Carbon radioisotopes. Medical search

Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.

A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.

Isotopes that exhibit radioactivity and undergo radioactive decay. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Unstable isotopes of zinc that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Zn atoms with atomic weights 60-63, 65, 69, 71, and 72 are radioactive zinc isotopes.

Method for assessing flow through a system by injection of a known quantity of radionuclide into the system and monitoring its concentration over time at a specific point in the system. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.

A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

Unstable isotopes of iodine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. I atoms with atomic weights 117-139, except I 127, are radioactive iodine isotopes.

Unstable isotopes of krypton that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Kr atoms with atomic weights 74-77, 79, 81, 85, and 87-94 are radioactive krypton isotopes.

Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

Nanometer-sized tubes composed mainly of CARBON. Such nanotubes are used as probes for high-resolution structural and chemical imaging of biomolecules with ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY.

Unstable isotopes of indium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. In atoms with atomic weights 106-112, 113m, 114, and 116-124 are radioactive indium isotopes.

Unstable isotopes of sodium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Na atoms with atomic weights 20-22 and 24-26 are radioactive sodium isotopes.

The spontaneous transformation of a nuclide into one or more different nuclides, accompanied by either the emission of particles from the nucleus, nuclear capture or ejection of orbital electrons, or fission. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Unstable isotopes of barium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ba atoms with atomic weights 126-129, 131, 133, and 139-143 are radioactive barium isotopes.

The production of an image obtained by cameras that detect the radioactive emissions of an injected radionuclide as it has distributed differentially throughout tissues in the body. The image obtained from a moving detector is called a scan, while the image obtained from a stationary camera device is called a scintiphotograph.

Unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes.

Unstable isotopes of tin that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Sn atoms with atomic weights 108-111, 113, 120-121, 123 and 125-128 are tin radioisotopes.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

Unstable isotopes of iron that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Fe atoms with atomic weights 52, 53, 55, and 59-61 are radioactive iron isotopes.

Unstable isotopes of copper that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Cu atoms with atomic weights 58-62, 64, and 66-68 are radioactive copper isotopes.

Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.

High energy POSITRONS or ELECTRONS ejected from a disintegrating atomic nucleus.

The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, atomic number 43, and atomic weight 98.91. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.

Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.

Unstable isotopes of mercury that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Hg atoms with atomic weights 185-195, 197, 203, 205, and 206 are radioactive mercury isotopes.

A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, liver, and spleen.

Stable cesium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element cesium, but differ in atomic weight. Cs-133 is a naturally occurring isotope.

Unstable isotopes of cerium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ce atoms with atomic weights 132-135, 137, 139, and 141-148 are radioactive cerium isotopes.

Stable cobalt atoms that have the same atomic number as the element cobalt, but differ in atomic weight. Co-59 is a stable cobalt isotope.

Techniques for labeling a substance with a stable or radioactive isotope. It is not used for articles involving labeled substances unless the methods of labeling are substantively discussed. Tracers that may be labeled include chemical substances, cells, or microorganisms.

Hafnium. A metal element of atomic number 72 and atomic weight 178.49, symbol Hf. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Unstable isotopes of gold that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Au 185-196, 198-201, and 203 are radioactive gold isotopes.

Unstable isotopes of lead that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Pb atoms with atomic weights 194-203, 205, and 209-214 are radioactive lead isotopes.

Any diagnostic evaluation using radioactive (unstable) isotopes. This diagnosis includes many nuclear medicine procedures as well as radioimmunoassay tests.

Stable zinc atoms that have the same atomic number as the element zinc, but differ in atomic weight. Zn-66-68, and 70 are stable zinc isotopes.

Unstable isotopes of sulfur that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. S 29-31, 35, 37, and 38 are radioactive sulfur isotopes.

Unstable isotopes of cadmium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Cd atoms with atomic weights 103-105, 107, 109, 115, and 117-119 are radioactive cadmium isotopes.

Astatine. A radioactive halogen with the atomic symbol At, atomic number 85, and atomic weight 210. Its isotopes range in mass number from 200 to 219 and all have an extremely short half-life. Astatine may be of use in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.

Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (IMMUNOTOXINS) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (see RADIOTHERAPY).

Lutetium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175.

Rhenium. A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.2, symbol Re. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Samarium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.

Compounds that are used in medicine as sources of radiation for radiotherapy and for diagnostic purposes. They have numerous uses in research and industry. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1161)

Pollutants, present in soil, which exhibit radioactivity.

A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed)

Unstable isotopes of bromine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Br atoms with atomic weights 74-78, 80, and 82-90 are radioactive bromine isotopes.

Detection and counting of scintillations produced in a fluorescent material by ionizing radiation.

Leakage and accumulation of CEREBROSPINAL FLUID in the subdural space which may be associated with an infectious process; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; INTRACRANIAL HYPOTENSION; and other conditions.

Stable calcium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element calcium, but differ in atomic weight. Ca-42-44, 46, and 48 are stable calcium isotopes.

Liquid, solid, or gaseous waste resulting from mining of radioactive ore, production of reactor fuel materials, reactor operation, processing of irradiated reactor fuels, and related operations, and from use of radioactive materials in research, industry, and medicine. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Any of several processes for the permanent or long-term artificial or natural capture or removal and storage of carbon dioxide and other forms of carbon, through biological, chemical or physical processes, in a manner that prevents it from being released into the atmosphere.

Techniques used to determine the age of materials, based on the content and half-lives of the RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES they contain.

Normal human serum albumin mildly iodinated with radioactive iodine (131-I) which has a half-life of 8 days, and emits beta and gamma rays. It is used as a diagnostic aid in blood volume determination. (from Merck Index, 11th ed)

Unstable isotopes of ruthenium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ru atoms with atomic weights 93-95, 97, 103, and 105-108 are radioactive ruthenium isotopes.

A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.

Unstable isotopes of selenium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Se atoms with atomic weights 70-73, 75, 79, 81, and 83-85 are radioactive selenium isotopes.

Atomic species differing in mass number but having the same atomic number. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two NEUTRONS, i.e. equivalent to HELIUM nuclei, which are emitted during disintegration of heavy ISOTOPES. Alpha rays have very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability.

Tungsten. A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.

A class of organic compounds containing a ring structure made up of more than one kind of atom, usually carbon plus another atom. The ring structure can be aromatic or nonaromatic.

A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.

Determination of the energy distribution of gamma rays emitted by nuclei. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

A type of high-energy radiotherapy using a beam of gamma-radiation produced by a radioisotope source encapsulated within a teletherapy unit.

An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.

A series of steps taken in order to conduct research.

A specialty field of radiology concerned with diagnostic, therapeutic, and investigative use of radioactive compounds in a pharmaceutical form.

A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.

The measurement of radiation by photography, as in x-ray film and film badge, by Geiger-Mueller tube, and by SCINTILLATION COUNTING.

Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.

A form species of spore-producing CYANOBACTERIA, in the family Nostocaceae, order Nostocales. It is an important source of fixed NITROGEN in nutrient-depleted soils. When wet, it appears as a jelly-like mass.

Measurement of radioactivity in the entire human body.

Unstable isotopes of potassium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. K atoms with atomic weights 37, 38, 40, and 42-45 are radioactive potassium isotopes.

An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function.

A class of compounds of the type R-M, where a C atom is joined directly to any other element except H, C, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I, or At. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The amount of radiation energy that is deposited in a unit mass of material, such as tissues of plants or animal. In RADIOTHERAPY, radiation dosage is expressed in gray units (Gy). In RADIOLOGIC HEALTH, the dosage is expressed by the product of absorbed dose (Gy) and quality factor (a function of linear energy transfer), and is called radiation dose equivalent in sievert units (Sv).

Uptake of substances through the lining of the INTESTINES.

An imaging technique using compounds labelled with short-lived positron-emitting radionuclides (such as carbon-11, nitrogen-13, oxygen-15 and fluorine-18) to measure cell metabolism. It has been useful in study of soft tissues such as CANCER; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; and brain. SINGLE-PHOTON EMISSION-COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY is closely related to positron emission tomography, but uses isotopes with longer half-lives and resolution is lower.

A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.

A measure of the total greenhouse gas emissions produced by an individual, organization, event, or product. It is measured in units of equivalent kilograms of CARBON DIOXIDE generated in a given time frame.

The physical or physiological processes by which substances, tissue, cells, etc. take up or take in other substances or energy.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A diagnostic procedure used to determine whether LYMPHATIC METASTASIS has occurred. The sentinel lymph node is the first lymph node to receive drainage from a neoplasm.

A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. Because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98.

A specific protein in egg albumin that interacts with BIOTIN to render it unavailable to mammals, thereby producing biotin deficiency.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

The making of a radiograph of an object or tissue by recording on a photographic plate the radiation emitted by radioactive material within the object. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Stable phosphorus atoms that have the same atomic number as the element phosphorus, but differ in atomic weight. P-31 is a stable phosphorus isotope.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Unstable isotopes of cesium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Cs atoms with atomic weights of 123, 125-132, and 134-145 are radioactive cesium isotopes.

A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues.

Unstable isotopes of iridium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ir atoms with atomic weights 182-190, 192, and 194-198 are radioactive iridium isotopes.

An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.

An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

Studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment, or the material on conducting such studies. For drugs and devices, CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG EVALUATION; and DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL are available.

Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

A dark powdery deposit of unburned fuel residues, composed mainly of amorphous CARBON and some HYDROCARBONS, that accumulates in chimneys, automobile mufflers and other surfaces exposed to smoke. It is the product of incomplete combustion of carbon-rich organic fuels in low oxygen conditions. It is sometimes called lampblack or carbon black and is used in INK, in rubber tires, and to prepare CARBON NANOTUBES.

The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity.

A potent, long-acting synthetic SOMATOSTATIN octapeptide analog that inhibits secretion of GROWTH HORMONE and is used to treat hormone-secreting tumors; DIABETES MELLITUS; HYPOTENSION, ORTHOSTATIC; HYPERINSULINISM; hypergastrinemia; and small bowel fistula.

The gaseous envelope surrounding a planet or similar body. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

Tomography using radioactive emissions from injected RADIONUCLIDES and computer ALGORITHMS to reconstruct an image.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Unstable isotopes of cobalt that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Co atoms with atomic weights of 54-64, except 59, are radioactive cobalt isotopes.

A metallic element of atomic number 30 and atomic weight 65.38. It is a necessary trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. Zinc deficiency is associated with ANEMIA, short stature, HYPOGONADISM, impaired WOUND HEALING, and geophagia. It is known by the symbol Zn.

A metallic element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. It is an essential constituent of HEMOGLOBINS; CYTOCHROMES; and IRON-BINDING PROTEINS. It plays a role in cellular redox reactions and in the transport of OXYGEN.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

Cell surface proteins that bind somatostatin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Somatostatin is a hypothalamic hormone, a pancreatic hormone, and a central and peripheral neurotransmitter. Activated somatostatin receptors on pituitary cells inhibit the release of growth hormone; those on endocrine and gastrointestinal cells regulate the absorption and utilization of nutrients; and those on neurons mediate somatostatin's role as a neurotransmitter.

Elimination of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; PESTICIDES and other waste using living organisms, usually involving intervention of environmental or sanitation engineers.

Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.

The total amount of radiation absorbed by tissues as a result of radiotherapy.

Volume of biological fluid completely cleared of drug metabolites as measured in unit time. Elimination occurs as a result of metabolic processes in the kidney, liver, saliva, sweat, intestine, heart, brain, or other site.

The unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

A method of measuring the effects of a biologically active substance using an intermediate in vivo or in vitro tissue or cell model under controlled conditions. It includes virulence studies in animal fetuses in utero, mouse convulsion bioassay of insulin, quantitation of tumor-initiator systems in mouse skin, calculation of potentiating effects of a hormonal factor in an isolated strip of contracting stomach muscle, etc.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.

Transplantation between animals of different species.

Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.

Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.

Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

A method of computed tomography that uses radionuclides which emit a single photon of a given energy. The camera is rotated 180 or 360 degrees around the patient to capture images at multiple positions along the arc. The computer is then used to reconstruct the transaxial, sagittal, and coronal images from the 3-dimensional distribution of radionuclides in the organ. The advantages of SPECT are that it can be used to observe biochemical and physiological processes as well as size and volume of the organ. The disadvantage is that, unlike positron-emission tomography where the positron-electron annihilation results in the emission of 2 photons at 180 degrees from each other, SPECT requires physical collimation to line up the photons, which results in the loss of many available photons and hence degrades the image.

An allotropic form of carbon that is used in pencils, as a lubricant, and in matches and explosives. It is obtained by mining and its dust can cause lung irritation.

Inorganic compounds that contain carbon as an integral part of the molecule but are not derived from hydrocarbons.

The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)

Cellular processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of CARBOHYDRATES.

An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.

Unstable isotopes of nitrogen that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. N atoms with atomic weights 12, 13, 16, 17, and 18 are radioactive nitrogen isotopes.

Removal and examination of tissue obtained through a transdermal needle inserted into the specific region, organ, or tissue being analyzed.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches.

Electric conductors through which electric currents enter or leave a medium, whether it be an electrolytic solution, solid, molten mass, gas, or vacuum.

Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.

Unstable isotopes of chromium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Cr atoms with atomic weights of 46-49, 51, 55, and 56 are radioactive chromium isotopes.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

Studies to determine the advantages or disadvantages, practicability, or capability of accomplishing a projected plan, study, or project.

A specialized CONNECTIVE TISSUE that is the main constituent of the SKELETON. The principle cellular component of bone is comprised of OSTEOBLASTS; OSTEOCYTES; and OSTEOCLASTS, while FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and hydroxyapatite crystals form the BONE MATRIX.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The processes by which organisms use simple inorganic substances such as gaseous or dissolved carbon dioxide and inorganic nitrogen as nutrient sources. Contrasts with heterotrophic processes which make use of organic materials as the nutrient supply source. Autotrophs can be either chemoautotrophs (or chemolithotrophs), largely ARCHAEA and BACTERIA, which also use simple inorganic substances for their metabolic energy reguirements; or photoautotrophs (or photolithotrophs), such as PLANTS and CYANOBACTERIA, which derive their energy from light. Depending on environmental conditions some organisms can switch between different nutritional modes (autotrophy; HETEROTROPHY; chemotrophy; or PHOTOTROPHY) to utilize different sources to meet their nutrient and energy requirements.

A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Unstable isotopes of calcium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ca atoms with atomic weights 39, 41, 45, 47, 49, and 50 are radioactive calcium isotopes.

Unstable isotopes of xenon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Xe atoms with atomic weights 121-123, 125, 127, 133, 135, 137-145 are radioactive xenon isotopes.

Graphic tracing over a time period of radioactivity measured externally over the kidneys following intravenous injection of a radionuclide which is taken up and excreted by the kidneys.

Unstable isotopes of rubidium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Rb atoms with atomic weights 79-84, and 86-95 are radioactive rubidium isotopes.

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

A mixed function oxidase enzyme which during hemoglobin catabolism catalyzes the degradation of heme to ferrous iron, carbon monoxide and biliverdin in the presence of molecular oxygen and reduced NADPH. The enzyme is induced by metals, particularly cobalt. EC 1.14.99.3.

New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.

The generic name for the group of aliphatic hydrocarbons Cn-H2n+2. They are denoted by the suffix -ane. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Unstable isotopes of gallium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ga atoms with atomic weights 63-68, 70 and 72-76 are radioactive gallium isotopes.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

A series of oxidative reactions in the breakdown of acetyl units derived from GLUCOSE; FATTY ACIDS; or AMINO ACIDS by means of tricarboxylic acid intermediates. The end products are CARBON DIOXIDE, water, and energy in the form of phosphate bonds.

The pressure that would be exerted by one component of a mixture of gases if it were present alone in a container. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants.

The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A mass of organic or inorganic solid fragmented material, or the solid fragment itself, that comes from the weathering of rock and is carried by, suspended in, or dropped by air, water, or ice. It refers also to a mass that is accumulated by any other natural agent and that forms in layers on the earth's surface, such as sand, gravel, silt, mud, fill, or loess. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1689)

The effect of GLOBAL WARMING and the resulting increase in world temperatures. The predicted health effects of such long-term climatic change include increased incidence of respiratory, water-borne, and vector-borne diseases.

Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Unstable isotopes of oxygen that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. O atoms with atomic weights 13, 14, 15, 19, and 20 are radioactive oxygen isotopes.

Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.

The study of chemical changes resulting from electrical action and electrical activity resulting from chemical changes.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)

Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Life or metabolic reactions occurring in an environment containing oxygen.

Oxidoreductases that are specific for ALDEHYDES.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent.

A broad class of substances containing carbon and its derivatives. Many of these chemicals will frequently contain hydrogen with or without oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and other elements. They exist in either carbon chain or carbon ring form.

A great expanse of continuous bodies of salt water which together cover more than 70 percent of the earth's surface. Seas may be partially or entirely enclosed by land, and are smaller than the five oceans (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic).

Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.

Sensitivity of [11C]phenylephrine kinetics to monoamine oxidase activity in normal human heart. (1/5742)

Phenylephrine labeled with 11C was developed as a radiotracer for imaging studies of cardiac sympathetic nerves with PET. A structural analog of norepinephrine, (-)-[11C]phenylephrine (PHEN) is transported into cardiac sympathetic nerve varicosities by the neuronal norepinephrine transporter and stored in vesicles. PHEN is also a substrate for monoamine oxidase (MAO). The goal of this study was to assess the importance of neuronal MAO activity on the kinetics of PHEN in the normal human heart. MAO metabolism of PHEN was inhibited at the tracer level by substituting deuterium atoms for the two hydrogen atoms at the alpha-carbon side chain position to yield the MAO-resistant analog D2-PHEN. METHODS: Paired PET studies of PHEN and D2-PHEN were performed in six normal volunteers. Hemodynamic and electrocardiographic responses were monitored. Blood levels of intact radiotracer and radiolabeled metabolites were measured in venous samples taken during the 60 min dynamic PET study. Myocardial retention of the tracers was regionally quantified as a retention index. Tracer efflux between 6 and 50 min after tracer injection was fit to a single exponential process to obtain a washout half-time for all left ventricular regions. RESULTS: Although initial heart uptake of the two tracers was similar, D2-PHEN cleared from the heart 2.6 times more slowly than PHEN (mean half-time 155+/-52 versus 55+/-10 min, respectively; P < 0.01). Correspondingly, heart retention of D2-PHEN at 40-60 min after tracer injection was higher than PHEN (mean retention indices 0.086+/-0.018 versus 0.066+/-0.011 mL blood/ min/mL tissue, respectively; P < 0.003). CONCLUSION: Efflux of radioactivity from normal human heart after uptake of PHEN is primarily due to metabolism of the tracer by neuronal MAO. Related mechanistic studies in the isolated rat heart indicate that vesicular storage of PHEN protects the tracer from rapid metabolism by neuronal MAO, suggesting that MAO metabolism of PHEN leaking from storage vesicles leads to the gradual loss of PHEN from the neurons. Thus, although MAO metabolism influences the rate of clearance of PHEN from the neurons, MAO metabolism is not the rate-determining step in the observed efflux rate under normal conditions. Rather, the rate at which PHEN leaks from storage vesicles is likely to be the rate-limiting step in the observed efflux rate. (+info)

Reproducibility studies with 11C-DTBZ, a monoamine vesicular transporter inhibitor in healthy human subjects. (2/5742)

The reproducibility of (+/-)-alpha-[11C] dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ) measures in PET was studied in 10 healthy human subjects, aged 22-76 y. METHODS: The scan-to-scan variation of several measures used in PET data analysis was determined, including the radioactivity ratio (target-to-reference), plasma-input Logan total distribution volume (DV), plasma-input Logan Bmax/Kd and tissue-input Logan Bmax/Kd values. RESULTS: The radioactivity ratios, plasma-input Bmax/Kd and tissue-input Bmax/Kd all have higher reliability than plasma-input total DV values. In addition, measures using the occipital cortex as the reference region have higher reliability than the same measures using the cerebellum as the reference region. CONCLUSION: Our results show that DTBZ is a reliable PET tracer that provides reproducible in vivo measurement of striatal vesicular monoamine transporter density. In the selection of reference regions for DTBZ PET data analysis, caution must be exercised in circumstances when DTBZ binding in the occipital cortex or the cerebellum may be altered. (+info)

Influence of vesicular storage and monoamine oxidase activity on [11C]phenylephrine kinetics: studies in isolated rat heart. (3/5742)

[11C]Phenylephrine (PHEN) is a radiolabeled analogue of norepinephrine that is transported into cardiac sympathetic nerve varicosities by the neuronal norepinephrine transporter and taken up into storage vesicles localized within the nerve varicosities by the vesicular monoamine transporter. PHEN is structurally related to two previously developed sympathetic nerve markers: [11C]-meta-hydroxyephedrine and [11C]epinephrine. To better characterize the neuronal handling of PHEN, particularly its sensitivity to neuronal monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity, kinetic studies in an isolated working rat heart system were performed. METHODS: Radiotracer was administered to the isolated working heart as a 10-min constant infusion followed by a 110-min washout period. Two distinctly different approaches were used to assess the sensitivity of the kinetics of PHEN to MAO activity. In the first approach, oxidation of PHEN by MAO was inhibited at the enzymatic level with the MAO inhibitor pargyline. In the second approach, the two hydrogen atoms on the a-carbon of the side chain of PHEN were replaced with deuterium atoms ([11C](-)-alpha-alpha-dideutero-phenylephrine [D2-PHEN]) to inhibit MAO activity at the tracer level. The importance of vesicular uptake on the kinetics of PHEN and D2-PHEN was assessed by inhibiting vesicular monoamine transporter-mediated storage into vesicles with reserpine. RESULTS: Under control conditions, PHEN initially accumulated into the heart at a rate of 0.72+/-0.15 mL/min/g wet. Inhibition of MAO activity with either pargyline or di-deuterium substitution did not significantly alter this rate. However, MAO inhibition did significantly slow the clearance of radioactivity from the heart during the washout phase of the study. Blocking vesicular uptake with reserpine reduced the initial uptake rates of PHEN and D2-PHEN, as well as greatly accelerated the clearance of radioactivity from the heart during washout. CONCLUSION: These studies indicate that PHEN kinetics are sensitive to neuronal MAO activity. Under normal conditions, efficient vesicular storage of PHEN serves to protect the tracer from rapid metabolism by neuronal MAO. However, it is likely that leakage of PHEN from the storage vesicles and subsequent metabolism by MAO lead to an appreciable clearance of radioactivity from the heart. (+info)

Regional patterns of myocardial sympathetic denervation in dilated cardiomyopathy: an analysis using carbon-11 hydroxyephedrine and positron emission tomography. (4/5742)

OBJECTIVE: To assess presynaptic function of cardiac autonomic innervation in patients with advanced congestive heart failure using positron emission tomography (PET) and the recently developed radiolabelled catecholamine analogue carbon-11 hydroxyephedrine (HED) as a marker for neuronal catecholamine uptake function. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: 29 patients suffering from dilated cardiomyopathy with moderate to severe heart failure were compared with eight healthy controls. Perfusion scan was followed by HED dynamic PET imaging of cardiac sympathetic innervation. The scintigraphic results were compared with markers of disease severity and the degree of sympathetic dysfunction assessed by means of heart rate variability. RESULTS: In contrast to nearly normal perfusions, mean (SD) HED retention in dilated cardiomyopathy patients was abnormal in 64 (32)% of the left ventricle. Absolute myocardial HED retention was 10.7 (1.0)%/min in controls v 6.2 (1.6)%/min in dilated cardiomyopathy patients (p < 0.001). Moreover, significant regional reduction of HED retention was demonstrated in apical and inferoapical segments. HED retention was significantly correlated with New York Heart Association functional class (r = -0.55, p = 0. 002) and ejection fraction (r = 0.63, p < 0.001), but not, however, with plasma noradrenaline concentrations as well as parameters of heart rate variability. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, using PET in combination with HED in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, not only global reduction but also regional abnormalities of cardiac sympathetic tracer uptake were demonstrated. The degree of abnormality was positively correlated to markers of severity of heart failure. The pathogenetic mechanisms leading to the regional differences of neuronal damage as well as the prognostic significance of these findings remain to be defined. (+info)

Measurement of striatal D2 dopamine receptor density and affinity with [11C]-raclopride in vivo: a test-retest analysis. (5/5742)

Subacute and long-term stability of measurements of D2 dopamine receptor density (Bmax), affinity (Kd) was studied with positron emission tomography in eight healthy male volunteers. [11C]-Raclopride and the transient equilibrium method were used to measure D2 receptor characteristics. The interval between measurements (scan pairs) was 3 to 7 weeks (subacute) for four subjects and 6 to 11 months (long-term) for four subjects. A test-retest analysis of quantitative measurements of D2 receptor Bmax and Kd was compared with that done on binding potential (BP, Bmax/Kd) measures. In addition, the effect of error in defining the transient equilibrium time (tmax) in the parameter estimation procedure was explored with simulations. The subacute test-retest indicates good reproducibility of D2 receptor density, affinity, and BP ratio measurements with intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.90, 0.96, and 0.86, respectively. The variability of the measurements after 6 to 11 months was slightly higher than that seen in a subacute testing for Kd and more clearly so for binding potential and Bmax. The absolute variability in Bmax (14.5%) measurements was consistently higher than that of Kd (8.4%) or BP (7.9%) both in subacute and long-term measurements. Simulations indicated that the Bmax and Kd estimation procedure is more sensitive to error in the tmax than that for the BP. The results indicate a good overall stability of the equilibrium method with [11C]raclopride for measuring dopamine D2 receptor binding characteristics in the striatum. The BP approach is more stable than Kd and especially Bmax measurements. Error in defining the tmax in particular in the low specific radioactivity scan may be one source of greater variability in Bmax versus BP. However, a higher intraindividual variability in measurements of the D2 receptor Bmax also may include a component of continuous regulation of this parameter over time. These methodologic aspects should be considered in the design and interpretation of longitudinal studies on D2 dopamine receptor characteristics with [11C]-raclopride. (+info)

Novel, highly lipophilic antioxidants readily diffuse across the blood-brain barrier and access intracellular sites. (6/5742)

In an accompanying article, an in vitro assay for permeability predicts that membrane-protective, antioxidant 2,4-diamino-pyrrolo[2, 3-d]pyrimidines should have improved blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeation over previously described lipophilic antioxidants. Using a first-pass extraction method and brain/plasma quantification, we show here that two of the pyrrolopyrimidines, one of which is markedly less permeable, readily partition into rat brain. The efficiency of extraction was dependent on serum protein binding, and in situ efflux confirms the in vitro data showing that PNU-87663 is retained in brain longer than PNU-89843. By exploiting inherent fluorescence properties of PNU-87663, its distribution within brain and within cells in culture was demonstrated using confocal scanning laser microscopy. PNU-87663 rapidly partitioned into the cell membrane and equilibrates with cytoplasmic compartments via passive diffusion. Although partitioning of PNU-87663 favors intracytoplasmic lipid storage droplets, the compound was readily exchangeable as shown by efflux of compound from cells to buffer when protein was present. The results demonstrated that pyrrolopyrimidines were well suited for quickly accessing target cells within the central nervous system as well as in other target tissues. (+info)

Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of 14C-temozolomide following oral administration to patients with advanced cancer. (7/5742)

The purpose of this study is to characterize the absorption, metabolism, and excretion of carbon 14-labeled temozolomide (14C-TMZ) administered p.o. to adult patients with advanced solid malignancies. On day 1 of cycle 1, six patients received a single oral 200-mg dose of 14C-TMZ (70.2 microCi). Whole blood, plasma, urine, and feces were collected from days 1-8 and on day 14 of cycle 1. Total radioactivity was measured in all samples. TMZ, 5-(3-methyltriazen-1-yl)imidazole-4-carboxamide (MTIC), and 4-amino-5-imidazole-carboxamide (AIC) concentrations were determined in plasma, and urine and plasma samples were profiled for metabolite/degradation products. Maximum TMZ plasma concentrations were achieved between 0.33 to 2 h (mean, 1.2 h), and half-life, apparent volume of distribution, and oral clearance values averaged 1.9 h, 17 liters/m2, and 104 ml/min/m2, respectively. A first-order absorption, one-compartment linear model, which included first-order formation of MTIC from TMZ and elimination of MTIC via degradation to AIC, and a peripheral distribution compartment for AIC, adequately described the plasma TMZ, MTIC, and AIC concentrations. MTIC systemic clearance was estimated to be 5384 ml/min/m2, and the half-life was calculated to be 2.5 min. Metabolite profiles of plasma at 1 and 4 h after treatment showed that 14C-derived radioactivity was primarily associated with TMZ, and a smaller amount was attributed to AIC. Profiles of urine samples from 0-24 h revealed that 14C-TMZ-derived urinary radioactivity was primarily associated with unchanged drug (5.6%), AIC (12%), or 3-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4-oxoimidazo[5,1-d]tetrazine-8-carboxyl ic acid (2.3%). The recovered radioactive dose (39%) was principally eliminated in the urine (38%), and a small amount (0.8%) was excreted in the feces. TMZ exhibits rapid oral absorption and high systemic availability. The primary elimination pathway for TMZ is by pH-dependent degradation to MTIC and further degradation to AIC. Incomplete recovery of radioactivity may be explained by the incorporation of AIC into nucleic acids. (+info)

Genetic evidence for ATP-dependent endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi apparatus trafficking of ceramide for sphingomyelin synthesis in Chinese hamster ovary cells. (8/5742)

LY-A strain is a Chinese hamster ovary cell mutant resistant to sphingomyelin (SM)-directed cytolysin and has a defect in de novo SM synthesis. Metabolic labeling experiments with radioactive serine, sphingosine, and choline showed that LY-A cells were defective in synthesis of SM from these precursors, but not syntheses of ceramide (Cer), glycosphingolipids, or phosphatidylcholine, indicating a specific defect in the conversion of Cer to SM in LY-A cells. In vitro experiments showed that the specific defect of SM formation in LY-A cells was not due to alterations in enzymatic activities responsible for SM synthesis or degradation. When cells were treated with brefeldin A, which causes fusion of the Golgi apparatus with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), de novo SM synthesis in LY-A cells was restored to the wild-type level. Pulse-chase experiments with a fluorescent Cer analogue, N-(4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a, 4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-pentanoyl)-D-erythro-sphingosine (C5-DMB-Cer), revealed that in wild-type cells C5-DMB-Cer was redistributed from intracellular membranes to the Golgi apparatus in an intracellular ATP-dependent manner, and that LY-A cells were defective in the energy-dependent redistribution of C5-DMB-Cer. Under ATP-depleted conditions, conversion of C5-DMB-Cer to C5-DMB-SM and of [3H]sphingosine to [3H]SM in wild-type cells decreased to the levels in LY-A cells, which were not affected by ATP depletion. ER-to-Golgi apparatus trafficking of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored or membrane-spanning proteins in LY-A cells appeared to be normal. These results indicate that the predominant pathway of ER-to-Golgi apparatus trafficking of Cer for de novo SM synthesis is ATP dependent and that this pathway is almost completely impaired in LY-A cells. In addition, the specific defect of SM synthesis in LY-A cells suggests different pathways of Cer transport for glycosphingolipids versus SM synthesis. (+info)

Although carbon-14 was previously known, the discovery of the synthesis of carbon-14 occurred at Berkeley in 1940 when Kamen ... Creager, Angela N. H. (October 2, 2013). Life Atomic: A History of Radioisotopes in Science and Medicine. University of Chicago ... By bombarding matter with particles in the cyclotron, radioactive isotopes such as carbon-14 were generated. Using carbon-14, ... "Carbon-14 discoverer who was harassed as communist". The Irish Times. September 21, 2002. Retrieved August 15, 2022. Report of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Kamen

Some of these radioisotopes are tritium, carbon-14 and phosphorus-32. Here is a list of radioisotopes formed by the action of ... of nitrogen-14 forms carbon-14. This radioisotope can be released from the nuclear fuel cycle; this is the radioisotope ... In addition some natural radioisotopes are present. A recent paper reports the levels of long-lived radioisotopes in the ... Just because a radioisotope lands on the surface of the soil, does not mean it will enter the human food chain. After release ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_radioactivity

For example, one might culture plants in an environment in which the carbon dioxide contained radioactive carbon; then the ... Radioisotopes are also a method of treatment in hemopoietic forms of tumors; the success for treatment of solid tumors has been ... In nuclear medicine, radioisotopes are used for diagnosis, treatment, and research. Radioactive chemical tracers emitting gamma ... "Radioisotopes in Industry". World Nuclear Association. Martin, James (2006). Physics for Radiation Protection: A Handbook. p. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclide

Tin also has four radioisotopes that occur as the result of the radioactive decay of uranium. These isotopes are tin-121, tin- ... Carbon also forms many oxides such as carbon monoxide, carbon suboxide, and carbon dioxide. Carbon forms disulfides and ... Carbon is present in the atmosphere in the form of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and methane. Carbon is a key constituent of ... Carbon is most commonly used in its amorphous form. In this form, carbon is used for steelmaking, as carbon black, as a filling ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_group

Carbon in the form of diamond can be more expensive than rhodium. Per-kilogram prices of some synthetic radioisotopes range to ... Chlorine, sulfur and carbon (as coal) are cheapest by mass. Hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and chlorine are cheapest by volume at ... The price listing for radioisotopes is not exhaustive. 2000s commodities boom Density for 0 °C, 101.325 kPa. For individual ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prices_of_chemical_elements

He used radioisotopes like Carbon-14 to study the mechanism of catalytic reactions. In the 1950s, Emmett's research ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hugh_Emmett

In 2017, Norilsk produced 1.798 million tons of carbon pollutants-nearly six times more than the 304,600 tons that was ... The list cites air pollution by particulates, including radioisotopes strontium-90, and caesium-137; the metals nickel, copper ... cobalt, and lead; selenium; and by gases (such as nitrogen and carbon oxides, sulfur dioxide, phenols and hydrogen sulfide). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norilsk

The radioisotopes used in clinics are normally 18F (fluoride), 11C (carbon) and 15O (oxygen). The labeled compound, called a ... 57 The positron emitting radioisotopes used are usually produced by a cyclotron, and chemicals are labeled with these ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_positron_emission_tomography

... s have also been measured in humans using the non-radioactive, carbon monoxide (CO) rebreathing technique for more ... Park, Junki; Puri, Sonika; Mattoo, Aditya; Modersitzki, Frank; Goldfarb, David (2012). "Radioisotope Blood Volume Measurement ... The assessment of total hemoglobin mass by carbon monoxide rebreathing". Journal of Applied Physiology. 123 (3): 645-654. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_volume

Some of the well-known naturally-occurring radioisotopes are tritium, carbon-14, and phosphorus-32. The timing of their ... In addition to the above light elements, tritium and isotopes of aluminium, carbon (carbon-14), phosphorus (phosphorus-32), ... Starrfield, Sumner (27 May 2020). "Carbon-Oxygen Classical Novae Are Galactic 7Li Producers as well as Potential Supernova Ia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray_spallation

... use of radioisotope tracers are sometimes called radioisotope feeding experiments. Radioisotopes of hydrogen, carbon, ... 99mTc is a very versatile radioisotope, and is the most commonly used radioisotope tracer in medicine. It is easy to produce in ... The commonly used radioisotopes have short half lives and so do not occur in nature in large amounts. They are produced by ... Instead it is made by neutron irradiation of the isotope 13C which occurs naturally in carbon at about the 1.1% level. 14C has ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_tracer

High levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2) may indicate a fire, and can be detected by a carbon dioxide sensor. Such sensors are ... An ionization smoke detector uses a radioisotope, typically americium-241, to ionize air; a difference due to smoke is detected ... Carbon monoxide sensors detect potentially fatal concentrations of carbon monoxide, which may build up due to faulty ... Fire without smoke can be detected by sensing carbon dioxide. Incomplete burning can be detected by sensing carbon monoxide. A ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_detector

While cyclotron produced radioisotopes are widely used for diagnostic purposes, therapeutic uses are still largely in ... Positron and gamma emitting isotopes, such as fluorine-18, carbon-11, and technetium-99m are used for PET and SPECT imaging. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclotron

Labeled with the radioisotope carbon-11, it can be used for positron emission tomography. Bengt Andree; et al. (August 1998). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Methylspiperone

Labeled with the radioisotope carbon-11, it can be used for positron emission tomography. Zheng LT, Hwang J, Ock J, Lee MG, Lee ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiperone

Radioisotopes can be transformed directly through changes in valence state by acting as acceptors or by acting as cofactors to ... In these particular cases, a carbon source such as ethanol is added to the medium to promote the reduction of nitrate at first ... The radioisotope interact with binding sites of metabolically active cells and is used as terminal electron acceptor in the ... Several radioisotopes of strontium, for example, are recognized as analogs of calcium and incorporated within Micrococcus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste

Additionally, carbon-11 can also be made using a cyclotron; boron in the form of boric oxide is reacted with protons in a (p,n ... 3H (tritium), the radioisotope of hydrogen, is available at very high specific activities, and compounds with this isotope in ... 14C, carbon-14 can be made (as above), and it is possible to convert the target material into simple inorganic and organic ... 11C, carbon-11 is usually produced by cyclotron bombardment of 14N with protons. The resulting nuclear reaction is 14N(p,α)11C ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_chemistry

Cosmic rays may also produce radioisotopes on Earth (for example, carbon-14), which in turn decay and emit ionizing radiation. ... Measurements of carbon-14, can be used to date the remains of long-dead organisms (such as wood that is thousands of years old ... As humans, plants, and animals consume food, air, and water, an inventory of radioisotopes builds up within the organism (see ... "Gas Filled Detectors" (PDF). Lecture notes for MED PHYS 4R06/6R03 - Radiation & Radioisotope Methodology. MacMaster University ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation

Carbon dioxide removal#Artificial trees List of geophysicists Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability - Arizona ... including oceanic mixing based on stable and radioisotope distribution. This included research on the biogeochemical cycles of ... However, his contributions stretch far beyond the "conveyor"; his work is the foundation of carbon cycle science, and his ... linking the circulation of the global ocean and made major contributions to the science of the carbon cycle and the use of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Smith_Broecker

Radioisotopes with half-lives shorter than one million years are also produced: for example, carbon-14 by cosmic ray production ... Short-lived radioisotopes that are found in nature are continuously generated or replenished by natural processes, such as ... Uranium-236 is produced in uranium ores by neutrons from other radioisotopes. Iodine-129 is produced from tellurium-130 by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct_radionuclide

The X-10 reactor at Oak Ridge was used to produce radioisotopes such as cobalt-60, phosphorus-32, sulfur-35, and carbon-14. As ... A History of Radioisotopes in Science and Medicine (University of Chicago Press, 2013) on the use of radioisotopes in science ... Natural radioisotopes were used as tracers to track atoms and illuminate biological processes in living creatures and ... Bud, Robert (August 2015). "Angela N. H. Creager, Life Atomic: A History of Radioisotopes in Science and Medicine". Social ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_N._H._Creager

The most common radioisotopes for medical imaging agents, carbon-11 and fluorine-18, have a half-lives of 20.4 and 109.8 ... He has contributed major advances on the entire spectrum of research from fundamental chemistry methodology with radioisotopes ... Hooker and Stephen Buchwald (MIT) developed a strategy for labeling molecules with carbon-11 using cyanide nearly ... valproic acid and 4-phenylbutyric acid measured with carbon-11 labeled analogs by PET". Nuclear Medicine and Biology. 40 (7): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Hooker

"Radiation Safety Manual for Laboratory Users, Appendix B: The Characteristics of Common Radioisotopes" Archived 2013-10-02 at ... Carbon-12 and carbon-13 are both stable, while carbon-14 is unstable and has a half-life of 5,730 ± 40 years. Carbon-14 decays ... carbon-12 (12 C), which makes up 99% of all carbon on Earth; carbon-13 (13 C), which makes up 1%; and carbon-14 (14 C), which ... A gram of carbon containing 1 atom of carbon-14 per 1012 atoms will emit ~0.2 beta particles per second. The primary natural ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-14

Subsequent shipments of radioisotopes, primarily iodine-131, phosphorus-32, carbon-14, and molybdenum-99/technetium-99m, were ... A radioisotope building, a steam plant, and other structures were added in April 1946 to support the laboratory's peacetime ... They would be the last major air-cooled plutonium-producing reactors; the UK's follow-on Magnox and AGR designs used carbon ... "Peacetime use of radioisotopes at Oak Ridge cited as Chemical Landmark". American Chemical Society. February 25, 2008. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-10_Graphite_Reactor

Some radioisotopes occur in nature with a half-life of less than 7×107 years (carbon-14: 5,730 ± 40 years, tritium: 12.32 years ... A practical use is radiocarbon dating with carbon-14. Stable isotope Environmental isotopes "Natural Isotopes". www.soest. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_isotopes

There he conducted radioisotope research and developed radio-release methods for tracing contaminants in stream flows. Richter ... Dodge, Marcia C.; Richter, Harold G. (1991). "Chapter 3. Properties and principles of formation of carbon monoxide". U.S. EPA. ... Dodge, Marcia C.; Richter, Harold G. (1991). "CHAPTER 3. PROPERTIES AND PRINCIPLES OF FORMATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE". U.S. EPA. ... Hansen, Richard Lee; Schuster, Jack C. (1966). Discharge Measurement Using Radioisotopes in High Head Turbines and Pumps. U.S. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_G._Richter

Carbon-14, the radioisotope of carbon, is naturally developed in trace amounts in the atmosphere and it can be detected in all ... The radioisotope carbon-14 is constantly formed from nitrogen-14 (14N) in the higher atmosphere by incoming cosmic rays which ... Carbon of all types is continually used to form the molecules of the cells of organisms. Doubling of the concentration of 14C ... The radioisotope 14C thus becomes part of the biosphere so that all living organisms contain a certain amount of 14C. Nuclear ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb_pulse

... in contrast to other medical radioisotopes like carbon-11. Due to transport regulations for radioactive compounds, delivery is ... Israel's oxygen-18 facility had shut down due to the Gulf War, and the U.S. government had shut down its Isotopes of Carbon, ... Subsequently, a "nucleophilic synthesis" was devised with the same radioisotope. As with all radioactive 18F-labeled ... this molecule can soon be metabolized to carbon dioxide and water, after nuclear transmutation of the fluorine to oxygen ceases ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorodeoxyglucose_(18F)

Thus, this is an attractive mission for use of the Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Generator (ASRG) with a mass of 126 kilograms ... is a NASA design reference mission for a Discovery-class spacecraft concept that would investigate the springtime carbon ... The power technology that MGH proposed to use was the Advanced Stirling radioisotope generator (ASRG). NASA finished the ASRG ... Advanced Stirling radioisotope generator, Extraterrestrial aircraft, Hopping spacecraft). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Geyser_Hopper

The decay of radioisotopes may limit the shelf life of a reagent, requiring its replacement and thus increasing expenses. ... For example, substituting a H-3 for a hydrogen atom or C-14 for a carbon atom does not change the conformation, structure, or ... Carbon-14 labeling is common in drug development to do ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) studies in ... In the case of the hydrogen isotope tritium (half-life = 12.3 years) and carbon-14 (half-life = 5,730 years), these isotopes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivity_in_the_life_sciences

33 radioisotopes of neodymium have been detected as of 2022[update], with the most stable radioisotopes being the naturally ... Recently, the requirement for a low-carbon society has led to a significant demand for energy-saving technologies such as ... The ore, after being crushed and ground, is first treated with hot concentrated sulfuric acid, evolving carbon dioxide, ... and two radioisotopes with extremely long half-lives, 144Nd (alpha decay with a half-life (t1/2) of 2.29×1015 years) and 150Nd ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodymium

... carbon, boron and even gold, as well as perxenic acid, several halides, and complex ions.[citation needed] The compound [Xe2]+[ ... clathrates of radioisotopes may provide suitable formulations for experiments requiring sources of particular types of ... and even with less electronegative elements such as nitrogen and carbon under certain circumstances. When the family of noble ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gas_compound

Carbon in the form of plant matter would be produced on prodigious scales, and given the right conditions, could be stored and ... Detecting either of the long-lived, extra-terrestrial radioisotopes 146Sm or 244Pu in one or more end-Devonian extinction ... 5 (3). Carbon locked in Devonian coal, the earliest of Earth's coal deposits, is currently being returned to the atmosphere. ... Evidence exists of widespread anoxia in oceanic bottom waters; the rate of carbon burial shot up, and benthic organisms were ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Devonian_extinction

May 4th, 2022 Bennett, Gary (September 1990). "Safety Status of Space Radioisotope and Reactor Power Sources". Proceedings of ... and/or carbon dioxide (molecular mass 44). Nuclear thermal rockets using gaseous hydrogen propellant (molecular mass 2) ... as they are composed of materials such as carbon composites or carbides and are normally coated with zirconium hydride. Before ... thermal rocket engines Thermal rocket Fission-fragment rocket Nuclear electric rocket Nuclear pulse propulsion Radioisotope ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_thermal_rocket

Measures to mitigate global warming, such as a carbon tax or carbon emissions trading, may favor the economics of nuclear power ... The most common use of nuclear power in space is the use of radioisotope thermoelectric generators, which use radioactive decay ... low-carbon alternatives." Scientific data indicates that - assuming 2021 emissions levels - humanity only has a carbon budget ... Being a low-carbon energy source with relatively little land-use requirements, nuclear energy can have a positive environmental ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power

Some early evidence for nuclear fission was the formation of a short-lived radioisotope of barium which was isolated from ... Actinides can coordinate the organic active groups or bind to carbon by the covalent bonds. The necessity of obtaining accurate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinide_chemistry

There are 16 known radioisotopes from 253Rf to 270Rf (3 of which, 266Rf, 268Rf, and 270Rf are unconfirmed) and 4 isomers. The ... The reaction of californium-249 with carbon-13 was also investigated by the Ghiorso team, which indicated the formation of the ... In trying to confirm these results by using carbon-12 instead, they also observed the first alpha decays from 257Rf. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_rutherfordium

... carbon - carbon fixation - carboxylic acid - carcinoembryonic antigen - carrier - carrier protein - CAS registry number - ... quaternary structure radioisotope - radioisotopic labelling - Raman spectroscopy - random coil - Ras gene - Ras protein - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

... radioisotopes are used in some radioisotope thermoelectric generators. Iridium is found in meteorites in much higher ... Hoyano, J. K.; Graham, W. A. G. (1982). "Oxidative addition of the carbon-hydrogen bonds of neopentane and cyclohexane to a ... The radioisotope iridium-192 is one of the two most important sources of energy for use in industrial γ-radiography for non- ... At least 37 radioisotopes have also been synthesized, ranging in mass number from 164 to 202. 192Ir, which falls between the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium

... and is made of two panels of reinforced carbon-carbon composite with a lightweight 4.5-inch-thick carbon foam core, which is ... the extreme variation in solar irradiance made for an expensive mission and required a radioisotope thermal generator for power ... An ion that enters EPI-Lo through one of the viewfinders first passes through two carbon-polyimide-aluminum foils and then ... EPI-Lo measures the spectra of electrons and ions and identifies carbon, oxygen, neon, magnesium, silicon, iron and two ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe

Instead, the Cassini orbiter was powered by three GPHS-RTG radioisotope thermoelectric generators, which use heat from the ... The spacecraft passed through the plumes extending from its southern geysers, detecting water, carbon dioxide and various ... Variable Radioisotope Heater Units WAC: Wide Angle Camera XXM: Extended-Extended Mission Europlanet, data network Galileo, ... The General-Purpose Heat Source Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator AIAA 2006-4096, 4th International Energy Conversion ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassini–Huygens

There are 13 radioisotopes that have been discovered, with mass numbers from 7 to 21, all with short half-lives, the longest ... while those with mass above 11 mostly become carbon. mB - Excited nuclear isomer. ( ) - Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_boron

The radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) power source has been proven in multiple spacecraft, and the extensive use of ... Titan is unique in having an abundant, complex, and diverse carbon-rich chemistry on the surface of a water-ice-dominated world ... MMRTGs convert the heat from the natural decay of a radioisotope into electricity. The rotorcraft will be able to travel ten ... Titan is a compelling astrobiology target because its surface contains abundant complex carbon-rich chemistry and because both ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonfly_(spacecraft)

Craig used the carbon dioxide released from calcium carbonate fossils as a basis for future researches involving the carbon ... Craig developed new methods in radiocarbon dating and applied radioisotope and isotope distribution to various topics in marine ... His work laid the foundation for isotopic studies of the carbon cycle, and was fundamental to understanding carbon sequestering ... He is credited with establishing the field of carbon isotope geochemistry by characterizing carbon's stable isotopic signatures ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmon_Craig

There are many factors motivating further research on TEC including lower carbon emissions and ease of manufacturing. However, ... Since 1961, some unmanned spacecraft (including the Curiosity Mars rover) utilize radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_cooling

During combustion, carbon dioxide is released, and also nitrogen oxides, soot and other fine particulates. The carbon dioxide ... Radioisotope thermoelectric generators form a very small component of energy generation, mostly in specialized applications ... Examples of this carbon fixation occur in plants and microalgae. These fuels are made by a biomass conversion (biomass refers ... These fossil fuels are part of the carbon cycle and allow solar energy stored in the fuel to be released. The use of fossil ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development

When tagged with the radioisotope carbon-11, martinostat can be used to quantify HDAC in the brain and peripheral organs using ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinostat

A major use of systemic radioisotope therapy is in the treatment of bone metastasis from cancer. The radioisotopes travel ... Charged particles such as protons and boron, carbon, and neon ions can cause direct damage to cancer cell DNA through high-LET ... New techniques such as proton beam therapy and carbon ion radiotherapy which aim to reduce dose to healthy tissues will lower ... Targeting can also be achieved by attaching the radioisotope to another molecule or antibody to guide it to the target tissue. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_therapy

... for carbon dioxide removal and air purification. Lithium hydroxide absorbs carbon dioxide from the air by forming lithium ... Seven radioisotopes have been characterized, the most stable being 8Li with a half-life of 838 ms and 9Li with a half-life of ... organolithium compounds function as strong bases and as reagents for the formation of carbon-carbon bonds. Organolithium ... 27 May 2020). "Carbon-Oxygen Classical Novae Are Galactic 7Li Producers as well as Potential Supernova Ia Progenitors". The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium

If a carbon-oxygen white dwarf accreted enough matter to reach the Chandrasekhar limit of about 1.44 solar masses (for a non- ... Fields, B. D.; Hochmuth, K. A.; Ellis, J. (2005). "Deep‐Ocean Crusts as Telescopes: Using Live Radioisotopes to Probe Supernova ... Standard Type Ia supernovae derive their energy from a runaway nuclear fusion of a carbon-oxygen white dwarf. The details of ... Röpke, F. K.; Hillebrandt, W. (2004). "The case against the progenitor's carbon-to-oxygen ratio as a source of peak luminosity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernova

The innovative M5000 wind turbine has a compact medium speed drive train and carbon rotor blades. The patented air treatment to ... and the production of radioisotopes. Areva was a former corporate member of the Bruegel think tank. In January 2007, Areva was ... About 400 large steel forgings manufactured by Le Creusot Forge since 1965 found to have carbon-content irregularities that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areva

99m Tc (OH2)3(CO)3]+, which is both water and air stable, is generated by reduction of 99m Tc O− 4 with carbon monoxide. This ... 99m Tc radioisotope generator. As the 99 Mo continuously decays to 99m Tc , the 99m Tc can be removed periodically (usually ... while the medically useful radioisotope 99m Tc O− 4 is eluted in the saline. The eluate from the column must be sterile and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertechnetate

de Hevesy, Georg (1962). Adventures in Radioisotope Research. New York: Pergamon Press. OCLC 12162216. Retrieved 20 June 2015. ... the process by which plants use light to convert carbon dioxide and water into more organic compounds. Biological processes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Franck

... carbonate Calcium oxide Californium calomel Calorimeter Canfieldite Carbohydrate carbon carbon dioxide Carbon group carbon ... radioisotope Radium Radon Radon difluoride Raman spectroscopy Raoult's law Redox Reduction Reflux Reversible reaction Rhazes ... Svante Arrhenius Syenite Sylvite synthetic radioisotope systematic element name Tabun Talc Talcum Tantalite Tantalum Tanzanite ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_chemistry_articles

On the other hand measures to mitigate global warming, such as a carbon tax or carbon emissions trading, may favor the ... The main radioisotopes such as Tc-99m cannot effectively be produced without reactors. Most smoke detectors use americium-241, ... "Japan's carbon goal is based on restarting 30 nuclear reactors". 17 October 2021. "Nuclear power: When the steam clears". The ... The radioisotope most commonly used in diagnosis is technetium-99. Some 40 million procedures per year, accounting for about 80 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_phase-out

... carbon) to form two molecules of carbon monoxide. This is one of the processes which limits the working life of this type of ... Already the release of radioisotopes from fuel under different conditions has been studied. After the fuel has been used in the ... In the cases of carbon dioxide cooled graphite moderated reactors such as magnox and AGR power reactors an important corrosion ... reaction is the reaction of a molecule of carbon dioxide with graphite ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior_of_nuclear_fuel_during_a_reactor_accident

Each penetrator was powered by a Radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) and a battery. The expected lifetime of each ... carbon dioxide, ozone, and others, general global monitoring, pressure variations over time, and characterization of aerosols. ... carbon monoxide, aerosols, and temperature, in the middle and lower atmosphere, diagnostic of the ionosphere, global ... variations of water and carbon monoxide in space and time, and the optical depth, phase function, size distribution, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_96

The abundance of nitrogen, carbon and sulfur was three times that of the Sun, raising the possibility that they had been ... over what they perceived as an unacceptable risk to the public's safety from the plutonium in the Galileo's radioisotope ... and the probe's carbon phenolic heat shield lost more than half of its mass during the descent. At the time, this was by far ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_project

Carbon Radioisotopes * Subject Areas on Research. * A kinetic study of embryonic cell adhesion. ... Synthesis of 11C-labeled chlorpromazine directly from [11C]carbon dioxide. * Synthesis of the labeled D1 receptor antagonist ... A sensitive, specific radioisotope assay for L-glutamine-D-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase. ... Environmental biodegradability of [¹⁴C] single-walled carbon nanotubes by Trametes versicolor and natural microbial cultures ...

https://scholars.duke.edu/display/meshD002250

Carbon Radioisotopes * Cells, Cultured * Cholesterol / biosynthesis* * Garlic / chemistry* * Inhibitory Concentration 50 * L- ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10757551/?dopt=Abstract

Radioisotope ages are calculated from ratios of certain atoms. The isotopic ratios can be precisely measured, but the ... What is the basis of carbon-14 dating? What materials can be dated by carbon-14? How accurate are carbon-14 dates? What are the ... the radioisotope age of the mineral that contains the parent and daughter atoms. It is reasonable to expect that a radioisotope ... How would carbon-14 dating be affected by a global flood? What unsolved problems about carbon-14 dating are of greatest ...

https://grisda.org/origins-10093

Rubidium Radioisotopes * Tomography, Emission-Computed * Tomography, X-Ray Computed Substances * Carbon Radioisotopes ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8523026/?dopt=Abstract

Tens of millions of nuclear medicine procedures are performed each year, and demand for radioisotopes is increasing rapidly ... the use of radioisotopes for diagnostics, radiation therapy, radiopharmaceuticals and other beneficial medical uses of nuclear ... Carbon-11, Nitrogen-13, Oxygen-15, Fluorine-18:. These are positron emitters used in PET for studying brain physiology and ... Home / Information Library / Non-power Nuclear Applications / Radioisotopes & Research / Radioisotopes in Medicine ...

https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/non-power-nuclear-applications/radioisotopes-research/radioisotopes-in-medicine.aspx

Activated Carbon Radioisotope SDS. Safety Data Sheet for Activated Carbon Filters used in Paramount Ductless Enclosures, ... Acid Impregnated Carbon Filter SDS. Safety Data Sheet for the Acid Impregnated Carbon Filters used in FilterMate Portable ... Ammonia Impregnated Carbon Filter SDS. Safety Data Sheet for the Ammonia Impregnated Carbon Filters used in FilterMate Portable ... Formaldehyde Impregnated Carbon Filter SDS. Safety Data Sheet for the Formaldehyde Impregnated Carbon Filters used in ...

https://www.labconco.com/product/3-paramount-ductless-enclosure-tall/1112

Carbon Radioisotopes. Hummel JM, Madeen EP, Siddens LK, Uesugi SL, McQuistan T, Anderson KA, Turteltaub KW, Ognibene TJ, Bench ...

https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=2901&o=desc&page=12&s=keyword

Can Radioisotope Dating Be Trusted? , The Creation Podcast: Episode.... Carbon dating is a common method used to determine the ... Carbon dating is a common method used to determine the ages of fossils and other materials, but carbon14 deteriorates quite ...

https://www.icr.org/article/creation-podcast-episode-36/

But what reactions are missing in the Janis book, what do the neutrons produce? Oxygen, carbon and more impurities in beryllium ... Or they can produce useful radioisotopes, by 98Mo(n,g)99Mo or other. This would favour heavy water.. Marc Schaefer, aka ... Re: Tokamak produces radioisotopes « Reply #30 on: July 31, 2022, 11:34:34 AM » ... Re: Tokamak produces radioisotopes « Reply #31 on: August 06, 2022, 11:43:38 AM » ...

https://www.chemicalforums.com/index.php?topic=92021.30

Selected radionuclides: tritium, carbon-14, krypton-85, strontium-90, iodine, caesium-137, radon, plutonium ... Utilisation des rayonnements ionisants et des radio-isotopes à des fins médicales : rapport d un comité mixte AIEA/OMS d ... Joint IAEA/WHO Expert Committee on the Medical Uses of Ionizing Radiation and Radioisotopes; World Health Organization; ... Joint IAEA/WHO Expert Committee on the Medical Uses of Ionizing Radiation and Radioisotopes; World Health Organization; ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?rpp=20&offset=20&etal=-1&authority=Radioisotopes&sort_by=-1&type=mesh&order=ASC

During operation, the graphite and other carbonaceous materials like carbon brick, pyrocarbon and silicon carbid... ... About 250000 t of i-carbon are existing, worldwide. Acceptable solutions have not yet been established to handle this kind of ... These irradiated carbonaceous wastes are problematic due to their content of long-lived radioisotopes (e.g. Carbon14, Chlorine ... During operation, the graphite and other carbonaceous materials like carbon brick, pyrocarbon and silicon carbide coatings are ...

https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/88385/en

They say Radioisotope evidence presents significant problems for the young earth position. Baumgardner and the RATE team are to ... Carbon-14 in diamonds: Refuting Talk.Origins. C S from United States wrote in:. iStockphoto I was looking at talk origins ... Diamonds, being primarily carbon and with atoms in a tightly packed crystal lattice, are quite impervious to contamination. Yet ... Since the global flood would have buried huge numbers of carbon-containing living things (which formed much of todays coal, ...

https://creation.com/carbon-14-diamonds-talkorigins

... polluting industries and the politicians that serve them want to convince you that excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is ... the radioisotope of normal C12 carbon. Since fossil fuels derive from plant decay, they both have about 2% lower C13/C12 ratios ... Carbons the Culprit stevor, You have been misled. Claim: Its cosmic rays. This idea is refuted at sketicalscience.com on ... More detailed global carbon inventories confirm it. A. One Back of the Envelope Calculation makes it pretty definite and it is ...

https://prwatch.org/comment/20282

Correction 23/11: An earlier version of the article suggested that SIPRC will be able to produce radioisotopes for medical ... These include lutetium-177 and carbon-14 as well as technetium-99m. Sutharshan notes that, while other US laboratories can ... "Some important isotopes come from Russia - the only other country capable of producing radioisotopes in large quantities." ... It will instead produce stable isotopes that are then used elsewhere as target material to make radioisotopes. ...

https://physicsworld.com/a/new-oak-ridge-centre-to-boost-us-isotope-production/

Paragenesis of Palladium-Cobalt Nanoparticle in Nitrogen-Rich Carbon Nanotubes as a Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen- ... Co-60, a commercially important radioisotope, is useful as a radioactive tracer and gamma ray source. The origin of the word ... Carbon. 6 C 12.010700000 Carbon See more Carbon products. Carbon (atomic symbol: C, atomic number: 6) is a Block P, Group 14, ... amorphous carbon, glassy carbon, and nanostructured forms such as carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, and nanofibers . Carbon is at ...

https://www.americanelements.com/paragenesis-of-palladium-cobalt-nanoparticle-in-nitrogen-rich-carbon-nanotubes-as-a-bifunctional

But the two are far from carbon copies. The school-bus-size Cassini, for example, cost $3.2 billion and features 12 onboard ... Cassini is also powered by three radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs), which convert the heat of plutonium-238s ... In 2005, NASAs Saturn-orbiting Cassini spacecraft spotted geysers of water ice, salts, carbon-containing organics and other ...

https://www.space.com/30419-alien-life-search-enceladus-mission.html

Maximum Permissible Amounts of Radioisotopes in the Human Body and Maximum Permissible Concentrations in Air and Water NBS ... Recommendations for the Disposal of Carbon-14 Wastes NBS Handbook 53. *Protection Against Betatron-Synchrotron Radiations up to ... Contributions and Future of Radioisotopes in Medical, Industrial, and Space Applications. 1990. Tingey, Dix and Wahlquist. PNL- ...

https://orau.org/health-physics-museum/library/index.html

Open containers, such as cell culture dishes containing radioisotopes, can be covered with carbon-impregnated paper. ... Clearly label all radioisotopes and calibration sources. Stock solutions of radioisotopes should be clearly labeled with the ... Using Radioisotopes in Animals Research with vertebrate animals must be approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use ... A Radioisotope Use and Waste Log is available on the DRS website. The online inventory is updated automatically whenever ...

https://www.drs.illinois.edu/Page/SafetyLibrary/UsingRadioactiveMaterials

Bibliography 7 Appendice 1 8 CARBON 11 WHAT IS CARBON 11? 11C or more commonly known as Carbon 11 is a radioisotope of Carbon ( ... Radioisotopes and their Medical Uses. A radioisotope is an isotope that emits radiation as it has nuclear instability(Prostate ... This radioisotope decays to Boron 11 due to beta plus decay or positron emission. Conversely this change can be a result of ... However, there are much more positive uses for radioisotopes. There have been many medical advances thanks to the benefit and ...

https://www.123helpme.com/topics/positron-emission-tomography

This moon is composed of about 50% water ice, 30% silicates and 20% of methane, carbon and nitrogen. Its surface is covered by ... Radioisotope Power Systems (RPS) have provided the power to explore some of the deepest, darkest, and most distant destinations ... NASAs second Power to Explore Challenge inspires learning about how radioisotope power systems help us explore the extremes of ... A team of scientists and engineers sponsored by NASAs Radioisotope Power Systems Program won the American Nuclear Societys ...

https://rps.nasa.gov/scientist-for-a-day/winners/2020-210-brazil-6/

Reaction of strontium carbonate with titanium dioxide at high temperature produces the desired strontium titanate plus carbon ... A radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG, RITEG), sometimes referred to as a radioisotope power system (RPS), is a type of ... Electrostatic-boosted radioisotope heat sources[edit]. A power enhancement for radioisotope heat sources based on a self- ... Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator[edit]. NASA has developed a multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator

... radioisotope room, scintillation counters, gas and liquid chromatographs, X-ray diffractometer, Fourier transform infrared ... carbon-nitrogen-sulfur analyzer, DNA sequencers, and a bioinformatics center. ...

https://www.udel.edu/academics/colleges/grad/prospective-students/programs/plant-and-soil-sciences/

keywords = "Adult, Carbon Radioisotopes, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Female, Flumazenil, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neocortex, ...

https://abdn.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/neocortical-abnormalities-of-11c-flumazenil-pet-in-mesial-tempora

Anna Sapfo Malaspinas, Oscar Lao, Hannes Schroeder, Morten Rasmussen, Maanasa Raghavan, Ida Moltke, Paula F. Campos, Francisca Santana Sagredo, Simon Rasmussen, Vanessa F. Gonçalves, Anders Albrechtsen, Morten E. Allentoft, Philip L.F. Johnson, Mingkun Li, Silvia Reis, Danilo V. Bernardo, Michael Degiorgio, Ana T. Duggan, Murilo Bastos, Yong WangJesper Stenderup, J. Victor Moreno-Mayar, Søren Brunak, Thomas Sicheritz-Ponten, Emily Hodges, Gregory J. Hannon, Ludovic Orlando, T. Douglas Price, Jeffrey D. Jensen, Rasmus Nielsen, Jan Heinemeier, Jesper Olsen, Claudia Rodrigues-Carvalho, Marta Mirazón Lahr, Walter A. Neves, Manfred Kayser, Thomas Higham, Mark Stoneking, Sergio D.J. Pena, Eske Willerslev ...

https://pennstate.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/two-ancient-human-genomes-reveal-polynesian-ancestry-among-the-in/fingerprints/

Simultaneous Determination of Total Carbon and Carbon-14 Activity - Gabourel, J. D., Baker, M. J., Koch, C. W. ... It is hoped that from such a compilation the analyst will discover uses for radioisotopes in his own work, realizing that this ... Of probable interest to many is a method providing for the simultaneous determination of total carbon and carbon-14 activity in ... Of probable interest to many is a method providing for the simultaneous determination of total carbon and carbon-14 activity in ...

https://scite.ai/reports/simultaneous-determination-of-total-carbon-Al02JZ

Rare radioisotopes at the ready The study of rare isotopes, including many in the f-block, is a key step to advancing our ... The direct carbon isotope exchange reaction on α-amino acids is highly desirable, as existing labelling methods require several ... Diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of compounds with a trifluoromethyl- and fluoro-substituted carbon centre Methods to ... access organofluorine compounds with a trifluoromethyl- and fluoro-substituted carbon stereogenic centre are severely limited. ...

https://www.nature.com/nchem/?type=correspondence&year=2015&error=cookies_not_supported&code=e9341864-2861-4e47-9a89-834be669c096

... radioisotope power systems give life to probes, landers and rovers in places beyond the reach of the suns power. Jake Port ... Known as radioisotope power systems, these fairly simple sources of electricity and heat have been powering most of NASAs ... This is then contained within more protective layers, consisting of a graphite impact shell, a carbon fibre sleeve and an outer ... To find out more about how radioisotope thermoelectric generators are used, and how we are about to run out of the valuable ...

https://cosmosmagazine.com/technology/where-do-deep-space-probes-get-their-power/?amp=1

"Most of these radioisotopes make their way into our bodies through the food we eat, the water we drink and the air we breathe ... The biggest sources of radiation in our bodies are trace amounts of carbon 14 and potassium 40, said Mike Short, an associate ... Radioactive isotopes, like carbon 14 and a hydrogen isotope known as tritium, are the "daughter" products of heavier elements ... we take in only about 0.39 milligrams of potassium 40 and 1.8 nanograms of carbon 14 a day. The amount of radioactivity caused ...

https://www.livescience.com/radiation-human-body

Roadmap for low carbon energy system by 2050 [21 KB]. Yes. Communication on nuclear medicine and radioisotopes [20 KB]. No. ... Communication on roadmap for low-carbon economy by 2050, also with a view to determining the necessary scenarios for 2030 [19 ... Communication on public procurement with focus on how to underpin Europe 2020 priorities: innovation, low carbon investment, ... it is commercialising itself with bond issues through the ECB and is about to launch the latest carbon credits market. ...

https://pjcjournal.wordpress.com/2010/10/06/the-tory-party-agenda-as-seen-in-the-eu-agenda/

A radioisotope thermoelectric generator ( RTG , RITEG ), sometimes referred to as a radioisotope power system (RPS), is a type of nuclear battery that uses an array of thermocouples to convert the heat released by the decay of a suitable radioactive material into electricity by the Seebeck effect . (wikipedia.org)
NASAs New Horizons spacecraft was powered all the way to Pluto and beyond by a spare radioisotope thermoelectric generator left over from the Cassini mission. (cosmosmagazine.com)
At the heart of an radioisotope thermoelectric generator is the general purpose heat source module, which contains the plutonium-238 within a protective iridium case. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Four pellets of plutonium-238 can be contained within each heat source module, with eight stacked inside the radioisotope thermoelectric generator to produce enough power for normal function for decades. (cosmosmagazine.com)
You can see this all in a video by NASA, below, in the inner components of a radioisotope thermoelectric generator are on display. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Let us tell you that the radioisotope thermoelectric generator was also included in the Apollo 13 mission to the moon, but due to failure, it broke into the atmosphere and near the Tonga Trench. (worldwidewebtimes.com)
Explain that the radioisotope thermoelectric generator contained 3.9 kg of plutonium 238. (worldwidewebtimes.com)

Calculations of the carbon balance for the unfed colonies showed that DOC release represents ca 14% of the net daily photosynthetically fixed carbon. (int-res.com)
Through these partnerships, resources are exchanged including photosynthetically fixed carbon for fungal-acquired nutrients. (bvsalud.org)

A team of scientists and engineers sponsored by NASA's Radioisotope Power Systems Program won the American Nuclear Society's 2022 Best Radioisotope Power Paper award. (nasa.gov)

The steady spontaneous transmutation of a radioactive isotope into a stable daughter isotope provides a means for determining the length of time the accumulation of daughter atoms has been maintained in association with its parent source the radioisotope age of the mineral that contains the parent and daughter atoms. (grisda.org)
The attributes of naturally decaying atoms, known as radioisotopes, give rise to several applications across many aspects of modern day life (see also information paper on The Many Uses of Nuclear Technology ). (world-nuclear.org)
Diamonds, being primarily carbon and with atoms in a tightly packed crystal lattice, are quite impervious to contamination. (creation.com)

As the U.S. suffers through catastrophic tornadoes, heat waves, and other climate extremes -- no doubt just a small taste of what the climate crisis will bring in the future -- polluting industries and the politicians that serve them want to convince you that excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is actually a good thing. (prwatch.org)
In 2009, the EPA made its " Finding ," that "the current and projected concentrations of the six key well-mixed greenhouse gases -- carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) -- in the atmosphere threaten the public health and welfare of current and future generations. (prwatch.org)
Keen guarantees commercial cga specifications, form carbon dioxide gas bubble formation in. (bqueennatural.com)
Here liquid sulfur, carbon dioxide, and active alkaline mod come out of the trench. (worldwidewebtimes.com)

Paragenesis of Palladium-Cobalt Nanoparticle in Nitrogen-Rich Carbon Nanotubes as a Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen-Evolution Reaction and Oxygen-Reduction Reaction. (americanelements.com)
This moon is composed of about 50% water ice, 30% silicates and 20% of methane, carbon and nitrogen. (nasa.gov)
ABSTRACT: Corals are known to release large amounts of particulate and dissolved organic carbon (POC and DOC) and nitrogen (PON and DON). (int-res.com)
graphite is rich in the carbon-14 radioisotope, which undergoes beta decay into nitrogen, releasing an anti-neutrino and a beta decay electron in the process. (wordpress.com)

Paramount Ductless Enclosures are capable of using both carbon and 99.99% efficient HEPA filters for removing gaseous and particulate contaminants. (labconco.com)
Paper discusses the testing conducted on the Paramount Ductless Enclosure that shows carbon filter effectiveness and fume and particulate containment of particulates. (labconco.com)
The forest sites have shown the highest total and particulate organic carbon values. (essopenarchive.org)

Paramount Ductless Enclosures are self-contained work stations, also known as ductless fume hoods, that use carbon filters to rid the laboratory of annoying or unsafe concentrations of organic solvents, formaldehyde, acid gases, ammonia, or radioisotopes. (labconco.com)
Vacuum pumps used in systems containing radioisotopes should be used in fume hoods with proper flow rates. (illinois.edu)

In an attempt to defend the paradigm of millions of years, some propose that the coal samples could have been contaminated in situ by migration of Carbon14 from the atmosphere to the Coal Seam, double capture of thermal neutrons produced by fission of uranium in the surrounding rock, or by contamination with modern carbon during the testing process. (creation.com)
Some evolutionists, realizing that they cannot appeal to contamination in situ with diamonds, attempt to dismiss this problem by simply appealing to the possibility of contamination by modern carbon during the testing process. (creation.com)

In recent years specialists have also come from radiology, as dual PET/CT (positron emission tomography with computerized tomography) procedures have become established, increasing the role of accelerators in radioisotope production. (world-nuclear.org)
Design and Main Outcome Measure In a between-group comparison, we used positron emission tomography and the benzodiazepine receptor ligand flumazenil labeled with carbon 11 to assess the regional brain pattern of receptor binding. (ox.ac.uk)

Recommendations include better housekeeping practices for radioisotopes, improved hood ventilation to increase air flow, and maintenance of an inventory of hazardous substances in each laboratory. (cdc.gov)

In 2005, NASA's Saturn-orbiting Cassini spacecraft spotted geysers of water ice, salts, carbon-containing organics and other molecules erupting from the south polar region of the 310-mile-wide (500 kilometers) Enceladus. (space.com)

Over 40 million nuclear medicine procedures are performed each year, and demand for radioisotopes is increasing at up to 5% annually. (world-nuclear.org)
In developed countries (a quarter of the world population) about one person in 50 uses diagnostic nuclear medicine each year, and the frequency of therapy with radioisotopes is about one-tenth of this. (world-nuclear.org)
The most common radioisotope used in diagnosis is technetium-99 (Tc-99), with some 40 million procedures per year, accounting for about 80% of all nuclear medicine procedures and 85% of diagnostic scans in nuclear medicine worldwide. (world-nuclear.org)
Nuclear power plants for the stars, radioisotope power systems give life to probes, landers and rovers in places beyond the reach of the sun's power. (cosmosmagazine.com)
The biggest sources of radiation in our bodies are trace amounts of carbon 14 and potassium 40, said Mike Short, an associate professor of nuclear science and engineering at MIT. (livescience.com)
Alternative fuels, also known as non-conventional and sophisticated fuels, are dominant sources that can be used as fuels in comparison to basic fossil fuels such as petroleum and coal, nuclear materials such as uranium and thorium, and artificial radioisotope fuels produced in nuclear reactors. (reportsanddata.com)
As well as contributing to achieving our net-zero commitments, new nuclear will complement renewable energy to ensure that the UK has a resilient, low-cost, low-carbon electricity system for the long term. (theyworkforyou.com)
NDB has the potential to solve the major global issue of carbon emissions in one stroke without the expensive infrastructure projects, energy transportation costs, or negative environmental impacts associated with alternate solutions such as carbon capture at fossil fuel power stations, hydroelectric plants, turbines, or nuclear power stations. (wordpress.com)

Volcanics associated with organic material that can be dated by radioactive carbon generally have a K-Ar age much greater than that given by radiocarbon for the eruption (Stapor and Tanner 1973). (grisda.org)
Filters used in the Paramount are sold separately and come in seven types Ammonia-Amine, Acid-Sulfur, Organic Vapor, Formaldehyde-Formalin, Radioisotope, Mixed Bed and HEPA. (labconco.com)
Serpentinization of ultramafic rocks that are the major components of the oceanic lithosphere produces highly reductive fluids, in which transformation of inorganic carbon species to organic matter occur (e.g. (springeropen.com)
Soil carbon is intimately related to the living part of the organic matter, as represented by the soil microbial biomass, which mediates the decomposition, mineralization, and immobilization of organic carbon available in soils under different land-use systems. (essopenarchive.org)

They all contribute to decrease in overall carbon emissions. (reportsanddata.com)

The data treated in RADIOISOTOPES fully indicate that Earth's crust contains concentrations of radiogenic isotopes many orders-of-magnitude greater than could have accumulated in 6000 years at present rates of radioactivity. (grisda.org)

A type of radioisotopic power system known as radioisotope thermoelectric generators employ radioactive materials such as plutonium-238 to produce heat and make use of a principle of electrics known as the Seebeck effect to produce power. (cosmosmagazine.com)

Safe use of RTGs requires containment of the radioisotopes long after the productive life of the unit. (wikipedia.org)

During operation, the graphite and other carbonaceous materials like carbon brick, pyrocarbon and silicon carbide coatings are contaminated by fission products and neutron activation. (europa.eu)
This is then contained within more protective layers, consisting of a graphite impact shell, a carbon fibre sleeve and an outer case known as the aeroshell. (cosmosmagazine.com)
NDB takes this graphite, purifies it and uses it to create tiny carbon-14 diamonds. (wordpress.com)

In addition to individual state laws regulating carbon, regional initiatives sprang up, such as the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative in ten Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic states and, later, the Western Climate Initiative, which includes U.S. states, Mexican states, and Canadian provinces throughout the western half of the continent. (prwatch.org)

Lack of chemical isolation generally (but not always) has been expected to produce radioisotope ages that are most likely to be younger than the correct real time age, particularly when the daughter isotope is highly mobile, as is the case for the inert gas (argon) produced by the radioactive decay of potassium. (grisda.org)
Though these isotopes make up most of our body's radiation, we take in only about 0.39 milligrams of potassium 40 and 1.8 nanograms of carbon 14 a day. (livescience.com)

In this study, we examined mycorrhizal nutrient and host resource allocation in potato with and without AMF and PCN using radioisotope tracing, whilst determining the consequences of such allocation. (bvsalud.org)
Effect of drought on soil microbial metabolisms driving carbon allocation and volatil. (essopenarchive.org)

It was felt, however, that this type of review should emphasize the widespread use of radioisotopes in analysis today. (scite.ai)

However, many questions on how the mechanisms function and shape carbon dynamics and the ocean carbon cycle remain unknown. (us-ocb.org)
Forest-to-agriculture conversion and land-use change often lead to a loss in microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and shifts in microbial activity, directly influencing the soil carbon dynamics. (essopenarchive.org)

There is widespread awareness of the use of radiation and radioisotopes in medicine, particularly for diagnosis (identification) and therapy (treatment) of various medical conditions. (world-nuclear.org)

Co-60, a commercially important radioisotope, is useful as a radioactive tracer and gamma ray source. (americanelements.com)
Shielded syringes are commercially available for manipulation of liquids containing high energy radioisotopes. (illinois.edu)

Completely encasing the radioactive carbon-14 diamond is a layer of cheap, non-radioactive, lab-created carbon-12 diamond, which contains the energetic particles, prevents radiation leaks and acts as a super-hard protective and tamper-proof layer. (wordpress.com)

Funding for the Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry Project Office is provided by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (us-ocb.org)

To be suitable for geologic time scale calibration a radioisotope age must meet three requirements: chemical isolation, stratigraphic control, and biological control. (grisda.org)
To be desirable as a calibration of the Phanerozoic time scale, a radioisotope age should also meet standards of biological control, i.e., it should relate to a mineral sample that is associated with the proper index fossils for the age in question. (grisda.org)
Radioisotope ages that are younger than what would be expected on the basis of stratigraphic control and biological control are usually accounted for as evidence that chemical isolation has not been maintained. (grisda.org)
Radioisotope ages that are older than allowable on the basis of stratigraphic or biological control are explained as due to retention of daughter isotopes from a state in which the mineral components existed previous to the association in which they are now found. (grisda.org)
This compilation is especially relevant to present and future investigations of the biological carbon pump (BP), which transports carbon to the deep ocean and regulates atmospheric CO 2 levels. (us-ocb.org)

Although the primary motivation for the preparation of this book is to foster development of compatible understanding of radioisotope data and the chronological specifications in the Bible, the book is a valuable resource for individuals who do not share this concern. (grisda.org)

Diagnostic procedures using radioisotopes are now routine. (world-nuclear.org)
Radioisotopes are an essential part of medical diagnostic procedures. (world-nuclear.org)

Carbon (atomic symbol: C, atomic number: 6) is a Block P, Group 14, Period 2 element. (americanelements.com)

Construction has begun on a new facility in the US that will produce a wide range of isotopes including those that can be used to make radioisotopes for medical applications. (physicsworld.com)
An earlier version of the article suggested that SIPRC will be able to produce radioisotopes for medical applications. (physicsworld.com)
Applications of radioisotopes in carbon dating! (allysonabrams.com)
Cover crops and N applications improved soil enzymes for carbon and N cycling. (essopenarchive.org)

NASA's second Power to Explore Challenge inspires learning about how radioisotope power systems help us explore the extremes of our solar system. (nasa.gov)
Radioisotope Power Systems (RPS) have provided the power to explore some of the deepest, darkest, and most distant destinations in the solar system and beyond. (nasa.gov)
if there is one conclusive observation to be made, it is that the 'ages' derived from radioisotope systems can really only be regarded as maximum ages given the evidence of open-system behavior, mixing, inheritance, etc. (grisda.org)

Sterilization of medical equipment is also an important use of radioisotopes. (world-nuclear.org)
Some important isotopes come from Russia - the only other country capable of producing radioisotopes in large quantities. (physicsworld.com)

There are open-system processes that can reduce, as well as those that can increase a radioisotope 'age' characteristic. (grisda.org)

How carbon monoxide, oxygen supports combustion is oxygen a chemical property? (bqueennatural.com)

In a Stirling radioisotope system, heat must continually be removed from the General Purpose Heat Source (GPHS) modules to maintain the modules and surrounding insulation at acceptable temperatures. (1-act.com)
In a Stirling radioisotope power system, one or more General Purpose Heat Source (GPHS) modules supply heat to a Stirling convertor (Stirling engine with an integrated linear alternator). (1-act.com)

These irradiated carbonaceous wastes are problematic due to their content of long-lived radioisotopes (e.g. (europa.eu)
The CARBOWASTE project aims at an integrated waste management approach for this kind of radioactive wastes which are mainly characterized as Intermediate Level Waste (ILW), due to the varying content of long-lived radioisotopes. (europa.eu)

An alkali-metal Variable Conductance Heat Pipe (VCHP) has been designed to allow multiple stops and restarts of the Stirling convertor in an Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Generator (ASRG). (1-act.com)

In the present work, we have developed a facile pyrolysis-based process for the co-synthesis of palladium-cobalt nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotubes (Pd-CoCNTs), which exhibit superior catalytic activity for the HER and enhanced ORR performance. (americanelements.com)

Carbon dating is a common method used to determine the ages of fossils and other materials, but carbon14 deteriorates quite quickly. (icr.org)
Work with hazardous materials on impervious benchtops and dedicate an area for work with radioisotopes. (illinois.edu)

Stable isotopes that SIPRC might produce are needed as target material for such radioisotopes. (physicsworld.com)
It will instead produce stable isotopes that are then used elsewhere as target material to make radioisotopes. (physicsworld.com)

Most of these radioisotopes make their way into our bodies through the food we eat, the water we drink and the air we breathe," Short told Live Science. (livescience.com)

These include lutetium-177 and carbon-14 as well as technetium-99m. (physicsworld.com)

1984) have recently reported an extensive study of 32 typical worldwide granulite samples that have geologic age assignments ranging from 20 to 3100 m.y., yet have samarium-neodymium (Sm-Nd) radioisotope ages that in most cases are greater than the geologic ages and range from 851 to 3744 m.y. (grisda.org)
Over 10,000 hospitals worldwide use radioisotopes in medicine, and about 90% of the procedures are for diagnosis. (world-nuclear.org)
About 250000 t of i-carbon are existing, worldwide. (europa.eu)

In order to investigate several aspects of carbon and nutrient cycling in corals, release of DOC and DON by fed and unfed colonies of the zooxanthellate coral Galaxea fascicularis (Linnaeus 1767) was measured in the laboratory under controlled conditions. (int-res.com)
We measured DOC and DON fluxes from corals using the high temperature catalytic oxidation method and DOC release as 14 C-photosynthate using a radioisotope technique. (int-res.com)
The GPHS module is designed so that it will not release radioisotopes, even under such postulated events as a launch vehicle explosion, or reentry through the earth's atmosphere. (1-act.com)

Anatomy8

Organisms8

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs99

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment37

Phenomena and Processes36

Disciplines and Occupations3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science1

Health Care16

Geographicals1

Sensitivity of [11C]phenylephrine kinetics to monoamine oxidase activity in normal human heart. (1/5742)

Reproducibility studies with 11C-DTBZ, a monoamine vesicular transporter inhibitor in healthy human subjects. (2/5742)

Influence of vesicular storage and monoamine oxidase activity on [11C]phenylephrine kinetics: studies in isolated rat heart. (3/5742)

Regional patterns of myocardial sympathetic denervation in dilated cardiomyopathy: an analysis using carbon-11 hydroxyephedrine and positron emission tomography. (4/5742)

Measurement of striatal D2 dopamine receptor density and affinity with [11C]-raclopride in vivo: a test-retest analysis. (5/5742)

Novel, highly lipophilic antioxidants readily diffuse across the blood-brain barrier and access intracellular sites. (6/5742)

Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of 14C-temozolomide following oral administration to patients with advanced cancer. (7/5742)

Genetic evidence for ATP-dependent endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi apparatus trafficking of ceramide for sphingomyelin synthesis in Chinese hamster ovary cells. (8/5742)

Carbon Radioisotopes

Carbon

Radioisotopes

Zinc Radioisotopes

Radioisotope Dilution Technique

Strontium Radioisotopes

Carbon Dioxide

Iodine Radioisotopes

Krypton Radioisotopes

Carbon Monoxide

Nanotubes, Carbon

Indium Radioisotopes

Sodium Radioisotopes

Radioactivity

Barium Radioisotopes

Radionuclide Imaging

Yttrium Radioisotopes

Tin Radioisotopes

Carbon Isotopes

Iron Radioisotopes

Copper Radioisotopes

Phosphorus Radioisotopes

Beta Particles

Technetium

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

Mercury Radioisotopes

Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid

Cesium Isotopes

Cerium Radioisotopes

Cobalt Isotopes

Isotope Labeling

Hafnium

Gold Radioisotopes

Lead Radioisotopes

Diagnostic Techniques, Radioisotope

Zinc Isotopes

Sulfur Radioisotopes

Cadmium Radioisotopes

Astatine

Radioimmunotherapy

Lutetium

Rhenium

Samarium

Radiopharmaceuticals

Soil Pollutants, Radioactive

Carbon Tetrachloride

Bromine Radioisotopes

Scintillation Counting

Subdural Effusion

Calcium Isotopes

Radioactive Waste

Carbon Sequestration

Radiometric Dating

Serum Albumin, Radio-Iodinated

Ruthenium Radioisotopes

Carbon Disulfide

Selenium Radioisotopes

Isotopes

Alpha Particles

Tungsten

Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring

Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m

Spectrometry, Gamma

Tissue Distribution

Radioisotope Teletherapy

Pentetic Acid

Methods

Nuclear Medicine

Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate

Tritium

Radiometry

Rosaniline Dyes

Nostoc commune

Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning

Whole-Body Counting

Potassium Radioisotopes

Iodohippuric Acid

Organometallic Compounds

Radiation Dosage

Intestinal Absorption