoplastic transformation can occur in any type of cell in the body, and it can be caused by a variety of factors, including exposure to carcinogens, radiation, viruses, and inherited genetic mutations. Once a cell has undergone neoplastic transformation, it can continue to divide and grow uncontrollably, invading nearby tissues and spreading to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. The diagnosis of neoplastic transformation typically involves a combination of clinical examination, imaging studies, and biopsy. Treatment options for neoplastic transformation depend on the type and stage of cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences. Common treatments include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy.

Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine is a type of cancer that arises from neuroendocrine cells, which are specialized cells that produce hormones and neurotransmitters. These cells can be found in various parts of the body, including the lungs, pancreas, thymus, and gastrointestinal tract. Neuroendocrine carcinomas can be further classified based on the location of the tumor and the hormones produced by the cells. For example, small cell lung cancer is a type of neuroendocrine carcinoma that arises in the lungs and produces large amounts of hormones. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are another type of neuroendocrine carcinoma that can produce hormones such as insulin and gastrin. The symptoms of neuroendocrine carcinomas can vary depending on the location of the tumor and the hormones produced. Some common symptoms include abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, flushing, and high blood pressure. Treatment options for neuroendocrine carcinomas may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy.

Urethral neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the urethra, which is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. These neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) in nature. Benign urethral neoplasms include urethral polyps, fibromas, and adenomas, which are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant urethral neoplasms, on the other hand, are more serious and can include squamous cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. Symptoms of urethral neoplasms may include difficulty urinating, blood in the urine, frequent urination, pain or burning during urination, and discomfort in the genital area. Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, urine analysis, and imaging tests such as cystoscopy or biopsy. Treatment for urethral neoplasms depends on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. Early detection and treatment are important for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of complications.

Nasopharyngeal neoplasms refer to tumors that develop in the nasopharynx, which is the part of the throat located at the back of the nose and the top of the throat. These tumors can be either benign or malignant, and they can occur in any part of the nasopharynx, including the nasopharyngeal epithelium, the lymphoid tissue, and the salivary glands. Nasopharyngeal neoplasms are relatively uncommon, but they can be aggressive and difficult to treat. Some of the most common types of nasopharyngeal neoplasms include nasopharyngeal carcinoma, which is a type of head and neck cancer that is particularly common in certain parts of the world, such as Southeast Asia and Southern China, and nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, which is a benign tumor that is more common in adolescent boys. The symptoms of nasopharyngeal neoplasms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but they may include nasal congestion, difficulty swallowing, ear pain, hearing loss, and a persistent sore throat. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies, and biopsy. Treatment for nasopharyngeal neoplasms may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. The choice of treatment depends on the type and stage of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient.

Thyroid neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the thyroid gland, which is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck. These neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Thyroid neoplasms can occur in any part of the thyroid gland, but some areas are more prone to developing tumors than others. The most common type of thyroid neoplasm is a thyroid adenoma, which is a benign tumor that arises from the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. Other types of thyroid neoplasms include papillary thyroid carcinoma, follicular thyroid carcinoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the size and location of the tumor, as well as whether it is benign or malignant. Some common symptoms include a lump or swelling in the neck, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, and a rapid or irregular heartbeat. Diagnosis of thyroid neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan, and biopsy of the thyroid tissue. Treatment options for thyroid neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and age. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, or medication to manage symptoms or slow the growth of the tumor.

Breast neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the breast tissue. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign breast neoplasms are usually not life-threatening, but they can cause discomfort or cosmetic concerns. Malignant breast neoplasms, on the other hand, can spread to other parts of the body and are considered a serious health threat. Some common types of breast neoplasms include fibroadenomas, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive ductal carcinoma, and invasive lobular carcinoma.

In the medical field, RNA, Messenger (mRNA) refers to a type of RNA molecule that carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus of a cell to the ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized. During the process of transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into a complementary RNA sequence called messenger RNA (mRNA). This mRNA molecule then leaves the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm of the cell, where it binds to ribosomes and serves as a template for the synthesis of a specific protein. The sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein that is synthesized. Therefore, changes in the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule can result in changes in the amino acid sequence of the protein, which can affect the function of the protein and potentially lead to disease. mRNA molecules are often used in medical research and therapy as a way to introduce new genetic information into cells. For example, mRNA vaccines work by introducing a small piece of mRNA that encodes for a specific protein, which triggers an immune response in the body.

Lung neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the lungs. These growths can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Lung neoplasms can occur in any part of the lung, including the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. Lung neoplasms can be further classified based on their type, including: 1. Primary lung neoplasms: These are tumors that develop in the lungs and do not spread to other parts of the body. 2. Secondary lung neoplasms: These are tumors that develop in the lungs as a result of cancer that has spread from another part of the body. 3. Benign lung neoplasms: These are non-cancerous tumors that do not spread to other parts of the body. 4. Malignant lung neoplasms: These are cancerous tumors that can spread to other parts of the body. Some common types of lung neoplasms include lung adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and small cell carcinoma. The diagnosis of lung neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as chest X-rays and CT scans, and a biopsy to examine a sample of tissue from the tumor. Treatment options for lung neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient.

Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid is a type of cancer that originates in the mucus-producing cells of the salivary glands. It is a rare type of salivary gland cancer, accounting for about 10% of all salivary gland cancers. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma can occur in any of the salivary glands, but it is most commonly found in the parotid gland, which is located in front of the ear. The cancer cells in mucoepidermoid carcinoma can vary in appearance and function, which can affect the behavior and treatment of the cancer. Symptoms of mucoepidermoid carcinoma may include a lump or mass in the neck or mouth, difficulty swallowing, ear pain, and facial weakness. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as CT scans or MRI, and a biopsy of the affected tissue. Treatment for mucoepidermoid carcinoma may include surgery to remove the cancerous tissue, radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy. The specific treatment plan will depend on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as the overall health of the patient.

Uterine cervical neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. These neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Cervical neoplasms can be classified into different types based on their characteristics and degree of malignancy. The most common type of cervical neoplasm is cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), which is a precancerous condition that can progress to invasive cervical cancer if left untreated. Cervical cancer is a serious health concern worldwide, and it is the fourth most common cancer in women globally. However, with regular screening and appropriate treatment, the prognosis for cervical cancer is generally good when it is detected early.

Mixed tumor, mesodermal, also known as mixed mesenchymal tumor, is a rare type of cancer that arises from the mesodermal tissue layer of the body. Mesodermal tissue is responsible for the development of bones, muscles, and connective tissue. Mixed tumors, mesodermal, are characterized by the presence of both epithelial and mesenchymal cells within the tumor. These tumors can occur in various parts of the body, including the chest, abdomen, and pelvis. The symptoms of mixed tumors, mesodermal, can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. Some common symptoms include pain, swelling, and a mass or lump in the affected area. In some cases, mixed tumors, mesodermal, may not cause any symptoms until they have grown to a large size. Treatment for mixed tumors, mesodermal, typically involves surgery to remove the tumor. In some cases, chemotherapy or radiation therapy may also be used to treat the cancer. The prognosis for mixed tumors, mesodermal, depends on the size and location of the tumor, as well as the stage of the cancer at the time of diagnosis.

Head and neck neoplasms refer to tumors that develop in the head and neck region of the body. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and can affect any part of the head and neck, including the mouth, nose, throat, sinuses, salivary glands, thyroid gland, and neck lymph nodes. Head and neck neoplasms can be further classified based on the type of tissue they arise from, such as squamous cell carcinoma (which develops from the squamous cells that line the inside of the mouth and throat), adenoid cystic carcinoma (which develops from the glands that produce mucus), and salivary gland tumors (which develop from the salivary glands). The treatment for head and neck neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving the prognosis and reducing the risk of complications.

Carcinoma, Embryonal is a type of cancer that arises from the cells that are similar to those found in an embryo or fetus. It is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that can occur in various parts of the body, including the brain, liver, kidney, and testicles. Carcinoma, Embryonal is typically diagnosed in children and young adults, and it is more common in males than females. The exact cause of this type of cancer is not known, but it is believed to be related to genetic mutations and abnormalities. Treatment for Carcinoma, Embryonal usually involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. The prognosis for this type of cancer depends on several factors, including the location and stage of the cancer, as well as the age and overall health of the patient. In some cases, the cancer may be cured with treatment, while in other cases, it may be more difficult to treat and may recur or spread to other parts of the body.

Esophageal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the esophagus, which is the muscular tube that carries food from the throat to the stomach. These neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign esophageal neoplasms include polyps, which are small, non-cancerous growths that can develop on the lining of the esophagus. Other examples of benign neoplasms include leiomyomas, which are smooth muscle tumors, and lipomas, which are fatty tumors. Malignant esophageal neoplasms, on the other hand, are more serious and can be further classified into two main types: squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas. Squamous cell carcinomas develop in the squamous cells that line the esophagus, while adenocarcinomas develop in the glandular cells that line the lower part of the esophagus, near the stomach. Esophageal neoplasms can cause a range of symptoms, including difficulty swallowing, chest pain, weight loss, and difficulty breathing. Treatment options for esophageal neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Mouth neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the mouth, including the lips, tongue, gums, palate, and throat. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can occur in any part of the mouth. Mouth neoplasms can be further classified based on their type, including: 1. Squamous cell carcinoma: This is the most common type of mouth cancer and usually develops on the lips, tongue, or floor of the mouth. 2. Adenoid cystic carcinoma: This type of cancer usually develops in the salivary glands and can spread to other parts of the mouth and neck. 3. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma: This is a rare type of cancer that develops in the salivary glands and can spread to other parts of the mouth and neck. 4. Basal cell carcinoma: This type of cancer usually develops on the lips and can spread to other parts of the mouth and neck. 5. Melanoma: This is a type of cancer that develops in the melanocytes (pigment-producing cells) of the mouth. Mouth neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including pain, difficulty swallowing, changes in the appearance of the mouth, and bleeding. Treatment options for mouth neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Carcinoma, Merkel cell is a rare and aggressive type of skin cancer that arises from Merkel cells, which are specialized cells found in the skin's outermost layer. It typically occurs on sun-exposed areas of the body, such as the head, neck, and arms, and is more common in older adults and people with weakened immune systems. The exact cause of Merkel cell carcinoma is not known, but it is believed to be related to exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. Other risk factors include a history of sunburns, fair skin, and a weakened immune system. Symptoms of Merkel cell carcinoma may include a firm, painless lump or bump on the skin, a red or bluish-red nodule, or a sore that does not heal. The cancer can also spread to nearby lymph nodes and other parts of the body. Treatment for Merkel cell carcinoma typically involves surgery to remove the tumor and any nearby lymph nodes, followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. In some cases, targeted therapy or immunotherapy may also be used. Early detection and treatment are important for improving the chances of a good outcome.

Receptors, Progesterone are proteins found on the surface of cells in the body that bind to the hormone progesterone. These receptors play a crucial role in regulating the menstrual cycle, maintaining pregnancy, and supporting the development of the fetus. When progesterone binds to its receptors, it triggers a series of chemical reactions within the cell that can have a variety of effects, depending on the type of cell and the tissue in which it is found. For example, progesterone receptors in the uterus help to thicken the lining of the uterus in preparation for a potential pregnancy, while receptors in the brain can help to regulate mood and behavior.

Carcinoma, ductal is a type of breast cancer that starts in the milk ducts of the breast. It is the most common type of breast cancer, accounting for about 80% of all breast cancer cases. Ductal carcinoma usually develops slowly over time and may not cause any symptoms in the early stages. However, as the cancer grows, it can cause a lump in the breast, skin changes, nipple discharge, or other symptoms. Treatment for ductal carcinoma usually involves surgery to remove the cancerous tissue, followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. In some cases, hormone therapy may also be recommended to slow the growth of the cancer. The prognosis for ductal carcinoma depends on several factors, including the size and stage of the cancer, as well as the age and overall health of the patient.

Disease progression refers to the worsening or progression of a disease over time. It is a natural course of events that occurs in many chronic illnesses, such as cancer, heart disease, and diabetes. Disease progression can be measured in various ways, such as changes in symptoms, physical examination findings, laboratory test results, or imaging studies. In some cases, disease progression can be slowed or stopped through medical treatment, such as medications, surgery, or radiation therapy. However, in other cases, disease progression may be inevitable, and the focus of treatment may shift from trying to cure the disease to managing symptoms and improving quality of life. Understanding disease progression is important for healthcare providers to develop effective treatment plans and to communicate with patients about their condition and prognosis. It can also help patients and their families make informed decisions about their care and treatment options.

CA-125 antigen is a protein that is produced by some types of ovarian cancer cells. It is also produced by other types of cancer cells, as well as by non-cancerous cells in the body. The CA-125 antigen is measured in the blood to help diagnose and monitor ovarian cancer. A high level of CA-125 in the blood may indicate the presence of ovarian cancer, but it can also be elevated in other conditions, such as endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and pregnancy. Therefore, the CA-125 test is not used alone to diagnose ovarian cancer, but rather as part of a larger diagnostic workup.

Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate (TAC) are a type of tumor-associated antigen that are composed of carbohydrates. These antigens are found on the surface of cancer cells and are not present on normal cells. They are recognized by the immune system as foreign and can stimulate an immune response against the cancer cells. TAC antigens are being studied as potential targets for cancer immunotherapy, which aims to harness the power of the immune system to fight cancer.

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that originates in the adrenal cortex, which is the outer layer of the adrenal gland. The adrenal gland is located on top of each kidney and produces hormones that regulate various bodily functions, including blood pressure, metabolism, and the stress response. ACC can produce excessive amounts of hormones, leading to a variety of symptoms, including weight gain, high blood pressure, and electrolyte imbalances. The cancer can also spread to other parts of the body, including the liver, lungs, and bones. Treatment for ACC typically involves surgery to remove the tumor, followed by chemotherapy or radiation therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. In some cases, hormone therapy may also be used to manage symptoms caused by excess hormone production. The prognosis for ACC depends on the stage of the cancer at diagnosis and the patient's overall health.

Colonic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the colon, which is the final part of the large intestine. These growths can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign colonic neoplasms include polyps, which are small, non-cancerous growths that can develop on the inner lining of the colon. Polyps can be further classified as adenomas, which are made up of glandular tissue, or hyperplastic polyps, which are non-glandular. Malignant colonic neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous tumors that can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. The most common type of colon cancer is adenocarcinoma, which starts in the glandular tissue of the colon. Colonic neoplasms can be detected through various diagnostic tests, including colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, and fecal occult blood testing. Treatment options for colonic neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the growth, as well as the overall health of the patient. Early detection and treatment of colonic neoplasms can significantly improve the chances of a successful outcome.

Carcinoma, verrucous is a type of cancer that arises from the skin cells, specifically from the basal cells that line the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. It is also known as basal cell carcinoma in situ or intraepithelial carcinoma. Carcinoma, verrucous is usually slow-growing and tends to spread locally rather than metastasizing to other parts of the body. It is often found on sun-exposed areas of the skin, such as the face, neck, and hands, and is more common in fair-skinned individuals who have a history of sun exposure or who have had previous skin damage. The diagnosis of carcinoma, verrucous is typically made through a biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of tissue from the affected area for examination under a microscope. Treatment options for this type of cancer include surgical removal, cryotherapy, radiation therapy, and topical medications. In some cases, no treatment may be necessary if the cancer is small and not causing any symptoms.

Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell is a type of cancer that originates in the cells of the stomach lining. It is characterized by the presence of cells with a distinctive appearance, called signet ring cells, which have a large central nucleus surrounded by a clear, eosinophilic cytoplasm that stains pink. These cells are thought to be derived from glandular cells in the stomach lining and are often associated with the production of excess acid by the stomach. Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell is a relatively rare type of stomach cancer, accounting for less than 1% of all cases. It is typically diagnosed at an advanced stage and has a poor prognosis, with a high risk of recurrence and metastasis. Treatment options for Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy.

Receptors, estrogen are proteins found on the surface of cells in the body that bind to and respond to the hormone estrogen. Estrogen is a sex hormone that is primarily produced by the ovaries in women and by the testes in men. It plays a key role in the development and regulation of the female reproductive system, as well as in the development of secondary sexual characteristics in both men and women. Estrogen receptors are classified into two main types: estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ). These receptors are found in a wide variety of tissues throughout the body, including the breast, uterus, bone, and brain. When estrogen binds to its receptors, it triggers a cascade of chemical reactions within the cell that can have a variety of effects, depending on the type of receptor and the tissue in which it is found. In the breast, for example, estrogen receptors play a role in the development and growth of breast tissue, as well as in the regulation of the menstrual cycle. In the uterus, estrogen receptors are involved in the thickening of the uterine lining in preparation for pregnancy. In the bone, estrogen receptors help to maintain bone density and prevent osteoporosis. In the brain, estrogen receptors are involved in a variety of functions, including mood regulation, memory, and learning. Abnormalities in estrogen receptor function or expression have been linked to a number of health conditions, including breast cancer, uterine cancer, osteoporosis, and mood disorders.

Tumor suppressor proteins are a group of proteins that play a crucial role in regulating cell growth and preventing the development of cancer. These proteins act as brakes on the cell cycle, preventing cells from dividing and multiplying uncontrollably. They also help to repair damaged DNA and prevent the formation of tumors. Tumor suppressor proteins are encoded by genes that are located on specific chromosomes. When these genes are functioning properly, they produce proteins that help to regulate cell growth and prevent the development of cancer. However, when these genes are mutated or damaged, the proteins they produce may not function properly, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and the development of cancer. There are many different tumor suppressor proteins, each with its own specific function. Some of the most well-known tumor suppressor proteins include p53, BRCA1, and BRCA2. These proteins are involved in regulating cell cycle checkpoints, repairing damaged DNA, and preventing the formation of tumors. In summary, tumor suppressor proteins are a group of proteins that play a critical role in regulating cell growth and preventing the development of cancer. When these proteins are functioning properly, they help to maintain the normal balance of cell growth and division, but when they are mutated or damaged, they can contribute to the development of cancer.

Neoplasm metastasis refers to the spread of cancer cells from a primary tumor to other parts of the body. This occurs when cancer cells break away from the primary tumor, enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system, and travel to distant organs or tissues, where they can form new tumors. Metastasis is a major cause of cancer-related deaths, as it makes the disease more difficult to treat and increases the risk of complications. The ability of cancer cells to metastasize is a key factor in determining the prognosis for patients with cancer.

Nuclear proteins are proteins that are found within the nucleus of a cell. The nucleus is the control center of the cell, where genetic material is stored and regulated. Nuclear proteins play a crucial role in many cellular processes, including DNA replication, transcription, and gene regulation. There are many different types of nuclear proteins, each with its own specific function. Some nuclear proteins are involved in the structure and organization of the nucleus itself, while others are involved in the regulation of gene expression. Nuclear proteins can also interact with other proteins, DNA, and RNA molecules to carry out their functions. In the medical field, nuclear proteins are often studied in the context of diseases such as cancer, where changes in the expression or function of nuclear proteins can contribute to the development and progression of the disease. Additionally, nuclear proteins are important targets for drug development, as they can be targeted to treat a variety of diseases.

Urinary bladder neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the urinary bladder. These neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms include cysts, polyps, and adenomas, while malignant neoplasms are classified as urothelial carcinomas, which are the most common type of bladder cancer. Symptoms of urinary bladder neoplasms may include blood in the urine, frequent urination, pain or burning during urination, and abdominal pain or discomfort. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies, and biopsy. Treatment options depend on the type, size, and stage of the neoplasm, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10 refers to the 10th pair of chromosomes in the human genome. Each pair of chromosomes contains a specific set of genes that are responsible for various traits and characteristics of an individual. Chromosome 10 is one of the largest human chromosomes, containing approximately 135 million base pairs of DNA and more than 1,000 genes. It is located on the long (q) arm of the chromosome and is known to be involved in the development and function of various organs and tissues, including the immune system, brain, and reproductive system. Mutations or abnormalities in chromosome 10 can lead to a variety of genetic disorders and health conditions.

Stomach neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the lining of the stomach. These growths can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Stomach neoplasms can occur in different parts of the stomach, including the stomach lining, the muscular wall of the stomach, and the glands that produce stomach acid. Some common types of stomach neoplasms include gastric adenocarcinoma (a type of cancer that starts in the glandular cells of the stomach lining), gastric lymphoma (a type of cancer that starts in the lymphatic cells of the stomach), and gastric stromal tumors (benign tumors that develop in the connective tissue of the stomach). Stomach neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and loss of appetite. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, imaging tests (such as endoscopy or CT scan), and biopsy. Treatment for stomach neoplasms depends on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Skin neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop on the skin. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Skin neoplasms can occur anywhere on the body and can vary in size, shape, and color. Some common types of skin neoplasms include basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, and keratosis. These growths can be treated with a variety of methods, including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. It is important to have any unusual skin growths evaluated by a healthcare professional to determine the best course of treatment.

Case-control studies are a type of observational study used in the medical field to investigate the relationship between an exposure and an outcome. In a case-control study, researchers identify individuals who have experienced a particular outcome (cases) and compare their exposure history to a group of individuals who have not experienced the outcome (controls). The main goal of a case-control study is to determine whether the exposure was a risk factor for the outcome. To do this, researchers collect information about the exposure history of both the cases and the controls and compare the two groups to see if there is a statistically significant difference in the prevalence of the exposure between the two groups. Case-control studies are often used when the outcome of interest is rare, and it is difficult or unethical to conduct a prospective cohort study. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to recall bias, where participants may not accurately remember their exposure history. Additionally, because case-control studies only provide information about the association between an exposure and an outcome, they cannot establish causality.

Cytoskeletal proteins are a diverse group of proteins that make up the internal framework of cells. They provide structural support and help maintain the shape of cells. The cytoskeleton is composed of three main types of proteins: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Microfilaments are the thinnest of the three types of cytoskeletal proteins and are composed of actin filaments. They are involved in cell movement, cell division, and muscle contraction. Intermediate filaments are thicker than microfilaments and are composed of various proteins, including keratins, vimentin, and desmin. They provide mechanical strength to cells and help maintain cell shape. Microtubules are the thickest of the three types of cytoskeletal proteins and are composed of tubulin subunits. They play a crucial role in cell division, intracellular transport, and the maintenance of cell shape. Cytoskeletal proteins are essential for many cellular processes and are involved in a wide range of diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and muscle diseases.

Carcinoma, Large Cell is a type of cancer that originates in the lungs and is characterized by the presence of large, abnormal cells. These cells grow and divide rapidly, forming a tumor that can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Large cell carcinoma is one of the most common types of lung cancer, accounting for about 10-15% of all cases. It is more common in men than in women and is often associated with smoking. The symptoms of large cell carcinoma may include coughing, chest pain, shortness of breath, hoarseness, and weight loss. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as chest X-rays and CT scans, and a biopsy to examine the tissue sample. Treatment for large cell carcinoma may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. The choice of treatment depends on the stage of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and other factors.

Sex Cord-Gonadal Stromal Tumors (SCGTs) are a group of rare tumors that develop in the gonads (ovaries or testes) or the stroma (connective tissue) that surrounds them. These tumors can occur in both males and females and can be classified into two main categories: benign and malignant. Benign SCGTs are usually slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. They can cause hormonal imbalances, such as excessive production of androgens (male hormones) or estrogens (female hormones), which can lead to symptoms such as irregular periods, infertility, and acne. Malignant SCGTs, on the other hand, are more aggressive and can spread to other parts of the body, including the lungs, liver, and bones. They can also cause hormonal imbalances and symptoms similar to those caused by benign SCGTs. SCGTs are diagnosed through imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scans, and MRI, as well as through a biopsy of the tumor. Treatment options for SCGTs depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. They may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy.

Cadherins are a family of transmembrane proteins that play a crucial role in cell-cell adhesion in the human body. They are responsible for the formation and maintenance of tissues and organs by linking neighboring cells together. There are over 20 different types of cadherins, each with its own unique function and distribution in the body. Cadherins are involved in a wide range of biological processes, including embryonic development, tissue repair, and cancer progression. In the medical field, cadherins are often studied as potential targets for therapeutic interventions. For example, some researchers are exploring the use of cadherin inhibitors to treat cancer by disrupting the adhesion between cancer cells and normal cells, which can help prevent the spread of the disease. Additionally, cadherins are being studied as potential biomarkers for various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders.

Transcription factors are proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences and controlling the transcription of genetic information from DNA to RNA. They play a crucial role in the development and function of cells and tissues in the body. In the medical field, transcription factors are often studied as potential targets for the treatment of diseases such as cancer, where their activity is often dysregulated. For example, some transcription factors are overexpressed in certain types of cancer cells, and inhibiting their activity may help to slow or stop the growth of these cells. Transcription factors are also important in the development of stem cells, which have the ability to differentiate into a wide variety of cell types. By understanding how transcription factors regulate gene expression in stem cells, researchers may be able to develop new therapies for diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. Overall, transcription factors are a critical component of gene regulation and have important implications for the development and treatment of many diseases.

Papillary serous carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma, and endometrioid carcinoma are the subtypes at the highest risk of recurrence ... Histologically, TCCE resembles endometrioid carcinoma and is distinct from other transitional cell carcinomas. In contrast to ... Some endometrioid adenocarcinomas have foci of mucinous carcinoma. The genetic mutations most commonly associated with ... The most frequent type of endometrial cancer is endometrioid carcinoma, which accounts for more than 80% of cases. Endometrial ...
In 40% of cases, endometrioid tumors are found bilaterally. Endometrioid carcinoma can also arise in the endometrium. Grades 1 ... Endometrioid tumors are a class of tumor characterized by a resemblance to endometrium/ endometrial carcinoma, and over a third ... Carcinoma,+Endometrioid at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) "ACS :: What Is Endometrial ... Ovarian and endometrial endometrioid carcinomas have distinct CTNNB1 and PTEN gene mutation profiles. PTEN mutations are more ...
Rahilly MA, Al-Nafussi A (1991). Uterus-like mass of the ovary associated with endometrioid carcinoma. Histopathology 18:549- ... ULM has also been reported associated to endometrial carcinoma and breast cancer. A clonal chromosome deletion 2p21 was found ...
Distinction of HGSC from high-grade endometrioid carcinoma is not always possible. The progression of HGSC may also be ... Technically a 'serous carcinoma' can occur anywhere on these membranes, but high-grade serous carcinoma is generally limited to ... "TP53 mutations in serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma and concurrent pelvic high-grade serous carcinoma--evidence supporting ... High-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) is a type of tumour that arises from the serous epithelial layer in the abdominopelvic ...
"Loss of ASRGL1 expression is an independent biomarker for disease-specific survival in endometrioid endometrial carcinoma". ...
Mutations in this gene have been associated with hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatoblastomas, ovarian endometrioid ... "AXIN1 mutations in hepatocellular carcinomas, and growth suppression in cancer cells by virus-mediated transfer of AXIN1". Nat ... "Evaluation of AXIN1 and AXIN2 as targets of tankyrase inhibition in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines". Scientific Reports. ...
Risk factors for development of EIN and the endometrioid type of endometrial carcinoma include exposure to estrogens without ... a precursor lesion to uterine endometrioid carcinoma". Cancer Res. 58 (15): 3254-8. PMID 9699651. Mutter GL, Boynton KA, Faquin ... Some cases of EIN are first detected as residual premalignant disease in women who already have carcinoma, whereas other EIN ... Hecht JL, Ince TA, Baak JP, Baker HE, Ogden MW, Mutter GL (March 2005). "Prediction of endometrial carcinoma by subjective ...
... is overexpressed in non-small cell lung cancer and human placenta and chorionic carcinoma cells. In breast cancer, loss of ... For example, MTA3 expression is downregulated in breast cancer and endometrioid adenocarcinomas. ... "The metastasis-associated genes MTA1 and MTA3 are abundantly expressed in human placenta and chorionic carcinoma cells". ...
The other major subtypes within this group include high-grade serous, endometrioid, mucinous, and low-grade serous. The serous ... Ovarian clear-cell carcinoma, or clear-cell carcinoma of the ovary, also called ovarian clear-cell adenocarcinoma, is one of ... There are two subtypes of ovarian carcinoma - epithelial and nonepithelial; ovarian clear-cell carcinoma is an epithelial ... Ovarian clear-cell carcinoma often occurs as a pelvic mass that rarely appears bilaterally. The cells usually contain glycogen ...
"Uterine papillary serous and clear cell carcinomas predict for poorer survival compared to grade 3 endometrioid corpus cancers ... Uterine clear-cell carcinoma is staged like other forms of endometrial carcinoma at time of surgery using the International ... Uterine clear-cell carcinoma (CC) is a rare form of endometrial cancer with distinct morphological features on pathology; it is ... Like uterine papillary serous carcinoma CC does not develop from endometrial hyperplasia and is not hormone sensitive, rather ...
15-30% of endometrioid carcinomas occur in individuals with carcinoma of the endometrium, and these patients have a better ... Endometrioid tumors account for approximately 20% of all ovarian cancers and are mostly malignant (endometroid carcinomas). ... ISBN 978-0-07-147257-9. Smedley H, Sikora K. Age as a prognostic factor in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Br J Obstet Gynaecol ... Bakhru A, Liu JR, Lagstein A (2012). "A case of small cell carcinoma of the ovary hypercalcemic variant in a teenager". ...
Though mixed carcinomas can have any combination of cell types, mixed ovarian cancers are typically serous/endometrioid or ... Type I cancers are of low histological grade and include endometrioid, mucinous, and clear-cell carcinomas. Type II cancers are ... Low-grade serous carcinoma is less aggressive than high-grade serous carcinomas, though it does not typically respond well to ... More typically, ovarian squamous cell carcinomas are cervical metastases, areas of differentiation in an endometrioid tumor, or ...
... is a secreted glycoprotein that is overexpressed by serous and endometrioid ovarian carcinomas". Cancer Res. 65 (6): 2162-9. ... protein is a biomarker for ovarian carcinoma". Cancer Res. 63 (13): 3695-700. PMID 12839961. Drapkin R, von Horsten HH, Lin Y, ... "Comparative hybridization of an array of 21,500 ovarian cDNAs for the discovery of genes overexpressed in ovarian carcinomas". ... Protein Is a Biomarker for Ovarian Carcinoma". Cancer Research. 63 (13): 3695-3700. PMID 12839961. Retrieved 2012-11-28. ...
... is an early molecular event in tumor progression from ovarian endometriotic cyst to clear cell and endometrioid carcinoma". Int ...
Unlike the more common low-grade endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma, uterine serous carcinoma does not develop from ... Uterine papillary serous carcinoma is staged like other forms of endometrial carcinoma at time of surgery using the ... Uterine serous carcinoma is a malignant form of serous tumor that originates in the uterus. It is an uncommon form of ... In a recent study, about 60% of uterine serous carcinomas were found to overexpress the protein HER2/neu-the same one that is ...
Unlike the more common low-grade endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma, uterine serous carcinoma does not develop from ... Serous carcinomas often have bulky peritoneal and omental metastases, and spread to the lymph nodes is frequent. Beginning in ... Uterine serous carcinoma is an uncommon form of endometrial cancer that typically arises in postmenopausal women. It is ... There is a 25% survival rate with a stage III serous carcinoma. Staging: Stage I - Tumour growth limited to ovaries. Stage II ...
Notably, the expression of mPRγ was significantly higher in endometrioid and clear cell carcinomas, which are closely related ... and carcinomas: while mPRα is expressed at significantly higher levels than the others, an increased expression of mPRβ has ... been noticed in mucinous carcinomas when compared to the other tumor types and normal tissues. ...
... endometrioid, or clear cell carcinoma, Brenner tumor, granulosa cell tumor, stromal tumor, dysgerminoma, fibroma, or metastatic ... "A case of Meigs syndrome mimicking metastatic breast carcinoma". World Journal of Surgical Oncology. 7: 10. doi:10.1186/1477- ...
... as well as the more aggressive uterine papillary serous carcinoma and uterine clear-cell carcinoma. Malignant mixed Müllerian ... These include the common and readily treatable well-differentiated endometrioid adenocarcinoma, ... "Endometrial carcinoma: Clinical features, diagnosis, prognosis, and screening". www.uptodate.com. Retrieved 2021-09-18. " ... Uharcek P (October 2008). "Prognostic factors in endometrial carcinoma". The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 34 ...
... endometrioid endometrial carcinoma), as well as pleomorphic adenoma. Metaplasia Dysplasia Barrett esophagus - a columnar cell ...
... endometrioid) Clear cell adenocarcinoma Serous carcinoma Adenosquamous carcinoma Glassy cell carcinoma Adenoid cystic carcinoma ... Also called carcinoma in situ (CIS). The carcinoma has grown into the cervix, but has not spread beyond it (extension to the ... Adenoid basal carcinoma Small cell carcinoma Undifferentiated carcinoma Cancers can be histopathologically graded as follows: ... If the specimen is not satisfactory, a small loop biopsy or cone may be required.[citation needed] The carcinoma is confined to ...
... carcinoma, pancreatic ductal MeSH C04.557.470.200.025.240 - carcinoma, endometrioid MeSH C04.557.470.200.025.255 - carcinoma, ... carcinoma, ehrlich tumor MeSH C04.557.470.200.220 - carcinoma, giant cell MeSH C04.557.470.200.240 - carcinoma in situ MeSH ... carcinoma, large cell MeSH C04.557.470.200.280 - carcinoma, lewis lung MeSH C04.557.470.200.300 - carcinoma, non-small-cell ... carcinoma, bronchogenic MeSH C04.588.894.797.520.230 - carcinoma, non-small-cell lung MeSH C04.588.894.797.520.235 - carcinoma ...
... renal cell carcinoma, testicular germ cell tumors, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, bladder cancer, endometrioid endometrial ... McNeish IA, Bell S, McKay T, Tenev T, Marani M, Lemoine NR (June 2003). "Expression of Smac/DIABLO in ovarian carcinoma cells ... So far, SMAC overexpression has been observed to oppose cancer progression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, ... hepatocellular carcinoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, breast cancer, glioblastoma, thyroid cancer, ...
... carcinoma, endometrioid MeSH C13.371.056.630.705.398 - granulosa cell tumor MeSH C13.371.056.630.705.464 - luteoma MeSH C13.371 ... carcinoma, endometrioid MeSH C13.371.820.800.418.685.398 - granulosa cell tumor MeSH C13.371.820.800.418.685.464 - luteoma MeSH ... carcinoma, endometrioid MeSH C13.371.820.800.418.875.200.374 - endometrial stromal tumors MeSH C13.371.820.800.418.875.200.374. ... carcinoma, renal cell MeSH C13.371.820.800.820.535.585 - wilms tumor MeSH C13.371.820.800.820.535.585.220 - denys-drash ...
... carcinoma, endometrioid MeSH C19.391.630.705.398 - granulosa cell tumor MeSH C19.391.630.705.464 - luteoma MeSH C19.391.630.705 ... carcinoma, islet cell MeSH C19.344.421.500.124 - gastrinoma MeSH C19.344.421.500.249 - glucagonoma MeSH C19.344.421.500.500 - ... adrenocortical carcinoma MeSH C19.344.400.500 - multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 MeSH C19.344.400.505 - multiple endocrine ... adrenocortical carcinoma MeSH C19.053.347.500 - adrenal cortex neoplasms MeSH C19.053.347.500.500 - adrenocortical adenoma MeSH ...
Adenomyoma Myo-invasive endometrial endometrioid carcinoma (vs. stroma-poor adenomyosis) Low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma ... However, both entities could coexist and the endometrial tissue within the myometrium could harbor endometrioid adenocarcinoma ...
... papillary renal cell carcinoma, papillary endometrioid carcinoma of the prostate, in thymic carcinomas, and in non-epithelial ... It can be present in: Thyroid neoplasms: It is a characteristic feature of papillary thyroid carcinoma, but has also been seen ... Breast carcinomas Vaginal, cervical and/or endometrial neoplasms Papillary neoplasms of several organs: papillary transitional ...
... her research team used genetically modified mice to mimic tumors that closely resembled human high-grade serous carcinomas. In ... Cho's laboratory developed a mouse model to research ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma. From 2013 to 2014, Cho served as ...
Carcinoma is confined to the corpus uteri itself. Stage II. Carcinoma involves the corpus and the cervix. Stage III. Carcinoma ... On histology, the tumors consist of adenocarcinoma (endometrioid, serous or clear cell) mixed with the malignant mesenchymal ( ... Carcinoma extends outside the true pelvis or involves the mucosa of the bladder or the rectum. A Cochrane review indicates ... As with endometrial carcinomas, the prognosis is influenced by the grade and type of the adenocarcinoma, being poorest with ...
October 2017). "Rucaparib maintenance treatment for recurrent ovarian carcinoma after response to platinum therapy (ARIEL3): a ... High-Grade Serous or Endometrioid Epithelial Ovarian, Primary Peritoneal or Fallopian Tube Cancer (ARIEL3) " at ClinicalTrials. ... double-blind study of rucaparib vs placebo following response to platinum-based chemotherapy for recurrent ovarian carcinoma ( ...
Grade 2 carcinoma is associated with pelvic lymph-node metastasis, depending on selected risk factors. Intraoperative ... the diagnostic precision of IOA in determining the need for surgical staging in grade 2 endometrioid endometrial carcinoma. Two ... IOA is an adequate tool to identify high-risk patients in grade 2 endometrial carcinoma. Myometrial invasion is the individual ... Endometrial carcinoma is the most common gynecologic malignancy in developed countries. ...
In 40% of cases, endometrioid tumors are found bilaterally. Endometrioid carcinoma can also arise in the endometrium. Grades 1 ... Endometrioid tumors are a class of tumor characterized by a resemblance to endometrium/ endometrial carcinoma, and over a third ... Carcinoma,+Endometrioid at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) "ACS :: What Is Endometrial ... Ovarian and endometrial endometrioid carcinomas have distinct CTNNB1 and PTEN gene mutation profiles. PTEN mutations are more ...
The role of adjuvant therapy in stage I grade 3 endometrioid endometrial carcinoma (EEC) is debatable. We sought to define the ... Risk Stratification of Stage I Grade 3 Endometrioid Endometrial Carcinoma in the Era of Molecular Classification. ... Risk Stratification of Stage I Grade 3 Endometrioid Endometrial Carcinoma in the Era of Mo ... Carcinoma Endometrioide; Neoplasias do Endométrio; Linfoma Folicular; Neoplasias Testiculares; Carcinoma Endometrioide/genética ...
Most endometrial carcinomas are endometrioid adenocarcinomas. Adenoacanthomas (benign squamous components) and adenosquamous ... encoded search term (Endometrial Carcinoma) and Endometrial Carcinoma What to Read Next on Medscape ... Endometrial Carcinoma. Updated: Aug 22, 2023 * Author: William T Creasman, MD; Chief Editor: Leslie M Randall, MD, MAS, FACS ... Examination in a woman with suspected endometrial carcinoma includes the following:. * Pelvic examination: Findings may be ...
Issues in the Differential Diagnosis of Uterine Low-grade Endometrioid Carcinoma, Including Mixed Endometrial Carcinomas: ... Endometrial Carcinoma Diagnosis: Use of FIGO Grading and Genomic Subcategories in Clinical Practice: Recommendations of the ... High-grade Endometrial Carcinomas: Morphologic and Immunohistochemical Features, Diagnostic Challenges and Recommendations. ... Pathologic Prognostic Factors in Endometrial Carcinoma (Other Than Tumor Type and Grade). Singh, Naveena; Hirschowitz, Lynn; ...
The main subtypes are serous, mucinous, endometrioid, and clear cell carcinomas. These types show significant differences in ... The mean value reported for CA-125 in mucinous carcinoma stage I is 44.2 U/mL, while stage II-IV is 176.7 U/mL. In another ... 6 Ricci F, Affatato R, Carrassa L, Damia G. Recent insights into mucinous ovarian carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19 (06) 1569 ... 6 Ricci F, Affatato R, Carrassa L, Damia G. Recent insights into mucinous ovarian carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19 (06) 1569 ...
CRKL and CK2 β over Expression Are Independent Predictors of Patients Survival in Endometrioid Endometrial Carcinoma (Articles) ...
Endometrioid borderline tumors. Endometrioid tumors of the ovary are usually carcinomas, while borderline forms are very rare; ... Endometrioid BOTs, also called Atypical Proliferative Endometrioid Tumors (APET), account for the 0,2% of ovarian epithelial ... Epithelial ovarian carcinoma of low malignant potential. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 66. 141. 145. ... Morice P Management and prognosis of endometrioid borderline tumors of the ovary. Surg Oncol. 2012. Sep;. 21. 3. 178. 84. ...
percentage of study population developing endometrioid carcinoma during a period of time (CMO:0001759). 20. 1. 25159026. Rat. ... Colorectal carcinoma resistance QTL 9. 2.97. 0.0024. intestine integrity trait (VT:0010554). benign colorectal tumor number ( ... Endometrial carcinoma susceptibility QTL3. 3.5. 0.003. uterus morphology trait (VT:0001120). ...
Nonmelanotic skin cancer or carcinoma-in-situ of the cervix, or prostate or localized endometrioid endometrial cancer. ...
... particularly endometrioid carcinomas, is not reliable. Reported rates of mucinous carcinoma diagnoses have declined ... endometrioid and clear cell carcinomas are most common and most important clinically. In general, type I ovarian carcinomas ... The association is stronger with nonserous histological subtypes, specifically endometrioid and clear cell carcinomas. In one ... Ovarian carcinoma is a disease that predominantly affects postmenopausal women. Ovarian carcinomas consist of several ...
Genetic aberrations detected by comparative genomic hybridization predict outcome in patients with endometrioid carcinoma. ... Clinical significance of alterations of chromosome 8 in high-grade, advanced, nonmetastatic prostate carcinoma. J Natl Cancer ...
epithelial endometrial carcinoma Must be one of the following histologic types:. Endometrioid adenocarcinoma Villoglandular ... with squamous differentiation Serous carcinoma Clear cell carcinoma Mucinous carcinoma. Squamous carcinoma Mixed types of ... epithelial endometrial carcinoma not amenable to surgery or radiotherapy. II. Evaluate. response (confirmed and unconfirmed ... malignancy except adequately treated basal cell or squamous cell skin cancer, carcinoma in. situ of the cervix, or adequately ...
Carcinomas at this site: 50% serous, 25% endometrioid, 20% transitional or undifferentiated * Symptoms: vaginal bleeding or ... typical endometrioid carcinoma elsewhere, more mitotic activity and atypia, mucin present ... Endometrioid tumors may be noninvasive, have squamous metaplasia, be associated with endometriosis and contain spindled ... Cite this page: Pernick N. Endometrioid adenocarcinoma. PathologyOutlines.com website. https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/ ...
Histopathological types included serous cystadenocarcinoma (49 cases, 37.98%), endometrioid carcinoma (41 cases, 31.78%), ... L. Zhan, Y. Zhang, W. Wang, and E. Y. B. Song, "E2F1: a promising regulator in ovarian carcinoma," Tumor Biology, vol. 37, no. ... found that E2F1 promoter regional polymorphisms were associated with the risk of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma [18]. ... "Combined effects ofE2F1andE2F2polymorphisms on risk and early onset of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck," Molecular ...
Ferry JA, Scully RE. Adenoid cystic carcinoma and adenoid basal carcinoma of the uterine cervix. A study of 28 cases. Am J Surg ... Endometrioid adenocarcinoma diagnosis can be made only after primary adenocarcinoma of the endometrium and HPV infection have ... Kurman RJ, Toki T, Schiffman MH. Basaloid and warty carcinomas of the vulva. Distinctive types of squamous cell carcinoma ... SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA (SCC). SCC - An invasive carcinoma composed of squamous cells of varying differentiation.[1] It is the ...
... sentinel lymph node mapping with ultrastaging in surgically staged patients with endometrioid and serous endometrial carcinoma. ... At MSK, I studied small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type, and helped discover the critical gene that is mutated ... Recurrent SMARCA4 mutations in small cell carcinoma of the ovary. Nature Genetics 2014 May;46(5):424-6. doi: 10.1038/ng.2922 (* ... Non-exenterative surgical management of recurrent endometrial carcinoma.. Moukarzel LA, Braxton KF, Zhou QC, Pedra Nobre S, ...
Approximately 80% of epithelial tumors are of the serous type, 10% are mucinous, and 10% are endometrioid, with rarer varieties ... and embryonal carcinomas. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level may be elevated in women with dysgerminomas, whereas the human ...
Patterns of spread and genetic alterations of primary endometrioid carcinomas of the ovary. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2023 Sep 4;33 ...
TGF-β signaling is disrupted in endometrioid-type endometrial carcinomas. Gynecol Oncol. 95:173-180. 2004. View Article : ... Zapiecki K, Manahan KJ, Miller GA and Geisler JP: Cyclin E is overexpressed by clear cell carcinomas of the endometrium and is ... Moreover, Shevra et al (21) observed increased expression of CCND1 and MKI67 in patients with endometrial carcinoma in relation ... DCIS and invasive carcinoma of the breast is paralleled with increased iNOS expression. Histochem Cell Biol. 117:13-19. 2002. ...
We performed immunohistochemistry on 207 tumors [clear cell carcinoma (n=120), endometrioid carcinoma (n=49), and seromucinous ... Ovarian clear cell carcinoma is a unique type of ovarian cancer, often derived from endometriosis, and advanced-stage disease ... Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) is distinctive from other histological types of epithelial ovarian cancer, with genetic/ ... CONCLUSIONS: Only a few patient-derived ovarian clear cell carcinoma cell lines have been reported in the literature. FDOV1 is ...
... a new algorithm for recurrent low-grade serous carcinoma based on developing research and novel therapeutic agents, and updated ... clear cell carcinoma, mucinous carcinoma, low-grade serous carcinoma (LGSC), grade 1 endometrioid carcinoma, borderline ... Malpica A, Deavers MT, Lu K, et al. Grading ovarian serous carcinoma using a two-tier system. Am J Surg Pathol 2004;28:496-504. ... Malpica A, Deavers MT, Lu K, et al. Grading ovarian serous carcinoma using a two-tier system. Am J Surg Pathol 2004;28:496-504. ...
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine, Pheochromocytoma, Seminoma, Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous, Choriocarcinoma, Carcinoma, Endometrioid, ... Conditions: Carcinoma, Merkel Cell, Carcinoma, Neoplasms, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell, Small Cell Lung Carcinoma, Mesothelioma, ... Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors, Carcinoid Tumor, Carcinoma, Transitional Cell, Carcinoma, Adenoid ... Adrenocortical Carcinoma, Carcinoma, Islet Cell, Paget Disease, Extramammary, Adenocarcinoma, Papillary, Carcinoma, Acinar Cell ...
Carcinoma of the ovary. FIGO 26th Annual Report on the Results of Treatment in Gynecological Cancer. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. ... This small percentage includes patients with stage IA or IB (grade 1) serous, mucinous, endometrioid, and Brenner tumors. ... Ovary and primary peritoneal carcinoma. Amin MB, Edge S, Greene F, Byrd DR, Brookland RK, et al, eds. AJCC Cancer Staging ... Normal range of carboplatin AUC for treatment of ovarian carcinoma is from 5 to 7.5; patients who have received extensive prior ...
... endometrioid adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenocarcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, clear cell adenocarcinoma, mixed epithelial ... carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, malignant Brenners tumor and nerve sheath tumor and recurrent squamous cell carcinoma ...
... in endometrioid (EEC) and non-endometrioid (NEC) endometrial carcinoma. Material and methods: Study I-III were retrospective ... 4. Prognostic Factors in Early Stages (FIGO I-II) of Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma. Författare :Ingirídur Skírnisdóttir; Seija ... Sammanfattning : From January, 1988, to December, 1993, 113 patients with FIGO stage IA-IIC epithelial ovarian carcinoma were ... population-based cohort studies including women resident in a defined geographical area, with endometrial carcinoma. LÄS MER ...
... predominantly detect gentle tumors or indolent carcinomas of endometrioid, mucinous, or definite cell type. So what precisely ...
In another notable study on the cytologic scoring of endometrioid carcinoma of… Continue reading Background For endometrioid ... Background For endometrioid carcinoma individuals, International Federation of Gynecologists and Obstetricians. Background For ... carcinoma and showed that these biomarkers contribute to accurate diagnosis and therapeutic decisions in relation to tumor ... endometrioid carcinoma individuals, International Federation of Gynecologists and Obstetricians (FIGO) histologic grading is ...
  • Histologically, most of them are serous or mucinous, but endometrioid, clear cell, Brenner (transitional cell) or mixed histotypes can be also seen. (intechopen.com)
  • Reported rates of mucinous carcinoma diagnoses have declined dramatically, but expert pathology reviews suggest that this reflects increased recognition of metastases from occult gastrointestinal primary tumors to the ovary, rather than a true decline in rates of ovarian primary tumors. (uofmhealth.org)
  • This small percentage includes patients with stage IA or IB (grade 1) serous, mucinous, endometrioid, and Brenner tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Uterine cancers were classified by histologic type (endometrioid carcinoma, other carcinoma, carcinosarcoma, and sarcoma). (cdc.gov)
  • Background For endometrioid carcinoma individuals, International Federation of Gynecologists and Obstetricians (FIGO) histologic grading is very important for identifying the appropriate treatment method. (healthyconnectionsinc.com)
  • Other histologic subtypes include adenosquamous, clear cell, and papillary serous carcinomas. (medscape.com)
  • They are part of the surface epithelial tumor group of ovarian neoplasms (10-20% of which are the endometrioid type). (wikipedia.org)
  • Unlike the invasive carcinomas, borderline ovarian tumors are characterized by cytoplasmic and nuclear atypia, (element of differential diagnosis with benign tumors), absence of stromal invasion, (element of differential diagnosis with malignant tumors), unusual degree of proliferation of the epithelial cells with cellular stratification including remarkable architectural atypia and the formation of papillary protuberances. (intechopen.com)
  • OBJECTIVES: I. Evaluate the efficacy of paclitaxel and carboplatin with amifostine on progression free survival and overall survival in patients with metastatic or recurrent epithelial endometrial carcinoma not amenable to surgery or radiotherapy. (knowcancer.com)
  • Carcinoma of cervix is classified as per the WHO classification into primary tumors which are predominantly epithelial tumors, mesenchymal tumors and tumor like lesions, mixed epithelial stromal tumors, melanocytic, germ cell, and lymphoid tumors. (cytojournal.com)
  • Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in various morphological forms needs to be separated from other epithelial tumors for treatment modality selection. (cytojournal.com)
  • From January, 1988, to December, 1993, 113 patients with FIGO stage IA-IIC epithelial ovarian carcinoma were treated with postoperative radiotherapy. (avhandlingar.se)
  • Endometrioid tumors are a class of tumor characterized by a resemblance to endometrium/ endometrial carcinoma, and over a third of cases have focal squamous differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 40% of cases, endometrioid tumors are found bilaterally. (wikipedia.org)
  • subsequently, this group of tumors of the ovary were classified in 1973 by the World Health Organization as "low malignant potential ovarian tumor" [ 2 ] and, finally, in 2003 WHO separates them from carcinomas and call them borderline tumors. (intechopen.com)
  • Ovarian cancer is a rare disease, with carcinomas comprising approximately 90% of tumors and germ cell and stromal tumors accounting for the remainder. (uofmhealth.org)
  • 10 ] Further, among carriers of deleterious mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2, increasing evidence suggests that many tumors previously classified as ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma may develop from malignant cells arising in the tubal epithelium (serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma [STIC]), although these tumors continue to be referred to as ovarian cancers in most writings. (uofmhealth.org)
  • We sought to define the agreement between Post Operative Radiation Therapy in Endometrial Carcinoma 1 (PORTEC-1) high-intermediate risk (HIR) and Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG)-99 HIR criteria, assess their concordance with The Cancer Genome Atlas molecular subtypes, and evaluate oncologic outcomes in this population . (bvsalud.org)
  • 8 ] [ 11 ] The median survivals of stage III and IV MOC disease are only up to 15 to 33 months compared with 50 months for advanced stage serous and endometrioid subtypes of EOC. (thieme-connect.de)
  • The category of ovarian borderline tumor or tumor of low-malignant potential, which historically had been considered in the context of ovarian cancer, is now generally considered a nonmalignant entity, although it has a postulated relationship with the development of some histological subtypes of low-grade ovarian carcinomas. (uofmhealth.org)
  • The association of endometriosis with ovarian cancer is stronger for nonserous subtypes, especially clear cell carcinoma and endometrioid subtypes. (uofmhealth.org)
  • Endometrioid carcinoma can also arise in the endometrium. (wikipedia.org)
  • Relative incidences of endometrial carcinomas by histopathology, being endometrioid in a majority of cases Light microscopy shows tubular glands, resembling endometrium. (wikipedia.org)
  • Approximately 95% of these malignancies are carcinomas of the endometrium . (medscape.com)
  • Ovarian carcinoma is a disease that predominantly affects postmenopausal women. (uofmhealth.org)
  • lt;h3>Endometrial Cancer Molecular Risk Stratification is Equally Prognostic for Endometrioid Ovarian Carcinoma. (vchri.ca)
  • It is hypothesized that high-grade serous carcinomas among individuals who are not carriers of mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 may also develop in the fallopian tube, but few STICs have been identified among these women in the absence of concurrent high-stage disease. (uofmhealth.org)
  • Further, data suggest that the distinction of high-grade serous carcinomas from other histological types of high-grade carcinomas, particularly endometrioid carcinomas, is not reliable. (uofmhealth.org)
  • L'objectif de cette étude était de déterminer la fréquence des cancers gynécologiques en pratique oncologique à Lomé et d'en étudier les aspects épidémiologiques et histo-cliniques. (bvsalud.org)
  • Il s'agitd'une étude rétrospective et descriptive portant sur tous les cancers gynécologiques reçus en oncologie entre le 1erJanvier 2016 et le 31 Décembre 2021. (bvsalud.org)
  • ces cancers ont ete diagnostiques au stade avance d'ou les difficultes dans leur prise en charge chirurgicale. (bvsalud.org)
  • En consequence notre objectif a ete d'etudier la place et les caracteres de la chirurgie dans la prise en charge de ces cancers. (bvsalud.org)
  • [ 1 ] Most endometrial cancers are of endometrioid type and are associated with exposure to unopposed estrogen . (medscape.com)
  • however, in developing countries, it is much less common than carcinoma of the cervix. (medscape.com)
  • Nonmelanotic skin cancer or carcinoma-in-situ of the cervix, or prostate or localized endometrioid endometrial cancer. (mayo.edu)
  • Carcinoma cervix is not the only cancer caused by HPV. (cytojournal.com)
  • carcinoma and showed that these biomarkers contribute to accurate diagnosis and therapeutic decisions in relation to tumor stage and grade. (healthyconnectionsinc.com)
  • Lymphovascular space invasion as a predictive factor for lymph node metastases and survival in endometrioid endometrial cancer - a Swedish Gynecologic Cancer Group (SweGCG) study. (cancercentrum.se)
  • Primary treatment and relative survival by stage and age in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma: A population-based SweGCG study. (cancercentrum.se)
  • Risk Stratification of Stage I Grade 3 Endometrioid Endometrial Carcinoma in the Era of Molecular Classification. (bvsalud.org)
  • The role of adjuvant therapy in stage I grade 3 endometrioid endometrial carcinoma ( EEC ) is debatable. (bvsalud.org)
  • Ovarian carcinomas consist of several histopathological types, with high-grade serous being both the most common and most lethal. (uofmhealth.org)
  • Patients with endometrioid cancer and grade 1 or 2 histology localized to the uterus may undergo hysterectomy only and require no extensive dissection of lymph nodes. (medscape.com)
  • This paper reviewed the accuracy of endometrial biopsy during the preoperative assessment of endometrial carcinoma . (medscape.com)
  • Approximately eighty percent of endometrial carcinomas are endometrioid adenocarcinomas. (medscape.com)
  • Our findings showed serous carcinoma was the most common subtype across all age groups with ASR ranging between 8.3 per 100,000 women in Australia and 15.3 per 100,000 women in Norway for the 2010-2014 period. (who.int)
  • There is an association with endometriosis and concurrent primary endometrial carcinoma (endometrial cancer). (wikipedia.org)
  • lt;h3>Validated biomarker assays confirm that ARID1A loss is confounded with MMR deficiency, CD8{{sup}}+{{/sup}} TIL infiltration, and provides no independent prognostic value in endometriosis-associated ovarian carcinomas. (vchri.ca)
  • Material and methods: Study I-III were retrospective population-based cohort studies including women resident in a defined geographical area, with endometrial carcinoma. (avhandlingar.se)
  • Aims: The over-all aims of this thesis were to evaluate the associations between prognostic factors and excess mortality rate, between socioeconomic and immigrant status and incidence rate, in endometrioid (EEC) and non-endometrioid (NEC) endometrial carcinoma. (avhandlingar.se)
  • 19. Clonal evolution in paired endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia/atypical hyperplasia and endometrioid adenocarcinoma. (nih.gov)
  • Con gran frecuencia esta forma de adenocarcinoma se presenta simultáneamente en ambos órganos. (bvsalud.org)
  • The clinical significance of this diagnosis is progression to or concurrent endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma. (medscape.com)
  • [ 11 ] Part of the difficulty in diagnosing concurrent carcinoma is due to lack of reproducibility in diagnosing hyperplasia, especially atypical hyperplasia versus adenocarcinoma among even expert gynecologic pathologists. (medscape.com)
  • Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) is a secreted glycoprotein that is overexpressed by serous and endometrioid ovarian carcinomas. (nih.gov)
  • Therefore, HE4 is a secreted glycoprotein that is overexpressed by serous and endometrioid EOCs. (nih.gov)
  • These cases were 12 UPSC, 2 clear cell carcinomas, 1 mixed uterine papillary serous and endometrioid carcinoma, 1 uterine carcinosarcoma, 1 serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma (EIC), and 2 EmGD involving endometrial polyps. (elsevierpure.com)
  • 16. Ovarian and endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinomas have distinct profiles of microsatellite instability, PTEN expression, and ARID1A expression. (nih.gov)
  • 18. High concordance of molecular tumor alterations between pre-operative curettage and hysterectomy specimens in patients with endometrial carcinoma. (nih.gov)
  • For Black women, this aggressive histology is projected to surpass endometrioid cancer in 15 years. (bmj.com)
  • Endometrial hyperplasia is believed to produce lesions that may be the precursor to endometrial carcinoma of endometrioid histology. (medscape.com)
  • The purpose of this study is to understand the metabolism of cancers involving the kidney, including renal cell carcinomas and urothelial cell carcinomas, and how kidney cancers use different types of fuel to support tumor growth. (centerwatch.com)
  • Previous TCGA research showed that a form of ovarian cancer (high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma) and a subtype of breast cancer (basal-like breast cancer) share many genomic features. (nih.gov)
  • Low-grade serous carcinoma, the fourth most common type of ovarian cancer, typically has slower-growing cancer cells than high-grade serous ovarian cancer. (moffitt.org)
  • 20. Coordinate expression of Cdc25B and ER-alpha is frequent in low-grade endometrioid endometrial carcinoma but uncommon in high-grade endometrioid and nonendometrioid carcinomas. (nih.gov)
  • and the bladder (urothelial carcinoma). (nih.gov)
  • Microscopy: endometrioid carcinoma of uterine corpus FIGO Grade 2, TNM stage pT3b pNxpM1 with involvement of both parametria and adnexae, lymphovascular and perineural invasion. (radiologycases.my)
  • An extremely rare form of ovarian cancer is called small cell carcinoma of the ovary, or SCCO. (webmd.com)
  • Similarly, under Carcinoma, specific renamed or deleted in later revisions of tumour classifications. (who.int)
  • UPSC is uterine papillary serous carcinoma, it tends to be more aggressive and recurrent than endometriod uterine cancer. (cancer.org)
  • Endometrial glandular dysplasia: A putative precursor lesion of uterine papillary serous carcinoma. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Endometrial glandular dysplasia (EmGD) may be a newly defined precursor lesion of uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC) by morphology. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Dive into the research topics of 'Endometrial glandular dysplasia: A putative precursor lesion of uterine papillary serous carcinoma. (elsevierpure.com)
  • 15. [Endometrial carcinoma and precursor lesions]. (nih.gov)
  • The pathologist reported an endometrioid carcinoma, and findings were consistent with its having arisen in an endometriotic cyst. (medscape.com)
  • Our findings showed serous carcinoma was the most common subtype across all age groups with ASR ranging between 8.3 per 100,000 women in Australia and 15.3 per 100,000 women in Norway for the 2010-2014 period. (who.int)
  • Problems in the differential diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma. (librepathology.org)
  • 41 Increase in uterine serous carcinoma: will it surpass uterine endometrioid cancer? (bmj.com)
  • Objective To evaluate the trends of uterine serous carcinoma compared to endometrioid uterine cancer. (bmj.com)
  • There is an association with endometriosis and concurrent primary endometrial carcinoma (endometrial cancer). (wikipedia.org)
  • A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. (nih.gov)
  • Although it's not technically an ovarian cancer, primary peritoneal carcinoma (PPC) is very closely related. (webmd.com)
  • Carcinoma is a type of cancer that starts in cells that make up the skin or the tissue that lines organs and glands. (nih.gov)
  • Because it develops in the tissue lining of the ovaries or fallopian tubes, epithelial ovarian cancer is also classified as a carcinoma, as opposed to cancer that develops in the blood, lymphatic cells, or other parts of the body. (moffitt.org)
  • High-grade (grade 3 or 4) serous carcinoma is the most common type of ovarian cancer. (moffitt.org)
  • Accounting for about 20% of all epithelial ovarian cancer cases, this type of cancer is often diagnosed in earlier stages than serous ovarian carcinoma. (moffitt.org)
  • Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) is one of the rare subtypes of ovarian cancer, yet its prognosis is extremely poor. (centerwatch.com)
  • Objective: HER2 status is not routinely evaluated in endometrioid endometrial cancer (E-EMCA), though it is frequently overexpressed or amplified in high grade E-EMCA and uterine serous carcinoma. (wustl.edu)
  • En 11 annees (1er janvier 1998-31 decembre 2008) 9946 patientes ont ete operes dans notre servie dont 29 pour le cancer de l'ovaire soit 0;29. (bvsalud.org)
  • Endometrial carcinoma is the most common gynecologic malignancy and the fourth most common cancer in women in the United States. (medscape.com)
  • It has been suggested that endometrioid carcinomas have a better prognosis than do serous carcinomas, and present with lower histologic grade and FIGO staging. (medscape.com)
  • 4. [Dualistic model of molecular pathogenesis in endometrial carcinoma]. (nih.gov)
  • 6. Molecular pathology of endometrial carcinoma. (nih.gov)
  • 10. Molecular genetic pathways in various types of endometrial carcinoma: from a phenotypical to a molecular-based classification. (nih.gov)
  • Biochemical recurrence (eg, CA-125 in ovarian carcinoma) only is not considered as disease progression. (nih.gov)
  • Ovarian and endometrial endometrioid carcinomas have distinct CTNNB1 and PTEN gene mutation profiles. (wikipedia.org)
  • 14. Distinct sets of gene alterations in endometrial carcinoma implicate alternate modes of tumorigenesis. (nih.gov)
  • This patient presents with an endometrioid carcinoma arising on the surface of the uterus. (medscape.com)
  • It is a common histological type of ovarian CARCINOMA and ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA . (bvsalud.org)
  • Epithelial ovarian carcinomas can be broken down into many subtypes based on their cells' features. (moffitt.org)
  • 12. Association of mammalian target of rapamycin with aggressive type II endometrial carcinomas and poor outcome: a potential target treatment. (nih.gov)
  • Twenty patients received adjuvant paclitaxel-containing chemotherapy for Stage I ovarian carcinoma after comprehen-sive surgical staging. (imrpress.com)
  • EIN is defined as when the volume of glandular crowding is greater than the stromal volume, the presence of cytologic alterations, a lesion larger than 1 mm, and exclusion of mimics or carcinoma. (medscape.com)