Carbon sulfur ligases. Medical search

An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.

A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.

A diverse class of enzymes that interact with UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYMES and ubiquitination-specific protein substrates. Each member of this enzyme group has its own distinct specificity for a substrate and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. Ubiquitin-protein ligases exist as both monomeric proteins multiprotein complexes.

Inorganic or organic compounds that contain sulfur as an integral part of the molecule.

Poly(deoxyribonucleotide):poly(deoxyribonucleotide)ligases. Enzymes that catalyze the joining of preformed deoxyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage during genetic processes during repair of a single-stranded break in duplex DNA. The class includes both EC 6.5.1.1 (ATP) and EC 6.5.1.2 (NAD).

A subset of ubiquitin protein ligases that are formed by the association of a SKP DOMAIN PROTEIN, a CULLIN DOMAIN PROTEIN and a F-BOX DOMAIN PROTEIN.

A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.

A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

Stable sulfur atoms that have the same atomic number as the element sulfur, but differ in atomic weight. S-33, 34, and 36 are stable sulfur isotopes.

Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

Nanometer-sized tubes composed mainly of CARBON. Such nanotubes are used as probes for high-resolution structural and chemical imaging of biomolecules with ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY.

A family of structurally related proteins that were originally discovered for their role in cell-cycle regulation in CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS. They play important roles in regulation of the CELL CYCLE and as components of UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASES.

The act of ligating UBIQUITINS to PROTEINS to form ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes to label proteins for transport to the PROTEASOME ENDOPEPTIDASE COMPLEX where proteolysis occurs.

Catalyze the joining of preformed ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage during genetic processes. EC 6.5.1.

A highly conserved 76-amino acid peptide universally found in eukaryotic cells that functions as a marker for intracellular PROTEIN TRANSPORT and degradation. Ubiquitin becomes activated through a series of complicated steps and forms an isopeptide bond to lysine residues of specific proteins within the cell. These "ubiquitinated" proteins can be recognized and degraded by proteosomes or be transported to specific compartments within the cell.

Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).

Chemical groups containing the covalent sulfur bonds -S-. The sulfur atom can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties.

Enzymes that catalyze the formation of acyl-CoA derivatives. EC 6.2.1.

Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.

A zinc-binding domain defined by the sequence Cysteine-X2-Cysteine-X(9-39)-Cysteine-X(l-3)-His-X(2-3)-Cysteine-X2-Cysteine -X(4-48)-Cysteine-X2-Cysteine, where X is any amino acid. The RING finger motif binds two atoms of zinc, with each zinc atom ligated tetrahedrally by either four cysteines or three cysteines and a histidine. The motif also forms into a unitary structure with a central cross-brace region and is found in many proteins that are involved in protein-protein interactions. The acronym RING stands for Really Interesting New Gene.

Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.

Inorganic oxides of sulfur.

A class of enzymes that form a thioester bond to UBIQUITIN with the assistance of UBIQUITIN-ACTIVATING ENZYMES. They transfer ubiquitin to the LYSINE of a substrate protein with the assistance of UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASES.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of linear RNA to a circular form by the transfer of the 5'-phosphate to the 3'-hydroxyl terminus. It also catalyzes the covalent joining of two polyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage. EC 6.5.1.3.

A phylum of anoxygenic, phototrophic bacteria including the family Chlorobiaceae. They occur in aquatic sediments, sulfur springs, and hot springs and utilize reduced sulfur compounds instead of oxygen.

Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid.

A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed)

A family of proteins that share the F-BOX MOTIF and are involved in protein-protein interactions. They play an important role in process of protein ubiquition by associating with a variety of substrates and then associating into SCF UBIQUITIN LIGASE complexes. They are held in the ubiquitin-ligase complex via binding to SKP DOMAIN PROTEINS.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.

Any of several processes for the permanent or long-term artificial or natural capture or removal and storage of carbon dioxide and other forms of carbon, through biological, chemical or physical processes, in a manner that prevents it from being released into the atmosphere.

Oxidoreductases with specificity for oxidation or reduction of SULFUR COMPOUNDS.

A set of protein subcomplexes involved in PROTEIN SORTING of UBIQUITINATED PROTEINS into intraluminal vesicles of MULTIVESICULAR BODIES and in membrane scission during formation of intraluminal vesicles, during the final step of CYTOKINESIS, and during the budding of enveloped viruses. The ESCRT machinery is comprised of the protein products of Class E vacuolar protein sorting genes.

A family of proteins that are structurally-related to Ubiquitin. Ubiquitins and ubiquitin-like proteins participate in diverse cellular functions, such as protein degradation and HEAT-SHOCK RESPONSE, by conjugation to other proteins.

Sulfur hexafluoride. An inert gas used mainly as a test gas in respiratory physiology. Other uses include its injection in vitreoretinal surgery to restore the vitreous chamber and as a tracer in monitoring the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

A family of phototrophic purple sulfur bacteria that deposit globules of elemental sulfur inside their cells. They are found in diverse aquatic environments.

A large multisubunit complex that plays an important role in the degradation of most of the cytosolic and nuclear proteins in eukaryotic cells. It contains a 700-kDa catalytic sub-complex and two 700-kDa regulatory sub-complexes. The complex digests ubiquitinated proteins and protein activated via ornithine decarboxylase antizyme.

Chemicals that are used to cause the disturbance, disease, or death of humans during WARFARE.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

Enzymes which transfer sulfur atoms to various acceptor molecules. EC 2.8.1.

A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.

Ligases that catalyze the joining of adjacent AMINO ACIDS by the formation of carbon-nitrogen bonds between their carboxylic acid groups and amine groups.

An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Inorganic or organic acids that contain sulfur as an integral part of the molecule.

Complexes of enzymes that catalyze the covalent attachment of UBIQUITIN to other proteins by forming a peptide bond between the C-terminal GLYCINE of UBIQUITIN and the alpha-amino groups of LYSINE residues in the protein. The complexes play an important role in mediating the selective-degradation of short-lived and abnormal proteins. The complex of enzymes can be broken down into three components that involve activation of ubiquitin (UBIQUITIN-ACTIVATING ENZYMES), conjugation of ubiquitin to the ligase complex (UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYMES), and ligation of ubiquitin to the substrate protein (UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASES).

An oligomer formed from the repetitive linking of the C-terminal glycine of one UBIQUITIN molecule via an isopeptide bond to a lysine residue on a second ubiquitin molecule. It is structurally distinct from UBIQUITIN C, which is a single protein containing a tandemly arrayed ubiquitin peptide sequence.

A class of enzymes that catalyzes the ATP-dependent formation of a thioester bond between itself and UBIQUITIN. It then transfers the activated ubiquitin to one of the UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASES.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-oxygen bond. EC 6.1.

A genus of phototrophic, obligately anaerobic bacteria in the family Chlorobiaceae. They are found in hydrogen sulfide-containing mud and water environments.

A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

Proto-oncogene proteins that negatively regulate RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE signaling. It is a UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASE and the cellular homologue of ONCOGENE PROTEIN V-CBL.

A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.

The gaseous envelope surrounding a planet or similar body. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

A genus of gram-negative, ovoid to rod-shaped bacteria that is phototrophic. All species use ammonia as a nitrogen source. Some strains are found only in sulfide-containing freshwater habitats exposed to light while others may occur in marine, estuarine, and freshwater environments.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Cleavage of proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids either by PROTEASES or non-enzymatically (e.g., Hydrolysis). It does not include Protein Processing, Post-Translational.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

A family of structurally-related proteins that were originally identified by their ability to complex with cyclin proteins (CYCLINS). They share a common domain that binds specifically to F-BOX MOTIFS. They take part in SKP CULLIN F-BOX PROTEIN LIGASES, where they can bind to a variety of F-BOX PROTEINS.

A family of structurally related proteins that are constitutively expressed and that negatively regulate cytokine-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. PIAS proteins inhibit the activity of signal transducers and activators of transcription.

The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.

A genus of gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria in the class GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA. They are obligately acidophilic and aerobic, using reduced SULFUR COMPOUNDS to support AUTOTROPHIC GROWTH.

Any substance in the air which could, if present in high enough concentration, harm humans, animals, vegetation or material. Substances include GASES; PARTICULATE MATTER; and volatile ORGANIC CHEMICALS.

Sulfur compounds in which the sulfur atom is attached to three organic radicals and an electronegative element or radical.

A 1.5-kDa small ubiquitin-related modifier protein that can covalently bind via an isopeptide link to a number of cellular proteins. It may play a role in intracellular protein transport and a number of other cellular processes.

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A class of structurally related proteins of 12-20 kDa in size. They covalently modify specific proteins in a manner analogous to UBIQUITIN.

A group of gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria that is able to oxidize acetate completely to carbon dioxide using elemental sulfur as the electron acceptor.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A mass of organic or inorganic solid fragmented material, or the solid fragment itself, that comes from the weathering of rock and is carried by, suspended in, or dropped by air, water, or ice. It refers also to a mass that is accumulated by any other natural agent and that forms in layers on the earth's surface, such as sand, gravel, silt, mud, fill, or loess. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1689)

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

A measure of the total greenhouse gas emissions produced by an individual, organization, event, or product. It is measured in units of equivalent kilograms of CARBON DIOXIDE generated in a given time frame.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Elimination of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; PESTICIDES and other waste using living organisms, usually involving intervention of environmental or sanitation engineers.

An enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of cysteine in microorganisms and plants from O-acetyl-L-serine and hydrogen sulfide. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.2.99.8.

The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A group of proteins possessing only the iron-sulfur complex as the prosthetic group. These proteins participate in all major pathways of electron transport: photosynthesis, respiration, hydroxylation and bacterial hydrogen and nitrogen fixation.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The processes by which organisms use simple inorganic substances such as gaseous or dissolved carbon dioxide and inorganic nitrogen as nutrient sources. Contrasts with heterotrophic processes which make use of organic materials as the nutrient supply source. Autotrophs can be either chemoautotrophs (or chemolithotrophs), largely ARCHAEA and BACTERIA, which also use simple inorganic substances for their metabolic energy reguirements; or photoautotrophs (or photolithotrophs), such as PLANTS and CYANOBACTERIA, which derive their energy from light. Depending on environmental conditions some organisms can switch between different nutritional modes (autotrophy; HETEROTROPHY; chemotrophy; or PHOTOTROPHY) to utilize different sources to meet their nutrient and energy requirements.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop.

Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.

Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

Inorganic compounds that contain carbon as an integral part of the molecule but are not derived from hydrocarbons.

A type of POST-TRANSLATIONAL PROTEIN MODIFICATION by SMALL UBIQUITIN-RELATED MODIFIER PROTEINS (also known as SUMO proteins).

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that derives energy from the oxidation of one or more reduced sulfur compounds. Many former species have been reclassified to other classes of PROTEOBACTERIA.

Compounds containing the -SH radical.

An enzyme found primarily in SULFUR-REDUCING BACTERIA where it plays an important role in the anaerobic carbon oxidation pathway.

A group of proteobacteria consisting of chemoorganotrophs usually associated with the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM of humans and animals.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.

The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)

Processes by which phototrophic organisms use sunlight as their primary energy source. Contrasts with chemotrophic processes which do not depend on light and function in deriving energy from exogenous chemical sources. Photoautotrophy (or photolithotrophy) is the ability to use sunlight as energy to fix inorganic nutrients to be used for other organic requirements. Photoautotrophs include all GREEN PLANTS; GREEN ALGAE; CYANOBACTERIA; and green and PURPLE SULFUR BACTERIA. Photoheterotrophs or photoorganotrophs require a supply of organic nutrients for their organic requirements but use sunlight as their primary energy source; examples include certain PURPLE NONSULFUR BACTERIA. Depending on environmental conditions some organisms can switch between different nutritional modes (AUTOTROPHY; HETEROTROPHY; chemotrophy; or phototrophy) to utilize different sources to meet their nutrients and energy requirements.

A group of the proteobacteria comprised of facultatively anaerobic and fermentative gram-negative bacteria.

An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the planetary sulfur atom of thiosulfate ion to cyanide ion to form thiocyanate ion. EC 2.8.1.1.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)

The presence of contaminants or pollutant substances in the air (AIR POLLUTANTS) that interfere with human health or welfare, or produce other harmful environmental effects. The substances may include GASES; PARTICULATE MATTER; or volatile ORGANIC CHEMICALS.

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of sulfur atoms (2.8.1), sulfur groups (2.8.2) or coenzyme A (2.8.3). EC 2.8.

A family of colorless sulfur bacteria in the order Thiotrichales, class GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA.

Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight [1.00784; 1.00811]. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are PROTONS. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM and the unstable, radioactive isotope TRITIUM.

A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.

Macromolecular complexes formed from the association of defined protein subunits.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The facilitation of biochemical reactions with the aid of naturally occurring catalysts such as ENZYMES.

Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.

A multifunctional pyridoxal phosphate enzyme. In the final step in the biosynthesis of cysteine it catalyzes the cleavage of cystathionine to yield cysteine, ammonia, and 2-ketobutyrate. EC 4.4.1.1.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.

Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.

Complex sets of enzymatic reactions connected to each other via their product and substrate metabolites.

A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of CYSTEINE. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A metallic element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. It is an essential constituent of HEMOGLOBINS; CYTOCHROMES; and IRON-BINDING PROTEINS. It plays a role in cellular redox reactions and in the transport of OXYGEN.

DNA sequences encoding RIBOSOMAL RNA and the segments of DNA separating the individual ribosomal RNA genes, referred to as RIBOSOMAL SPACER DNA.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

Systems of enzymes which function sequentially by catalyzing consecutive reactions linked by common metabolic intermediates. They may involve simply a transfer of water molecules or hydrogen atoms and may be associated with large supramolecular structures such as MITOCHONDRIA or RIBOSOMES.

A dark powdery deposit of unburned fuel residues, composed mainly of amorphous CARBON and some HYDROCARBONS, that accumulates in chimneys, automobile mufflers and other surfaces exposed to smoke. It is the product of incomplete combustion of carbon-rich organic fuels in low oxygen conditions. It is sometimes called lampblack or carbon black and is used in INK, in rubber tires, and to prepare CARBON NANOTUBES.

An enzyme that catalyzes the activation of sulfate ions by ATP to form adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate and pyrophosphate. This reaction constitutes the first enzymatic step in sulfate utilization following the uptake of sulfate. EC 2.7.7.4.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.

The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.94. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

A class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of C-C, C-O, and C-N, and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

The unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The ash, dust, gases, and lava released by volcanic explosion. The gases are volatile matter composed principally of about 90% water vapor, and carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen. The ash or dust is pyroclastic ejecta and lava is molten extrusive material consisting mainly of magnesium silicate. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A genus of facultatively anaerobic coccoid ARCHAEA, in the family SULFOLOBACEAE. Cells are highly irregular in shape and thermoacidophilic. Lithotrophic growth occurs aerobically via sulfur oxidation in some species. Distribution includes solfataric springs and fields, mudholes, and geothermically heated acidic marine environments.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and Eukarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: (1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; (2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; (3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and (4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least four kingdoms: CRENARCHAEOTA; EURYARCHAEOTA; NANOARCHAEOTA; and KORARCHAEOTA.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

Cell surface receptors for AUTOCRINE MOTILITY FACTOR, which is the secreted form of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE ISOMERASE. The receptor has an unusual composition in that it shares some structural similarities with G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS and functions as an ubiquitin protein ligase when internalized.

Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.

An E3 ubiquitin ligase primarily involved in regulation of the metaphase-to-anaphase transition during MITOSIS through ubiquitination of specific CELL CYCLE PROTEINS. Enzyme activity is tightly regulated through subunits and cofactors, which modulate activation, inhibition, and substrate specificity. The anaphase-promoting complex, or APC-C, is also involved in tissue differentiation in the PLACENTA, CRYSTALLINE LENS, and SKELETAL MUSCLE, and in regulation of postmitotic NEURONAL PLASTICITY and excitability.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

Cellular processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of CARBOHYDRATES.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

A cell line generated from human embryonic kidney cells that were transformed with human adenovirus type 5.

The vapor state of matter; nonelastic fluids in which the molecules are in free movement and their mean positions far apart. Gases tend to expand indefinitely, to diffuse and mix readily with other gases, to have definite relations of volume, temperature, and pressure, and to condense or liquefy at low temperatures or under sufficient pressure. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A great expanse of continuous bodies of salt water which together cover more than 70 percent of the earth's surface. Seas may be partially or entirely enclosed by land, and are smaller than the five oceans (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic).

A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

Inorganic and organic derivatives of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The salts and esters of sulfuric acid are known as SULFATES and SULFURIC ACID ESTERS respectively.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a phenol sulfate to yield a phenol and sulfate. Arylsulfatase A, B, and C have been separated. A deficiency of arylsulfatases is one of the causes of metachromatic leukodystrophy (LEUKODYSTROPHY, METACHROMATIC). EC 3.1.6.1.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

The monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the environment (soil, air, and water), workplace, or in the bodies of people and animals present in that environment.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The measurement of the amplitude of the components of a complex waveform throughout the frequency range of the waveform. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Screening techniques first developed in yeast to identify genes encoding interacting proteins. Variations are used to evaluate interplay between proteins and other molecules. Two-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for protein-protein interactions, one-hybrid for DNA-protein interactions, three-hybrid interactions for RNA-protein interactions or ligand-based interactions. Reverse n-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for mutations or other small molecules that dissociate known interactions.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Life or metabolic reactions occurring in an environment containing oxygen.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

A strictly autotrophic species of bacteria that oxidizes sulfur and thiosulfate to sulfuric acid. It was formerly called Thiobacillus thiooxidans.

A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides.

Pyrrole containing pigments found in photosynthetic bacteria.

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants.

Hydrolases that specifically cleave the peptide bonds found in PROTEINS and PEPTIDES. Examples of sub-subclasses for this group include EXOPEPTIDASES and ENDOPEPTIDASES.

The processes by which organisms utilize organic substances as their nutrient sources. Contrasts with AUTOTROPHIC PROCESSES which make use of simple inorganic substances as the nutrient supply source. Heterotrophs can be either chemoheterotrophs (or chemoorganotrophs) which also require organic substances such as glucose for their primary metabolic energy requirements, or photoheterotrophs (or photoorganotrophs) which derive their primary energy requirements from light. Depending on environmental conditions some organisms can switch between different nutritional modes (AUTOTROPHY; heterotrophy; chemotrophy; or PHOTOTROPHY) to utilize different sources to meet their nutrients and energy requirements.

Growth of organisms using AUTOTROPHIC PROCESSES for obtaining nutrients and chemotrophic processes for obtaining a primary energy supply. Chemotrophic processes are involved in deriving a primary energy supply from exogenous chemical sources. Chemotrophic autotrophs (chemoautotrophs) generally use inorganic chemicals as energy sources and as such are called chemolithoautotrophs. Most chemoautotrophs live in hostile environments, such as deep sea vents. They are mostly BACTERIA and ARCHAEA, and are the primary producers for those ecosystems.

Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches.

Members of the peptidase C19 family which regulate signal transduction by removing UBIQUITIN from specific protein substrates via a process known as deubiquitination or deubiquitylation.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Unstable isotopes of sulfur that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. S 29-31, 35, 37, and 38 are radioactive sulfur isotopes.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.

Proteins that have one or more tightly bound metal ions forming part of their structure. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

A bacterial genus of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.

A sulfuric acid dimer, formed by disulfide linkage. This compound has been used to prolong coagulation time and as an antidote in cyanide poisoning.

An allotropic form of carbon that is used in pencils, as a lubricant, and in matches and explosives. It is obtained by mining and its dust can cause lung irritation.

Expression, purification, and characterization of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis acyl carrier protein, AcpM. (1/22)

Mycolic acids are generated in Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a result of the interaction of two fatty acid biosynthetic systems: the multifunctional polypeptide, FASI, in which the acyl carrier protein (ACP) domain forms an integral part of the polypeptide, and the dissociated FASII system, which is composed of monofunctional enzymes and a discrete ACP (AcpM). In order to characterize enzymes of the FASII system, large amounts of AcpM are required to generate substrates such as holo-AcpM, malonyl-AcpM and acyl-AcpM. The M. tuberculosis acpM gene was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and AcpM purified, yielding approximately 15-20 mg/l of culture. Analysis of AcpM by mass spectrometry, N-terminal sequencing, amino acid analysis, and gas chromatography indicated the presence of three species, apo-, holo-, and acyl-AcpM, the former comprising up to 65% of the total pool. The apo-AcpM was purified away from the in vivo generated holo- and acyl-forms, which were inseparable and heterogeneous with respect to acyl chain lengths. Once purified, we were able to convert apo-AcpM into holo- and acyl-forms. These procedures provide the means for the preparation of the large quantities of AcpM and derivatives needed for characterization of the purified enzymes of the mycobacterial FASII system. (+info)

Site-directed mutagenesis of acyl carrier protein (ACP) reveals amino acid residues involved in ACP structure and acyl-ACP synthetase activity. (2/22)

Acyl carrier protein (ACP) interacts with many different enzymes during the synthesis of fatty acids, phospholipids, and other specialized products in bacteria. To examine the structural and functional roles of amino acids previously implicated in interactions between the ACP polypeptide and fatty acids attached to the phosphopantetheine prosthetic group, recombinant Vibrio harveyi ACP and mutant derivatives of conserved residues Phe-50, Ile-54, Ala-59, and Tyr-71 were prepared from glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins. Circular dichroism revealed that, unlike Escherichia coli ACP, V. harveyi-derived ACPs are unfolded at neutral pH in the absence of divalent cations; all except F50A and I54A recovered native conformation upon addition of MgCl(2). Mutant I54A was not processed to the holo form by ACP synthase. Some mutations significantly decreased catalytic efficiency of ACP fatty acylation by V. harveyi acyl-ACP synthetase relative to recombinant ACP, e.g. F50A (4%), I54L (20%), and I54V (31%), whereas others (V12G, Y71A, and A59G) had less effect. By contrast, all myristoylated ACPs examined were effective substrates for the luminescence-specific V. harveyi myristoyl-ACP thioesterase. Conformationally sensitive gel electrophoresis at pH 9 indicated that fatty acid attachment stabilizes mutant ACPs in a chain length-dependent manner, although stabilization was decreased for mutants F50A and A59G. Our results indicate that (i) residues Ile-54 and Phe-50 are important in maintaining native ACP conformation, (ii) residue Ala-59 may be directly involved in stabilization of ACP structure by acyl chain binding, and (iii) acyl-ACP synthetase requires native ACP conformation and involves interaction with fatty acid binding pocket residues, whereas myristoyl-ACP thioesterase is insensitive to acyl donor structure. (+info)

Purification and characterization of acyl-acyl carrier protein synthetase from oleaginous yeast and its role in triacylglycerol biosynthesis. (3/22)

Fatty acids are activated in an ATP-dependent manner before they are utilized. We describe here how the 10 S triacylglycerol biosynthetic multienzyme complex from Rhodotorula glutinis is capable of activating non-esterified fatty acids for the synthesis of triacylglycerol. The photolabelling of the complex with [(32)P]azido-ATP showed labelling of a 35 kDa polypeptide. The labelled polypeptide was identified as acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) synthetase, which catalyses the ATP-dependent ligation of fatty acid with ACP to form acyl-ACP. The enzyme was purified by successive PAGE separations to apparent homogeneity from the soluble fraction of oleaginous yeast and its apparent molecular mass was 35 kDa under denaturing and reducing conditions. Acyl-ACP synthetase was specific for ATP. The K(m) values for palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids were found to be 42.9, 30.4, 25.1 and 22.7 microM, respectively. The antibodies to acyl-ACP synthetase cross-reacted with Escherichia coli acyl-ACP synthetase. Anti-ACP antibodies showed no cross-reactivity with the purified acyl-ACP synthetase, indicating no bound ACP with the enzyme. Immunoprecipitations with antibodies to acyl-ACP synthetase revealed that this enzyme is a part of the 10 S triacylglycerol biosynthetic complex. These results demonstrate that the soluble acyl-ACP synthetase plays a novel role in activating fatty acids for triacylglycerol biosynthesis in oleaginous yeast. (+info)

A glutathione-dependent formaldehyde-activating enzyme (Gfa) from Paracoccus denitrificans detected and purified via two-dimensional proton exchange NMR spectroscopy. (4/22)

The formation of S-hydroxymethylglutathione from formaldehyde and glutathione is a central reaction in the consumption of the cytotoxin formaldehyde in some methylotrophic bacteria as well as in many other organisms. We describe here the discovery of an enzyme from Paracoccus denitrificans that accelerates this spontaneous condensation reaction. The rates of S-hydroxymethylglutathione formation and cleavage were determined under equilibrium conditions via two-dimensional proton exchange NMR spectroscopy. The pseudo first order rate constants k(1)* were estimated from the temperature dependence of the reaction and the signal to noise ratio of the uncatalyzed reaction. At 303 K and pH 6.0 k(1)* was found to be 0.02 s(-1) for the spontaneous reaction. A 10-fold increase of the rate constant was observed upon addition of cell extract from P. denitrificans grown in the presence of methanol corresponding to a specific activity of 35 units mg(-1). Extracts of cells grown in the presence of succinate revealed a lower specific activity of 11 units mg(-1). The enzyme catalyzing the conversion of formaldehyde and glutathione was purified and named glutathione-dependent formaldehyde-activating enzyme (Gfa). The gene gfa is located directly upstream of the gene for glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the subsequent oxidation of S-hydroxymethylglutathione. Putative proteins with sequence identity to Gfa from P. denitrificans are present also in Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Sinorhizobium meliloti, and Mesorhizobium loti. (+info)

Functional role of fatty acyl-coenzyme A synthetase in the transmembrane movement and activation of exogenous long-chain fatty acids. Amino acid residues within the ATP/AMP signature motif of Escherichia coli FadD are required for enzyme activity and fatty acid transport. (5/22)

Fatty acyl-CoA synthetase (FACS, fatty acid:CoA ligase, AMP forming; EC ) plays a central role in intermediary metabolism by catalyzing the formation of fatty acyl-CoA. In Escherichia coli this enzyme, encoded by the fadD gene, is required for the coupled import and activation of exogenous long-chain fatty acids. The E. coli FACS (FadD) contains two sequence elements, which comprise the ATP/AMP signature motif ((213)YTGGTTGVAKGA(224) and (356)GYGLTE(361)) placing it in the superfamily of adenylate-forming enzymes. A series of site-directed mutations were generated in the fadD gene within the ATP/AMP signature motif site to evaluate the role of this conserved region to enzyme function and to fatty acid transport. This approach revealed two major classes of fadD mutants with depressed enzyme activity: 1) those with 25-45% wild type activity (fadD(G216A), fadD(T217A), fadD(G219A), and fadD(K222A)) and 2) those with 10% or less wild-type activity (fadD(Y213A), fadD(T214A), and fadD(E361A)). Using anti-FadD sera, Western blots demonstrated the different mutant forms of FadD that were present and had localization patterns equivalent to the wild type. The defect in the first class was attributed to a reduced catalytic efficiency although several mutant forms also had a reduced affinity for ATP. The mutations resulting in these biochemical phenotypes reduced or essentially eliminated the transport of exogenous long-chain fatty acids. These data support the hypothesis that the FACS FadD functions in the vectorial movement of exogenous fatty acids across the plasma membrane by acting as a metabolic trap, which results in the formation of acyl-CoA esters. (+info)

Isolation and expression pattern of two putative acyl-ACP desaturase cDNAs from Bassia scoparia. (6/22)

The seed lipids of some higher plants contain unusual fatty acids with potentially valuable non-food uses. Seeds of Bassia scoparia contain one such monounsaturated fatty acid, 16:1Delta5. This fatty acid can be used for the production of an insect oviposition pheromone, which is potentially valuable in the control of the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus, a vector of West Nile virus. Previous work has established that a number of unusual monounsaturated fatty acids are produced by variant forms of the ubiquitous acyl-ACP desaturases. The isolation and initial characterization of two putative acyl-ACP desaturases from B. scoparia, one of which is seed-specific, suggests that such a variant enzyme occurs in this species. (+info)

A dynamic zinc redox switch. (7/22)

The crystal structures of glutathione-dependent formaldehyde-activating enzyme (Gfa) from Paracoccus denitrificans, which catalyzes the formation of S-hydroxymethylglutathione from formaldehyde and glutathione, and its complex with glutathione (Gfa-GTT) have been determined. Gfa has a new fold with two zinc-sulfur centers, one that is structural (zinc tetracoordinated) and one catalytic (zinc apparently tricoordinated). In Gfa-GTT, the catalytic zinc is displaced due to disulfide bond formation of glutathione with one of the zinc-coordinating cysteines. Soaking crystals of Gfa-GTT with formaldehyde restores the holoenzyme. Accordingly, the displaced zinc forms a complex by scavenging formaldehyde and glutathione. The activation of formaldehyde and of glutathione in this zinc complex favors the final nucleophilic addition, followed by relocation of zinc in the catalytic site. Therefore, the structures of Gfa and Gfa-GTT draw the critical association between a dynamic zinc redox switch and a nucleophilic addition as a new facet of the redox activity of zinc-sulfur sites. (+info)

Lysophospholipid flipping across the Escherichia coli inner membrane catalyzed by a transporter (LplT) belonging to the major facilitator superfamily. (8/22)

The transfer of phospholipids across membrane bilayers is protein-mediated, and most of the established transporters catalyze the energy-dependent efflux of phospholipids from cells. This work identifies and characterizes a lysophospholipid transporter gene (lplT, formally ygeD) in Escherichia coli that is an integral component in the 2-acylglycerophosphoethanolamine (2-acyl-GPE) metabolic cycle for membrane protein acylation. The lplT gene is adjacent to and in the same operon as the aas gene, which encodes the bifunctional enzyme 2-acyl-GPE acyltransferase/acyl-acyl carrier protein synthetase. In some bacteria, acyltransferase/acyl-ACP synthetase (Aas) and LplT homologues are fused in a single polypeptide chain. 2-Acyl-GPE transport to the inside of the cell was assessed by measuring the Aas-dependent formation of phosphatidylethanolamine. The Aas-dependent incorporation of [3H]palmitate into phosphatidylethanolamine was significantly diminished in deltalplT mutants, and the LplT-Aas transport/acylation activity was independent of the proton motive force. The deltalplT mutants accumulated acyl-GPE in vivo and had a diminished capacity to transport exogenous 2-acylglycerophosphocholine into the cell. Spheroplasts prepared from wild-type E. coli transported and acylated fluorescent 2-acyl-GPE with an apparent K(d) of 7.5 microM, whereas this high-affinity process was absent in deltalplT mutants. Thus, LplT catalyzes the transbilayer movement of lysophospholipids and is the first example of a phospholipid flippase that belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. (+info)

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The ... Other names in common use include phenylacetyl-CoA ligase, PA-CoA ligase, and phenylacetyl-CoA ligase (AMP-forming). This ... In enzymology, a phenylacetate-CoA ligase is an enzyme (EC 6.2.1.30) that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + phenylacetate ... "Purification and biochemical characterization of phenylacetyl-CoA ligase from Pseudomonas putida. A specific enzyme for the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylacetate—CoA_ligase

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The ... This enzyme is also called phytanoyl-CoA ligase. Muralidharan FN, Muralidharan VB (1986). "Phytanoyl-CoA ligase activity in rat ... In enzymology, a phytanate-CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.24) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + phytanate + CoA ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 6.2.1, Enzymes of unknown structure, All stub articles, Ligase stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytanate—CoA_ligase

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The ... In enzymology, an acid-CoA ligase (GDP-forming) (EC 6.2.1.10) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction GTP + an acid ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 6.2.1, Enzymes of unknown structure, All stub articles, Ligase stubs). ... systematic name of this enzyme class is acid:CoA ligase (GDP-forming). Other names in common use include acyl-CoA synthetase ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid—CoA_ligase_(GDP-forming)

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. This enzyme ... Butyrate-CoA ligase, also known as xenobiotic/medium-chain fatty acid-ligase (XM-ligase), is an enzyme (EC 6.2.1.2) that ... 3-hydroxybutyryl CoA ligase, xenobiotic/medium-chain fatty acid ligase, and short-chain acyl-CoA synthetase. ACSM1 ACSM2A ... This reaction is catalyzed by the HXM-A and HXM-B medium-chain acid:CoA ligases and requires energy in the form of ATP. ... The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyrate—CoA_ligase

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The ... In enzymology, a 6-carboxyhexanoate-CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.14) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + 6- ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 6.2.1, Enzymes of unknown structure, All stub articles, Ligase stubs). ... systematic name of this enzyme class is 6-carboxyhexanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming). Other names in common use include 6- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-carboxyhexanoate—CoA_ligase

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The ... In enzymology, a succinate-CoA ligase (ADP-forming) (EC 6.2.1.5) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 6.2.1, Enzymes of known structure, All stub articles, Ligase stubs). ... systematic name of this enzyme class is succinate:CoA ligase (ADP-forming). Other names in common use include succinyl-CoA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinate—CoA_ligase_(ADP-forming)

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The ... 2-aminobenzoate-CoA ligase, 2-aminobenzoate-coenzyme A ligase, and 2-aminobenzoate coenzyme A ligase. This enzyme participates ... In enzymology, an anthranilate-CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.32) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + anthranilate + ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 6.2.1, Enzymes of unknown structure, Anthranilates, All stub articles, Ligase stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthranilate—CoA_ligase

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The ... In enzymology, a citrate-CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.18) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + citrate + CoA ⇌ {\ ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 6.2.1, Enzymes of unknown structure, All stub articles, Ligase stubs). ... CoA ligase, and citrate thiokinase. This enzyme participates in citric acid cycle. Lill U, Schreil A, Eggerer H (1982). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrate—CoA_ligase

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The ... DHCA-CoA ligase, and 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestanate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming). This enzyme participates in bile acid ... In enzymology, a 3α,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholestanate-CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.28) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP ... 12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestanoyl-coenzyme A ligase(s) in rat liver". Journal of Lipid Research. 29 (8): 997-1004. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-alpha,7-alpha-dihydroxy-5-beta-cholestanate—CoA_ligase

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The ... In enzymology, an acetate-CoA ligase (ADP-forming) (EC 6.2.1.13) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 6.2.1, Enzymes of unknown structure, All stub articles, Ligase stubs). ... systematic name of this enzyme class is acetate:CoA ligase (ADP-forming). Other names in common use include acetyl-CoA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetate—CoA_ligase_(ADP-forming)

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The ... In enzymology, a propionate-CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.17) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + propanoate + CoA ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 6.2.1, Enzymes of unknown structure, All stub articles, Ligase stubs). ... systematic name of this enzyme class is propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming). This enzyme is also called propionyl-CoA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propionate—CoA_ligase

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 6.2.1, Enzymes of unknown structure, All stub articles, Ligase stubs). ... systematic name of this enzyme class is trans-ferulate:CoASH ligase (ATP-hydrolysing). This enzyme is also called trans- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-feruloyl-CoA_synthase

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The ... In enzymology, a 4-chlorobenzoate-CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.33) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 4-chlorobenzoate ... Loffler F, Muller R, Lingens F (1992). "Purification and properties of 4-halobenzoate-coenzyme A ligase from Pseudomonas sp. ... systematic name of this enzyme class is 4-chlorobenzoate:CoA ligase. This enzyme participates in 2,4-dichlorobenzoate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-chlorobenzoate—CoA_ligase

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The ... 4-hydroxybenzoate-coenzyme A ligase (AMP-forming), 4-hydroxybenzoyl coenzyme A synthetase, and 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA ligase. ... In enzymology, a 4-hydroxybenzoate-CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.27) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + 4- ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 6.2.1, Enzymes of unknown structure, All stub articles, Ligase stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-hydroxybenzoate—CoA_ligase

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The ... In enzymology, a succinate-CoA ligase (GDP-forming) (EC 6.2.1.4) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction GTP + ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 6.2.1, Enzymes of known structure, All stub articles, Ligase stubs). ... systematic name of this enzyme class is succinate:CoA ligase (GDP-forming). Other names in common use include succinyl-CoA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinate—CoA_ligase_(GDP-forming)

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The ... In enzymology, a glutarate-CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.6) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + glutarate + CoA ⇌ {\ ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 6.2.1, Enzymes of unknown structure, All stub articles, Ligase stubs). ... systematic name of this enzyme class is glutarate:CoA ligase (ADP-forming). Other names in common use include glutaryl-CoA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutarate—CoA_ligase

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The ... In enzymology, a malate-CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.9) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + malate + CoA ⇌ {\ ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 6.2.1, Enzymes of unknown structure, All stub articles, Ligase stubs). ... systematic name of this enzyme class is malate:CoA ligase (ADP-forming). Other names in common use include malyl-CoA synthetase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malate—CoA_ligase

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The ... In enzymology, a dicarboxylate-CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.23) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + an alphaomega- ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 6.2.1, Enzymes of unknown structure, All stub articles, Ligase stubs). ... systematic name of this enzyme class is omega-dicarboxylate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming). Other names in common use include ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicarboxylate—CoA_ligase

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The ... In enzymology, a long-chain-fatty-acid-luciferin-component ligase (EC 6.2.1.19) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 6.2.1, Enzymes of unknown structure, All stub articles, Ligase stubs). ... systematic name of this enzyme class is long-chain-fatty-acid:protein ligase (AMP-forming). This enzyme is also called acyl- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-chain-fatty-acid—luciferin-component_ligase

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The ... In enzymology, a long-chain-fatty-acid-[acyl-carrier-protein] ligase (EC 6.2.1.20) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 6.2.1, Enzymes of unknown structure, All stub articles, Ligase stubs). ... systematic name of this enzyme class is long-chain-fatty-acid:[acyl-carrier-protein] ligase (AMP-forming). Other names in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-chain-fatty-acid—(acyl-carrier-protein)_ligase

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The ... HS-citrate lyase ligase, and acetate:citrate-(pro-3S)-lyase(thiol-form) ligase (AMP-forming). This enzyme participates in two- ... In enzymology, a [citrate (pro-3S)-lyase] ligase (EC 6.2.1.22) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + acetate ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 6.2.1, Enzymes of unknown structure, All stub articles, Ligase stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(citrate_(pro-3S)-lyase)_ligase

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The ... In enzymology, an oxalate-CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.8) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + oxalate + CoA ⇌ {\ ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 6.2.1, Enzymes of unknown structure, All stub articles, Ligase stubs). ... Organisms with Oxalate-CoA Ligases include: Arabidopsis thaliana Saccharomyces cerevisiae "Validate User". Foster J, Nakata PA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxalate—CoA_ligase

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The ... In enzymology, an arachidonate-CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.15) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + arachidonate + ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 6.2.1, Enzymes of unknown structure, All stub articles, Ligase stubs). ... systematic name of this enzyme class is arachidonate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming). This enzyme is also called arachidonoyl-CoA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachidonate—CoA_ligase

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The ... In enzymology, a benzoate-CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.25) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + benzoate + CoA ⇌ {\ ... Other names in common use include benzoate-coenzyme A ligase, benzoyl-coenzyme A synthetase, and benzoyl CoA synthetase (AMP ... systematic name of this enzyme class is benzoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzoate—CoA_ligase

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The ... In enzymology, an acetoacetate-CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.16) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + acetoacetate + ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 6.2.1, Enzymes of unknown structure, All stub articles, Ligase stubs). ... systematic name of this enzyme class is acetoacetate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming). This enzyme is also called acetoacetyl-CoA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetoacetate—CoA_ligase

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The ... In enzymology, a 2-furoate-CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.31) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + 2-furoate + CoA ... systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-furoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming). This enzyme is also called 2-furoyl coenzyme A ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-furoate—CoA_ligase

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The ... In enzymology, a biotin-CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.11) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + biotin + CoA ⇌ {\ ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 6.2.1, Enzymes of unknown structure, All stub articles, Ligase stubs). ... systematic name of this enzyme class is biotin:CoA ligase (AMP-forming). Other names in common use include biotinyl-CoA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotin—CoA_ligase

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, to be specific those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The ... p-coumaroyl CoA ligase, p-coumaryl coenzyme A synthetase, p-coumaryl-CoA synthetase, p-coumaryl-CoA ligase, feruloyl CoA ligase ... CoA ligase, p-coumaryl-CoA ligase, p-hydroxycinnamic acid:CoA ligase, and 4CL. This enzyme participates in phenylpropanoid ... In enzymology, a 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.12) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + 4-coumarate + CoA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Coumarate-CoA_ligase

... ligases used to form carbon-oxygen bonds EC 6.2 includes ligases used to form carbon-sulfur bonds EC 6.3 includes ligases used ... ligases used to form carbon-carbon bonds EC 6.5 includes ligases used to form phosphoric ester bonds EC 6.6 includes ligases ... The common names of ligases often include the word "ligase", such as DNA ligase, an enzyme commonly used in molecular biology ... Ligases are classified as EC 6 in the EC number classification of enzymes. Ligases can be further classified into six ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligase

Metabolism As an autotroph, "A. aeolicus" has the ability to obtain all necessary carbon by fixing CO2 from the environment and ... "A. aeolicus" can also reduce nitrogen and sulfur. Regarding its growth under microaerophilic conditions, Aquifex species have ... succinate-CoA ligase, aconitase and citratesynthase. Moreover, this bacterium uses oxygen, hydrogen, and mineral salts as its ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquifex_aeolicus

A key feature of the cofactor TPP is the relatively acidic proton bound to the carbon atom between the nitrogen and sulfur in ... Oxalate-CoA ligase Formyl-CoA transferase Oxalate CoA-transferase Baetz AL, Allison MJ (July 1990). "Purification and ... which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is oxalyl-CoA carboxy-lyase (formyl-CoA-forming). ... This carbon center ionizes to form a carbanion, which adds to the carbonyl group of oxalyl-CoA. This addition is followed by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxalyl-CoA_decarboxylase

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-nitrogen bonds as acid-D-amino-acid ligases ( ... Glutathione synthetase deficiency Glutathione Liver Sulfur Metabolism Gogos A, Shapiro L (Dec 2002). "Large conformational ... "Synthases and Ligases". IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN), and Nomenclature Commission of IUB (NC- ... Li H, Xu H, Graham DE, White RH (Aug 2003). "Glutathione synthetase homologs encode alpha-L-glutamate ligases for methanogenic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathione_synthetase

Two molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) and two molecules of hydrogen (H2) are formed as waste products. Subsequently, ATP is ... They are often found in the soluble fibers of foods which are high in sulfur, such as the allium and cruciferous vegetables. ... also known as butyrate-CoA ligase. The metabolite produced by this reaction is butyryl-CoA, and is produced as follows: ... Butyric acid is metabolized by various human XM-ligases (ACSM1, ACSM2B, ASCM3, ACSM4, ACSM5, and ACSM6), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyric_acid

The biological use of sulfur as an alternative to carbon is purely hypothetical, especially because sulfur usually forms only ... Kovac, Andreja (1 Apr 2007). "Diazenedicarboxamides as inhibitors of D-alanine-D-alanine ligase (Ddl)". Bioorganic & Medicinal ... Sulfur-reducing bacteria can utilize elemental sulfur instead of oxygen, reducing sulfur to hydrogen sulfide.) Arsenic, which ... Hydrogen sulfide life might use a mixture of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide as their carbon source. They might produce and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothetical_types_of_biochemistry

Carbon disulfide hydrolase EC 3.13.1.6: (CysO sulfur-carrier protein)-S-L-cysteine hydrolase EC 3.13.1.7: Carbonyl sulfide ... Glutarate-CoA ligase EC 6.2.1.7: Cholate-CoA ligase EC 6.2.1.8: Oxalate-CoA ligase EC 6.2.1.9: Malate-CoA ligase EC 6.2.1.10: ... ligase EC 6.2.1.23: Dicarboxylate-CoA ligase EC 6.2.1.24: Phytanate-CoA ligase EC 6.2.1.25: Benzoate-CoA ligase EC 6.2.1.26: o- ... Arachidonate-CoA ligase EC 6.2.1.16: Acetoacetate-CoA ligase EC 6.2.1.17: Propionate-CoA ligase EC 6.2.1.18: Citrate-CoA ligase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_enzymes

LA contains two sulfur atoms (at C6 and C8) connected by a disulfide bond and is thus considered to be oxidized although either ... sulfur atom can exist in higher oxidation states. The carbon atom at C6 is chiral and the molecule exists as two enantiomers (R ... The ligase activity of this enzyme requires ATP. Along with sodium and the vitamins biotin (B7) and pantothenic acid (B5), ... Free lipoate can be used by some organisms as an enzyme called lipoate protein ligase that attaches it covalently to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoic_acid

Thus, coccoliths have significant roles in global carbon fixation and the carbon cycle as well as sulfur cycling. Over time, ... Ho, C. K.; Van Etten, J. L.; Shuman, S. (1997). "Characterization of an ATP-dependent DNA ligase encoded by Chlorella virus ... PCR amplification reveals random A/T overhangs, detection of DNA ligases and endonucleases hinting that a linear genome may be ... PBCV-1 also encodes other proteins involved in DNA replication including an ATP-dependent DNA ligase, a type II DNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phycodnaviridae

... carbon can form very long chains of interconnecting carbon-carbon bonds such as octane or ring-like structures such as glucose ... A hydrocarbon backbone can be substituted by other elements such as oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S), ... the fragments using gel electrophoresis and then later recombine the fragments into a novel DNA sequence using DNA ligase. The ... Systemic tissues take up oxygen but adds carbon dioxide to the blood whereas a breathing organs takes up carbon dioxide but add ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology

Pyrometallurgy reduces zinc oxide with carbon or carbon monoxide at 950 °C (1,740 °F) into the metal, which is distilled as ... Zinc is a chalcophile, meaning the element is more likely to be found in minerals together with sulfur and other heavy ... ligases, transferases, oxidoreductases, and isomerases (42,43). Bitanihirwe BK, Cunningham MG (November 2009). "Zinc: the ... A coordinate covalent bond is formed between the terminal peptide and a C=O group attached to zinc, which gives the carbon a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc

Together with Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH), it forms the bifunctional enzyme Acetyl-CoA Synthase/Carbon Monoxide ... Acetyl-CoA synthase (ACS), not to be confused with Acetyl-CoA synthetase or Acetate-CoA ligase (ADP forming), is a nickel- ... Nip is in a T-shaped environment bound to three sulfur atoms, with an unknown ligand possibly creating a distorted tetrahedral ... The first pathway involves CODH converting carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide through a two-electron transfer, and the second ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CO-methylating_acetyl-CoA_synthase

... carbon-carbon double bond isomerases MeSH D08.811.399.475.400.700 - steroid isomerases MeSH D08.811.399.475.800 - sulfur-sulfur ... valine-tRNA ligase MeSH D08.811.464.267.500 - coenzyme a ligases MeSH D08.811.464.267.500.200 - acetate-coa ligase MeSH D08.811 ... 500.600 - succinate-coa ligases MeSH D08.811.464.754.600 - dna ligases MeSH D08.811.464.754.720 - rna ligase (atp) MeSH D08.811 ... alanine-tRNA ligase MeSH D08.811.464.263.200.100 - arginine-tRNA ligase MeSH D08.811.464.263.200.150 - aspartate-tRNA ligase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D08)

... enzymes that can catalyze sulfur-to-alpha carbon thioether cross-linked peptides (sactipeptides) are important to ... For example, a ligase combines two molecules to form a new bond. Representative enzymes will be mentioned for each class. ... "The Radical S-Adenosyl-L-methionine Enzyme QhpD Catalyzes Sequential Formation of Intra-protein Sulfur-to-Methylene Carbon ... The active site of Mo nitrogenase is the M-cluster, a metal-sulfur cluster containing a carbide at its core. Within the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_SAM

6. Ligases. 6.2 Forming carbon-sulfur bonds. 6.2.1 Acid-thiol ligases. 6.2.1.1 acetate---CoA ligase. 55902 (ACSS2). Lipid ... 6. Ligases. 6.2 Forming carbon-sulfur bonds. 6.2.1 Acid-thiol ligases. 6.2.1.1 acetate---CoA ligase. 84532 (ACSS1). Lipid ...

https://www.kegg.jp/entry/hsa:55902+hsa:84532

Carbono-Enxofre Ligases Descriptor French: Carbon-sulfur ligases Entry term(s):. Carbon Sulfur Ligases. Ligases, Carbon-Sulfur ... Carbon-Sulfur Ligases - Preferred Concept UI. M0029292. Scope note. Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the ... Carbon-Sulfur Ligases Entry term(s). Carbon Sulfur Ligases Ligases, Carbon-Sulfur ... Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-sulfur bond. EC 6.2.. ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=33445

ligase activity, forming carbon-sulfur bonds. IEP. Enrichment. MF. GO:0016878. acid-thiol ligase activity. IEP. Enrichment. ... transferase activity, transferring sulphur-containing groups. IEP. Enrichment. MF. GO:0016798. hydrolase activity, acting on ...

https://bacteria.sbs.ntu.edu.sg/sequence/view/20404

ligase activity, forming carbon-sulfur bonds. IEP. Enrichment. MF. GO:0016887. ATPase. IEP. Enrichment. ...

https://protists.sbs.ntu.edu.sg/sequence/view/69937

ligase activity, forming carbon-sulfur bonds. IEP. Neighborhood. BP. GO:0046486. glycerolipid metabolic process. IEP. ...

https://evorepro.sbs.ntu.edu.sg/sequence/view/110843

6.2 Forming carbon-sulfur bonds. 6.2.1 Acid-thiol ligases. 6.2.1.13 acetate-CoA ligase (ADP-forming) ... 6.2.1.13: acetate-CoA ligase (ADP-forming). This is an abbreviated version!. For detailed information about acetate-CoA ligase ... coenzyme A ligase (ADP-forming), PF1787, PF1540, TK0944/TK0943 protein, ADP-forming acetyl-CoA synthetase isoenzyme I, ADP ... acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase, EhACD, ADP-forming acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase, acetate:CoA ligase [ADP-forming], ADP-forming ...

https://brenda-enzymes.org/all_enzymes.php?ecno=6.2.1.13&table=Expression

CGL cleaves the sulfur-gamma carbon bond of cystathionine, resulting in the release of cysteine which can be used by GCL and ... First, cysteine is conjoined with glutamate through the action of glutamate cysteine ligase to produce gamma-glutamylcysteine, ... Cysteine is a sulfur amino acid, which might imply that consuming sulfur-rich foods, especially those containing the sulfur ... CGL cleaves the sulfur-gamma carbon bond of cystathionine, resulting in the release of cysteine which can be used by GCL and ...

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/9/2073

ligase in the aged mice. The elevation of hepatic cysteine levels may be involved in the maintenance of hepatic GSH levels. The ... Alterations in sulfur amino acid metabolism are associated with an increased risk of a number of common late-life diseases, ... Carbon monoxide (CO) is a gaseous molecule produced from heme by heme oxygenase (HO). Endogenous CO production occurring at low ... The levels of sulfur amino acids and their metabolites were not significantly different among 2-, 6- and 18-month-old mice, ...

https://koreascience.kr/journal/OOOMB4/v26n2.page

9. The Sulfur Cycle. 10. The Nitrogen Cycle. 10.1. Overview, and Native Nitrogenase. 10.2. Overview, and Native Nitrogenase. ... 13.2.1. Ligases and synthases. 13.2.2. Carboanhydrases based on Zn or Cd. 13.2.3. Hydrolases. 13.2.4. Alcoholdehydrogenase. ... The Biogenic Metalloid- and Metal-Carbon Bond. 14.1. Vitamin B12. 14.2. Others. 15. Inorganics in Medicine. 15.1. Toxic Metals ...

https://global.oup.com/ushe/product/bioinorganic-chemistry-9780199655199?cc=usvNumResPerPage60vNumResPerPage60vNumResPerPage60vNumResPerPage60vNumResPerPage60vNumResPerPage60vNumResPerPage60vNumResPerPage60vNumResPerPage60vNumResPerPage60&facet_narrowbypubdate_facet=Older&lang=en

Carbon-Carbon Ligases. *Carbon-Nitrogen Ligases. *Carbon-Oxygen Ligases. *Carbon-Sulfur Ligases ... "Carbon-Oxygen Ligases" by people in UAMS Profiles by year, and whether "Carbon-Oxygen Ligases" was a major or minor topic of ... "Carbon-Oxygen Ligases" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Carbon-Oxygen Ligases" by people in Profiles over the past ten years. ...

https://uams-triprofiles.uams.edu/profiles/display/114077

The oxidation state of sulfur has a broad range, from −2 in H2S, 0 in elemental sulfur (S8), +2 in sulfur monoxide (SO), and a ... Carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) are the other two gaseous neurotransmitters in this class. Before the identification ... CARS, cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase (also known as cytoplasmic cysteine-tRNA ligase); CAT, cysteine aminotransferase; CysSH, ... such as iron-sulfur clusters) and bound sulfane sulfur16,17,18 (such as hydropersulfides and polysulfides). H2S predominantly ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-022-00741-6?error=cookies_not_supported&code=271f9730-5002-4035-84bb-2aed32df8bd9

carbon-sulfur lyase activity. IEP. Enrichment. MF. GO:0016887. ATPase. IEP. Enrichment. ... glutamate-ammonia-ligase] adenylyltransferase activity. IEP. Enrichment. BP. GO:0009271. phage shock. IEP. Enrichment. ...

https://bacteria.sbs.ntu.edu.sg/sequence/view/59856

Carbon-Carbon Ligases. 1. + 46. Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenases. 1. + 47. Adenosine Deaminase. 1. + ... Iron-Sulfur Proteins. 1. + 51. Magnesium. 1. + 52. Hydro-Lyases. 1. + 53. Steroid Hydroxylases. 1. + ...

https://lookfordiagnosis.com/results.php?symptoms=protein+deficiency&lang=1&parent=%2F&mode=F&therapy_ap=1

First reaction: Nitrogen base + 5-carbon sugar = nucleoside 148. Second reaction: Phosphoric acid + nucleoside = nucleotide 149 ... Putting it together: Ligases 87. Enzymes as Catalysts: When Fast Is Not Fast Enough 88 ... Functional groups with oxygen and sulfur 37. Functional groups containing nitrogen 38 ...

https://www.biggerbooks.com/biochemistry-dummies-3rd-moore-john-t/bk/9781119860952

6. Ligases. These enzymes are otherwise known as synthetases. They catalyse synthesis reactions by joining two molecules, ... Sulphur containing groups (2.8). 3. Hydrolases. The hydrolases are those enzymes which catalyse hydrolysis reactions i.e the ... one carbon compounds (2.1). · aldehyde or ketonic groups (2.2). · acyl groups (2.3). ... The subclasses of ligases are based on the nature of bond formed in the product. Formation of. ...

https://www.brainkart.com/article/Classification-of-enzymes_27764/

Identification and Characterization of Inhibitors of HECT E3 Ligases by High Throughput Screening. Rossi, M., Rotblat, B., ... organic carbon 54% * sulfur cycle 46% * Fetal Exposure to Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and Spontaneous ...

https://cris.bgu.ac.il/en/organisations/ben-gurion-university-of-the-negev-3/publications/?type=%2Fdk%2Fatira%2Fpure%2Fresearchoutput%2Fresearchoutputtypes%2Fcontributiontojournal%2Fabstract&ordering=publicationYearThenTitle&descending=false&page=8

... carbon monoxide; food intake; gastric acid; glutamate-cysteine ligase; heme oxygenase (biliverdin-producing); iron; quinones; ... sulfur; transcription (genetics). Abstract:. ... BACKGROUND: Glutaredoxins (GRXs) are small proteins which bind glutathione to ... glutamate-cysteine ligase, and NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1, among which HO-1 is an enzyme catalyzing the degradation of ... either reduce disulfide bonds or to coordinate iron sulfur clusters. Whereas these well-established functions are associated ...

https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/?f%5Bsubject_facet%5D%5B%5D=basic-leucine+zipper+transcription+factors&f%5Bsubject_term%5D%5B%5D=basic-leucine+zipper+transcription+factors&per_page=50&sort=title

acetate---CoA ligase (ADP-forming) subunit beta [EC:6.2.1.13]. K23756 medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase / lipoate-activating enzyme ... Carbon metabolism. rn01212 Fatty acid metabolism. rn01220 Degradation of aromatic compounds. rn01240 Biosynthesis of cofactors ... Sulfur metabolism. rn00930 Caprolactam degradation. rn00980 Metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450. ... 4-hydroxybutyrate---CoA ligase (ADP-forming) [EC:6.2.1.56]. K18594 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA synthetase (ADP-forming) [EC:6.2.1.-] ...

https://www.genome.jp/entry/R08088+RC00014

Carbon-Sulfur Ligases. Carbon-Sulfur Lyases. Carbonaceous Chondrites use Meteoroids. Carbonate Dehydratase use Carbonic ...

https://decs.bvs.br/I/DeCS2008_Alfab-C_ing.htm

Ligases are used in catalysis where two substrates are litigated and the formation of carbon-carbon, carbon-sulfide, carbon- ... The succinate dehydrogenase complex showing several cofactors, including flavin, iron-sulfur centers and heme. ... Ligases Catalyze bond formation coupled with ATP hydrolysis. Citric acid synthetase Lyases Catalyze a group elimination in ... The process involves binding water to carbon dioxide and deprotonating it into carbonic acid. Then the carbonic acid becomes a ...

https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Enzyme

Biotinyl protein ligase (BPL) and lipoyl protein ligase (LPL), catalytic domain 63 Domain IPR025877:MobA-like NTP transferase ... iron-sulphur binding, conserved site 477 Domain IPR001387:Cro/C1-type helix-turn-helix domain 462 Domain IPR001647:DNA-binding ... Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase subunit G 12 Family IPR004484:Cobyrinic acid a,c-diamide synthase CbiA 12 Family IPR005770: ... D-alanine ligase, N-terminal domain 34 Domain IPR001086:Prephenate dehydratase 34 Domain IPR004150:NAD-dependent DNA ligase, OB ...

https://www.cbrc.kaust.edu.sa/aamg/1502720332816_CamiLowProdigalV2_40.0_intikhab/WWWAAMG/visuals/CamiLowProdigalV2_AAMG_DOMAINS_data_summary.txt

Pantoate--beta-alanine ligase; Catalyzes the condensation of pantoate with beta-alanine in an ATP-dependent reaction via a ... Biotin synthase; Catalyzes the conversion of dethiobiotin (DTB) to biotin by the insertion of a sulfur atom into dethiobiotin ... and carbon dioxide ... ligase; Acts both as a biotin--[acetyl-CoA-carboxylase] ligase ... Pantoate--beta-alanine ligase; Catalyzes the condensation of pantoate with beta-alanine in an ATP-dependent reaction via a ...

https://string-db.org/network/287.DR97_3627

1990; Farnet and Haseltine 1990, 1991). The calcium of in sulphur complexes with been recombination allows searched its ... IRS suppresses one of the ligases of download Soil Monitoring: Early activating cells. It is known by health and is a ... 1992), which is itself launched by a 18-carbon repression characterized the E2( Martinon et al. Processing and ligand of IL1B ... ventilating ligases( UCPs) are Differences of the alternative download telomere tumorigenesis, and are increased internalized ...

http://evakoch.com/books/download-Soil-Monitoring%3A-Early-Detection-and-Surveying-of-Soil-Contamination-and-Degradation-1993.php

iii) Planktonic Salmonella cells can multiply in the gall bladder lumen, presumably using phospholipids as carbon and energy ... and ATP-dependent reaction catalyzed by CoA ligase (30). The bile salt-Coa thioester is then oxidized at the 3-hydroxy group by ... increasing organic sulfur availability for B. wadswortia (43). ... while glycine and taurine can be used as sources of carbon and ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2017.00163/full

Lime-sulfur was not assigned in U. Zdenko Hans Skraup( CZ) performed time which can use edited as an Comprehensive( 3196). ... This nucleus, there, cannot turn of modern carbon; but then is first to upload, that there is a new acara betwixt domain and ... ligase: principally justified at one of the temperatures largest ions with the original wasgreat, they do the first liver of ... ve on the neuralgia of adolescent carbon outline in photos. hukum of paralytic fibers to the course of elderly information. The ...

http://laseynevarhandball.fr/books.php?q=download-javascript-demystified/

... and carbon-carbon bond formation and cleavage (lyase) reactions. Seeking to study the carbon-carbon cleavage reaction of α- ... Moreover, NEDD4 was identified as the E3 ligase for HMGCL and promoted its degradation. In addition, mutation of Ser258 to ... The Suf pathway mobilizes sulfur via SufS, a type II cysteine desulfurase. SufS is a pyridoxal-5-phosphate-dependent enzyme ... In many lignin depolymerization processes, aromatic dimers and oligomers linked by carbon-carbon bonds remain intact, ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/brasil/?lang=pt&q=mh:Liases

Iron-Sulfur Protein (ISP) Superfamily. Iron-Sulfur proteins are found within many multi-component electron carrier systems, ... Ubiquitin Ligase (UL) Superfamily These proteins are listed either under TC subclass 8.A or within ERAD families as a component ... 2.A.114 - The Putative Peptide Transporter Carbon Starvation CstA (CstA) Family. 2.A.120 - The Putative Amino Acid Permease ( ... 2.A.131 - The Aminobenzyl Carbon-arsenic Defining Exporter (ABCDE) Family. 5.A.1 - The Disulfide Bond Oxidoreductase D (DsbD) ...

https://tcdb.org/superfamily.php

CoA ligase and synthetase 4,long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA-ligase, YDL134C 0.779367 INESSENTIAL PPH21 serine-threonine protein ... sulfur amino acid metabolism, YMR175W -2.346610 INESSENTIAL SIP18 Salt-Induced Protein of 18 kDa, biological_process unknown, ... 0.744638 INESSENTIAL MLS1 carbon-catabolite sensitive malate synthase, glyoxylate cycle, malate synthase, peroxisomal matrix ... protein ligase*, nuclear ubiquitin ligase complex YLR366W -2.666972 INESSENTIAL biological_process unknown, molecular_function ...

https://genomics.lbl.gov/YeastFitnessData/websitefiles/47_minimal-media_sen.txt

Reduced Expression of Succinyl CoA Ligase can be Compensated for by an Upregulation of the {gamma}-amino-butyrate (GABA) Shunt ... Reduced expression of aconitase results in an enhanced rate of photosynthesis and marked shifts in carbon partitioning in ... Vitamin B1 biosynthesis in plants requires the essential iron sulfur cluster protein, THIC. Proceedings of the National Academy ...

https://www.mpimp-golm.mpg.de/publication-search/2070567?deactivate_global_blacklist=false&page=5&person=%2Fpersons%2Fresource%2Fpersons97323

Ubiquitin--protein ligase. (uma.es)

For detailed information about acetate-CoA ligase (ADP-forming), go to the full flat file . (brenda-enzymes.org)

Vitamin B1 biosynthesis in plants requires the essential iron sulfur cluster protein, THIC. (mpg.de)
Starch is a repository of carbon which is later used during the dark phase as the primary carbon source for biomass formation [ 2 ] and fuelling of sucrose biosynthesis and its transport. (biomedcentral.com)

Ligases, Forming carbon-nitrogen bonds, Acid--D-amino-acid ligases (peptide synthases). (uma.es)

Flux Balance Analysis (FBA) of the model resulted in balanced carbon, nitrogen, proton, energy and redox states under both light and dark conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
Methods: We used defferent operations (direct suture by shortening the traumatic finger, Study on the Conditions of Liquid Culture of Inonotus obliquus, The effects of different carbon sources,nitrogen sources,agar,natural substance,culture time and volume of culture solution on liquid culture of Inonotus obliquus were studied.The results indicated, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. (trends-magazine.net)
All these processes are tightly regulated by proteins and microRNA in response to both external and internal nitrogen levels, carbon status of the plant and hormones. (scirp.org)
Among macro nutrients, nitrogen is next to carbon in importance to plants. (scirp.org)

Furthermore, the structured metabolic model should take into account major pathways of primary metabolism such as sugar metabolism, central carbon metabolisms, photosynthesis, photorespiration, energy and redox metabolism, proton turnover, sucrose translocation from source to sink tissues and biomass growth. (biomedcentral.com)
In future, we will use the model to recognize cause-effect relationships and describe regulatory processes in carbon metabolism and transport. (biomedcentral.com)

The cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily of heme monooxygenases has demonstrated ability to facilitate hydroxylation, desaturation, sulfoxidation, epoxidation, heteroatom dealkylation, and carbon-carbon bond formation and cleavage (lyase) reactions. (bvsalud.org)

The process involves binding water to carbon dioxide and deprotonating it into carbonic acid. (wikibooks.org)
4) How many oxygen molecules (O2) are required each time a molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water via aerobic respiration? (easynotecards.com)
Johan Gottlieb Gahn was the first to isolate an impure sample of manganese metal in 1774, which he did by reducing the dioxide with carbon. (alchetron.com)
Manganese dioxide is used as the cathode (electron acceptor) material in zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries. (alchetron.com)

Carbon-Oxygen Ligases" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (uams.edu)
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Carbon-Oxygen Ligases" by people in UAMS Profiles by year, and whether "Carbon-Oxygen Ligases" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (uams.edu)
Below are the most recent publications written about "Carbon-Oxygen Ligases" by people in Profiles over the past ten years. (uams.edu)

H 2 S is a major component of the sulfur cycle and is present in the environment (such as in decaying organic matter, groundwater and natural gases). (nature.com)
This discovery characterises a missing enzyme relevant to the global sulfur cycle. (bvsalud.org)
Rational design of a metal-organic framework host for sulfur storage in fast, long-cycle Li-S batteries† Junwen Zhou , a Rui Li , b Xinxin Fan , a Yifa Chen , b Ruodan Han , b Wei Li , a Jie Zheng , a Bo Wang * b and Xingguo Li * a Dramas. (trends-magazine.net)

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a gaseous molecule produced from heme by heme oxygenase (HO). (koreascience.kr)

Acts both as a biotin--[acetyl-CoA-carboxylase] ligase and a biotin-operon repressor. (string-db.org)

Reduced expression of aconitase results in an enhanced rate of photosynthesis and marked shifts in carbon partitioning in illuminated leaves of wild species tomato. (mpg.de)

Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-sulfur bond. (bvsalud.org)

Seeking to study the carbon-carbon cleavage reaction of α-hydroxy ketones in mechanistic detail using a microbial P450, we synthesized α-hydroxy ketone probes based on the physiological substrate for a well-characterized benzoic acid metabolizing P450, CYP199A4. (bvsalud.org)

Systemic analysis of these metabolic and underlying regulatory processes allow a detailed understanding of carbon distribution within the plant and the formation of associated phenotypic traits. (biomedcentral.com)

The subclasses of ligases are based on the nature of bond formed in the product. (brainkart.com)

The immune carbon is the production of a homology strand from the uncertain secreted by cells( GGTs). (familie-vos.de)

Monovalent iron in a sulfur-rich environment. (jefferson.edu)

also all residues of kinases and buildings interact the toxic inflammasomes but at best the hnRNPA1 can be the phosphorylation and acetylation of the process, initiate the transcription or sulfur on Text-to-Speech to phosphorylate 6-phospho-D-gluconate subunit. (erik-mill.de)

In growing plants, sucrose is the most widespread sugar used to supply both carbon and energy from 'source' tissues (e.g. autotrophic mesophyll) to 'sink' tissues (e.g. heterotrophic roots, growing shoots or reproductive organs) to build up a biomass [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

IRS suppresses one of the ligases of download Soil Monitoring: Early activating cells. (evakoch.com)
Within the ITAM)-like social cells transcriptional mutations are elected unraveled to tissue 4-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one leaflet, and the PITX2 somatic ligases are reviewed conserved into the signal-transducing for the kinase of Damaged events( Kopf et al. (erik-mill.de)

Overall, aim of our research is to mechanistically associate biological processes of fundamental importance for the biosphere, previously thought to be unrelated, i.e. photoperception, photoprotection, carbon and nutrient metabolism , by combining genetic, biochemical, molecular, physiological and mathematical modelling approaches. (lpcv.fr)
What are the key molecular actors (genes, transcription factors, proteins, metabolites) for the processes of photoprotection and carbon metabolism? (lpcv.fr)
A tRNA modification balances carbon and nitrogen metabolism by regulating phosphate homeostasis. (instem.res.in)
2020. Allosteric inhibition of MTHFR prevents futile SAM cycling and maintains nucleotide pools in one-carbon metabolism. . (instem.res.in)
At the cellular level, methyl donors (e.g. methionine, choline, betaine and folic acid) interact through one-carbon metabolism to modulate metabolism, immune responses and epigenetic events. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, altering one-carbon metabolism through methyl donor supplementation is a viable option to modulate immunometabolism during the peripartal period. (biomedcentral.com)
This review explores available data on the regulation of one-carbon metabolism pathways in dairy cows in the context of enzyme regulation, cellular sensors and signaling mechanisms that might respond to increased dietary supply of specific methyl donors. (biomedcentral.com)
Effects of methyl donors beyond the one-carbon metabolism pathways, including production performance, immune cell function, mechanistic target or rapamycin signaling, and fatty acid oxidation will also be highlighted. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, the effects of body condition and feeding system (total mixed ration vs. pasture) on one-carbon metabolism pathways are explored. (biomedcentral.com)
Methyl donors (e.g. folate, choline, betaine) serve functional roles throughout the body via their metabolic, epigenetic, and immunomodulatory properties, and share common biochemical pathways, of which one-carbon metabolism has received the most attention (Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
A52, Revealed the Conservation of the Pathways of Dissimilatory Sulfur Metabolism and Variations in the Genetic Inventory for Nitrogen Metabolism and Autotrophic Carbon Fixation. (academictree.org)

Free lipoic can be attached to the lipoyl domain by the enzyme lipoate protein ligase. (zubiaga.org)
Lipoate protein ligases proceed via a enzyme bound lipoyl adenylate intermediate. (zubiaga.org)
For ubiquitin alone, there exist over 600 ligases that attach it to protein substrates in humans 3 . (nature.com)
structure of a putative lipoate protein ligase from thermoplasma acidophilum and the mechanism of target selection for post-translational modification. (liverpool.ac.uk)
a gene encoding a putative lipoate protein ligase (lpla) of thermoplasma acidophilum was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. (liverpool.ac.uk)
7. The organism of claim 1, further comprising at least one enzyme or polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a corrinoid protein, a methyltetrahydrofolate:corrinoid protein methyltransferase, a corrinoid iron-sulfur protein, a nickel-protein assembly protein, a ferredoxin, an acetyl-CoA synthase, a carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, a pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase, and a hydrogenase. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
Regulates E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity of RNF19A (By similarity). (nih.gov)
In the lysosomal proteolysis pathway, cell uptake degraded protein by lysosomes through a non-selective process, but it may become selective during starvation especially under carbon and nitrogen starvation condition [ 11 ]. (springeropen.com)
Protein degradation under the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway involves three major steps: (i) ATP-dependent activation of ubiquitin by E1 enzyme (ubiquitin-activating enzyme), (ii) transfer of activated ubiquitin to E2 (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme), and (iii) transfer of ubiquitin to the protein to be degraded by E3 complex (ubiquitin protein ligase) [ 13 ]. (springeropen.com)

That means that one molecule of the enzyme can cause a million molecules of carbon dioxide to react in one second. (thefreedictionary.com)
Like all ligases, this enzyme requires ATP. (zubiaga.org)
Isocitrate lyase (Icl), which is a key enzyme in the glyoxylate cycle and is essential as an anapleurotic enzyme for growth using acetate and certain fatty acids as a carbon source, is upregulated in MTB organisms that are exposed to anaerobic conditions and are in the stationary phase, or growing inside macrophages. (medscape.com)
Electron Transport Chain Mechanism Complex I: NADH dehydrogenase Complex-I also called "NADH: Ubiquinine oxidoreductase" is a large enzyme composed of 42 different polypeptide chains, including as FMN-containing flavoprotein and at least six iron-sulfur centers. (hitterslog.com)
Covalent attachment via an isopeptide bond to its substrates requires prior activation by the E1 complex SAE1-SAE2 and linkage to the E2 enzyme UBE2I, and can be promoted by an E3 ligase such as PIAS1-4, RANBP2 or CBX4. (nih.gov)

Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-sulfur bond. (nih.gov)

Some of the plasmids also carry genes required for the molecular assembly of iron-sulfur [Fe-S] clusters. (frontiersin.org)
Within clustered DNA lesions, they pose a serious problem for repair proteins, especially for iron-sulfur glycosylases (MutyH), which can recognize them by the electron-transfer process. (shengsci.com)
Azotobacter has many iron-sulfur proteins in its genome, which were identified as far back as the 1960s and probably play roles in the complex redox chemistry that Azotobacter must maintain when fixing nitrogen. (imperial.ac.uk)

The sulfur centers are inserted into the 6th and 8th carbons of octanoate via the a radical s-adenosyl methionine mechanism, by lipoyl synthase. (zubiaga.org)
The sulfurs are from the lipoyl synthase polypeptide. (zubiaga.org)

Activation of LHCSR3 gene requires the absorption of blue-light by the photoreceptor phototropin (5) via the putative E3 ubiquitin ligase CUL4-DDB1 DET1 (9) while it also involves calcium ion signalling and active photosynthetic electron transport (6) as well as a tightly controlled methylation of cytosine to 5-methylcytosine of the promoter region of the gene (18). (lpcv.fr)

[2] The kinds of living organisms currently known on Earth all use carbon compounds for basic structural and metabolic functions, water as a solvent , and DNA or RNA to define and control their form. (cloudfront.net)
If life exists on other planets or moons it may be chemically similar, though it is also possible that there are organisms with quite different chemistries [3] - for instance, involving other classes of carbon compounds, compounds of another element, or another solvent in place of water. (cloudfront.net)

The complete 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle and dicarboxylate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle involved in carbon fixation were found in all Metallosphaera genomes. (frontiersin.org)

2017. Thiol trapping and metabolic redistribution of sulfur metabolites enable cells to overcome cysteine overload. . (instem.res.in)

Nutrient and carbon limitations not only trigger a cellular metabolic readjustment but also impact the qE capacity of Chlamydomonas . (lpcv.fr)
Cyclin D1( CCND1) fully is cellular degradation of sulfur by Signaling function modification HDAC4 to RUNX3, signaling to RUNX3 deacetylation( Lee et al. (evakoch.com)

Indeed, besides HL, LHCSR accumulation can be elicited by exposure to low Ci (13) as well as sulfur, nitrogen, phosphate) and iron (14-16) deprivation. (lpcv.fr)
Cycles, sources, and sinks: Conceptualizing how phosphate balance modulates carbon flux using yeast metabolic networks. (instem.res.in)

Genes sqr , tth , sir , tqo , hdr , tst , soe , and sdo associated with sulfur oxidation, and gene clusters fox and cbs involved in iron oxidation existed in all Metallosphaera genomes. (frontiersin.org)

This list contains a list of EC numbers for the sixth group, EC 6 , ligases , placed in numerical order as determined by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology . (wikibedia.ru)

Members of the genus Metallosphaera are widely found in sulfur-rich and metal-laden environments, but their physiological and ecological roles remain poorly understood. (frontiersin.org)

Silicon is in the same group as carbon on the periodic table and, like carbon, it is tetravalent . (cloudfront.net)

Production of renewable hydrogen energy by water electrolysis is an effective method to reduce carbon emissions. (usda.gov)
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Pib1 regulates effective gluconeogenic shutdown upon glucose availability. (instem.res.in)

NKX3-2( BAPX1), been for inhibitory production of the endocytosed caspase( Tribioli and Lufkin 1999), ligases the Archived( evergreen) processing of the RUNX2 formation and heterodimerizes its channel( Lengner et al. (erik-mill.de)

Purification and properties of 4-halobenzoate-coenzyme A ligase from Pseudomonas sp. (genome.jp)

Desulfotignum phosphitoxidans is a rod-shaped Gram-negative bacterium that is able to grow with phosphite as a single electron donor and CO 2 as the only carbon source. (biomedcentral.com)

Acetate-CoA Ligase" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (covidauthors.org)

This non-motile bacterium is a free-living marine organism that is one of the most abundant, as well as the smallest, on earth, and contributes heavily to carbon cycling in the marine environment. (up.ac.za)

This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Acetate-CoA Ligase" by people in this website by year, and whether "Acetate-CoA Ligase" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (covidauthors.org)