Fungicides, Industrial
Cytochromes b
Quinone Reductases
NAD(P)H:(quinone acceptor) oxidoreductases. A family that includes three enzymes which are distinguished by their sensitivity to various inhibitors. EC 1.6.99.2 (NAD(P)H DEHYDROGENASE (QUINONE);) is a flavoprotein which reduces various quinones in the presence of NADH or NADPH and is inhibited by dicoumarol. EC 1.6.99.5 (NADH dehydrogenase (quinone)) requires NADH, is inhibited by AMP and 2,4-dinitrophenol but not by dicoumarol or folic acid derivatives. EC 1.6.99.6 (NADPH dehydrogenase (quinone)) requires NADPH and is inhibited by dicoumarol and folic acid derivatives but not by 2,4-dinitrophenol.
Succinic Acid
A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851)
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Drugs manufactured and sold with the intent to misrepresent its origin, authenticity, chemical composition, and or efficacy. Counterfeit drugs may contain inappropriate quantities of ingredients not listed on the label or package. In order to further deceive the consumer, the packaging, container, or labeling, may be inaccurate, incorrect, or fake.
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Electron Transport Complex II
Succinate Dehydrogenase
Electron Transport Complex I
A flavoprotein and iron sulfur-containing oxidoreductase complex that catalyzes the conversion of UBIQUINONE to ubiquinol. In MITOCHONDRIA the complex also couples its reaction to the transport of PROTONS across the internal mitochondrial membrane. The NADH DEHYDROGENASE component of the complex can be isolated and is listed as EC 1.6.99.3.
Potassium
An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
A multienzyme complex responsible for the formation of ACETYL COENZYME A from pyruvate. The enzyme components are PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE (LIPOAMIDE); dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase; and LIPOAMIDE DEHYDROGENASE. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is subject to three types of control: inhibited by acetyl-CoA and NADH; influenced by the energy state of the cell; and inhibited when a specific serine residue in the pyruvate decarboxylase is phosphorylated by ATP. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE (LIPOAMIDE)-PHOSPHATASE catalyzes reactivation of the complex. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)
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Paraganglioma
A neural crest tumor usually derived from the chromoreceptor tissue of a paraganglion, such as the carotid body, or medulla of the adrenal gland (usually called a chromaffinoma or pheochromocytoma). It is more common in women than in men. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
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The collective designation of three organizations with common membership: the European Economic Community (Common Market), the European Coal and Steel Community, and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). It was known as the European Community until 1994. It is primarily an economic union with the principal objectives of free movement of goods, capital, and labor. Professional services, social, medical and paramedical, are subsumed under labor. The constituent countries are Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. (The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1997, p842)
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Succinate:quinone oxidoreductase in the bacteria Paracoccus denitrificans and Bacillus subtilis. (1/16)
An overview of the present knowledge about succinate:quinone oxidoreductase in Paracoccus denitrificans and Bacillus subtilis is presented. P. denitrificans contains a monoheme succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase that is similar to that of mammalian mitochondria with respect to composition and sensitivity to carboxin. Results obtained with carboxin-resistant P. denitrificans mutants provide information about quinone-binding sites on the enzyme and the molecular basis for the resistance. B. subtilis contains a diheme succinate:menaquinone oxidoreductase whose activity is dependent on the electrochemical gradient across the cytoplasmic membrane. Data from studies of mutant variants of the B. subtilis enzyme combined with available crystal structures of a similar enzyme, Wolinella succinogenes fumarate reductase, substantiate a proposed explanation for the mechanism of coupling between quinone reductase activity and transmembrane potential. (+info)Construction of a homologous selectable marker gene for Lentinula edodes transformation. (2/16)
We cloned a gene for the iron sulfur protein (Ip) subunit from an edible mushroom, Lentinula edodes, and introduced a point mutation that confers carboxin resistance into it. The mutant gene successfully transformed L. edodes with high efficiency (9 transformants/2.5 microg vector DNA). Restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI) increased the transformation efficiency by about two-fold. (+info)Effect of the systemic fungicide carboxin on electron transport function in membranes of Micrococcus denitrificans. (3/16)
The systemic fungicide carboxin (5,6-dihydro-2-methyl-1,4-oxathiin-3-carboxanilide) inhibited oxidation of succinate by membranes prepared from Micrococcus denitrificans, the K(i) being 16 muM. Oxycarboxin (5,6-dihydro-2-methyl-1,4-oxathiin-3-carboxanilide-4,4-dioxide), F831 (5,6-dihydro-2-methyl-1,4-oxathiin-3-carboxanilide-4-oxide), and another succinate oxidase inhibitor, 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(2-thienyl)-1,3-butanedione (TTB) were less effective inhibitors of succinate oxidation by membranes of M. denitrificans. Oxidation of other substrates (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form, d-lactate, l-lactate, malate, and d,l-alpha-hydroxybutyrate) was inhibited to a lesser degree by carboxin, and formate oxidation was entirely resistant. With all substrates tested, oxycarboxin, the dioxide analogue of carboxin, was less effective than carboxin. Carboxin also inhibited dichlorophenol indophenol (DCIP) reductase activities by these membranes in a manner both qualitatively and quantitatively similar to the inhibition of oxidation of the various substrates. The inhibition of DCIP reductase activities by TTB was qualitatively similar to carboxin, but TTB was a less effective inhibitor with all substrates tested. The inhibition of DCIP reductase by carboxin could be relieved by phenazine methosulfate with all substrates except d-lactate. Only slight inhibition of d-lactate-stimulated uptake of [(14)C]glycine by these membrane vesicles was seen with carboxin. Uptake of [(14)C]glycine could be stimulated to varying degrees with the other substrates tested, but in no case did carboxin cause significant inhibition. Membranes isolated from M. denitrificans are a useful system for investigating the mechanism of inhibition of electron transport function by carboxin, and the use of this system for evaluations of carboxin and its metabolites is suggested. (+info)3-nitropropionic acid is a suicide inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration that, upon oxidation by complex II, forms a covalent adduct with a catalytic base arginine in the active site of the enzyme. (4/16)
We report three new structures of mitochondrial respiratory Complex II (succinate ubiquinone oxidoreductase, E.C. 1.3.5.1) at up to 2.1 A resolution, with various inhibitors. The structures define the conformation of the bound inhibitors and suggest the residues involved in substrate binding and catalysis at the dicarboxylate site. In particular they support the role of Arg(297) as a general base catalyst accepting a proton in the dehydrogenation of succinate. The dicarboxylate ligand in oxaloacetate-containing crystals appears to be the same as that reported for Shewanella flavocytochrome c treated with fumarate. The plant and fungal toxin 3-nitropropionic acid, an irreversible inactivator of succinate dehydrogenase, forms a covalent adduct with the side chain of Arg(297). The modification eliminates a trypsin cleavage site in the flavoprotein, and tandem mass spectroscopic analysis of the new fragment shows the mass of Arg(297) to be increased by 83 Da and to have the potential of losing 44 Da, consistent with decarboxylation, during fragmentation. (+info)Oxathiin carboxanilide, a potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus reproduction. (5/16)
Oxathiin carboxanilide (OC), NSC 615985, a compound originally synthesized as a potential fungicide, was demonstrated to be highly active in preventing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-induced cell killing and in inhibiting HIV reproduction. Virus-infected CD4+ lymphocytes were completely protected by 0.5 microM OC, whereas no toxicity was observed at concentrations below 50 microM OC. Production of infectious virus, viral p24 antigen, and virion reverse transcriptase were reduced by OC at concentrations that prevented viral cell killing. A variety of CD4+ T-cell lines were protected by OC from HIV cytopathicity, and OC inhibited two distinct strains of HIV-1. However, HIV-2 infections were unaffected by OC. OC had no direct effect on virions of HIV or on the enzymatic activities of HIV reverse transcriptase or HIV protease. Time-limited treatments of cells with OC before, during, or after exposure of cells to virus failed to protect cells from the eventual cytopathic effects of HIV, and OC failed to inhibit the production of virus from cells in which infection was established or from chronically infected cells. We conclude that the highly active OC has a reversible effect on some early stage of HIV-1 reproduction and cytopathicity. Pilot in vivo experiments showed that circulating concentrations of OC exceeding 1 microM could be achieved and sustained in hamsters for at least a week with no remarkable toxicological sequelae. OC represents a new class of anti-HIV agents that are promising candidates for drug development. (+info)Structure of Escherichia coli succinate:quinone oxidoreductase with an occupied and empty quinone-binding site. (6/16)
(+info)Five carboxin-resistant mutants exhibited various responses to carboxin and related fungicides. (7/16)
Five carboxin-resistant mutants from Aspergillus oryzae were characterized by the sensitivities of their mycelial growth and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity to carboxin and three related fungicides. Despite a significant resistance to carboxin, exhibited by all the mutants, their patterns of sensitivity to the other fungicides was distinct. This provides clues to the molecular interaction between SDH and these fungicides. (+info)Molecular characterization of boscalid resistance in field isolates of Botrytis cinerea from apple. (8/16)
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Effect of Carboxin on loose smut, Ustilago tritici, of wheat
l0150 HCPCS Code | Cervical, semi-rigid, adjustable molded chin cup (plastic collar with mandibular/occipital piece) | Year:...
Potassium in the structure of Remodelling Of Carboxin Binding to the Q-Site of Avian Respiratory Complex II (pdb 2wqy)
Seed Treatment - Captan, Imidacloprid, Carboxin, Metaxyl, Captafol
Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide resistance prevention strategy
| New Zealand Plant Protection
XTT Assay of Antifungal Activity -BIO-PROTOCOL
Browsing Food Biosciences by Publication date
Generic features of quinone-binding sites | Biochemical Society Transactions
Flutolanil - toxicity, side effects, diseases and environmental impacts
Undergraduate Thesis Or Project | Analysis of boscalid resistance of isolates of Botrytis cinerea | ID: 6m311w11z | translation...
Publikācijas - Latvijas Organiskās sintēzes institūts
Manufacturer of Agro Chemicals & Agricultural Insecticide by Chemicals & Allied Products, Deoria
The efficacy of thuricin CD, tigecycline, vancomycin, teicoplanin, rifampicin and nitazoxanide, independently and in paired...
Amgrow 750ml Three in One Insecticide | Mitre 10
EFSA Journal | Page 5 | Autorité européenne de sécurité des aliments
EFSA Journal | Page 2 | Autorité européenne de sécurité des aliments
Pharmacodynamic and Immunomodulatory Effects of Micafungin on Host Responses against Biofilms of Candida parapsilosis in...
Oxidative stress and histopathological changes induced by methylthiophanate, a systemic fungicide, in blood, liver and kidney...
Azoxystrobin SC - Hunan Wusen Chemical Industry Co.,Ltd - ecplaza.net
PLANT IRRIGATION METHODS - Patent application
PLANT IRRIGATION METHODS WITH 1-MCP - Patent application
Cytology of Fungal Infection
Calibrachoa - Phytophthora crown and stem rot | UMass Amherst negreenhouseupdate
Anilide
"Carboxin". PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 2020-12-06. Media related to Anilides at Wikimedia ... Herbicides Fungicides - Oxycarboxin, Carboxin Carl N. Webb (1941). "Benzanilide". Organic Syntheses.; Collective Volume, 1, p. ...
Succinate dehydrogenase
Carboxin was mainly used to control disease caused by basidiomycetes such as stem rusts and Rhizoctonia diseases. More recently ... Ubiquinone type inhibitors include carboxin and thenoyltrifluoroacetone. Succinate-analogue inhibitors include the synthetic ...
Covered smut (barley)
Seed treatments: carboxin, fenpiclonil, tebuconazole, triadimenol, triticonazole. Mathre, D.E. (1997). Compendium of barley ...
SDHB
Initially, SDHA oxidizes succinate via deprotonation at the FAD binding site, forming FADH2 and leaving fumarate, loosely bound to the active site, free to exit the protein. Electrons from FADH2 are transferred to the SDHB subunit iron clusters [2Fe-2S],[4Fe-4S],[3Fe-4S] and tunnel along the [Fe-S] relay until they reach the [3Fe-4S] iron sulfur cluster. The electrons are then transferred to an awaiting ubiquinone molecule at the Q pool active site in the SDHC/SDHD dimer. The O1 carbonyl oxygen of ubiquinone is oriented at the active site (image 4) by hydrogen bond interactions with Tyr83 of SDHD. The presence of electrons in the [3Fe-4S] iron sulphur cluster induces the movement of ubiquinone into a second orientation. This facilitates a second hydrogen bond interaction between the O4 carbonyl group of ubiquinone and Ser27 of SDHC. Following the first single electron reduction step, a semiquinone radical species is formed. The second electron arrives from the [3Fe-4S] cluster to provide full ...
Common bunt
Systemic seed treatment fungicides include carboxin, difenoconazole, triadimenol and others and are highly effective. However, ...
Urocystis agropyri
Carboxin is a commonly used fungicide on seeds, which works well to prevent onset of disease. In addition to seed treatments, ...
Loose smut
The most common type of systemic fungicides used for loose smut are from the Carboxin group of chemicals. Although carboxins ...
Spot blotch (wheat)
Fungicide seed treatments include: captan, mancozeb, maneb, thiram, pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) or carboxin guazatine plus, ...
Pythium graminicola
Chemical control involves using specific pesticides such as benomyl, captafol, captan, carboxin, metalaxyl, propamocarb ...
Alternaria padwickii
... padwickii and the particular strains found there are highly resistant to carboxin and moderately resistant to a few other ...
List of MeSH codes (D03)
... carboxin MeSH D03.383.533.249 - benzoxazines MeSH D03.383.533.500 - ifosfamide MeSH D03.383.533.640 - morpholines MeSH D03.383. ...
List of fungicides
... sec-butylamine calcium polysulfide captafol captan carbamate fungicides carbamorph carbanilate fungicides carbendazim carboxin ...
Carboxin CASRN 5234-68-4 | IRIS | US EPA, ORD
Carboxin- CAS Number 5234-68-4
Effect of Carboxin on loose smut, Ustilago tritici, of wheat
Single Compound Standards (Pesticides) - Atrazine - Carboxin | Reagecon Diagnostics Limited
Carboxin
Seed Treatment - Captan, Imidacloprid, Carboxin, Metaxyl, Captafol
China Insecticide Fungicide, Insecticide Fungicide Manufacturers, Suppliers | Made-in-China.com
Germination, vigor and pathogen incidence in broccoli seeds treated with Carboxin + Thiram
... Author. * Cardoso, Antonio Ismael ... Therefore, this study evaluates the effects of Carboxin + Thiram doses on germination and vigor of three lots of broccoli seeds ... Germination, vigor and pathogen incidence in broccoli seeds treated with Carboxin + Thiram. African Journal of Agricultural ... of Carboxin + Thiram fungicide (commercial name Vitavax-Thiran). The germination and seed vigor were evaluated, in addition to ...
Gateway on Pesticide Hazards and Safe Pest Management - Beyond Pesticides
Registration Review Schedules | Reevaluation: Review of Registered Pesticides | US EPA
Through the Pesticide Registration Review program, EPA reviews all registered pesticides at least every 15 years, as mandated by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act.. EPA always strives to base its decisions on the best available sound science. However, science is constantly evolving, and new scientific information can come to light at any time and change our understanding of potential risks from pesticides. The review of new data could potentially prolong the risk assessment and decision-making process and change this schedule.. The schedule below shows the status of pesticides undergoing registration review. This schedule is subject to change based on shifting priorities and is intended to be a rough timeline. We will update the schedule regularly to reflect any timeline changes and to include anticipated deliverables for later dates.. ...
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Pesticide Reregistration Performance Measures and Goals
AHL LabNote 59-GC/MS-LC/MS multi-residue method | Animal Health Laboratory
This multi-residue method is a qualitative tool used to screen liver, GI contents and suspect material for possible toxins. It consists of a general extraction method and analysis of the extract by GC/MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) and LC/MS (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) methods.. GC/MS is a method suitable for volatile/semi-volatile, heat stable compounds analysed in the gas phase. The GC/MS method is both targeted (looking for specific known compounds) and non-targeted (looking for unknown compounds). This method involves several targeted analyses (see Table 1) and a non-targeted analysis that screen the extract for compounds and subsequent match with a comprehensive mass spectrum library. Matches are based on the specific mass spectral fingerprint produced for a compound based on the standardized ionization energy of the GC/MS instrumentation.. LC/MS is a method suitable for non-volatile compounds analysed in the liquid phase. LC/MS in a targeted method (Table 1). ...
Use of Phosphated Alcanols as Dispersants, Emulsifiers, Hydrotropes, Wetting Agents and Compatability Agents in Agricultural...
Pesticide Analytical Manual Volume II (PAM 2) Index
Anilide - Wikipedia
SDHB - Wikipedia
Initially, SDHA oxidizes succinate via deprotonation at the FAD binding site, forming FADH2 and leaving fumarate, loosely bound to the active site, free to exit the protein. Electrons from FADH2 are transferred to the SDHB subunit iron clusters [2Fe-2S],[4Fe-4S],[3Fe-4S] and tunnel along the [Fe-S] relay until they reach the [3Fe-4S] iron sulfur cluster. The electrons are then transferred to an awaiting ubiquinone molecule at the Q pool active site in the SDHC/SDHD dimer. The O1 carbonyl oxygen of ubiquinone is oriented at the active site (image 4) by hydrogen bond interactions with Tyr83 of SDHD. The presence of electrons in the [3Fe-4S] iron sulphur cluster induces the movement of ubiquinone into a second orientation. This facilitates a second hydrogen bond interaction between the O4 carbonyl group of ubiquinone and Ser27 of SDHC. Following the first single electron reduction step, a semiquinone radical species is formed. The second electron arrives from the [3Fe-4S] cluster to provide full ...
Crystal structures of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in complex with carboxanilide derivatives
Mechanism of action of carboxin and the development of resistance in yeast. | J Biosci; 1982 Jun; 4(2): 219-225 | IMSEAR
Carboxin prevents the growth of yeast by inhibiting protein synthesis; the resumption of growth in the presence of this ... Mechanism of action of carboxin and the development of resistance in yeast. ... Mechanism of action of carboxin and the development of resistance in yeast. ... chemical appears to be primarily due to a cellular alteration affecting carboxin entry into the cells. ...
Potassium in the structure of Remodelling Of Carboxin Binding to the Q-Site of Avian Respiratory Complex II (pdb 2wqy)
Remodelling Of Carboxin Binding to the Q-Site of Avian Respiratory Complex II ... Potassium in the structure of Remodelling Of Carboxin Binding to the Q-Site of Avian Respiratory Complex II (pdb 2wqy). ... The binding sites of Potassium atom in the structure of Remodelling Of Carboxin Binding to the Q-Site of Avian Respiratory ...
Fungicides - RPI
Hetero compounds with composition C H N O S
SDHA Gene - GeneCards | SDHA Protein | SDHA Antibody
Harmonised classification and labelling previous consultations - ECHA
Scientific Outputs | Page 3 | European Food Safety Authority
PDMR Volume 10 - Fungicide seed treatment for control of loose smut disease in Klasic hard white spring wheat, Bingham Co, ID,...
Kernel Guard Supreme - Arysta LifeScience North America, LLC - | Greenbook
Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial - DrugBank
Comparison of State Water Guidance and Federal Drinking Water Standards - EH: Minnesota Department of Health
Eating with a Conscience - Beyond Pesticides
Frontiers | An active Mitochondrial Complex II Present in Mature Seeds Contains an Embryo-Specific Iron-Sulfur Subunit...
FIGURE 6. (A) Germination is retarded by carboxin. Wild type seeds were sown on half-strength MS agar plates without carboxin ... B,C) Post-germinative growth of double sdh2.3/sdh2.1 mutants is more sensitive to carboxin inhibition. Seeds were sown on half- ... carboxin (Figure 6), a non-competitive inhibitor binding at the quinone site, and malonate (Figure 7), a competitive inhibitor ... carboxin, malonate, or sodium azide were added as indicated in the Figures. For hypocotyl measurements plates were placed ...
Captan6
- These isolation of Trichoderma were exposed to three fungicides: Captan, Thiabendazol and the mixture Captan-Carboxin. (scirp.org)
- Some selected lines of these strains reached tolerance to Captan and partial tolerance to the mixture Captan-Carboxin. (scirp.org)
- El objetivo del presente estudio fue cuantificar la interacción Captan 50 ® - Trichoderma asperellum T8a como alternativa sinérgica para el control de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ATCC MYA 456, agente causal de la antracnosis en el mango. (scielo.org.mx)
- Por otro lado, el crecimiento de T. asperellum T8a fue inhibido 6% en dosis de 0.5 g L -1 de Captan 50 ® , no observando efectos sobre esta cepa a dosis menores del fungicida. (scielo.org.mx)
- Los datos indican el potencial de la presente alternativa integrada para reducir la aplicación de Captan 50 ® , potenciar el control de C. gloeosporioides , y reducir los problemas económicos/ambientales por el uso de este fungicida en campo. (scielo.org.mx)
- Planting under good seedbed conditions and using an appropriate fungicide seed treatment (products containing active ingredients other than metalaxyl or mefenoxam such as captan, fludioxonil, azoxystrobin, carboxin, PCNB, thiram, trifloxystrobin, etc. are effective against Rhizoctonia and Fusarium spp . (farmprogress.com)
Thiram2
- Therefore, this study evaluates the effects of Carboxin + Thiram doses on germination and vigor of three lots of broccoli seeds, as well as on the incidence of fungi in treated seed. (unesp.br)
- The 15 treatments were evaluated in a factorial system (3x5), with the first factor consisting of three lots of 'Avenger' broccoli seeds (lots 82744, 82745 and 82749), and the second factor consisting of five doses (0, 0.04, 0.06, 0.10 and 0.12% of a.i.) of Carboxin + Thiram fungicide (commercial name Vitavax-Thiran). (unesp.br)
Fungicides2
- Herbicides Fungicides - Oxycarboxin, Carboxin Carl N. Webb (1941). (wikipedia.org)
- pp.133-147, In Carboxin fungicides and related compounds (ed. (koreascience.or.kr)
Analogs1
- The fungitoxicity and systemic antifungal activity of certain pyrazole analogs of carboxin. (koreascience.or.kr)
Resistance4
- Mechanism of action of carboxin and the development of resistance in yeast. (bvsalud.org)
- Integration of the Gene for Carboxin Resistance Does Not Impact the Ustilago Maydis-maize Interaction Current Microbiology. (jove.com)
- Pubmed ID: 11727044 A previous report indicated that insertion of the carboxin resistance (cbxR) gene into the Ustilago maydis genome impaired the pathogenic ability of the fungus towards Zea mays, the corn host. (jove.com)
- Hairpin constructs for genes encoding orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase (URA3) and carboxin resistance (CBX) were introduced into A. bisporus using Agrobacterium-mediated transfection. (warwick.ac.uk)
Fungicide1
- Carboxin is an anilide fungicide. (toku-e.com)
Chemical1
- the resumption of growth in the presence of this chemical appears to be primarily due to a cellular alteration affecting carboxin entry into the cells . (bvsalud.org)
Effect1
- Effect of carboxin seed dressing on emergence, coleoptile length and primary leaf growth of wheat and barley. (weedinfo.com.au)