TY - JOUR. T1 - Biochemical and Stone-Risk Profiles With Topiramate Treatment. AU - Welch, Brian J.. AU - Graybeal, Dion. AU - Moe, Orson W.. AU - Maalouf, Naim M.. AU - Sakhaee, Khashayar. PY - 2006/10. Y1 - 2006/10. N2 - Background: Topiramate is a novel neuromodulatory agent commonly prescribed for the treatment of seizure disorders and for migraine headache prophylaxis. Calcium phosphate kidney stones have been observed with topiramate treatment, but a comprehensive elucidation of stone-risk profile was not reported previously. This study explores the relationship between topiramate treatment and propensity for kidney stone formation. Methods: Thirty-two topiramate-treated subjects and 50 healthy volunteers participated in a cross-sectional study in which serum chemistry test and 24-hour urine collection results were evaluated for stone risk. Furthermore, a short-term longitudinal study was conducted in 7 patients to assess stone risk before and 3 months after topiramate treatment. Results: ...

Bupivacaine, ropivacaine, or mepivacaine were added to human drug-free serum (pH 7.4) at a concentration of 10 μg/ml. 20% Intralipid® or 20% Lipofundin® were added at 1, 2, or 4% of the total volume because the recommended dosage of lipid bolus to treat anesthetic overdose is 1.5 ml/kg,1213 equating to approximately 3.5% of the total serum volume of the body. Multiple concentrations were used to determine the effect with respect to the volume of lipid. Once the lipid was added to the serum containing the drug, the samples were vortexed. They were then incubated at 37°C for 5 min in a water bath, and then shaken at 37°C for 5 min to ensure adequate mixing. The contents of each tube were then subjected to ultracentrifugation at room temperature using an Airfuge® at 122,000 g under 30,000 psi to separate the serum from the lipid. Serum was transferred into a fresh tube for analysis. Bupivacaine was also added at a concentration of 100 μg/ml to human drug-free serum at pH 7.4, the lipid ...

Health and wellness is a very popular topic. There are numbers of businesses, books, movies and websites dedicated to the topic. Each doctor or wellness expert has their own research and opinions on how to achieve optimum health which can be overwhelming. Good health doesnt have to mean expensive treatments and supplements, it can be…

It has been estimated that 22 - 32% of people with mental retardation or learning disability have co-existing epilepsy. Despite such high prevalence and although there may be particular concerns over the effects of treatment on behaviour and cognition in this population, few studies have specifically addressed these concerns. Topiramate (TPM) is one of the modern antiepileptic drugs that has been approved for the treatment of a broad range of seizure types in both children and adults. There is evidence of associated improvement in behaviour with treatment but data is conflicting. The investigators aim to further study the effect of TPM on seizure control and behaviour using the Scales of Independent Behavior-Revised (SIB-R) which has been applied in similar patient populations and is widely adopted locally to assess the behaviour of people with mental retardation. This is a naturalistic, open label, single arm prospective study of 16-week in duration. Eligible adult patients will be initiated on ...

An aspartate salt of L-ornithine. L-Ornithine L-aspartate has been shown to reduce blood ammonia concentrations by increasing ammonia detoxification in the liver. For use in dietary supplements, food and beverages.. ...

L-arginine is a semi-essential amino acid involved in numerous areas of human biochemistry, including ammonia detoxification, hormone secretion, and immune modulation.

TY - JOUR. T1 - The role of astrocytes in hepatic encephalopathy. AU - Norenberg, Michael D. PY - 1987/2/1. Y1 - 1987/2/1. N2 - The Alzheimer type II astrocyte change is the distinctive morphologic alteration in brain of humans and experimental animals succumbing to hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Whether this change is a primary event in the pathogenesis of HE or whether it is secondary to injury of some other component(s) of the CNS has not been clarified. Studies in a rat model of HE have revealed early reactive changes in astrocytes characterized by cytoplasmic hypertrophy. During the later phases, degenerative changes ensue corresponding to the Alzheimer type II change observed by light microscopy. In view of the role of astrocytes in ammonia detoxification and the importance of ammonia in the pathogenesis of HE, we have suggested that the initial astrocytic changes are the morphological correlates of ammonia detoxification. We have speculated that the later degenerative alterations could lead ...

The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology. carbonic anhydrase 9 - Carbonic anhydrases. Detailed annotation on the structure, function, physiology, pharmacology and clinical relevance of drug targets.

FUNCTIONS OF CARBONIC ANHYDRASES. The presence of carbonic anhydrases in all living organisms probably originates because the components of the catalyzed reaction are involved in almost all metabolic processes. We suppose that the main reason for the abundance of CAs in nature is the ubiquitous involvement of bicarbonate buffers in aqueous media and then in the cytoplasm at every stage of evolution; these enzymes acceleration achieving appropriate pH, which is important for homeostasis of every living cell. The role of carbonic anhydrases in accelerating the conversion of inorganic forms of carbon was probably not their initial main function, but now it is established that these enzymes are critical regulators of the exchange of these forms in many metabolic processes.. Functions of Carbonic Anhydrases in Animals. Although the main purpose of this review is to consider the available experimental data and ideas concerning the role of CAs in higher plants, we should present, at least briefly, ...

Hakvoort, T. B. M., He, Y., Kulik, W., Vermeulen, J. L. M., Duijst, S., Ruijter, J. M., ... Lamers, W. H. (2017). Pivotal Role of Glutamine Synthetase in Ammonia Detoxification. Hepatology, 65(1), 281-293. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.28852 ...

In her first try at college-level English composition, Olga Zaldivar skipped classes, struggled through papers and ultimately abandoned the course before taking the final exam.But she figures she

CIBA has successfully demonstrated the use of bagasse as biostimulator for ammonia removal from seven different zero-exchange shrimp aquaculture systems. Bagasse is a complex native cellulosic fibrous waste left after extraction of juice from cane sugar, and an attractive agricultural byproduct for a pond supplement because of its low cost and general availability in shrimp-growing latitudes. Bagasse provides a better surface structure and nutrients beneficial for the growth of nitrifying bacteria. Bagasse is a biodegradable substrate, which harbours higher periphytic (biofilm) biomass than non degradable ones. The very low cost of this lignocellulosic material is a real advantage that renders it a suitable alternative for the remediation of ammonia. Bagasse biostimulator technology is available for adoption by the aqua-farmers. ...

Zn(2+)-dependent carbonic anhydrases (CA) catalyse the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and participate in diverse physiological processes, hence having manifold therapeutic potentials. Among the 15 human CAs with wide-ranging sub-cellular localisation and kinetic properties, CA VI is the only secretory isoform. The 1.9Å crystal structure of the human CA VI catalytic domain reveals a prototypical mammalian CA fold, and a novel dimeric arrangement as compared to previously-reported CA structures. The active site cavity contains a cluster of non-conserved residues that may be involved in ligand binding and have significant implications for developing the next-generation of isoform-specific inhibitors.

Comprehensive review of visual defects reported with topiramate Lisa Ford,1 Jeffrey L Goldberg,2 Fred Selan,1 Howard E Greenberg,1 Yingqi Shi1 1Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, 2Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze clinical patterns of visual field defects (VFDs) reported with topiramate treatment and assess possible mechanism of action (MOA) for antiepileptic drug (AED) associated VFDs.Methods: A comprehensive topiramate database review included preclinical data, sponsor’s clinical trials database, postmarketing spontaneous reports, and medical literature. All treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) suggestive of retinal dysfunction/damage were summarized. Relative risk (RR) was computed from topiramate double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (DBPCTs) data.Results: Preclinical studies and medical literature review suggested that despite sharing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic MOA with

Sigma-Aldrich offers abstracts and full-text articles by [Vaida Morkūnaitė, Joana Gylytė, Asta Zubrienė, Lina Baranauskienė, Miglė Kišonaitė, Vilma Michailovienė, Vaida Juozapaitienė, Matthew J Todd, Daumantas Matulis].