Carbon: A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.Rhodococcus: A bacterial genus of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber.Nanotubes, Carbon: Nanometer-sized tubes composed mainly of CARBON. Such nanotubes are used as probes for high-resolution structural and chemical imaging of biomolecules with ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY.Gloves, Protective: Coverings for the hands, usually with separations for the fingers, made of various materials, for protection against infections, toxic substances, extremes of hot and cold, radiations, water immersion, etc. The gloves may be worn by patients, care givers, housewives, laboratory and industrial workers, police, etc.Cyclization: Changing an open-chain hydrocarbon to a closed ring. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)AminohydrolasesCarbon Monoxide Poisoning: Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.Carbon Isotopes: Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.Glucosinolates: Substituted thioglucosides. They are found in rapeseed (Brassica campestris) products and related cruciferae. They are metabolized to a variety of toxic products which are most likely the cause of hepatocytic necrosis in animals and humans.Alkenes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons of the type Cn-H2n, indicated by the suffix -ene. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p408)Nucleoside Q: A modified nucleoside which is present in the first position of the anticodon of tRNA-tyrosine, tRNA-histidine, tRNA-asparagine and tRNA-aspartic acid of many organisms. It is believed to play a role in the regulatory function of tRNA. Nucleoside Q can be further modified to nucleoside Q*, which has a mannose or galactose moiety linked to position 4 of its cyclopentenediol moiety.Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed)Stereoisomerism: The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.Carbon Sequestration: Any of several processes for the permanent or long-term artificial or natural capture or removal and storage of carbon dioxide and other forms of carbon, through biological, chemical or physical processes, in a manner that prevents it from being released into the atmosphere.IminesAcetonitriles: Compounds in which a methyl group is attached to the cyano moiety.Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.Gloves, Surgical: Gloves, usually rubber, worn by surgeons, examining physicians, dentists, and other health personnel for the mutual protection of personnel and patient.Latex: A milky, product excreted from the latex canals of a variety of plant species that contain cauotchouc. Latex is composed of 25-35% caoutchouc, 60-75% water, 2% protein, 2% resin, 1.5% sugar & 1% ash. RUBBER is made by the removal of water from latex.(From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). Hevein proteins are responsible for LATEX HYPERSENSITIVITY. Latexes are used as inert vehicles to carry antibodies or antigens in LATEX FIXATION TESTS.Perfume: A substance, extract, or preparation for diffusing or imparting an agreeable or attractive smell, especially a fluid containing fragrant natural oils extracted from flowers, woods, etc., or similar synthetic oils. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)AcetalsCatalysis: The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.Alkynes: Hydrocarbons with at least one triple bond in the linear portion, of the general formula Cn-H2n-2.Brevibacterium: A gram-positive organism found in dairy products, fresh and salt water, marine organisms, insects, and decaying organic matter.Oximes: Compounds that contain the radical R2C=N.OH derived from condensation of ALDEHYDES or KETONES with HYDROXYLAMINE. Members of this group are CHOLINESTERASE REACTIVATORS.Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.AmidohydrolasesCycloaddition Reaction: Synthetic organic reactions that use reactions between unsaturated molecules to form cyclical products.Carbon Tetrachloride PoisoningAmides: Organic compounds containing the -CO-NH2 radical. Amides are derived from acids by replacement of -OH by -NH2 or from ammonia by the replacement of H by an acyl group. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides.Ammonium Hydroxide: The hydroxy salt of ammonium ion. It is formed when AMMONIA reacts with water molecules in solution.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Spectrophotometry, Infrared: Spectrophotometry in the infrared region, usually for the purpose of chemical analysis through measurement of absorption spectra associated with rotational and vibrational energy levels of molecules. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Organic Chemistry Phenomena: The conformation, properties, reaction processes, and the properties of the reactions of carbon compounds.TextilesAcrylamides: Colorless, odorless crystals that are used extensively in research laboratories for the preparation of polyacrylamide gels for electrophoresis and in organic synthesis, and polymerization. Some of its polymers are used in sewage and wastewater treatment, permanent press fabrics, and as soil conditioning agents.Cysteine Proteases: A subclass of peptide hydrolases that depend on a CYSTEINE residue for their activity.Hydrazones: Compounds of the general formula R:N.NR2, as resulting from the action of hydrazines with aldehydes or ketones. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.Latex Hypersensitivity: Allergic reaction to products containing processed natural rubber latex such as rubber gloves, condoms, catheters, dental dams, balloons, and sporting equipment. Both T-cell mediated (HYPERSENSITIVITY, DELAYED) and IgE antibody-mediated (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE) allergic responses are possible. Delayed hypersensitivity results from exposure to antioxidants present in the rubber; immediate hypersensitivity results from exposure to a latex protein.Alkylation: The covalent bonding of an alkyl group to an organic compound. It can occur by a simple addition reaction or by substitution of another functional group.Carbon Footprint: A measure of the total greenhouse gas emissions produced by an individual, organization, event, or product. It is measured in units of equivalent kilograms of CARBON DIOXIDE generated in a given time frame.Temperature: The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.Hydrogenation: Addition of hydrogen to a compound, especially to an unsaturated fat or fatty acid. (From Stedman, 26th ed)Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.Enzyme Stability: The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat.Solvents: Liquids that dissolve other substances (solutes), generally solids, without any change in chemical composition, as, water containing sugar. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).Hydrogen-Ion Concentration: The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic: Methods used for the chemical synthesis of compounds. Included under this heading are laboratory methods used to synthesize a variety of chemicals and drugs.KetonesSpectrum Analysis: The measurement of the amplitude of the components of a complex waveform throughout the frequency range of the waveform. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Isothiocyanates: Organic compounds with the general formula R-NCS.Carbon Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Steroid Isomerases: Enzymes that catalyze the transposition of double bond(s) in a steroid molecule. EC 5.3.3.Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques: A technology, in which sets of reactions for solution or solid-phase synthesis, is used to create molecular libraries for analysis of compounds on a large scale.Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.SemicarbazonesRhodium: Rhodium. A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh. (Dorland, 28th ed)Infrared Rays: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum usually sensed as heat. Infrared wavelengths are longer than those of visible light, extending into the microwave frequencies. They are used therapeutically as heat, and also to warm food in restaurants.Biomass: Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop.Amines: A group of compounds derived from ammonia by substituting organic radicals for the hydrogens. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Benzyl CompoundsPseudomonas: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants.Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared: A spectroscopic technique in which a range of wavelengths is presented simultaneously with an interferometer and the spectrum is mathematically derived from the pattern thus obtained.Vibration: A continuing periodic change in displacement with respect to a fixed reference. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic: Techniques for standardizing and expediting taxonomic identification or classification of organisms that are based on deciphering the sequence of one or a few regions of DNA known as the "DNA barcode".Biocatalysis: The facilitation of biochemical reactions with the aid of naturally occurring catalysts such as ENZYMES.Thiocyanates: Organic derivatives of thiocyanic acid which contain the general formula R-SCN.Organometallic Compounds: A class of compounds of the type R-M, where a C atom is joined directly to any other element except H, C, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I, or At. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Pseudomonas putida: A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria isolated from soil and water as well as clinical specimens. Occasionally it is an opportunistic pathogen.Water: A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Soot: A dark powdery deposit of unburned fuel residues, composed mainly of amorphous CARBON and some HYDROCARBONS, that accumulates in chimneys, automobile mufflers and other surfaces exposed to smoke. It is the product of incomplete combustion of carbon-rich organic fuels in low oxygen conditions. It is sometimes called lampblack or carbon black and is used in INK, in rubber tires, and to prepare CARBON NANOTUBES.CarboxyhemoglobinCosmetics: Substances intended to be applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance without affecting the body's structure or functions. Included in this definition are skin creams, lotions, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail polishes, eye and facial makeup preparations, permanent waves, hair colors, toothpastes, and deodorants, as well as any material intended for use as a component of a cosmetic product. (U.S. Food & Drug Administration Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition Office of Cosmetics Fact Sheet (web page) Feb 1995)Actinobacteria: Class of BACTERIA with diverse morphological properties. Strains of Actinobacteria show greater than 80% 16S rDNA/rRNA sequence similarity among each other and also the presence of certain signature nucleotides. (Stackebrandt E. et al, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1997) 47:479-491)Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.Molecular Conformation: The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO.Atmosphere: The gaseous envelope surrounding a planet or similar body. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)Furans: Compounds with a 5-membered ring of four carbons and an oxygen. They are aromatic heterocycles. The reduced form is tetrahydrofuran.Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.Materials Testing: The testing of materials and devices, especially those used for PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; SUTURES; TISSUE ADHESIVES; etc., for hardness, strength, durability, safety, efficacy, and biocompatibility.Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.Catalytic Domain: The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.Spiro Compounds: A group of compounds consisting in part of two rings sharing one atom (usually a carbon) in common.Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.Metals: Electropositive chemical elements characterized by ductility, malleability, luster, and conductance of heat and electricity. They can replace the hydrogen of an acid and form bases with hydroxyl radicals. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Iron: A metallic element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. It is an essential constituent of HEMOGLOBINS; CYTOCHROMES; and IRON-BINDING PROTEINS. It plays a role in cellular redox reactions and in the transport of OXYGEN.Crystallography, X-Ray: The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Mass Spectrometry: An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.Glycosides: Any compound that contains a constituent sugar, in which the hydroxyl group attached to the first carbon is substituted by an alcoholic, phenolic, or other group. They are named specifically for the sugar contained, such as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose), etc. Upon hydrolysis, a sugar and nonsugar component (aglycone) are formed. (From Dorland, 28th ed; From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed)Genes, Bacterial: The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.Eukaryota: One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and ARCHAEA), also called Eukarya. These are organisms whose cells are enclosed in membranes and possess a nucleus. They comprise almost all multicellular and many unicellular organisms, and are traditionally divided into groups (sometimes called kingdoms) including ANIMALS; PLANTS; FUNGI; and various algae and other taxa that were previously part of the old kingdom Protista.Biodegradation, Environmental: Elimination of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; PESTICIDES and other waste using living organisms, usually involving intervention of environmental or sanitation engineers.Enzymes: Biological molecules that possess catalytic activity. They may occur naturally or be synthetically created. Enzymes are usually proteins, however CATALYTIC RNA and CATALYTIC DNA molecules have also been identified.Soil: The unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants.Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet: Determination of the spectra of ultraviolet absorption by specific molecules in gases or liquids, for example Cl2, SO2, NO2, CS2, ozone, mercury vapor, and various unsaturated compounds. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Molecular Dynamics Simulation: A computer simulation developed to study the motion of molecules over a period of time.Models, Chemical: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.Needlestick Injuries: Penetrating stab wounds caused by needles. They are of special concern to health care workers since such injuries put them at risk for developing infectious disease.Acetates: Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Graphite: An allotropic form of carbon that is used in pencils, as a lubricant, and in matches and explosives. It is obtained by mining and its dust can cause lung irritation.Carbon Compounds, Inorganic: Inorganic compounds that contain carbon as an integral part of the molecule but are not derived from hydrocarbons.Photosynthesis: The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)Carbohydrate Metabolism: Cellular processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of CARBOHYDRATES.Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.PhotochemistryGlucose: A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.Oxygen: An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.Equipment Failure: Failure of equipment to perform to standard. The failure may be due to defects or improper use.Chromatography, Ion Exchange: Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.Sulfhydryl Compounds: Compounds containing the -SH radical.Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches.Electrodes: Electric conductors through which electric currents enter or leave a medium, whether it be an electrolytic solution, solid, molten mass, gas, or vacuum.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Spectrophotometry: The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.Hydrogen Bonding: A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Occupational Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation.Light: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.Multigene Family: A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Molecular Weight: The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.Autotrophic Processes: The processes by which organisms use simple inorganic substances such as gaseous or dissolved carbon dioxide and inorganic nitrogen as nutrient sources. Contrasts with heterotrophic processes which make use of organic materials as the nutrient supply source. Autotrophs can be either chemoautotrophs (or chemolithotrophs), largely ARCHAEA and BACTERIA, which also use simple inorganic substances for their metabolic energy reguirements; or photoautotrophs (or photolithotrophs), such as PLANTS and CYANOBACTERIA, which derive their energy from light. Depending on environmental conditions some organisms can switch between different nutritional modes (autotrophy; HETEROTROPHY; chemotrophy; or PHOTOTROPHY) to utilize different sources to meet their nutrient and energy requirements.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Sequence Analysis, DNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.Ecosystem: A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.Static Electricity: The accumulation of an electric charge on a objectStructure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.DNA, Bacterial: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.Indicators and Reagents: Substances used for the detection, identification, analysis, etc. of chemical, biological, or pathologic processes or conditions. Indicators are substances that change in physical appearance, e.g., color, at or approaching the endpoint of a chemical titration, e.g., on the passage between acidity and alkalinity. Reagents are substances used for the detection or determination of another substance by chemical or microscopical means, especially analysis. Types of reagents are precipitants, solvents, oxidizers, reducers, fluxes, and colorimetric reagents. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p301, p499)Ligands: A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)Arabidopsis: A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing): A mixed function oxidase enzyme which during hemoglobin catabolism catalyzes the degradation of heme to ferrous iron, carbon monoxide and biliverdin in the presence of molecular oxygen and reduced NADPH. The enzyme is induced by metals, particularly cobalt. EC 1.14.99.3.Alkanes: The generic name for the group of aliphatic hydrocarbons Cn-H2n+2. They are denoted by the suffix -ane. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Seawater: The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.Soil Microbiology: The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.Citric Acid Cycle: A series of oxidative reactions in the breakdown of acetyl units derived from GLUCOSE; FATTY ACIDS; or AMINO ACIDS by means of tricarboxylic acid intermediates. The end products are CARBON DIOXIDE, water, and energy in the form of phosphate bonds.Partial Pressure: The pressure that would be exerted by one component of a mixture of gases if it were present alone in a container. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Anaerobiosis: The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Geologic Sediments: A mass of organic or inorganic solid fragmented material, or the solid fragment itself, that comes from the weathering of rock and is carried by, suspended in, or dropped by air, water, or ice. It refers also to a mass that is accumulated by any other natural agent and that forms in layers on the earth's surface, such as sand, gravel, silt, mud, fill, or loess. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1689)Glucuronides: Glycosides of GLUCURONIC ACID formed by the reaction of URIDINE DIPHOSPHATE GLUCURONIC ACID with certain endogenous and exogenous substances. Their formation is important for the detoxification of drugs, steroid excretion and BILIRUBIN metabolism to a more water-soluble compound that can be eliminated in the URINE and BILE.Greenhouse Effect: The effect of GLOBAL WARMING and the resulting increase in world temperatures. The predicted health effects of such long-term climatic change include increased incidence of respiratory, water-borne, and vector-borne diseases.Bacteria: One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.Fermentation: Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.Electrochemistry: The study of chemical changes resulting from electrical action and electrical activity resulting from chemical changes.Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial: Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.Plant Leaves: Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Aerobiosis: Life or metabolic reactions occurring in an environment containing oxygen.Aldehyde Oxidoreductases: Oxidoreductases that are specific for ALDEHYDES.Thermodynamics: A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)Fatty Acids: Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent.Organic Chemicals: A broad class of substances containing carbon and its derivatives. Many of these chemicals will frequently contain hydrogen with or without oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and other elements. They exist in either carbon chain or carbon ring form.Oceans and Seas: A great expanse of continuous bodies of salt water which together cover more than 70 percent of the earth's surface. Seas may be partially or entirely enclosed by land, and are smaller than the five oceans (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic).Heterotrophic Processes: The processes by which organisms utilize organic substances as their nutrient sources. Contrasts with AUTOTROPHIC PROCESSES which make use of simple inorganic substances as the nutrient supply source. Heterotrophs can be either chemoheterotrophs (or chemoorganotrophs) which also require organic substances such as glucose for their primary metabolic energy requirements, or photoheterotrophs (or photoorganotrophs) which derive their primary energy requirements from light. Depending on environmental conditions some organisms can switch between different nutritional modes (AUTOTROPHY; heterotrophy; chemotrophy; or PHOTOTROPHY) to utilize different sources to meet their nutrients and energy requirements.Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight [1.00784; 1.00811]. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are PROTONS. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM and the unstable, radioactive isotope TRITIUM.Heavy Ion Radiotherapy: The use of a heavy ion particle beam for radiotherapy, such as the HEAVY IONS of CARBON.Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).Metabolic Networks and Pathways: Complex sets of enzymatic reactions connected to each other via their product and substrate metabolites.Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel: Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.Electrochemical Techniques: The utilization of an electrical current to measure, analyze, or alter chemicals or chemical reactions in solution, cells, or tissues.Charcoal: An amorphous form of carbon prepared from the incomplete combustion of animal or vegetable matter, e.g., wood. The activated form of charcoal is used in the treatment of poisoning. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Ribonucleases: Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds within RNA. EC 3.1.-.Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.Gases: The vapor state of matter; nonelastic fluids in which the molecules are in free movement and their mean positions far apart. Gases tend to expand indefinitely, to diffuse and mix readily with other gases, to have definite relations of volume, temperature, and pressure, and to condense or liquefy at low temperatures or under sufficient pressure. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Insufflation: The act of blowing a powder, vapor, or gas into any body cavity for experimental, diagnostic, or therapeutic purposes.Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851)Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity: The amount of a gas taken up, by the pulmonary capillary blood from the alveolar gas, per minute per unit of average pressure of the gradient of the gas across the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER.Arabidopsis Proteins: Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.Succinates: Derivatives of SUCCINIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a 1,4-carboxy terminated aliphatic structure.Gene Transfer, Horizontal: The naturally occurring transmission of genetic information between organisms, related or unrelated, circumventing parent-to-offspring transmission. Horizontal gene transfer may occur via a variety of naturally occurring processes such as GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; and TRANSFECTION. It may result in a change of the recipient organism's genetic composition (TRANSFORMATION, GENETIC).Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.RNA, Ribosomal, 16S: Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.Water Microbiology: The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.Protein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
Development of analogs of thalidomide
Phosphogluconate dehydratase
GTP cyclohydrolase II
Succinyl-diaminopimelate desuccinylase
Ester - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Klor bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Alcohol - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Nitrile
Patent US3338952 - Process for the catalytic ammoxidation of olefins to nitriles - Google Patents
SHOWA Atlas Ventulus Nitrile Coated Gloves GLV340: Great grip! At newpig.com - New Pig
VG2 Gland Packing (Poly Acrylic Nitrile & Carbon) | Totally Seals®
Sleeve Retraction Stainless Steel Quick Disconnect Couplings Nitrile O Ring Seals Yuyao - ECeurope Market
4.42X2.62 Oring 4.42mm ID X 2.62mm CS NBR Nitrile Acrylonitrile Butadiene ShA 70 Black O Ring Oring Sealing O Ring Rubber - M5...
Preparation of Esters, Amides, and Nitriles - Course Hero
US20040166392A1 - Epoxy nitrile insulator and seal for fuel cell assemblies
- Google Patents
Studies on the mechanism of acute toxicity of nitriles in mice | SpringerLink
Study of surface cleaning methods and pyrolysis temperatures on nanostructured carbon films using x-ray photoelectron...
Biodegradation of Nitriles by Rhodococcus | Springer for Research & Development
Occupational Hearing Loss (OHL) Surveillance | NIOSH | CDC
Patent US7848487 - Methods for sterilizing biological materials containing non-aqueous solvents - Google Patents
Alkyl nitrile | definition of Alkyl nitrile by Medical dictionary
Organic cyanide | definition of Organic cyanide by Medical dictionary
POLYMERIC PHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING COMPOSITIONS AND THEIR USE IN HYDROCYANATION, UNSATURATED NITRILE ISOMERIZATION AND...
Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic and Coordination Compounds, Part B: Applications in Coordination, Organometallic, and...
Palm Coated Gloves: Latex, Nitrile, Vinyl Dipped Work & Safety Gloves
Carbon and Composites | ORNL
Factory Cheap Price Hepa Filter Activated Carbon Air Filter - Buy Factory Cheap Price,Hepa Filter Activated Carbon Air Filter...
One-Pot Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated Esters, Ketones, and Nitriles from Alcohols and Phosphonium Salts
Quinine Sulfate Polymorphs, Processes of Preparing, Compositions and Uses Thereof - Sun, Tong
![IUCr) 2-[1′-(Benz-yl-oxy)spiro-[indane-1,2′-pyrrolidine]-5′-yl]aceto-nitrile](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAIAAACQkWg2AAAAA3NCSVQICAjb4U/gAAAB8ElEQVQokZWSu2qUURSFv33O+eePk2TiBCcXMgS1mEowhWhKLVIoeQdBn0AQfAYLKxsLCxsfQSVFUMELRIhNRC1UgiGXmUnGXOb+n70tJtE6q9mr2Zv1LbZs7zZXv28H7wA1Fq5Of/71zrsEiNqfu3i9/XZJQgJY7J+5PC8vP/y4dW+JQoLBke6/Xrz9dGY0LQIH3cazuzt7xUmpAOgO06/eh+AdhSSMJAoqKiLDCflkCoj2R8RJGTkrgKiJ9wHAUFBjoJOJ2X97YghR4dBUFIM2YC3Fx3WgpSDCTywFYAvUxKxNr4q44wu+3No6dE4AVc3PFNrUBTfIkVIM2fpy980iAUCM3o2j5+UHaSkPdGutO9WHH+slLyUgam1udiXgEsnxb0GcpKV8rpwHTBFx3hWDlAEh5yQ4TqmA9q0HelyGqXVrzUErvd2mmUZtIGEQSS0T0551do6hRSSdPqoeihPA1EYmRvtZlQG0aS45Fzpry43HN2UIwHXpPbL5J1+mhjyw2dG1+1deDE8mYxMY/YPqwsqngAtuBBlKwCRkTphJ/XjqAWc4ITc+lpwvA1LNucHPnRI6ZtYG6wN0UKPejU4A6l1VtWxvn3wVyDY2NEaJzUa2+Q3nAVC5cO3r7wPvBIhql2YLtdVV8R6wGMcrlb/5cufOQ38ZLwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
IUCr) 2-[1′-(Benz-yl-oxy)spiro-[indane-1,2′-pyrrolidine]-5′-yl]aceto-nitrile
SINTEF Open: The effect of hot air exposure on the mechanical properties and carbon dioxide permeability of hydrogenated...
EstersMonoxideHydrocarbonsCyanidesNITROGENAlkylAlcoholsHydrolysis of nitrilesRubberFoam NitrileCarboxylic acidReactionsMoleculesSaltsMolecule2018AliphaticOxygenCyanohydrinsCyanide ionsCranberry CarbonGlovesSealsAtomsAMMOXIDATIONAlkenesAnionToxicCatalystGloveTetrachlorideAcrylonitrileEnzymeChemicalsFunctional groupGripCatalystsRhodococcusBONDSIsonitrilesCarbonylNanotubesOccur naturallyEpoxy
Esters4
- Esters, amides, and nitriles are carboxylic acid derivatives that can be prepared starting from either carboxylic acids or other carboxylic acid derivatives. (coursehero.com)
- Esters with different-length carbon chains are created via Fischer esterification of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. (coursehero.com)
- The combination of a copper-catalyzed oxidation in the presence of oxygen, a deprotonation, and a Wittig reaction enables the synthesis of α,β-unsaturated esters, ketones, and nitriles from alcohols and functionalized phosphonium salts. (organic-chemistry.org)
- Addition of anhydrous cobalt(II)iodide (blue) provides a convenient method (colour change to pink on hydration) for detecting water in alcohols, ketones, nitriles and some esters. (erowid.org)
Monoxide7
- The cyanide ion is isoelectronic with carbon monoxide and with molecular nitrogen . (wikipedia.org)
- At least one isolated microorganism and a fermentation method to convert hydrogen gas, carbon dioxide gas, and/or carbon monoxide gas to a lower alkyl alcohol. (patents.com)
- Specifically, when workers are exposed to noise and ototoxicants such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, lead, and solvent mixtures, ACGIH suggests that employers should conduct periodic audiograms. (cdc.gov)
- Nanowerk News ) Scientists from the Nagoya Institute of Technology (NITech) in Japan have developed a sustainable method to neutralize carbon monoxide, the odorless poison produced by cars and home boilers. (nanowerk.com)
- Traditionally, carbon monoxide needs a noble metal - a rare and expensive ingredient - to convert into carbon dioxide and readily dissipate into the atmosphere. (nanowerk.com)
- Now, a team led by Dr. Teruaki Fuchigami at the NITech has developed a raspberry-shaped nanoparticle capable of the same oxidation process that makes carbon monoxide gain an extra oxygen atom and lose its most potent toxicity. (nanowerk.com)
- A single, simple particle can oxidize carbon monoxide, but it will naturally join with other simple particles. (nanowerk.com)
Hydrocarbons6
- Another rule all hydrocarbons obey is that any carbon atom must have four bonds to fill its outer shell (it has four valence electrons) this can be done by using Hydrogen atoms or by using double or even triple bonds between cabon atoms. (instructables.com)
- Titan's brownish-orange haze comes from a mixture of hydrocarbons and nitrogen-carrying chemicals called nitriles. (forbes.com)
- But "hydrocarbons" already covers a family of hundreds of thousands of molecules containing hydrogen and carbon that have been identified here on Earth in plants and fossil fuels, and many more could exist on other worlds. (forbes.com)
- Data from the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS) show that about seven tons of hydrocarbons and nitriles are being lost into space every day. (centauri-dreams.org)
- Hydrocarbons containing as many as seven carbon atoms were observed, as well as nitrogen- containing hydrocarbons (nitriles). (universetoday.com)
- Titan's dirty orange color comes from a mixture of hydrocarbons (molecules that contain hydrogen and carbon) and nitrogen-carrying chemicals called nitriles. (eurekalert.org)
Cyanides6
- Hartung OR (1982) Cyanides and nitriles. (springer.com)
- Though both nitriles and cyanides can be derived from cyanide salts, most nitriles are not nearly as toxic. (wikipedia.org)
- Bhalla TC, Sharma N, Bhatia RK (2012) Microbial degradation of cyanides and nitriles. (springer.com)
- Organic cyanides are usually called nitriles . (wikipedia.org)
- Prussian blue was first accidentally made around 1706, by heating substances containing iron and carbon and nitrogen, and other cyanides made subsequently (and named after it). (wikipedia.org)
- Organic cyanides are generally called nitriles. (bionity.com)
NITROGEN9
- The nitrogen rule states that organic molecules that contain hydrogen , carbon , nitrogen , oxygen , silicon , phosphorus , sulfur , and the halogens have an odd nominal mass if they have an odd number of nitrogen atoms or an even mass if they have an even number of nitrogen atoms are present. (wikipedia.org)
- It is worthwhile to stand out the natural occurring and synthetic cyclic alkaloids which contain a nitrogen atom adjacent to the spiro carbon. (iucr.org)
- A cyanide is a chemical compound that contains the group C≡N. This group, known as the cyano group , consists of a carbon atom triple-bonded to a nitrogen atom. (wikipedia.org)
- In the -CN group, the carbon atom and the nitrogen atom are triple bonded together. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- A phospholipid has a backbone of carbon atoms (gray), and also contains hydrogen (sky blue), phosphorus (yellow), oxygen (red), and nitrogen (blue). (universetoday.com)
- both of which involve reacting the carbon-nitrogen triple bond with water. (scribd.com)
- Nitriles are molecules with tight nitrogen/carbon bonds. (centauri-dreams.org)
- Generation of nitrile groups on graphites in a nitrogen RF-plasma discharge. (mpg.de)
- This drawing shows the damaged outer wall of a carbon nanotube with nanosized graphene pieces (white patches), which facilitate the formation of catalytic sites made of iron (yellow) and nitrogen (red) atoms. (nanowerk.com)
Alkyl5
- Nitrile anions are the conjugate bases of alkyl nitriles. (wikipedia.org)
- In the latter case, competitive addition of the alkyl group to the nitrile takes place. (wikipedia.org)
- Polyanions of nitriles can also be generated by multiple deprotonations and these species produce polyalkylated products in the presence of alkyl electrophiles. (wikipedia.org)
- Alkyl metal halides are carbon nucleophiles found in the Grignard reaction , Blaise reaction , Reformatsky reaction , and Barbier reaction , organolithium reagents , and anions of a terminal alkyne . (wikipedia.org)
- OCO--alkyl with 1-4 carbon atoms in the alkyl part, --OCO--phenyl, --CO--alkyl with 1-3 carbon atoms in the alkyl part, alkoxy with 1-6 carbon atoms, phenoxy, --CH═CH 2 or ##STR11## or Z 1 and Z 2 each denote hydrogen and Z 3 and Z 4 conjointly denote a ##STR12## grouping. (google.com)
Alcohols1
- Contact with alcohols, acids, ammonia, carbon dioxide or alkaline material and bases produces toxic gases including hydrogen cyanide. (chemicalbook.com)
Hydrolysis of nitriles2
- Hydrolysis of nitriles. (muni.cz)
- This is described as hydrolysis of nitriles The two methods produce slightly different products .you just have to be careful to get this right. (scribd.com)
Rubber4
- For the synthetic rubber product, see Nitrile rubber . (wikipedia.org)
- Nitrile rubber is also widely used as automotive and other seals since it is resistant to fuels and oils. (wikipedia.org)
- Mechanical Shaft Seals have Nitrile rubber components (212 o F max) as standard. (oberdorfer-pumps.com)
- Gasket Material Nitrile rubber. (ippe.com)
Foam Nitrile3
- Variety of high-viz string-knit gloves palm dipped in materials like foam nitrile, polyurethane, pvc, microfinish-grip foam latex, or thick latex. (superiorglove.com)
- Nylon knit, foam nitrile dipped. (superiorglove.com)
- 3/4 foam nitrile coating on a nylon shell. (superiorglove.com)
Carboxylic acid2
- Nitriles are converted into the less toxic carboxylic acid either by nitrilases or by nitrile hydratase (NHase)/amidase systems. (springer.com)
- Converting the nitrile into a carboxylic acid There are two ways of doing this. (scribd.com)
Reactions9
- The mechanisms of reactions involving nitrile anions depend primarily on the nature of the electrophile involved. (wikipedia.org)
- Nitrile anions can also be involved in Michael-type additions to activated double bonds and vinylation reactions with a limited number of polarized, unhindered acetylene derivatives. (wikipedia.org)
- The major problem associated with alkylation reactions employing nitrile anions is over-alkylation. (wikipedia.org)
- The cyclization of ω-epoxy-1-nitriles provides an interesting example of how stereoelectronic factors may override steric factors in intramolecular substitution reactions. (wikipedia.org)
- These intermediates almost always react with α selectitivity in alkylation reactions, the exception to the rule being anions of ortho-tolyl nitriles. (wikipedia.org)
- 6) Examples of arylation and acylation reactions of nitriles are shown below. (wikipedia.org)
- Transition metal nitrile complexes are also expected to form as transient species in certain metal catalyzed reactions of nitriles, such as the Hoesch reaction and the hydrogenation of nitriles. (wikipedia.org)
- Reactions on the carbon rest of the alcohol molecule. (muni.cz)
- Further work is needed to classify both the carbon species which are formed and from which reactions the carbon species stem from. (bibsys.no)
Molecules2
- In inorganic chemisty the combination of 2 different element generally produces only 1, 2 or 3 different molecules but in organic chemistry the combination of just Carbon and Hydrogen can produce MILLIONS of different molecules! (instructables.com)
- When the light hits molecules in Titan's ionosphere, it ejects negatively charged electrons out of the hydrocarbon and nitrile molecules, leaving a positively charged particle behind. (centauri-dreams.org)
Salts2
- In other cases, a suspension of the metal is oxidized with a solution of NOBF4 in the nitrile: Ni + 6 MeCN + 2 NOBF4 → [Ni(MeCN)BF4)2 + 2 NO When applied to the hexacarbonyls of molybdenum and tungsten, the NO binds to the metal: M(CO)6 + 4 MeCN + 2 NOBF4 → [M(NO)2(MeCN)BF4)2 Many homoleptic nitrile complexes are isolated as salts with weakly coordinating anions. (wikipedia.org)
- Because they do not release cyanide ions, nitriles are generally far less toxic than cyanide salts. (wikipedia.org)
Molecule4
- The Rule of 13 is a simple procedure for tabulating possible chemical formula for a given molecular mass. The first step in applying the rule is to assume that only carbon and hydrogen are present in the molecule and that the molecule comprises some number of CH "units" each of which has a nominal mass of 13. (wikipedia.org)
- Alkanes have the molecular formula of "CnH2n+2" which means for every carbon molecule there are two hydrogens plus two more. (instructables.com)
- The prefix cyano is used in chemical nomenclature to indicate the presence of a nitrile group in a molecule. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- In the example below, the oxygen of the hydroxide ion donates an electron pair to bond with the carbon at the end of the bromopropane molecule. (wikipedia.org)
20182
- An X, Cheng Y, Huang M, Sun Y, Wang H, Chen X, Wang J, Li D, Li C (2018) Treating organic cyanide-containing groundwater by immobilization of a nitrile-degrading bacterium with a biofilm-forming bacterium using fluidized bed reactors. (springer.com)
- Bhalla TC, Kumar V, Kumar V, Thakur N (2018) Nitrile metabolizing enzymes in biocatalysis and biotransformation. (springer.com)
Aliphatic3
- Although NHases, nitrilases and amidases produced by different strains exhibit different catalytic characteristics towards aliphatic nitriles and aromatic nitriles, these enzymes exhibit considerable homology in amino acid sequence or structure. (springer.com)
- Preferentially hydrolyses aliphatic nitriles, some of which are apparently not substrates for other known nitrilases (EC 3.5.5.1 ). (genome.jp)
- Primary structure of an aliphatic nitrile-degrading enzyme, aliphatic nitrilase, from Rhodococcus rhodochrous K22 and expression of its gene and identification of its active site residue. (genome.jp)
Oxygen3
- In the presence of an acid catalyst and heat, the oxygen on the carbonyl carbon is protonated. (coursehero.com)
- Of the surface cleaning methods investigated, in-situ annealing of the films at 300 Degree-Sign C for 40 min was found to be the most efficacious in removing adventitious carbon and oxygen impurities from the surface. (osti.gov)
- Their findings are published in the May 27 online edition of the journal Nature Nanotechnology ( 'An oxygen reduction electrocatalyst based on carbon nanotube graphene complexes' ). (nanowerk.com)
Cyanohydrins2
- The cyanohydrins are a special class of nitriles. (wikipedia.org)
- Some nitriles, which occur naturally as cyanohydrins , release hydrogen cyanide. (wikipedia.org)
Cyanide ions2
- All the test nitriles liberated cyanide ions both in vivo and in vitro, with the exception of benzonitrile, although the extent of liberation and the effect of carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) pretreatment on the mortality of animals differed among nitriles. (springer.com)
- Nitriles usually do not release cyanide ions. (wikipedia.org)
Cranberry Carbon1
- The distinctive black color of Cranberry Carbon® Powder-free Nitrile Gloves minimizes visible staining, while enhanced fingertip texture offers superior handling and control. (practicon.com)
Gloves13
- Lavender Nitrile Powder-Free Exam Gloves are the glove of choice in medical facilities worldwide. (practicon.com)
- The patented low-dermatitis technology of Cranberry Transcend™ Powder-free Nitrile Gloves protects against Type I and Type IV hypersensitivity. (practicon.com)
- Cranberry Inspire™ Nitrile Exam Gloves are Cranberry's best-fitting, lightest gloves yet. (practicon.com)
- Cranberry Luxe™ Nitrile Exam Gloves are coated with lanolin and vitamin E to soothe and comfort hands. (practicon.com)
- BeeSure SuperSlim Nitrile PF Exam Gloves are ultrathin (2 mil) to conform to hands for superior comfort and tactile sensitivity. (practicon.com)
- Glacier nitrile gloves offer waste-reducing packaging, latex-like comfort BeeSure Naturals Glacier Powder-Free Nitrile Exam Gloves have a thin design that is soft and elastic for latex-like comfort. (practicon.com)
- Cranberry Crave Powder-Free Nitrile Exam Gloves are coated with revitalizing lanolin and feature increased vitamin E content for optimal dry skin relief. (practicon.com)
- Blossom Powder Free Nitrile Exam Gloves with C.O.A.T.S. (practicon.com)
- SHOWA Atlas Ventulus Nitrile Coated Gloves GLV340: Great grip! (newpig.com)
- Endless combinations are the result of combining cotton, nylon, Kevlar®, Dyneema® and composite-yarn gloves with palm coatings like latex, PVC, polyurethane, and nitrile, not to mention the foamed versions of some these coatings. (superiorglove.com)
- Touchscreen palm dipped gloves in materials like foamed nitrile, micropore nitrile, polyurethane palms or fingertips. (superiorglove.com)
- Be sure to wear goggles and nitrile gloves for this step. (instructables.com)
- Designed for those who have sensitivities to regular nitrile gloves. (montanamedexpress.com)
Seals1
- In most instances, Fluoroelastomer and Chemlon seals are not field interchangeable with the standard Nitrile seals. (oberdorfer-pumps.com)
Atoms6
- All Alkanes are "Saturated" which means that the bonds between all of the Carbon atoms are single (using only 2 electrons) this is represented by a line between them. (instructables.com)
- The next image (2) is of ethane the next alkane, and after that in image 3 is propane as you may have noticed because they are both alkanes the suffix hasn't changed but as the number of carbon atoms increases the prefix changes. (instructables.com)
- The molecular formula for all alkenes is CnH2n where put simply the number of hydrogen atoms is double that of the carbon atoms. (instructables.com)
- The first alkene is not methene as we would expect but it is ethene (1), this is because it must have a double bond and this requires two or more carbon atoms. (instructables.com)
- The tail consists of one or more strings of carbon atoms, typically 15 to 20 atoms long, with hydrogen atoms linked on each side. (universetoday.com)
- The carboxylic acids with up to four carbon atoms will mix with water in any proportion. (scribd.com)
AMMOXIDATION4
- This invention relates to the catalytic oxidation of olefins to aldehydes and conjugated dienes and to the catalytic ammoxidation of olefins to nitriles. (google.com)
- Industrially, the main methods for producing nitriles are ammoxidation and hydrocyanation . (wikipedia.org)
- The present invention relates to a metal oxide catalyst used in production of unsaturated nitriles by ammoxidation. (patentgenius.com)
- Hitherto, various compositions of catalysts have been disclosed as catalysts suitable for production of unsaturated nitriles by ammoxidation, for example, production of acrylonitrile by ammoxidation of propylene, production of methacrylonitrileby ammoxidation of isobutylene or tertiary buthanol, etc. (patentgenius.com)
Alkenes1
- Hydrocyanation is an industrial method for producing nitriles from hydrogen cyanide and alkenes. (wikipedia.org)
Anion1
- concentrations of the nitrile anion must be high to mitigate processes involving self-condensation, such as the Thorpe-Ziegler reaction. (wikipedia.org)
Toxic1
- Therefore, a variety of nitrile-converting bacterial species are used to alleviate this toxic effect. (springer.com)
Catalyst1
- 9. A process for producing an unsaturated nitrile comprising ammoxidating an olefin in the presence of a catalyst composition according to claim 1. (patentgenius.com)
Glove2
- Purple nitrile exam glove, ambidextrous 9.5" beaded cuff. (montanamedexpress.com)
- Premium black nitrile medical-grade exam glove. (montanamedexpress.com)
Tetrachloride4
- Castro JA, Díaz-Gómez MI, De Ferreyra EC, De Castro CR, D'Acosta N, De Fenos OM (1972) Carbon tetrachloride effect on rat liver and adrenals related to their mixed function oxygenase content. (springer.com)
- Glende EA (1972) On the mechanism of carbon tetrachloride toxicity-coincidence of loss of drug-metabolizing activity with peroxidation of microsomal lipid. (springer.com)
- Glende EA, Hruszkewycz AM, Recknagel RO (1976) Critical role of lipid peroxidation in carbon tetrachloride-induced loss of aminopyrine demethylase, cytochrome P-450 and glucose-6-phosphatase. (springer.com)
- Carbon Tetrachloride (rev. (cdc.gov)
Acrylonitrile1
- INEOS Nitriles is the world's largest producer of acrylonitrile a key chemical building block used ultimately in the automotive, home appliance, garment, carbon fiber and water purification industries. (ineos.com)
Enzyme1
- Double-reciprocal plots of enzyme activity showed a linear relationship for nitriles of group 1 and a non-linear one for group 2. (springer.com)
Chemicals1
Functional group3
- A nitrile is any organic compound that has a − C ≡ N functional group . (wikipedia.org)
- A functional group with a hydroxyl and cyanide bonded to the same carbon is called cyanohydrin . (wikipedia.org)
- The -C ≡ N functional group is called a nitrile group . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Grip1
- Coatings like polyurethane, nitrile and latex offer excellent grip and touch sensitivity. (superiorglove.com)
Catalysts4
- These polymers and the corresponding phosphonylated 2,2'dihydroxyl-1,1'-binaphthalene or biphenylene monomers may be combined with a group VIII metal to form catalysts for hydrocyanation, hydroformylation or unsaturated nitrile isomerization. (sumobrain.com)
- Nanowerk News ) Multi-walled carbon nanotubes riddled with defects and impurities on the outside could replace some of the expensive platinum catalysts used in fuel cells and metal-air batteries, according to scientists at Stanford University. (nanowerk.com)
- Carbon nanotubes could be an excellent alternative to the platinum, palladium and other precious-metal catalysts now in use. (nanowerk.com)
- This technique could help make carbon nanotubes an attractive, low-cost alternative to platinum catalysts in fuel cells. (nanowerk.com)
Rhodococcus1
- While studies on the biodegradation of nitrile pollutants focus on the screening and discovery of strains, the industrial application of these enzymes as biocatalysts focuses on engineering combined with immobilization of both Rhodococcus cells and enzymes to improve their performance under the adverse conditions in the catalytic process. (springer.com)
BONDS2
- C▬H activation strategy is a fast-developing and straightforward concept, used in the construction of a diverse variety of bonds such as carbon▬carbon (C▬C) and carbon▬hetero (C▬O/N/S/P) bonds and also used is the heterofunctionalization/heterocyclization of quinones. (intechopen.com)
- The construction of carbon▬carbon (C▬C) bond or carbon▬hetero atom (C▬X) bond on quinone has been reported either using pre-functionalized starting materials or direct functionalization of C▬H bonds [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. (intechopen.com)
Isonitriles1
Carbonyl1
- The alcohol group attacks the carbonyl carbon because it is partially positively charged. (coursehero.com)
Nanotubes4
- Further, discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in 1991 6 and their subsequent use to fabricate composites exhibiting some of the unique CNT related mechanical, thermal and electrical properties 7-9 added a new and interesting dimension to this area. (scielo.br)
- Carbon nanotubes and graphene are excellent conductors of electricity and relatively inexpensive to produce. (nanowerk.com)
- For the study, the Stanford team used multi-walled carbon nanotubes consisting of two or three concentric tubes nested together. (nanowerk.com)
- This microscopy image shows the damaged outer walls of double- and triple-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) after being treated in a chemical solution. (nanowerk.com)
Occur naturally1
- Nitriles occur naturally in the environment, are produced by the metabolic pathways of organisms or are released by the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, from agricultural applications or from the processing of fossil fuels. (springer.com)
Epoxy1
- Apply epoxy to the carbon fiber layer on the front and back of the mold. (instructables.com)
![IUCr) 2-[1′-(Benz-yl-oxy)spiro-[indane-1,2′-pyrrolidine]-5′-yl]aceto-nitrile](http://journals.iucr.org/e/issues/2013/08/00/hg5325/hg5325scheme1.gif)
