Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone
Hydrazones
Cyanides
Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
Pyridoxal
Hydrogen Cyanide
Potassium Cyanide
Uncoupling Agents
Iron Chelating Agents
Sodium Cyanide
Ionophores
Chemical agents that increase the permeability of biological or artificial lipid membranes to specific ions. Most ionophores are relatively small organic molecules that act as mobile carriers within membranes or coalesce to form ion permeable channels across membranes. Many are antibiotics, and many act as uncoupling agents by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes.
Valinomycin
A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.
2,4-Dinitrophenol
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Nigericin
Isoniazid
Oligomycins
A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).
Molecular Structure
Biological Transport, Active
Mitochondria
Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Oxidation-Reduction
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
meta-Aminobenzoates
Gallium
Antimycin A
Membrane Potentials
The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).
Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
Oximes
Phenylhydrazines
Deferoxamine
Antimetabolites
Calcium
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Indicators and Reagents
Substances used for the detection, identification, analysis, etc. of chemical, biological, or pathologic processes or conditions. Indicators are substances that change in physical appearance, e.g., color, at or approaching the endpoint of a chemical titration, e.g., on the passage between acidity and alkalinity. Reagents are substances used for the detection or determination of another substance by chemical or microscopical means, especially analysis. Types of reagents are precipitants, solvents, oxidizers, reducers, fluxes, and colorimetric reagents. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p301, p499)
Adenosine Triphosphate
Protein Carbonylation
Sodium Azide
Astatine
Protons
DDT
A polychlorinated pesticide that is resistant to destruction by light and oxidation. Its unusual stability has resulted in difficulties in residue removal from water, soil, and foodstuffs. This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen: Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Pyrazoles
omega-Chloroacetophenone
Coordination Complexes
Neutral or negatively charged ligands bonded to metal cations or neutral atoms. The number of ligand atoms to which the metal center is directly bonded is the metal cation's coordination number, and this number is always greater than the regular valence or oxidation number of the metal. A coordination complex can be negative, neutral, or positively charged.
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Monensin
An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.
Iron
Stereoisomerism
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Schiff Bases
Hydroxocobalamin
Biological Transport
Oxygen Consumption
Nitriles
Intracellular Membranes
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Electron Transport
Ruthenium Red
Structure-Activity Relationship
Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1
Boron Compounds
Enzyme Inhibitors
Phenalenes
Spectrophotometry
Methylphenazonium Methosulfate
Cells, Cultured
Onium Compounds
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Sodium
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Succinates
Catalysis
Mitochondria, Liver
Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)
Potassium
An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.
Temperature
Naphthols
Proton-Motive Force
Energy that is generated by the transfer of protons or electrons across an energy-transducing membrane and that can be used for chemical, osmotic, or mechanical work. Proton-motive force can be generated by a variety of phenomena including the operation of an electron transport chain, illumination of a PURPLE MEMBRANE, and the hydrolysis of ATP by a proton ATPase. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed, p171)
Cannabinoids
Cytochromes
Hemeproteins whose characteristic mode of action involves transfer of reducing equivalents which are associated with a reversible change in oxidation state of the prosthetic group. Formally, this redox change involves a single-electron, reversible equilibrium between the Fe(II) and Fe(III) states of the central iron atom (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539). The various cytochrome subclasses are organized by the type of HEME and by the wavelength range of their reduced alpha-absorption bands.
Membrane Transport Proteins
Acriflavine
Alcohol Oxidoreductases
A subclass of enzymes which includes all dehydrogenases acting on primary and secondary alcohols as well as hemiacetals. They are further classified according to the acceptor which can be NAD+ or NADP+ (subclass 1.1.1), cytochrome (1.1.2), oxygen (1.1.3), quinone (1.1.5), or another acceptor (1.1.99).
Rats, Wistar
Receptors, Cannabinoid
A class of G-protein-coupled receptors that are specific for CANNABINOIDS such as those derived from CANNABIS. They also bind a structurally distinct class of endogenous factors referred to as ENDOCANNABINOIDS. The receptor class may play a role in modulating the release of signaling molecules such as NEUROTRANSMITTERS and CYTOKINES.
Mitochondria, Muscle
Cell Membrane
Energy Metabolism
Proteolipids
Protein-lipid combinations abundant in brain tissue, but also present in a wide variety of animal and plant tissues. In contrast to lipoproteins, they are insoluble in water, but soluble in a chloroform-methanol mixture. The protein moiety has a high content of hydrophobic amino acids. The associated lipids consist of a mixture of GLYCEROPHOSPHATES; CEREBROSIDES; and SULFOGLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS; while lipoproteins contain PHOSPHOLIPIDS; CHOLESTEROL; and TRIGLYCERIDES.
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Designer Drugs
Drugs designed and synthesized, often for illegal street use, by modification of existing drug structures (e.g., amphetamines). Of special interest are MPTP (a reverse ester of meperidine), MDA (3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine), and MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine). Many drugs act on the aminergic system, the physiologically active biogenic amines.
Antibiotics, Antineoplastic
NAD
A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed)
Adrenergic beta-3 Receptor Antagonists
src-Family Kinases
A PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE family that was originally identified by homology to the Rous sarcoma virus ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(V-SRC). They interact with a variety of cell-surface receptors and participate in intracellular signal transduction pathways. Oncogenic forms of src-family kinases can occur through altered regulation or expression of the endogenous protein and by virally encoded src (v-src) genes.
Fluorescent Dyes
Transferrin
Carbon Radioisotopes
Thapsigargin
Spheroplasts
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Electrochemistry
Cyclohexanols
Glucose
Digitonin
Ethidium
A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.
Oxygen
Anaerobiosis
Cell Membrane Permeability
Drug Design
The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNA-binding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis.
Amino Acid Sequence
Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3
Hydrogen
The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight [1.00784; 1.00811]. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are PROTONS. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM and the unstable, radioactive isotope TRITIUM.
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Ammonium Chloride
Models, Molecular
Adenosine Triphosphatases
Mitochondrial Swelling
Intermediate-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels
Rabbits
Anti-Infective Agents
Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH2 Group Donors
Succinic Acid
A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851)
Yawning
Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2
Proton-Translocating ATPases
Doxorubicin
Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins
Binding Sites
Polyethylene Glycols
Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.
Crystallography, X-Ray
Naphthalenes
Dronabinol
Organophosphorus Compounds
Cytosol
Pyrimidines
Caffeine
A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes SMOOTH MUSCLE, stimulates CARDIAC MUSCLE, stimulates DIURESIS, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide PHOSPHODIESTERASES, antagonism of ADENOSINE RECEPTORS, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling.
Succinimides
Epoxy Compounds
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Pyridines
Biodegradation, Environmental
Drug Carriers
Forms to which substances are incorporated to improve the delivery and the effectiveness of drugs. Drug carriers are used in drug-delivery systems such as the controlled-release technology to prolong in vivo drug actions, decrease drug metabolism, and reduce drug toxicity. Carriers are also used in designs to increase the effectiveness of drug delivery to the target sites of pharmacological actions. Liposomes, albumin microspheres, soluble synthetic polymers, DNA complexes, protein-drug conjugates, and carrier erythrocytes among others have been employed as biodegradable drug carriers.
Carrier Proteins
Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes
Glycolysis
A metabolic process that converts GLUCOSE into two molecules of PYRUVIC ACID through a series of enzymatic reactions. Energy generated by this process is conserved in two molecules of ATP. Glycolysis is the universal catabolic pathway for glucose, free glucose, or glucose derived from complex CARBOHYDRATES, such as GLYCOGEN and STARCH.
Cell Respiration
Submitochondrial Particles
Oxidative Stress
Calcium-Transporting ATPases
Receptors, Dopamine D4
Adenosine Diphosphate
Cytochrome c Group
Anions
Liver
Ligands
A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Hydrogenation
UCP4, a novel brain-specific mitochondrial protein that reduces membrane potential in mammalian cells. (1/884)
Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are a family of mitochondrial transporter proteins that have been implicated in thermoregulatory heat production and maintenance of the basal metabolic rate. We have identified and partially characterized a novel member of the human uncoupling protein family, termed uncoupling protein-4 (UCP4). Protein sequence analyses showed that UCP4 is most related to UCP3 and possesses features characteristic of mitochondrial transporter proteins. Unlike other known UCPs, UCP4 transcripts are exclusively expressed in both fetal and adult brain tissues. UCP4 maps to human chromosome 6p11.2-q12. Consistent with its potential role as an uncoupling protein, UCP4 is localized to the mitochondria and its ectopic expression in mammalian cells reduces mitochondrial membrane potential. These findings suggest that UCP4 may be involved in thermoregulatory heat production and metabolism in the brain. (+info)Mitochondrial regulation of the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and the InsP3-sensitive Ca2+ store in guinea-pig colonic smooth muscle. (2/884)
1. Mitochondrial regulation of the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c) in guinea-pig single colonic myocytes has been examined, using whole-cell recording, flash photolysis of caged InsP3 and microfluorimetry. 2. Depolarization increased [Ca2+]c and triggered contraction. Resting [Ca2+]c was virtually restored some 4 s after the end of depolarization, a time when the muscle had shortened to 50 % of its fully relaxed length. The muscle then slowly relaxed (t = 17 s). 3. The decline in the Ca2+ transient was monophasic but often undershot or overshot resting levels, depending on resting [Ca2+]c. The extent of the overshoot or undershoot increased with increasing peak [Ca2+]c. 4. Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP; 5 microM), which dissipates the mitochondrial proton electrochemical gradient and therefore prevents mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation, slowed Ca2+ removal at high ( > 300 nM) but not at lower [Ca2+]c and abolished [Ca2+]c overshoots. Oligomycin B (5 microM), which prevents mitchondrial ATP production, affected neither the rate of decline nor the magnitude of the overshoot. 5. During depolarization, the global rhod-2 signal (which represents the mitochondrial matrix Ca2+ concentration, [Ca2+]m) rose slowly in a CCCP-sensitive manner during and for about 3 s after depolarization had ended. [Ca2+]m then slowly decreased over tens of seconds. 6. Inhibition of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ uptake with thapsigargin (100 nM) reduced the undershoot and increased the overshoot. 7. Flash photolysis of caged InsP3 (20 microM) evoked reproducible increases in [Ca2+]c. CCCP (5 microM) reduced the magnitude of the [Ca2+]c transients evoked by flash photolysis of caged InsP3. Oligomycin B (5 microM) did not reduce the inhibition of the InsP3-induced Ca2+ transient by CCCP thus minimizing the possibility that CCCP lowered ATP levels by reversing the mitochondrial ATP synthase and so reducing SR Ca2+ refilling. 8. While CCCP reduced the magnitude of the InsP3-evoked Ca2+ signal, the internal Ca2+ store content, as assessed by the magnitude of ionomycin-evoked Ca2+ release, did not decrease significantly. 9. [Ca2+]c decline in smooth muscle, following depolarization, may involve mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. Following InsP3-evoked Ca2+ release, mitochondrial uptake of Ca2+ may regulate the local [Ca2+]c near the InsP3 receptor so maintaining the sensitivity of the InsP3 receptor to release Ca2+ from the SR. (+info)Uncoupling of transfer of the presequence and unfolding of the mature domain in precursor translocation across the mitochondrial outer membrane. (3/884)
Translocation of mitochondrial precursor proteins across the mitochondrial outer membrane is facilitated by the translocase of the outer membrane (TOM) complex. By using site-specific photocrosslinking, we have mapped interactions between TOM proteins and a mitochondrial precursor protein arrested at two distinct stages, stage A (accumulated at 0 degrees C) and stage B (accumulated at 30 degrees C), in the translocation across the outer membrane at high resolution not achieved previously. Although the stage A and stage B intermediates were assigned previously to the forms bound to the cis site and the trans site of the TOM complex, respectively, the results of crosslinking indicate that the presequence of the intermediates at both stage A and stage B is already on the trans side of the outer membrane. The mature domain is unfolded and bound to Tom40 at stage B whereas it remains folded at stage A. After dissociation from the TOM complex, translocation of the stage B intermediate, but not of the stage A intermediate, across the inner membrane was promoted by the intermembrane-space domain of Tom22. We propose a new model for protein translocation across the outer membrane, where translocation of the presequence and unfolding of the mature domain are not necessarily coupled. (+info)Excretion of taurocholate from isolated hepatocytes. (4/884)
Efflux of taurocholate from isolated rat hepatocytes was studied to characterize the mechanism of bile acid secretion. Cells were incubated with taurocholate for 15 min. The amount of the intracellularly accumulated bile acid was directly related to the concentration in the medium. Transfer of the loaded cells from the incubation medium to a medium without taurocholate led to taurocholate efflux. Efflux was saturable, its activation energy amounted to 12 kcal/mol (50 kJ). It was strongly inhibited by the metabolic inhibitor antimycin A and to a lesser extend by the uncoupler carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone. Dinitrofluorobenzene and mersalyl, reagents which react with amino acids, inhibited efflux by about 30% when applied at concentrations of 50 muM. Ouabain increased the rate of efflux. The observations indicate that secretory functions are maintained in isolated liver cells. (+info)Light-induced oxidation-reduction reactions of cytochromes in the green sulfur photosynthetic bacterium Prosthecochloris aesturarii. (5/884)
The light-induced oxidation-reduction reactions of cytochromes in intact cells, starved cells, and chlorobium vesicle fractions of the green sulfur photosynthetic bacterium Prosthecochloris aesturarii were studied under anaerobic conditions. On the basis of both kinetic and spectral properties, at least three cytochrome species were found to be involved in the light-induced oxidation-reduction reactions of intact cells. These cytochromes were designated according to the positions of alpha-band maxima as C555 (rapid and slow components) and C552 (intermediate). By comparing the light-minus-dark difference spectra with the reduced-minus-oxidized difference spectra of purified cytochromes of this organism, rapid component C555 and intermediate component C552 are suggested to correspond to the purified cytochromes c-555(550) and c-551.5, respectively. Although the identity of the slow-phase component is uncertain, one possibility is that the slow phase is due to the bound form of c-555(550). In substrate-depleted (starved) cells, only one cytochrome species, C555 remained in the reduced state in the dark and oxidized upon actinic illumination. This corresponds to the rapid C555 component in intact cells. In the case of chlorobium vesicle fractions, one cytochrome species having an alpha-band maximum at 554 nm was oxidized by actinic light. The effects of several inhibitors on the absorbance changes of intact cells were studied. Antimycin A decreased the rate of the dark reduction of rapid C555 component. The complex effects of CCCP (carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone) on the oxidation-reduction reactions of cytochromes were interpreted as the results of inhibition of the electron donation to oxidized C552 and C555 (slow), and a shift of the dark steady-state redox levels of cytochromes. Based on these findings, it is suggested that the rapid C555 component is located in a cyclic electron transfer pathway. The other two cytochromes, C552 and C555 (slow), may be located in non-cyclic electron transfer pathways and receive electrons from exogenous substrates such as sodium sulfide. A tentative scheme for the electron transfer system in Prosthecochloris aestuarii is presented and its nature is discussed. (+info)cAMP-mediated catabolite repression and electrochemical potential-dependent production of an extracellular amylase in Vibrio alginolyticus. (6/884)
Vibrio alginolyticus, a halophilic marine bacterium, produced an extracellular amylase with a molecular mass of approximately 56,000, and the amylase appeared to be subject to catabolite repression mediated by cAMP. The production of amylase at pH 6.5, at which the respiratory chain-linked H+ pump functions, was inhibited about 75% at 24 hours following the addition of 2 microM carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), while the production at pH 8.5, at which the respiratory chain-linked Na+ pump functions, was only slightly inhibited by the addition of 2 microM CCCP. In contrast, the production of amylase in a mutant bacterium defective in the Na+ pump was almost completely inhibited even at pH 8.5 as well as pH 6.5 by the addition of 2 microM CCCP. (+info)Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation can enhance a Fas death signal. (7/884)
Recent work suggests a participation of mitochondria in apoptotic cell death. This role includes the release of apoptogenic molecules into the cytosol preceding or after a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential DeltaPsim. The two uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and 2, 4-dinitrophenol (DNP) reduce DeltaPsim by direct attack of the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Here we show that both compounds enhance the apoptosis-inducing capacity of Fas/APO-1/CD95 signaling in Jurkat and CEM cells without causing apoptotic changes on their own account. This amplification occurred upstream or at the level of caspases and was not inhibited by Bcl-2. The effect could be blocked by the cowpox protein CrmA and is thus likely to require caspase 8 activity. Apoptosis induction by staurosporine in Jurkat cells as well as by Fas in SKW6 cells was unaffected by CCCP and DNP. The role of cytochrome c during Fas-DNP signaling was investigated. No early cytochrome c release from mitochondria was detected by Western blotting. Functional assays with cytoplasmic preparations from Fas-DNP-treated cells also indicated that there was no major contribution by cytochrome c or caspase 9 to the activation of effector caspases. Furthermore, an increase of rhodamine-123 uptake into intact cells, which has been explained by mitochondrial swelling, occurred considerably later than the caspase activation and was blocked by Z-VAD-fmk. These data show that uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation can presensitize some but not all cells for a Fas death signal and provide information about the existence of separate pathways in the induction of apoptosis. (+info)Secretagogues modulate the calcium concentration in the endoplasmic reticulum of insulin-secreting cells. Studies in aequorin-expressing intact and permeabilized ins-1 cells. (8/884)
The precise regulation of the Ca2+ concentration in the endoplasmic reticulum ([Ca2+]er) is important for protein processing and signal transduction. In the pancreatic beta-cell, dysregulation of [Ca2+]er may cause impaired insulin secretion. The Ca2+-sensitive photoprotein aequorin mutated to lower its Ca2+ affinity was stably expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of rat insulinoma INS-1 cells. The steady state [Ca2+]er was 267 +/- 9 microM. Both the Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor cyclopiazonic acid and 4-chloro-m-cresol, an activator of ryanodine receptors, caused an almost complete emptying of ER Ca2+. The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate generating agonists, carbachol, and ATP, reduced [Ca2+]er by 20-25%. Insulin secretagogues that raise cytosolic [Ca2+] by membrane depolarization increased [Ca2+]er in the potency order K+ >> glucose > leucine, paralleling their actions in the cytosolic compartment. Glucose, which augmented [Ca2+]er by about 25%, potentiated the Ca2+-mobilizing effect of carbachol, explaining the corresponding observation in cytosolic [Ca2+]. The filling of ER Ca2+ by glucose is not directly mediated by ATP production as shown by the continuous monitoring of cytosolic ATP in luciferase expressing cells. Both glucose and K+ increase [Ca2+]er, but only the former generated whereas the latter consumed ATP. Nonetheless, drastic lowering of cellular ATP with a mitochondrial uncoupler resulted in a marked decrease in [Ca2+]er, emphasizing the requirement for mitochondrially derived ATP above a critical threshold concentration. Using alpha-toxin permeabilized cells in the presence of ATP, glucose 6-phosphate did not change [Ca2+]er, invalidating the hypothesis that glucose acts through this metabolite. Therefore, insulin secretagogues that primarily stimulate Ca2+ influx, elevate [Ca2+]er to ensure beta-cell homeostasis. (+info)
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FMOC-CYS(TRT)-OH,132327-80-1,N-(9-Fluorenyl methoxy carbonyl)-S-trityl-L-cysteine
IJMS | Free Full-Text | A Mitochondrial Membrane Exopolyphosphatase Is Modulated by, and Plays a Role in, the Energy...
Generation and exploitation of proton motive force: Biochemical and structural analysis of three bacterial integral membrane...
Cyanide - New World Encyclopedia
mining operations cyanide
Chroman-6-carbonyl chloride, 95%, Maybridge Amber Glass Bottle; 250mg Chroman-6-carbonyl chloride, 95%, Maybridge
CIL:13714, Homo sapiens, epithelial cell, cervical carcinoma. CIL. Dataset
CIL:13715, Homo sapiens, epithelial cell, cervical carcinoma. CIL. Dataset
4-[(5-Methoxymethyl-furan-2-carbonyl)-amino]-benzoic acid - Alfa Chemistry
3-(4-Chloro-benzenesulfonyl)-1-[4-(4-methyl-piperazine-1-carbonyl)-phenyl]-imidazolidine-2,4-dione Properties, Molecular...
Structure and function of SemiSWEET.(a) Time course of | Open-i
Uncoupling protein
However, other substances, such as 2,4-dinitrophenol and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone, also serve the same ...
CCCP (disambiguation)
Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone, a toxic ionophore and decoupler of the respiratory chain 3C-P USSR (disambiguation) ...
Uncoupler
Carbonyl cyanide phenylhydrazone (CCP) Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) Carbonyl cyanide-p- ... trifluoromethoxyphenyl hydrazone (FCCP) CDE (4β-cinnamoyloxy,1β,3α-dihydroxyeudesm-7,8-ene) CZ5 Desaspidin Dicoumarol Dinitro- ...
Protonophore
4-dinitrophenol Carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) ...
Hydrazone
Hydrazones Benzophenone hydrazone, an illustrative hydrazone Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Gyromitrin (Acetaldehyde ... The hydrazones are then eluted and analyzed by HPLC using a UV detector. The compound carbonyl cyanide-p- ... hydrazones condense with a second equivalent of a carbonyl to give azines: R2C=N-NH'2 + R2C=O → R2C=N-N=CR2 + H2O Hydrazones ... Hydrazones are susceptible to hydrolysis: R2C=N-NR'2 + H2O → R2C=O + H2N-NR'2 Alkyl hydrazones are 102- to 103-fold more ...
Carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
It is a nitrile and hydrazone. FCCP was first described in 1962 by Heytler. Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) ... Carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) is an ionophore that is a mobile ion carrier. It is referred to as an ... Heytler, P G (1962). "A new class of uncoupling agents - Carbonyl cyanide phenylhydrazones". Biochemical and Biophysical ...
Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone
... (CCCP) ([(3-chlorophenyl)hydrazono]malononitrile) is a chemical inhibitor of ... "Effect of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCmCP) on the dimerization of lipoprotein lipase". Biochimica et Biophysica ... Carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) J.W. Park; S.Y. Lee; J.Y. Yang; H.W. Rho; B.H. Park; S.N. Lim; J.S. ... It is a nitrile, hydrazone and protonophore. In general, CCCP causes the gradual destruction of living cells and death of the ...
Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone - Wikipedia
Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) ([(3-chlorophenyl)hydrazono]malononitrile) is a chemical inhibitor of ... "Effect of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCmCP) on the dimerization of lipoprotein lipase". Biochimica et Biophysica ... Carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) J.W. Park; S.Y. Lee; J.Y. Yang; H.W. Rho; B.H. Park; S.N. Lim; J.S. ... It is a nitrile, hydrazone and protonophore. In general, CCCP causes the gradual destruction of living cells and death of the ...
Mutants of Mycobacterium smegmatis unable to grow at acidic pH in the presence of the protonophore carbonyl cyanide m...
Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone/pharmacology*. *Cell Membrane Permeability. *Culture Media. *DNA Transposable ... a screening method was developed using the electrogenic protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). CCCP was ... smegmatis unable to grow at acidic pH in the presence of the protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone.. Tran SL1, ...
Fatty acids acutely enhance insulin-induced oxidative stress and cause insulin resistance by increasing mitochondrial reactive...
Antistaphylococcal and Antibiotic Resistance Modulatory Activities of Thirteen Cameroonian Edible Plants against Resistant...
Table 5: MIC of extracts and ciprofloxacin in the absence (−) and presence (+) of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone ( ... Bacterial efflux pump inhibitor (EPI), carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP), improved the activity of DES and UGB ... carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) and chlorpromazine (CPZ) (Sigma-Aldrich) were used as efflux pump inhibitors ( ...
Exercise Training Preserves Ischemic Preconditioning in Aged Rat Hearts by Restoring the Myocardial Polyamine Pool
c) Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone was used as a positive control. The data are shown as the mean ± SE (. per group ... Figures 7(a) and 7(b)). Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone, the positive control, promoted mitochondrial inner membrane ... Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone. STAT3:. Signal transducers and activator of transcription 3. ...
Respiration in adipocytes is inhibited by reactive oxygen species
Carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone - Wikipedia
It is a nitrile and hydrazone. FCCP was first described in 1962 by Heytler. Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) ... Carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) is an ionophore that is a mobile ion carrier. It is referred to as an ... Heytler, P G (1962). "A new class of uncoupling agents - Carbonyl cyanide phenylhydrazones". Biochemical and Biophysical ...
High Glucose Attenuates Protein S-Nitrosylation in Endothelial Cells | Diabetes
Apoptosis via the B cell antigen receptor requires Bax translocation and involves mitochondrial depolarization, cytochrome C...
Efflux Pump Inhibitor Carbonyl Cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) Enhances Bacteriostatic Activity of Trimethoprim...
2,4-Dinitrophenol , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone , Korea , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , ... Efflux Pump Inhibitor Carbonyl Cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) Enhances Bacteriosta Efflux Pump Inhibitor Carbonyl ... Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone / Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / 2,4 ... Carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) decreased the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of TMP-SXT by eight to 128 ...
Measurement of the energy-generating capacity of human muscle mitochondria: diagnostic procedure and application to human...
Frontiers | Human Plasmacytoid and Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells Display Distinct Metabolic Profile Upon RIG-I Activation |...
2-DG, 2-deoxy-D-glucose; CCCP, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone; cDC, conventional DC; DC, dendritic cell; ECAR, ... Therefore, OXPHOS was uncoupled by the addition of potent OXPHOS inhibitor carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) ( ... or OXPHOS inhibitor carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP, Sigma-Aldrich).. Determination of Cell Viability. Cell ...
Impaired mitophagy triggers NLRP3 inflammasome activation during the progression from nonalcoholic fatty liver to nonalcoholic...
M11l | JEM
Targeting Thioredoxin-1 by dimethyl fumarate induces ripoptosome-mediated cell death | Scientific Reports
Mitochondrial membrane potential regulates PINK1 import and proteolytic destabilization by PARL | JCB
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone. Cyt c. cytochrome c. ΔMTS. MTS deleted. FL. full length. KO. knockout. MEF. mouse ... m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP; Fig. 1 a). In addition, the molecular mass of the PINK1 band (Fig. 1 a, orange arrowhead) in ... siRNA for PARL led to increased expression of endogenous PINK1 in the absence of the depolarizing agent carbonyl cyanide- ...
Plus it
Recombinant Anti-RAB8A (phospho S111) antibody [MJF-R27-30] - BSA and Azide free KO Tested (ab267493)
Multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy reveals free-to-bound NADH ratio changes associated with metabolic...
Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) is a chemical inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation. CCCP affects protein ... Effect of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) inhibitor on metabolic activity of MCF10 cells measured [(a) and (b ... as well as the mitochondrial membrane uncoupling agent carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone. Through systematic analysis of ... Effects of carbonylcyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone," Eur. J. Cancer 15(10), 1281-1288 (1979).EJCAEL0959-8049 http://dx.doi.org/ ...
CCCP11
- Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) ([(3-chlorophenyl)hydrazono]malononitrile) is a chemical inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation. (wikipedia.org)
- To identify genes encoding proteins involved in protecting cells from acid stress, a screening method was developed using the electrogenic protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). (nih.gov)
- Bacterial efflux pump inhibitor (EPI), carbonyl cyanide m -chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP), improved the activity of DES and UGB as well as that of extracts from Hibiscus esculentus leaves (HEL) and Uapaca guineensis leaves (UGL) against resistant S. aureus strains. (hindawi.com)
- Carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) decreased the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of TMP-SXT by eight to 128 folds in all 14 isolates. (bvsalud.org)
- 1,4-[sup.14]C]Succinate (0.55-1.11 GBq/mmol) and carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) were from ICN. (thefreelibrary.com)
- Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) FCCP - Compound Summary, PubChem. (wikipedia.org)
- Transfected PINK1 KO MEFs were treated with the mitochondrial depolarizing agent CCCP (carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenyl hydrazone) (10µM) for 3 hours. (cellimagelibrary.org)
- PINK1-YFP R98F (green) is localized to mitochondria in the absence of the mitochondrial depolarizing agent CCCP (carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenyl hydrazone). (cellimagelibrary.org)
- YFP-WT PINK1 (green) shows mitochondrial localization in HeLa cells following treatment with the mitochondrial depolarizing agent CCCP (carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone). (cellimagelibrary.org)
- When the COCs were treated with the mitochondrial uncoupler, namely carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP), for 2 h and incubated for 42 h, subsequent real-time PCR detected significantly higher amount of cf-mtDNA, compared to nuclear cfDNA, in the spent culture medium. (go.jp)
- Furthermore, to examine the demand for mitochondrial activity in neuronal differentiation, we then differentiated SHED into neuronal cells in the presence of rotenone, an inhibitor of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP), a mitochondrial uncoupler, and found that neuronal differentiation was inhibited by treatment with rotenone and CCCP. (go.jp)
Protonophore3
- It is a nitrile, hydrazone and protonophore. (wikipedia.org)
- Mutants of Mycobacterium smegmatis unable to grow at acidic pH in the presence of the protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone. (nih.gov)
- TPA uptake by E6 cells was completely inhibited by a protonophore, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone, indicating that the TPA uptake system requires a proton motive force. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Inhibitor1
- Indeed, treatment of unwounded and intact cells with the respiration inhibitor carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone induced WB translocation into the pores. (exeter.ac.uk)
Mitochondrial1
- This study uses two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) to investigate metabolic changes in MCF10A premalignant breast cancer cells treated with a range of glycolysis inhibitors: namely, 2 deoxy-D-glucose, oxythiamine, lonidamine, and 4-(chloromethyl) benzoyl chloride, as well as the mitochondrial membrane uncoupling agent carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone. (spiedigitallibrary.org)
FCCP1
- Carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) is an ionophore that is a mobile ion carrier. (wikipedia.org)
Nitrile1
- It is a nitrile and hydrazone. (wikipedia.org)
Cells2
- Moreover, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone treatment recruited cytoplasmic ZtHex1-eGFP to the lateral plasma membrane of the cells. (exeter.ac.uk)
- Additionally, NO3- caused almost complete attenuation of NO2- toxicity in cells exposed to the proton gradient disruptor carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone at pH 7.5, providing evidence that the NO3- attenuation is independent of the proton motive force. (mendeley.com)
Effects1
- Two proton ionophores (DNP and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone) protected E. coli from the bactericidal effects of ECP but not from MBP. (jimmunol.org)
Presence1
- Complete reduction of 2 mM Cr(VI) was achieved in 12 h when the strain was grown in medium for halophiles (MH medium) supplemented with 4% galactose and 5% NaCl at pH 7 and 32 °C. Presence of Mn, Cu and Pb in the culture media were non-toxic for growth and Cr(VI) reduction, while carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCC) inhibited both growth and Cr(VI) reduction. (springer.com)