Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Carbon
Carboxyhemoglobin
Carbon Dioxide
Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity
Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing)
Heme Oxygenase-1
Nanotubes, Carbon
Deuteroporphyrins
Tars
Protoporphyrins
Heme
Hyperbaric Oxygenation
Air Pollutants
Mesoporphyrins
Oxygen
Carbon Isotopes
Hemoglobins
Respiratory Function Tests
Myoglobin
Multienzyme Complexes
Hemin
Oxidation-Reduction
Spectrophotometry
Hemeproteins
Nitrogen Dioxide
Cyanides
Gases
Organometallic Compounds
Lung
Pulmonary Gas Exchange
Sulfur Dioxide
Nitric Oxide
Oxyhemoglobins
Carbon Tetrachloride
Vehicle Emissions
Euryarchaeota
Nicotine
Hydrogen
Methemoglobin
Nickel
Hydrogenase
Carbon Sequestration
Ventilation
Boranes
Vital Capacity
Administration, Inhalation
Air Pollution
Biliverdine
Carbon Disulfide
Total Lung Capacity
Smoke
Hydrogen Sulfide
Leghemoglobin
Clostridium
Metalloporphyrins
Methane
Environmental Exposure
Guanylate Cyclase
Particulate Matter
Ethane
Smoke Inhalation Injury
Smoking Cessation
Lung Volume Measurements
Acetylene
Acetyl Coenzyme A
Cotinine
Rhodospirillum rubrum
Hemoglobin A
Iron
Acetates
Environmental Monitoring
Wood
Charcoal
Spectrophotometry, Infrared
Ozone
Inhalation Exposure
Pulmonary Emphysema
Nitrogen
Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy
Heating
Antimetabolites
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning
Gasoline
Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
Carbonates
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Acetate-CoA Ligase
Fossil Fuels
Whales
Forced Expiratory Volume
Pseudomonas
Chlorofluorocarbons, Methane
Peptococcaceae
Internal electron transfer between hemes and Cu(II) bound at cysteine beta93 promotes methemoglobin reduction by carbon monoxide. (1/2768)
Previous studies showed that CO/H2O oxidation provides electrons to drive the reduction of oxidized hemoglobin (metHb). We report here that Cu(II) addition accelerates the rate of metHb beta chain reduction by CO by a factor of about 1000. A mechanism whereby electron transfer occurs via an internal pathway coupling CO/H2O oxidation to Fe(III) and Cu(II) reduction is suggested by the observation that the copper-induced rate enhancement is inhibited by blocking Cys-beta93 with N-ethylmaleimide. Furthermore, this internal electron-transfer pathway is more readily established at low Cu(II) concentrations in Hb Deer Lodge (beta2His --> Arg) and other species lacking His-beta2 than in Hb A0. This difference is consistent with preferential binding of Cu(II) in Hb A0 to a high affinity site involving His-beta2, which is ineffective in promoting electron exchange between Cu(II) and the beta heme iron. Effective electron transfer is thus affected by Hb type but is not governed by the R left arrow over right arrow T conformational equilibrium. The beta hemes in Cu(II)-metHb are reduced under CO at rates close to those observed for cytochrome c oxidase, where heme and copper are present together in the oxygen-binding site and where internal electron transfer also occurs. (+info)Subunit dissociation in fish hemoglobins. (2/2768)
The tetramer-dimer dissociation equilibria (K 4,2) of several fish hemoglobins have been examined by sedimentation velocity measurements with a scanner-computer system for the ultracentrifuge and by flash photolysis measurements using rapid kinetic methods. Samples studied in detail included hemoglobins from a marine teleost, Brevoortia tyrannus (common name, menhaden); a fresh water teleost, Cyprinus carpio, (common name, carp); and an elasmobranch Prionace glauca (common name, blue shark). For all three species in the CO form at pH 7, in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, sedimentation coefficients of 4.3 S (typical of tetrameric hemoglobin) are observed in the micromolar concentration range. In contrast, mammalian hemoglobins dissociate appreciably to dimers under these conditions. The inability to detect dissociation in three fish hemoglobins at the lowest concentrations examined indicates that K 4,2 must have a value of 10(-8) M or less. In flash photolysis experiments on very dilute solutions in long path length cells, two kinetic components were detected with their proportions varying as expected for an equilibrium between tetramers (the slower component) and dimers (the faster component); values of K 4,2 for the three fish hemoglobins in the range 10(-9) to 10(-8) M were calculated from these data. Thus, the values of K 4,2 for liganded forms of the fish hemoglobins appear to be midway between the value for liganded human hemoglobin (K 4,2 approximately 10(-6) M) and unliganded human hemoglobin (K 4,2 approximately 10(-12) M). This conclusion is supported by measurements on solutions containing guanidine hydrochloride to enhance the degree of dissociation. All three fish hemoglobins are appreciably dissociated at guanidine concentrations of about 0.8 M, which is roughly midway between the guanidine concentrations needed to cause comparable dissociation of liganded human hemoglobin (about 0.4 M) and unliganded human hemoglobin (about 1.6 M). Kinetic measurements on solutions containing guanidine hydrochloride indicated that there are changes in both the absolute rates and the proportions of the fast and slow components, which along with other factors complicated the analysis of the data in terms of dissociation constants. Measurements were also made in solutions containing urea to promote dissociation, but with this agent very high concentrations (about 6 M) were required to give measureable dissociation and the fish hemoglobins were unstable under these conditions, with appreciable loss of absorbance spectra in both the sedimentation and kinetic experiments. (+info)Reactivity of cyanate with valine-1 (alpha) of hemoglobin. A probe of conformational change and anion binding. (3/2768)
The 3-fold increase in the carbamylation rate of Val-1 (alpha) of hemoglobin upon deoxygenation described earlier is now shown to be a sensitive probe of conformational change. Thus, whereas this residue in methemoglobin A is carbamylated at the same rate as in liganded hemoglobin, upon addition of inositol hexaphosphate its carbamylation rate is enhanced 30% as much as the total change in the rate between the CO and deoxy states. For CO-hemoglobin Kansas in the presence of the organic phosphate, the relative increase in the carbamylation rate of this residue is about 50%. These results indicate that methemoglobin A and hemoglobin Kansas in the presence of inositol hexaphosphate do not assume a conformation identical with deoxyhemoglobin but rather form either a mixture of R and T states or an intermediate conformation in the region around Val-1 (alpha). Studies on the mechanism for the rate enhancement in deoxyhemoglobin suggest that the cyanate anion binds to groups in the vicinity of Val-1 (alpha) prior to proton transfer and carbamylation of this NH2-terminal residue. Thus, specific removal with carboxypeptidase B of Arg-141 (alpha), which is close to Val-1 (alpha) in deoxyhemoglobin, abolishes the enhancement in carbamylation. Chloride, which has the same valency as cyanate, is a better competitive inhibitor of the carbamylation of deoxyhemoglobin (Ki = 50 mM) compared with liganded hemoglobin. Nitrate and iodide are also effective inhibitors of the carbamylation of Val-1 (alpha) of deoxyhemoglobin (Ki = 35 mM); inorganic phosphate, sulfate, and fluoride are poor competitive inhibitors. The change in pKa of Val-1 (alpha) upon deoxygenation may be due to its differential interaction with chloride. (+info)Condensation of carbon in radioactive supernova gas. (4/2768)
Chemistry resulting in the formation of large carbon-bearing molecules and dust in the interior of an expanding supernova was explored, and the equations governing their abundances were solved numerically. Carbon dust condenses from initially gaseous carbon and oxygen atoms because energetic electrons produced by radioactivity in the supernova cause dissociation of the carbon monoxide molecules, which would otherwise form and limit the supply of carbon atoms. The resulting free carbon atoms enable carbon dust to grow faster by carbon association than the rate at which the dust can be destroyed by oxidation. The origin of presolar micrometer-sized carbon solids that are found in meteorites is thereby altered. (+info)Structural dynamics of ligand diffusion in the protein matrix: A study on a new myoglobin mutant Y(B10) Q(E7) R(E10). (5/2768)
A triple mutant of sperm whale myoglobin (Mb) [Leu(B10) --> Tyr, His(E7) --> Gln, and Thr(E10) --> Arg, called Mb-YQR], investigated by stopped-flow, laser photolysis, crystallography, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, proved to be quite unusual. Rebinding of photodissociated NO, O2, and CO from within the protein (in a "geminate" mode) allows us to reach general conclusions about dynamics and cavities in proteins. The 3D structure of oxy Mb-YQR shows that bound O2 makes two H-bonds with Tyr(B10)29 and Gln(E7)64; on deoxygenation, these two residues move toward the space occupied by O2. The bimolecular rate constant for NO binding is the same as for wild-type, but those for CO and O2 binding are reduced 10-fold. While there is no geminate recombination with O2 and CO, geminate rebinding of NO displays an unusually large and very slow component, which is pretty much abolished in the presence of xenon. These results and MD simulations suggest that the ligand migrates in the protein matrix to a major "secondary site," located beneath Tyr(B10)29 and accessible via the motion of Ile(G8)107; this site is different from the "primary site" identified by others who investigated the photolyzed state of wild-type Mb by crystallography. Our hypothesis may rationalize the O2 binding properties of Mb-YQR, and more generally to propose a mechanism of control of ligand binding and dissociation in hemeproteins based on the dynamics of side chains that may (or may not) allow access to and direct temporary sequestration of the dissociated ligand in a docking site within the protein. This interpretation suggests that very fast (picosecond) fluctuations of amino acid side chains may play a crucial role in controlling O2 delivery to tissue at a rate compatible with physiology. (+info)Heterotropic effectors exert more significant strain on monoligated than on unligated hemoglobin. (6/2768)
The effect of allosteric effectors, such as inositol hexakisphosphate and/or bezafibrate, has been investigated on the unliganded human adult hemoglobin both spectroscopically (employing electronic absorption, circular dichroism, resonance Raman, and x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopies) and functionally (following the kinetics of the first CO binding step up to a final 4% ligand saturation degree). All data indicate that the unliganded T-state is not perturbed by the interaction with either one or both effectors, suggesting that their functional influence is only exerted when a ligand molecule is bound to the heme. This is confirmed by the observation that CO dissociation from partially liganded hemoglobin ( +info)Evaluation of passive smoking by measuring urinary trans, trans-muconic acid and exhaled carbon monoxide levels. (7/2768)
No method has yet been established to evaluate the exposure to tobacco smoke in passive smoking (PS). We therefore conducted a study on the possibility that the levels of urinary trans, trans-muconic acid (MA) and the exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) could be indices of the passive exposure to tobacco smoke. The moderate correlation was observed between urinary MA levels and the number of consumed cigarettes per day in smokers. The mean urinary MA level of the PS (+) group was significantly higher than that with the PS (-) group. Among the PS (+) group, the mean MA level in the urine obtained in the afternoon was higher than that obtained in the morning. A high correlation was observed between the exhaled CO levels and the number of consumed cigarettes per day in smokers. Like the urinary MA level, the mean exhaled CO level in the PS (+) group, too, gave a significantly higher level than in the PS (-) group. Because the biological half life of MA (7.5 +/- 0.85 h) was longer than that of CO (3.0 +/- 0.36 h), the measurement of urinary MA level is recommended for evaluating the exposure of passive smoking. The measurement of exhaled CO levels is useful only for chain smokers and nonsmokers with PS just before measurement. (+info)Chlamydomonas chloroplast ferrous hemoglobin. Heme pocket structure and reactions with ligands. (8/2768)
We report the optical and resonance Raman spectral characterization of ferrous recombinant Chlamydomonas LI637 hemoglobin. We show that it is present in three pH-dependent equilibrium forms including a 4-coordinate species at acid pH, a 5-coordinate high spin species at neutral pH, and a 6-coordinate low spin species at alkaline pH. The proximal ligand to the heme is the imidazole group of a histidine. Kinetics of the reactions with ligands were determined by stopped-flow spectroscopy. At alkaline pH, combination with oxygen, nitric oxide, and carbon monoxide displays a kinetic behavior that is interpreted as being rate-limited by conversion of the 6-coordinate form to a reactive 5-coordinate form. At neutral pH, combination rates of the 5-coordinate form with oxygen and carbon monoxide were much faster (>10(7) microM-1 s-1). The dissociation rate constant measured for oxygen is among the slowest known, 0.014 s-1, and is independent of pH. Replacement of the tyrosine 63 (B10) by leucine or of the putative distal glutamine by glycine increases the dissociation rate constant 70- and 30-fold and increases the rate of autoxidation 20- and 90-fold, respectively. These results are consistent with at least two hydrogen bonds stabilizing the bound oxygen molecule, one from tyrosine B10 and the other from the distal glutamine. In addition, the high frequency (232 cm-1) of the iron-histidine bond suggests a structure that lacks any proximal strain thus contributing to high ligand affinity. (+info)Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that is slightly less dense than air. It is toxic to hemoglobic animals when encountered in concentrations above about 35 ppm. This compound is a product of incomplete combustion of organic matter, and is a major component of automobile exhaust.
Carbon monoxide is poisonous because it binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells much more strongly than oxygen does, forming carboxyhemoglobin. This prevents the transport of oxygen throughout the body, which can lead to suffocation and death. Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning include headache, dizziness, weakness, nausea, vomiting, confusion, and disorientation. Prolonged exposure can lead to unconsciousness and death.
Carbon monoxide detectors are commonly used in homes and other buildings to alert occupants to the presence of this dangerous gas. It is important to ensure that these devices are functioning properly and that they are placed in appropriate locations throughout the building. Additionally, it is essential to maintain appliances and heating systems to prevent the release of carbon monoxide into living spaces.
Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is a medical condition that occurs when carbon monoxide gas is inhaled, leading to the accumulation of this toxic gas in the bloodstream. Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas produced by the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels such as natural gas, propane, oil, wood, or coal.
When carbon monoxide is inhaled, it binds to hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. This binding forms carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), which reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and leads to hypoxia, or insufficient oxygen supply to the body's tissues and organs.
The symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning can vary depending on the level of exposure and the duration of exposure. Mild to moderate CO poisoning may cause symptoms such as headache, dizziness, weakness, nausea, vomiting, chest pain, and confusion. Severe CO poisoning can lead to loss of consciousness, seizures, heart failure, respiratory failure, and even death.
Carbon monoxide poisoning is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment. Treatment typically involves administering high-flow oxygen therapy to help eliminate carbon monoxide from the body and prevent further damage to tissues and organs. In some cases, hyperbaric oxygen therapy may be used to accelerate the elimination of CO from the body.
Prevention is key in avoiding carbon monoxide poisoning. It is essential to ensure that all fuel-burning appliances are properly maintained and ventilated, and that carbon monoxide detectors are installed and functioning correctly in homes and other enclosed spaces.
In the context of medical definitions, 'carbon' is not typically used as a standalone term. Carbon is an element with the symbol C and atomic number 6, which is naturally abundant in the human body and the environment. It is a crucial component of all living organisms, forming the basis of organic compounds, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).
Carbon forms strong covalent bonds with various elements, allowing for the creation of complex molecules that are essential to life. In this sense, carbon is a fundamental building block of life on Earth. However, it does not have a specific medical definition as an isolated term.
Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) is a form of hemoglobin that has bonded with carbon monoxide (CO), a colorless, odorless gas. Normally, hemoglobin in red blood cells binds with oxygen (O2) to carry it throughout the body. However, when exposed to CO, hemoglobin preferentially binds with it, forming carboxyhemoglobin, which reduces the amount of oxygen that can be carried by the blood. This can lead to hypoxia (lack of oxygen in tissues) and potentially serious medical consequences, including death. Carbon monoxide exposure can occur from sources such as smoke inhalation, vehicle exhaust, or faulty heating systems.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless, odorless gas that is naturally present in the Earth's atmosphere. It is a normal byproduct of cellular respiration in humans, animals, and plants, and is also produced through the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas.
In medical terms, carbon dioxide is often used as a respiratory stimulant and to maintain the pH balance of blood. It is also used during certain medical procedures, such as laparoscopic surgery, to insufflate (inflate) the abdominal cavity and create a working space for the surgeon.
Elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the body can lead to respiratory acidosis, a condition characterized by an increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood and a decrease in pH. This can occur in conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, or other lung diseases that impair breathing and gas exchange. Symptoms of respiratory acidosis may include shortness of breath, confusion, headache, and in severe cases, coma or death.
Pulmonary diffusing capacity, also known as pulmonary diffusion capacity, is a measure of the ability of the lungs to transfer gas from the alveoli to the bloodstream. It is often used to assess the severity of lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pulmonary fibrosis.
The most common measurement of pulmonary diffusing capacity is the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO), which reflects the transfer of carbon monoxide from the alveoli to the red blood cells in the capillaries. The DLCO is measured during a spirometry test, which involves breathing in a small amount of carbon monoxide and then measuring how much of it is exhaled.
A reduced DLCO may indicate a problem with the lung's ability to transfer oxygen to the blood, which can be caused by a variety of factors including damage to the alveoli or capillaries, thickening of the alveolar membrane, or a decrease in the surface area available for gas exchange.
It is important to note that other factors such as hemoglobin concentration, carboxyhemoglobin level, and lung volume can also affect the DLCO value, so these should be taken into account when interpreting the results of a diffusing capacity test.
Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an inducible enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of heme into biliverdin, iron, and carbon monoxide. It is a rate-limiting enzyme in the oxidative degradation of heme. HO-1 is known to play a crucial role in cellular defense against oxidative stress and inflammation. It is primarily located in the microsomes of many tissues, including the spleen, liver, and brain. Induction of HO-1 has been shown to have cytoprotective effects, while deficiency in HO-1 has been associated with several pathological conditions, such as vascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer.
Aldehyde oxidoreductases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids using NAD+ or FAD as cofactors. They play a crucial role in the detoxification of aldehydes generated from various metabolic processes, such as lipid peroxidation and alcohol metabolism. These enzymes are widely distributed in nature and have been identified in bacteria, yeast, plants, and animals.
The oxidation reaction catalyzed by aldehyde oxidoreductases involves the transfer of electrons from the aldehyde substrate to the cofactor, resulting in the formation of a carboxylic acid and reduced NAD+ or FAD. The enzymes are classified into several families based on their sequence similarity and cofactor specificity.
One of the most well-known members of this family is alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), which catalyzes the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes or ketones as part of the alcohol metabolism pathway. Another important member is aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), which further oxidizes the aldehydes generated by ADH to carboxylic acids, thereby preventing the accumulation of toxic aldehydes in the body.
Deficiencies in ALDH enzymes have been linked to several human diseases, including alcoholism and certain types of cancer. Therefore, understanding the structure and function of aldehyde oxidoreductases is essential for developing new therapeutic strategies to treat these conditions.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are defined in medical literature as hollow, cylindrical structures composed of rolled graphene sheets, with diameters typically measuring on the nanoscale (ranging from 1 to several tens of nanometers) and lengths that can reach several micrometers. They can be single-walled (SWCNTs), consisting of a single layer of graphene, or multi-walled (MWCNTs), composed of multiple concentric layers of graphene.
Carbon nanotubes have unique mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties that make them promising for various biomedical applications, such as drug delivery systems, biosensors, and tissue engineering scaffolds. However, their potential toxicity and long-term effects on human health are still under investigation, particularly concerning their ability to induce oxidative stress, inflammation, and genotoxicity in certain experimental settings.
Deuteroporphyrins are porphyrin derivatives that contain two carboxylic acid side chains. They are intermediates in the biosynthesis of heme and chlorophyll, which are essential molecules for biological processes such as oxygen transport and photosynthesis, respectively.
Deuteroporphyrins can be further classified into isomers based on the position of the carboxylic acid side chains. The most common isomer is deuteroporphyrin IX, which has the carboxylic acid side chains located at positions 1 and 2 relative to the pyrrole nitrogen atoms.
Deuteroporphyrins have been studied in various medical contexts, including as potential markers of porphyria, a group of metabolic disorders characterized by the accumulation of porphyrin precursors. Additionally, deuteroporphyrins and their derivatives have been investigated for their potential use in photodynamic therapy, a treatment modality that uses light-activated drugs to destroy cancer cells.
"Tars" is not a recognized medical term. However, "tarso-" is a prefix in anatomy that refers to the ankle or hind part of an organ. For example, the tarsal bones are the bones that make up the ankle and the rear part of the foot. Additionally, tarsus can refer to the thickened portion of the eyelid which contains the eyelashes. It is important to ensure you have the correct term when seeking medical information.
Protoporphyrins are organic compounds that are the immediate precursors to heme in the porphyrin synthesis pathway. They are composed of a porphyrin ring, which is a large, complex ring made up of four pyrrole rings joined together, with an acetate and a propionate side chain at each pyrrole. Protoporphyrins are commonly found in nature and are important components of many biological systems, including hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body.
There are several different types of protoporphyrins, including protoporphyrin IX, which is the most common form found in humans and other animals. Protoporphyrins can be measured in the blood or other tissues as a way to diagnose or monitor certain medical conditions, such as lead poisoning or porphyrias, which are rare genetic disorders that affect the production of heme. Elevated levels of protoporphyrins in the blood or tissues can indicate the presence of these conditions and may require further evaluation and treatment.
Heme is not a medical term per se, but it is a term used in the field of medicine and biology. Heme is a prosthetic group found in hemoproteins, which are proteins that contain a heme iron complex. This complex plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including oxygen transport (in hemoglobin), electron transfer (in cytochromes), and chemical catalysis (in peroxidases and catalases).
The heme group consists of an organic component called a porphyrin ring, which binds to a central iron atom. The iron atom can bind or release electrons, making it essential for redox reactions in the body. Heme is also vital for the formation of hemoglobin and myoglobin, proteins responsible for oxygen transport and storage in the blood and muscles, respectively.
In summary, heme is a complex organic-inorganic structure that plays a critical role in several biological processes, particularly in electron transfer and oxygen transport.
Hyperbaric oxygenation is a medical treatment in which a patient breathes pure oxygen in a pressurized chamber, typically at greater than one atmosphere absolute (ATA). This process results in increased levels of oxygen being dissolved in the blood and delivered to body tissues, thereby promoting healing, reducing inflammation, and combating infection. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is used to treat various medical conditions, including carbon monoxide poisoning, decompression sickness, gangrene, and wounds that are slow to heal due to diabetes or radiation injury.
Photolysis is a term used in medical and scientific contexts to describe a chemical reaction that is initiated by the absorption of light or photons. In this process, a molecule absorbs a photon, which provides sufficient energy to break a bond within the molecule, leading to the formation of two or more smaller molecules or radicals. This phenomenon is particularly relevant in fields such as pharmacology and toxicology, where photolysis can alter the chemical structure and biological activity of drugs and other substances upon exposure to light.
Air pollutants are substances or mixtures of substances present in the air that can have negative effects on human health, the environment, and climate. These pollutants can come from a variety of sources, including industrial processes, transportation, residential heating and cooking, agricultural activities, and natural events. Some common examples of air pollutants include particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Air pollutants can cause a range of health effects, from respiratory irritation and coughing to more serious conditions such as bronchitis, asthma, and cancer. They can also contribute to climate change by reacting with other chemicals in the atmosphere to form harmful ground-level ozone and by directly absorbing or scattering sunlight, which can affect temperature and precipitation patterns.
Air quality standards and regulations have been established to limit the amount of air pollutants that can be released into the environment, and efforts are ongoing to reduce emissions and improve air quality worldwide.
A breath test is a medical or forensic procedure used to analyze a sample of exhaled breath in order to detect and measure the presence of various substances, most commonly alcohol. The test is typically conducted using a device called a breathalyzer, which measures the amount of alcohol in the breath and converts it into a reading of blood alcohol concentration (BAC).
In addition to alcohol, breath tests can also be used to detect other substances such as drugs or volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that may indicate certain medical conditions. However, these types of breath tests are less common and may not be as reliable or accurate as other diagnostic tests.
Breath testing is commonly used by law enforcement officers to determine whether a driver is impaired by alcohol and to establish probable cause for arrest. It is also used in some healthcare settings to monitor patients who are being treated for alcohol abuse or dependence.
Mesoporphyrins are a type of porphyrin, which are organic compounds containing four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic arrangement. Porphyrins are important components of various biological molecules such as hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes.
Mesoporphyrins have a specific structure with two propionic acid side chains and two acetic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings. They are intermediates in the biosynthesis of heme, which is a complex formed by the insertion of iron into protoporphyrin IX, a type of porphyrin.
Mesoporphyrins have been used in medical research and clinical settings as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT), a treatment that uses light to activate a photosensitizing agent to destroy abnormal cells or tissues. In particular, mesoporphyrin IX has been used for the PDT treatment of various types of cancer, such as bladder, esophageal, and lung cancer, as well as for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of vision loss in older adults.
It is important to note that mesoporphyrins are not typically used as a diagnostic tool or a therapeutic agent in routine clinical practice, but rather as part of experimental research and clinical trials.
Oxygen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that constitutes about 21% of the earth's atmosphere. It is a crucial element for human and most living organisms as it is vital for respiration. Inhaled oxygen enters the lungs and binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, which carries it to tissues throughout the body where it is used to convert nutrients into energy and carbon dioxide, a waste product that is exhaled.
Medically, supplemental oxygen therapy may be provided to patients with conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, heart failure, or other medical conditions that impair the body's ability to extract sufficient oxygen from the air. Oxygen can be administered through various devices, including nasal cannulas, face masks, and ventilators.
Carbon isotopes are variants of the chemical element carbon that have different numbers of neutrons in their atomic nuclei. The most common and stable isotope of carbon is carbon-12 (^{12}C), which contains six protons and six neutrons. However, carbon can also come in other forms, known as isotopes, which contain different numbers of neutrons.
Carbon-13 (^{13}C) is a stable isotope of carbon that contains seven neutrons in its nucleus. It makes up about 1.1% of all carbon found on Earth and is used in various scientific applications, such as in tracing the metabolic pathways of organisms or in studying the age of fossilized materials.
Carbon-14 (^{14}C), also known as radiocarbon, is a radioactive isotope of carbon that contains eight neutrons in its nucleus. It is produced naturally in the atmosphere through the interaction of cosmic rays with nitrogen gas. Carbon-14 has a half-life of about 5,730 years, which makes it useful for dating organic materials, such as archaeological artifacts or fossils, up to around 60,000 years old.
Carbon isotopes are important in many scientific fields, including geology, biology, and medicine, and are used in a variety of applications, from studying the Earth's climate history to diagnosing medical conditions.
Hemoglobin (Hb or Hgb) is the main oxygen-carrying protein in the red blood cells, which are responsible for delivering oxygen throughout the body. It is a complex molecule made up of four globin proteins and four heme groups. Each heme group contains an iron atom that binds to one molecule of oxygen. Hemoglobin plays a crucial role in the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues, and also helps to carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs for exhalation.
There are several types of hemoglobin present in the human body, including:
* Hemoglobin A (HbA): This is the most common type of hemoglobin, making up about 95-98% of total hemoglobin in adults. It consists of two alpha and two beta globin chains.
* Hemoglobin A2 (HbA2): This makes up about 1.5-3.5% of total hemoglobin in adults. It consists of two alpha and two delta globin chains.
* Hemoglobin F (HbF): This is the main type of hemoglobin present in fetal life, but it persists at low levels in adults. It consists of two alpha and two gamma globin chains.
* Hemoglobin S (HbS): This is an abnormal form of hemoglobin that can cause sickle cell disease when it occurs in the homozygous state (i.e., both copies of the gene are affected). It results from a single amino acid substitution in the beta globin chain.
* Hemoglobin C (HbC): This is another abnormal form of hemoglobin that can cause mild to moderate hemolytic anemia when it occurs in the homozygous state. It results from a different single amino acid substitution in the beta globin chain than HbS.
Abnormal forms of hemoglobin, such as HbS and HbC, can lead to various clinical disorders, including sickle cell disease, thalassemia, and other hemoglobinopathies.
Respiratory Function Tests (RFTs) are a group of medical tests that measure how well your lungs take in and exhale air, and how well they transfer oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of your blood. They can help diagnose certain lung disorders, measure the severity of lung disease, and monitor response to treatment.
RFTs include several types of tests, such as:
1. Spirometry: This test measures how much air you can exhale and how quickly you can do it. It's often used to diagnose and monitor conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other lung diseases.
2. Lung volume testing: This test measures the total amount of air in your lungs. It can help diagnose restrictive lung diseases, such as pulmonary fibrosis or sarcoidosis.
3. Diffusion capacity testing: This test measures how well oxygen moves from your lungs into your bloodstream. It's often used to diagnose and monitor conditions like pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, and other lung diseases that affect the ability of the lungs to transfer oxygen to the blood.
4. Bronchoprovocation testing: This test involves inhaling a substance that can cause your airways to narrow, such as methacholine or histamine. It's often used to diagnose and monitor asthma.
5. Exercise stress testing: This test measures how well your lungs and heart work together during exercise. It's often used to diagnose lung or heart disease.
Overall, Respiratory Function Tests are an important tool for diagnosing and managing a wide range of lung conditions.
Myoglobin is a protein found in the muscle tissue, particularly in red or skeletal muscles. It belongs to the globin family and has a similar structure to hemoglobin, another oxygen-binding protein found in red blood cells. Myoglobin's primary function is to store oxygen within the muscle cells, making it readily available for use during periods of increased oxygen demand, such as during physical exertion.
Myoglobin contains heme groups that bind to and release oxygen molecules. The protein has a higher affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin, allowing it to maintain its bound oxygen even in low-oxygen environments. When muscle cells are damaged or undergo necrosis (cell death), myoglobin is released into the bloodstream and can be detected in serum or urine samples. Elevated levels of myoglobin in the blood or urine may indicate muscle injury, trauma, or diseases affecting muscle integrity, such as rhabdomyolysis or muscular dystrophies.
Multienzyme complexes are specialized protein structures that consist of multiple enzymes closely associated or bound together, often with other cofactors and regulatory subunits. These complexes facilitate the sequential transfer of substrates along a series of enzymatic reactions, also known as a metabolic pathway. By keeping the enzymes in close proximity, multienzyme complexes enhance reaction efficiency, improve substrate specificity, and maintain proper stoichiometry between different enzymes involved in the pathway. Examples of multienzyme complexes include the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, the citrate synthase complex, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.
Hemin is defined as the iron(III) complex of protoporphyrin IX, which is a porphyrin derivative. It is a naturally occurring substance that is involved in various biological processes, most notably in the form of heme, which is a component of hemoglobin and other hemoproteins. Hemin is also used in medical research and therapy, such as in the treatment of methemoglobinemia and lead poisoning.
Oxidation-Reduction (redox) reactions are a type of chemical reaction involving a transfer of electrons between two species. The substance that loses electrons in the reaction is oxidized, and the substance that gains electrons is reduced. Oxidation and reduction always occur together in a redox reaction, hence the term "oxidation-reduction."
In biological systems, redox reactions play a crucial role in many cellular processes, including energy production, metabolism, and signaling. The transfer of electrons in these reactions is often facilitated by specialized molecules called electron carriers, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD/FADH2).
The oxidation state of an element in a compound is a measure of the number of electrons that have been gained or lost relative to its neutral state. In redox reactions, the oxidation state of one or more elements changes as they gain or lose electrons. The substance that is oxidized has a higher oxidation state, while the substance that is reduced has a lower oxidation state.
Overall, oxidation-reduction reactions are fundamental to the functioning of living organisms and are involved in many important biological processes.
Spectrophotometry is a technical analytical method used in the field of medicine and science to measure the amount of light absorbed or transmitted by a substance at specific wavelengths. This technique involves the use of a spectrophotometer, an instrument that measures the intensity of light as it passes through a sample.
In medical applications, spectrophotometry is often used in laboratory settings to analyze various biological samples such as blood, urine, and tissues. For example, it can be used to measure the concentration of specific chemicals or compounds in a sample by measuring the amount of light that is absorbed or transmitted at specific wavelengths.
In addition, spectrophotometry can also be used to assess the properties of biological tissues, such as their optical density and thickness. This information can be useful in the diagnosis and treatment of various medical conditions, including skin disorders, eye diseases, and cancer.
Overall, spectrophotometry is a valuable tool for medical professionals and researchers seeking to understand the composition and properties of various biological samples and tissues.
Heme proteins are a type of protein that contain a heme group, which is a prosthetic group composed of an iron atom contained in the center of a large organic ring called a porphyrin. The heme group gives these proteins their characteristic red color. Hemeproteins have various important functions in biological systems, including oxygen transport (e.g., hemoglobin), electron transfer (e.g., cytochromes), and enzymatic catalysis (e.g., peroxidases and catalases). The heme group can bind and release gases, such as oxygen and carbon monoxide, and can participate in redox reactions due to the ease with which iron can change its oxidation state.
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a gaseous air pollutant and respiratory irritant. It is a reddish-brown toxic gas with a pungent, choking odor. NO2 is a major component of smog and is produced from the combustion of fossil fuels in vehicles, power plants, and industrial processes.
Exposure to nitrogen dioxide can cause respiratory symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing, especially in people with asthma or other respiratory conditions. Long-term exposure has been linked to the development of chronic lung diseases, including bronchitis and emphysema. NO2 also contributes to the formation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), which can penetrate deep into the lungs and cause additional health problems.
Cyanides are a group of chemical compounds that contain the cyano group, -CN, which consists of a carbon atom triple-bonded to a nitrogen atom. They are highly toxic and can cause rapid death due to the inhibition of cellular respiration. Cyanide ions (CN-) bind to the ferric iron in cytochrome c oxidase, a crucial enzyme in the electron transport chain, preventing the flow of electrons and the production of ATP, leading to cellular asphyxiation.
Common sources of cyanides include industrial chemicals such as hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and potassium cyanide (KCN), as well as natural sources like certain fruits, nuts, and plants. Exposure to high levels of cyanides can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption, leading to symptoms such as headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, rapid heartbeat, seizures, coma, and ultimately death. Treatment for cyanide poisoning typically involves the use of antidotes that bind to cyanide ions and convert them into less toxic forms, such as thiosulfate and rhodanese.
In medical terms, gases refer to the state of matter that has no fixed shape or volume and expands to fill any container it is placed in. Gases in the body can be normal, such as the oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen that are present in the lungs and blood, or abnormal, such as gas that accumulates in the digestive tract due to conditions like bloating or swallowing air.
Gases can also be used medically for therapeutic purposes, such as in the administration of anesthesia or in the treatment of certain respiratory conditions with oxygen therapy. Additionally, measuring the amount of gas in the body, such as through imaging studies like X-rays or CT scans, can help diagnose various medical conditions.
Organometallic compounds are a type of chemical compound that contain at least one metal-carbon bond. This means that the metal is directly attached to carbon atom(s) from an organic molecule. These compounds can be synthesized through various methods, and they have found widespread use in industrial and medicinal applications, including catalysis, polymerization, and pharmaceuticals.
It's worth noting that while organometallic compounds contain metal-carbon bonds, not all compounds with metal-carbon bonds are considered organometallic. For example, in classical inorganic chemistry, simple salts of metal carbonyls (M(CO)n) are not typically classified as organometallic, but rather as metal carbonyl complexes. The distinction between these classes of compounds can sometimes be subtle and is a matter of ongoing debate among chemists.
A lung is a pair of spongy, elastic organs in the chest that work together to enable breathing. They are responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide through the process of respiration. The left lung has two lobes, while the right lung has three lobes. The lungs are protected by the ribcage and are covered by a double-layered membrane called the pleura. The trachea divides into two bronchi, which further divide into smaller bronchioles, leading to millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli, where the exchange of gases occurs.
Pulmonary gas exchange is the process by which oxygen (O2) from inhaled air is transferred to the blood, and carbon dioxide (CO2), a waste product of metabolism, is removed from the blood and exhaled. This process occurs in the lungs, primarily in the alveoli, where the thin walls of the alveoli and capillaries allow for the rapid diffusion of gases between them. The partial pressure gradient between the alveolar air and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries drives this diffusion process. Oxygen-rich blood is then transported to the body's tissues, while CO2-rich blood returns to the lungs to be exhaled.
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is not a medical term per se, but it's an important chemical compound with implications in human health and medicine. Here's a brief definition:
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a colorless gas with a sharp, pungent odor. It is primarily released into the atmosphere as a result of human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels (like coal and oil) and the smelting of metals. SO2 is also produced naturally during volcanic eruptions and some biological processes.
In medical terms, exposure to high levels of sulfur dioxide can have adverse health effects, particularly for people with respiratory conditions like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). SO2 can irritate the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs, causing coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and a tight feeling in the chest. Prolonged exposure to elevated levels of SO2 may exacerbate existing respiratory issues and lead to decreased lung function.
Regulations are in place to limit sulfur dioxide emissions from industrial sources to protect public health and reduce air pollution.
Nitric oxide (NO) is a molecule made up of one nitrogen atom and one oxygen atom. In the body, it is a crucial signaling molecule involved in various physiological processes such as vasodilation, immune response, neurotransmission, and inhibition of platelet aggregation. It is produced naturally by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) from the amino acid L-arginine. Inhaled nitric oxide is used medically to treat pulmonary hypertension in newborns and adults, as it helps to relax and widen blood vessels, improving oxygenation and blood flow.
In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."
1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.
2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.
3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.
4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).
Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.
Oxyhemoglobin is the form of hemoglobin that is combined with oxygen in red blood cells. It's created when oxygen molecules bind to the iron-containing heme groups of the hemoglobin protein inside the lungs, allowing for the transportation of oxygen from the lungs to body tissues. The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is influenced by factors such as pH, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature, which can affect the release of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin in different parts of the body based on their specific needs.
Smoking is not a medical condition, but it's a significant health risk behavior. Here is the definition from a public health perspective:
Smoking is the act of inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning tobacco that is commonly consumed through cigarettes, pipes, and cigars. The smoke contains over 7,000 chemicals, including nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, and numerous toxic and carcinogenic substances. These toxins contribute to a wide range of diseases and health conditions, such as lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and various other cancers, as well as adverse reproductive outcomes and negative impacts on the developing fetus during pregnancy. Smoking is highly addictive due to the nicotine content, which makes quitting smoking a significant challenge for many individuals.
Carbon tetrachloride is a colorless, heavy, and nonflammable liquid with a mild ether-like odor. Its chemical formula is CCl4. It was previously used as a solvent and refrigerant, but its use has been largely phased out due to its toxicity and ozone-depleting properties.
Inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with carbon tetrachloride can cause harmful health effects. Short-term exposure can lead to symptoms such as dizziness, headache, nausea, and vomiting. Long-term exposure has been linked to liver and kidney damage, as well as an increased risk of cancer.
Carbon tetrachloride is also a potent greenhouse gas and contributes to climate change. Its production and use are regulated by international agreements aimed at protecting human health and the environment.
'Vehicle Emissions' is not a term typically used in medical definitions. However, in a broader context, it refers to the gases and particles released into the atmosphere by vehicles such as cars, trucks, buses, and airplanes. The main pollutants found in vehicle emissions include carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Exposure to these pollutants can have negative health effects, including respiratory symptoms, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Therefore, vehicle emissions are a significant public health concern.
Euryarchaeota is a phylum within the domain Archaea, which consists of a diverse group of microorganisms that are commonly found in various environments such as soil, oceans, and the digestive tracts of animals. This group includes methanogens, which are archaea that produce methane as a metabolic byproduct, and extreme halophiles, which are archaea that thrive in highly saline environments.
The name Euryarchaeota comes from the Greek words "eury," meaning wide or broad, and "archaios," meaning ancient or primitive. This name reflects the phylum's diverse range of habitats and metabolic capabilities.
Euryarchaeota are characterized by their unique archaeal-type cell walls, which contain a variety of complex polysaccharides and proteins. They also have a distinct type of intracellular membrane called the archaellum, which is involved in motility. Additionally, Euryarchaeota have a unique genetic code that differs from that of bacteria and eukaryotes, with some codons specifying different amino acids.
Overall, Euryarchaeota are an important group of archaea that play a significant role in global carbon and nitrogen cycles, as well as in the breakdown of organic matter in various environments.
Nicotine is defined as a highly addictive psychoactive alkaloid and stimulant found in the nightshade family of plants, primarily in tobacco leaves. It is the primary component responsible for the addiction to cigarettes and other forms of tobacco. Nicotine can also be produced synthetically.
When nicotine enters the body, it activates the release of several neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, leading to feelings of pleasure, stimulation, and relaxation. However, with regular use, tolerance develops, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effects, which can contribute to the development of nicotine dependence.
Nicotine has both short-term and long-term health effects. Short-term effects include increased heart rate and blood pressure, increased alertness and concentration, and arousal. Long-term use can lead to addiction, lung disease, cardiovascular disease, and reproductive problems. It is important to note that nicotine itself is not the primary cause of many tobacco-related diseases, but rather the result of other harmful chemicals found in tobacco smoke.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Hydrogen" is not a medical term. It is a chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1. It is the lightest and most abundant chemical element in the universe, making up about 75% of its elemental mass.
In a medical context, hydrogen can be discussed in terms of molecular hydrogen (H2) which has been studied for potential therapeutic benefits. Some research explores its use as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, but more studies are needed to confirm these effects and understand the mechanisms behind them.
Methemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin in which the iron within the heme group is in the ferric (Fe3+) state instead of the ferrous (Fe2+) state. This oxidation reduces its ability to bind and transport oxygen effectively, leading to methemoglobinemia when methemoglobin levels become too high. Methemoglobin has a limited capacity to release oxygen to tissues, which can result in hypoxia (reduced oxygen supply) and cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes).
Methemoglobin is normally present in small amounts in the blood, but certain factors such as exposure to oxidizing agents, genetic predisposition, or certain medications can increase its levels. Elevated methemoglobin levels can be treated with methylene blue, which helps restore the iron within hemoglobin back to its ferrous state and improves oxygen transport capacity.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nickel" is not a medical term. It is a chemical element with the symbol Ni and atomic number 28. Nickel is a hard, silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. It is one of four elements that are ferromagnetic and is used as a common component in various alloys due to its properties such as resistance to corrosion and heat.
However, in a medical context, nickel may refer to:
* Nickel allergy: A type of allergic contact dermatitis caused by an immune system response to the presence of nickel in jewelry, clothing fasteners, or other items that come into contact with the skin. Symptoms can include redness, itching, and rash at the site of exposure.
* Nickel carbonyl: A highly toxic chemical compound (Ni(CO)4) that can cause respiratory and neurological problems if inhaled. It is produced during some industrial processes involving nickel and carbon monoxide and poses a health risk to workers if proper safety measures are not taken.
If you have any concerns about exposure to nickel or symptoms related to nickel allergy, it's best to consult with a healthcare professional for further evaluation and treatment.
Hydrogenase is not a medical term per se, but a biochemical term. It is used to describe an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible conversion between molecular hydrogen (H2) and protons (H+) or vice versa. These enzymes are found in certain bacteria, algae, and archaea, and they play a crucial role in their energy metabolism, particularly in processes like hydrogen production and consumption.
While not directly related to medical terminology, understanding the function of hydrogenase can be important in fields such as microbiology, molecular biology, and environmental science, which can have implications for human health in areas like infectious diseases, biofuels, and waste management.
Carbon sequestration is the process of capturing and storing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas, to mitigate climate change. It can occur naturally through processes such as photosynthesis in plants and absorption by oceans. Artificial or engineered carbon sequestration methods include:
1. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): This process captures CO2 emissions from large point sources, like power plants, before they are released into the atmosphere. The captured CO2 is then compressed and transported to suitable geological formations for long-term storage.
2. Ocean Sequestration: This method involves directly injecting CO2 into the deep ocean or enhancing natural processes that absorb CO2 from the atmosphere, such as growing more phytoplankton (microscopic marine plants) through nutrient enrichment.
3. Soil Carbon Sequestration: Practices like regenerative agriculture, agroforestry, and cover cropping can enhance soil organic carbon content by increasing the amount of carbon stored in soils. This not only helps mitigate climate change but also improves soil health and productivity.
4. Biochar Sequestration: Biochar is a type of charcoal produced through pyrolysis (heating biomass in the absence of oxygen). When added to soils, biochar can increase soil fertility and carbon sequestration capacity, as it has a high resistance to decomposition and can store carbon for hundreds to thousands of years.
5. Mineral Carbonation: This method involves reacting CO2 with naturally occurring minerals (like silicate or oxide minerals) to form stable mineral carbonates, effectively locking away the CO2 in solid form.
It is important to note that while carbon sequestration can help mitigate climate change, it should be considered as one of many strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition towards a low-carbon or carbon-neutral economy.
Ventilation, in the context of medicine and physiology, refers to the process of breathing, which is the exchange of air between the lungs and the environment. It involves both inspiration (inhaling) and expiration (exhaling). During inspiration, air moves into the lungs, delivering oxygen to the alveoli (air sacs) where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen is taken up by the blood and transported to the body's cells, while carbon dioxide, a waste product, is expelled from the body during expiration.
In a medical setting, ventilation may also refer to the use of mechanical devices, such as ventilators or respirators, which assist or replace the breathing process for patients who are unable to breathe effectively on their own due to conditions like respiratory failure, sedation, neuromuscular disorders, or injuries. These machines help maintain adequate gas exchange and prevent complications associated with inadequate ventilation, such as hypoxia (low oxygen levels) and hypercapnia (high carbon dioxide levels).
Boranes are a group of chemical compounds that contain only boron and hydrogen. The most well-known borane is BH3, also known as diborane. These compounds are highly reactive and have unusual structures, with the boron atoms bonded to each other in three-center, two-electron bonds. Boranes are used in research and industrial applications, including as reducing agents and catalysts. They are highly flammable and toxic, so they must be handled with care.
Vital capacity (VC) is a term used in pulmonary function tests to describe the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking a deep breath. It is the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume. In other words, it's the total amount of air you can forcibly exhale after inhaling as deeply as possible. Vital capacity is an important measurement in assessing lung function and can be reduced in conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and other respiratory disorders.
"Inhalation administration" is a medical term that refers to the method of delivering medications or therapeutic agents directly into the lungs by inhaling them through the airways. This route of administration is commonly used for treating respiratory conditions such as asthma, COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), and cystic fibrosis.
Inhalation administration can be achieved using various devices, including metered-dose inhalers (MDIs), dry powder inhalers (DPIs), nebulizers, and soft-mist inhalers. Each device has its unique mechanism of delivering the medication into the lungs, but they all aim to provide a high concentration of the drug directly to the site of action while minimizing systemic exposure and side effects.
The advantages of inhalation administration include rapid onset of action, increased local drug concentration, reduced systemic side effects, and improved patient compliance due to the ease of use and non-invasive nature of the delivery method. However, proper technique and device usage are crucial for effective therapy, as incorrect usage may result in suboptimal drug deposition and therapeutic outcomes.
Air pollution is defined as the contamination of air due to the presence of substances or harmful elements that exceed the acceptable limits. These pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, gases, or a combination of these. They can be released from various sources, including industrial processes, vehicle emissions, burning of fossil fuels, and natural events like volcanic eruptions.
Exposure to air pollution can have significant impacts on human health, contributing to respiratory diseases, cardiovascular issues, and even premature death. It can also harm the environment, damaging crops, forests, and wildlife populations. Stringent regulations and measures are necessary to control and reduce air pollution levels, thereby protecting public health and the environment.
Biliverdine is a greenish pigment that is a byproduct of the breakdown of heme, which is a component of hemoglobin in red blood cells. It is formed when bilirubin, another byproduct of heme degradation, is reduced in the liver. Biliverdine is then converted back to bilirubin and excreted from the body as part of bile.
Elevated levels of biliverdine in the blood can indicate liver dysfunction or other medical conditions that affect the breakdown of heme. It may also be present in high concentrations in certain types of hemolytic anemia, where there is excessive destruction of red blood cells and subsequent release of large amounts of heme into the circulation.
Carbon disulfide is a colorless, volatile, and flammable liquid with the chemical formula CS2. It has a unique odor that is often described as being similar to that of rotten eggs or garlic. In industry, carbon disulfide is primarily used as a solvent in the production of rayon and cellophane.
In medicine, exposure to carbon disulfide has been linked to various health problems, including neurological disorders, cardiovascular disease, and reproductive issues. Long-term exposure can lead to symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, memory loss, and peripheral neuropathy. It is also considered a potential occupational carcinogen, meaning that it may increase the risk of cancer with prolonged exposure.
It's important for individuals who work in industries where carbon disulfide is used to follow proper safety protocols, including using appropriate personal protective equipment and monitoring air quality to minimize exposure.
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) is the maximum volume of air that can be contained within the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration. It includes all of the following lung volumes: tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. TLC can be measured directly using gas dilution techniques or indirectly by adding residual volume to vital capacity. Factors that affect TLC include age, sex, height, and lung health status.
'Smoke' is not typically defined in a medical context, but it can be described as a mixture of small particles and gases that are released when something burns. Smoke can be composed of various components including carbon monoxide, particulate matter, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), benzene, toluene, styrene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Exposure to smoke can cause a range of health problems, including respiratory symptoms, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.
In the medical field, exposure to smoke is often referred to as "secondhand smoke" or "passive smoking" when someone breathes in smoke from another person's cigarette, cigar, or pipe. This type of exposure can be just as harmful as smoking itself and has been linked to a range of health problems, including respiratory infections, asthma, lung cancer, and heart disease.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a colorless, flammable, and extremely toxic gas with a strong odor of rotten eggs. It is a naturally occurring compound that is produced in various industrial processes and is also found in some natural sources like volcanoes, hot springs, and swamps.
In the medical context, hydrogen sulfide is known to have both toxic and therapeutic effects on the human body. At high concentrations, it can cause respiratory failure, unconsciousness, and even death. However, recent studies have shown that at low levels, hydrogen sulfide may act as a signaling molecule in the human body, playing a role in various physiological processes such as regulating blood flow, reducing inflammation, and protecting against oxidative stress.
It's worth noting that exposure to high levels of hydrogen sulfide can be life-threatening, and immediate medical attention is required in case of exposure.
Leghemoglobin is a type of protein known as a hemeprotein, found in the root nodules of leguminous plants (plants belonging to the family Fabaceae or Leguminosae). These root nodules are formed through a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Rhizobia.
The primary function of leghemoglobin is to facilitate the process of nitrogen fixation by maintaining an optimal oxygen concentration within the root nodule cells, where the Rhizobia reside. By binding and releasing oxygen reversibly, leghemoglobin protects the nitrogen-fixing enzyme, nitrogenase, from being inactivated by excess oxygen. This ensures that the Rhizobia can effectively convert atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3), which is then utilized by the plant for its growth and development.
In summary, leghemoglobin is a crucial protein in the process of biological nitrogen fixation, allowing leguminous plants to grow without the need for added nitrogen fertilizers.
'Clostridium' is a genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria that are widely distributed in nature, including in soil, water, and the gastrointestinal tracts of animals and humans. Many species of Clostridium are anaerobic, meaning they can grow and reproduce in environments with little or no oxygen. Some species of Clostridium are capable of producing toxins that can cause serious and sometimes life-threatening illnesses in humans and animals.
Some notable species of Clostridium include:
* Clostridium tetani, which causes tetanus (also known as lockjaw)
* Clostridium botulinum, which produces botulinum toxin, the most potent neurotoxin known and the cause of botulism
* Clostridium difficile, which can cause severe diarrhea and colitis, particularly in people who have recently taken antibiotics
* Clostridium perfringens, which can cause food poisoning and gas gangrene.
It is important to note that not all species of Clostridium are harmful, and some are even beneficial, such as those used in the production of certain fermented foods like sauerkraut and natto. However, due to their ability to produce toxins and cause illness, it is important to handle and dispose of materials contaminated with Clostridium species carefully, especially in healthcare settings.
Metalloporphyrins are a type of porphyrin molecule that contain a metal ion at their center. Porphyrins are complex organic compounds containing four modified pyrrole rings connected to form a planar, aromatic ring known as a porphine. When a metal ion is incorporated into the center of the porphyrin ring, it forms a metalloporphyrin.
These molecules have great biological significance, as they are involved in various essential processes within living organisms. For instance, heme, a type of iron-containing porphyrin, plays a crucial role in oxygen transport and storage in the body by forming part of hemoglobin and myoglobin molecules. Chlorophyll, another metalloporphyrin with magnesium at its center, is essential for photosynthesis in plants, algae, and some bacteria.
Metalloporphyrins have also found applications in several industrial and medical fields, including catalysis, sensors, and pharmaceuticals. Their unique structure and properties make them valuable tools for researchers and scientists to study and utilize in various ways.
Methane is not a medical term, but it is a chemical compound that is often mentioned in the context of medicine and health. Medically, methane is significant because it is one of the gases produced by anaerobic microorganisms during the breakdown of organic matter in the gut, leading to conditions such as bloating, cramping, and diarrhea. Excessive production of methane can also be a symptom of certain digestive disorders like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO).
In broader terms, methane is a colorless, odorless gas that is the primary component of natural gas. It is produced naturally by the decomposition of organic matter in anaerobic conditions, such as in landfills, wetlands, and the digestive tracts of animals like cows and humans. Methane is also a potent greenhouse gas with a global warming potential 25 times greater than carbon dioxide over a 100-year time frame.
Environmental exposure refers to the contact of an individual with any chemical, physical, or biological agent in the environment that can cause a harmful effect on health. These exposures can occur through various pathways such as inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Examples of environmental exposures include air pollution, water contamination, occupational chemicals, and allergens. The duration and level of exposure, as well as the susceptibility of the individual, can all contribute to the risk of developing an adverse health effect.
Indoor air pollution refers to the contamination of air within buildings and structures due to presence of particles, gases, or biological materials that can harmfully affect the health of occupants. These pollutants can originate from various sources including cooking stoves, heating systems, building materials, furniture, tobacco products, outdoor air, and microbial growth. Some common indoor air pollutants include particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and mold. Prolonged exposure to these pollutants can cause a range of health issues, from respiratory problems to cancer, depending on the type and level of exposure. Effective ventilation, air filtration, and source control are some of the strategies used to reduce indoor air pollution.
Guanylate cyclase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which acts as a second messenger in various cellular signaling pathways. There are two main types of guanylate cyclases: soluble and membrane-bound. Soluble guanylate cyclase is activated by nitric oxide, while membrane-bound guanylate cyclase can be activated by natriuretic peptides. The increased levels of cGMP produced by guanylate cyclase can lead to a variety of cellular responses, including smooth muscle relaxation, neurotransmitter release, and regulation of ion channels. Dysregulation of guanylate cyclase activity has been implicated in several diseases, such as hypertension, heart failure, and cancer.
Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment that is produced by the liver when it breaks down old red blood cells. It is a normal byproduct of hemoglobin metabolism and is usually conjugated (made water-soluble) in the liver before being excreted through the bile into the digestive system. Elevated levels of bilirubin can cause jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes. Increased bilirubin levels may indicate liver disease or other medical conditions such as gallstones or hemolysis. It is also measured to assess liver function and to help diagnose various liver disorders.
I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Fires" is not a medical term that I am aware of. In a general context, a fire refers to the rapid oxidation of a material in the chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. If you are asking about a specific medical term or condition, could you please provide more context or clarify your question? I'm here to help!
Particulate Matter (PM) refers to the mixture of tiny particles and droplets in the air that are solid or liquid in nature. These particles vary in size, with some being visible to the naked eye while others can only be seen under a microscope. PM is classified based on its diameter:
* PM10 includes particles with a diameter of 10 micrometers or smaller. These particles are often found in dust, pollen, and smoke.
* PM2.5 includes particles with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or smaller. These fine particles are produced from sources such as power plants, industrial processes, and vehicle emissions. They can also come from natural sources like wildfires.
Exposure to particulate matter has been linked to various health problems, including respiratory issues, cardiovascular disease, and premature death. The smaller the particle, the deeper it can penetrate into the lungs, making PM2.5 particularly harmful to human health.
Ethane is not a medical term, but it is a chemical compound that is part of the human environment. Ethane is a hydrocarbon, which means it contains only hydrogen and carbon atoms. Specifically, ethane is made up of two carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms (C2H6). It is a colorless gas at room temperature and has no smell or taste.
In the context of human health, ethane is not considered to be harmful in small amounts. However, exposure to high levels of ethane can cause respiratory irritation and other symptoms. Ethane is also a greenhouse gas, which means that it contributes to global warming when released into the atmosphere.
Ethane is produced naturally during the breakdown of organic matter, such as plants and animals. It is also produced in small amounts during the digestion of food in the human body. However, most ethane used in industry is extracted from natural gas and petroleum deposits. Ethane is used as a fuel and as a raw material in the production of plastics and other chemicals.
Smoke inhalation injury is a type of damage that occurs to the respiratory system when an individual breathes in smoke, most commonly during a fire. This injury can affect both the upper and lower airways and can cause a range of symptoms, including coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest pain.
Smoke inhalation injury can also lead to more severe complications, such as chemical irritation of the airways, swelling of the throat and lungs, and respiratory failure. In some cases, it can even be fatal. The severity of the injury depends on several factors, including the duration and intensity of the exposure, the individual's underlying health status, and the presence of any pre-existing lung conditions.
Smoke inhalation injury is caused by a combination of thermal injury (heat damage) and chemical injury (damage from toxic substances present in the smoke). The heat from the smoke can cause direct damage to the airways, leading to inflammation and swelling. At the same time, the chemicals in the smoke can irritate and corrode the lining of the airways, causing further damage.
Some of the toxic substances found in smoke include carbon monoxide, cyanide, and various other chemicals released by burning materials. These substances can interfere with the body's ability to transport oxygen and can cause metabolic acidosis, a condition characterized by an excessively acidic environment in the body.
Treatment for smoke inhalation injury typically involves providing supportive care to help the individual breathe more easily, such as administering oxygen or using mechanical ventilation. In some cases, medications may be used to reduce inflammation and swelling in the airways. Severe cases of smoke inhalation injury may require hospitalization and intensive care.
Smoking cessation is the process of discontinuing tobacco smoking. This can be achieved through various methods such as behavioral modifications, counseling, and medication. The goal of smoking cessation is to improve overall health, reduce the risk of tobacco-related diseases, and enhance quality of life. It is a significant step towards preventing lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other serious health conditions.
Lung volume measurements are clinical tests that determine the amount of air inhaled, exhaled, and present in the lungs at different times during the breathing cycle. These measurements include:
1. Tidal Volume (TV): The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing, usually around 500 mL in resting adults.
2. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): The additional air that can be inhaled after a normal inspiration, approximately 3,000 mL in adults.
3. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): The extra air that can be exhaled after a normal expiration, about 1,000-1,200 mL in adults.
4. Residual Volume (RV): The air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation, approximately 1,100-1,500 mL in adults.
5. Total Lung Capacity (TLC): The total amount of air the lungs can hold at full inflation, calculated as TV + IRV + ERV + RV, around 6,000 mL in adults.
6. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration, equal to ERV + RV, about 2,100-2,700 mL in adults.
7. Inspiratory Capacity (IC): The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal expiration, equal to TV + IRV, around 3,500 mL in adults.
8. Vital Capacity (VC): The total volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration, calculated as IC + ERV, approximately 4,200-5,600 mL in adults.
These measurements help assess lung function and identify various respiratory disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and restrictive lung diseases.
Acetylene is defined as a colorless, highly flammable gas with a distinctive odor, having the chemical formula C2H2. It is the simplest and lightest hydrocarbon in which two carbon atoms are bonded together by a triple bond. Acetylene is used as a fuel in welding and cutting torches, and it can also be converted into other chemicals, such as vinyl acetate and acetic acid. In medical terms, acetylene is not a substance that is commonly used or discussed.
In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.
For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.
Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.
Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.
Acetyl Coenzyme A, often abbreviated as Acetyl-CoA, is a key molecule in metabolism, particularly in the breakdown and oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to produce energy. It is a coenzyme that plays a central role in the cellular process of transforming the energy stored in the chemical bonds of nutrients into a form that the cell can use.
Acetyl-CoA consists of an acetyl group (two carbon atoms) linked to coenzyme A, a complex organic molecule. This linkage is facilitated by an enzyme called acetyltransferase. Once formed, Acetyl-CoA can enter various metabolic pathways. In the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle), Acetyl-CoA is further oxidized to release energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2, which are used in other cellular processes. Additionally, Acetyl-CoA is involved in the biosynthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, and certain amino acids.
In summary, Acetyl Coenzyme A is a vital molecule in metabolism that connects various biochemical pathways for energy production and biosynthesis.
Cotinine is the major metabolite of nicotine, which is formed in the body after exposure to tobacco smoke or other sources of nicotine. It is often used as a biomarker for nicotine exposure and can be measured in various biological samples such as blood, urine, saliva, and hair. Cotinine has a longer half-life than nicotine, making it a more reliable indicator of long-term exposure to tobacco smoke or nicotine products.
"Rhodospirillum rubrum" is a gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, photosynthetic bacteria species. It is commonly found in freshwater and soil environments, and it has the ability to carry out both photosynthesis and respiration, depending on the availability of light and oxygen. The bacteria contain bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid pigments, which give them a pinkish-red color, hence the name "rubrum." They are known to be important organisms in the study of photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, and other metabolic processes.
Hemoglobin A is the most common form of hemoglobin, which is the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells. Hemoglobin A is a tetramer composed of two alpha and two beta globin chains, each containing a heme group that binds to oxygen. It is typically measured in laboratory tests to assess for various medical conditions such as anemia or diabetes. In the context of diabetes, the measurement of hemoglobin A1c (a form of hemoglobin A that is glycated or bound to glucose) is used to monitor long-term blood sugar control.
In the context of medicine, iron is an essential micromineral and key component of various proteins and enzymes. It plays a crucial role in oxygen transport, DNA synthesis, and energy production within the body. Iron exists in two main forms: heme and non-heme. Heme iron is derived from hemoglobin and myoglobin in animal products, while non-heme iron comes from plant sources and supplements.
The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for iron varies depending on age, sex, and life stage:
* For men aged 19-50 years, the RDA is 8 mg/day
* For women aged 19-50 years, the RDA is 18 mg/day
* During pregnancy, the RDA increases to 27 mg/day
* During lactation, the RDA for breastfeeding mothers is 9 mg/day
Iron deficiency can lead to anemia, characterized by fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Excessive iron intake may result in iron overload, causing damage to organs such as the liver and heart. Balanced iron levels are essential for maintaining optimal health.
Acetates, in a medical context, most commonly refer to compounds that contain the acetate group, which is an functional group consisting of a carbon atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom (-COO-). An example of an acetate is sodium acetate (CH3COONa), which is a salt formed from acetic acid (CH3COOH) and is often used as a buffering agent in medical solutions.
Acetates can also refer to a group of medications that contain acetate as an active ingredient, such as magnesium acetate, which is used as a laxative, or calcium acetate, which is used to treat high levels of phosphate in the blood.
In addition, acetates can also refer to a process called acetylation, which is the addition of an acetyl group (-COCH3) to a molecule. This process can be important in the metabolism and regulation of various substances within the body.
Environmental monitoring is the systematic and ongoing surveillance, measurement, and assessment of environmental parameters, pollutants, or other stressors in order to evaluate potential impacts on human health, ecological systems, or compliance with regulatory standards. This process typically involves collecting and analyzing data from various sources, such as air, water, soil, and biota, and using this information to inform decisions related to public health, environmental protection, and resource management.
In medical terms, environmental monitoring may refer specifically to the assessment of environmental factors that can impact human health, such as air quality, water contamination, or exposure to hazardous substances. This type of monitoring is often conducted in occupational settings, where workers may be exposed to potential health hazards, as well as in community-based settings, where environmental factors may contribute to public health issues. The goal of environmental monitoring in a medical context is to identify and mitigate potential health risks associated with environmental exposures, and to promote healthy and safe environments for individuals and communities.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Wood" is not a medical term. It is a common name for various hard, fibrous tissues that make up the trunks and branches of trees and shrubs, as well as a term used for a wide range of items made from these materials. If you have any medical concerns or questions, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.
The medical definition of 'charcoal' is referred to as activated charcoal, which is a fine, black powder made from coconut shells, wood, or other natural substances. It is used in medical situations to absorb poison or drugs in the stomach, thereby preventing their absorption into the body and reducing their toxic effects. Activated charcoal works by binding to certain chemicals and preventing them from being absorbed through the digestive tract.
Activated charcoal is generally safe for most people when taken as directed, but it can cause side effects such as black stools, constipation, and regurgitation of the charcoal. It should be used under medical supervision and not as a substitute for seeking immediate medical attention in case of poisoning or overdose.
It's important to note that activated charcoal is different from regular charcoal, which is not safe to consume and can contain harmful chemicals or substances.
Spectrophotometry, Infrared is a scientific analytical technique used to measure the absorption or transmission of infrared light by a sample. It involves the use of an infrared spectrophotometer, which directs infrared radiation through a sample and measures the intensity of the radiation that is transmitted or absorbed by the sample at different wavelengths within the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Infrared spectroscopy can be used to identify and quantify functional groups and chemical bonds present in a sample, as well as to study the molecular structure and composition of materials. The resulting infrared spectrum provides a unique "fingerprint" of the sample, which can be compared with reference spectra to aid in identification and characterization.
Infrared spectrophotometry is widely used in various fields such as chemistry, biology, pharmaceuticals, forensics, and materials science for qualitative and quantitative analysis of samples.
Ozone (O3) is not a substance that is typically considered a component of health or medicine in the context of human body or physiology. It's actually a form of oxygen, but with three atoms instead of two, making it unstable and reactive. Ozone is naturally present in the Earth's atmosphere, where it forms a protective layer in the stratosphere that absorbs harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun.
However, ozone can have both beneficial and detrimental effects on human health depending on its location and concentration. At ground level or in indoor environments, ozone is considered an air pollutant that can irritate the respiratory system and aggravate asthma symptoms when inhaled at high concentrations. It's important to note that ozone should not be confused with oxygen (O2), which is essential for human life and breathing.
Inhalation exposure is a term used in occupational and environmental health to describe the situation where an individual breathes in substances present in the air, which could be gases, vapors, fumes, mist, or particulate matter. These substances can originate from various sources, such as industrial processes, chemical reactions, or natural phenomena.
The extent of inhalation exposure is determined by several factors, including:
1. Concentration of the substance in the air
2. Duration of exposure
3. Frequency of exposure
4. The individual's breathing rate
5. The efficiency of the individual's respiratory protection, if any
Inhalation exposure can lead to adverse health effects, depending on the toxicity and concentration of the inhaled substances. Short-term or acute health effects may include irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, or lungs, while long-term or chronic exposure can result in more severe health issues, such as respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, or cancer.
It is essential to monitor and control inhalation exposures in occupational settings to protect workers' health and ensure compliance with regulatory standards. Various methods are employed for exposure assessment, including personal air sampling, area monitoring, and biological monitoring. Based on the results of these assessments, appropriate control measures can be implemented to reduce or eliminate the risks associated with inhalation exposure.
Barium compounds are inorganic substances that contain the metallic element barium (Ba) combined with one or more other elements. Barium is an alkaline earth metal that is highly reactive and toxic in its pure form. However, when bound with other elements to form barium compounds, it can be used safely for various medical and industrial purposes.
In medicine, barium compounds are commonly used as a contrast material for X-ray examinations of the digestive system. When a patient swallows a preparation containing barium sulfate, the dense compound coats the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and intestines, making them visible on an X-ray image. This allows doctors to diagnose conditions such as ulcers, tumors, or blockages in the digestive tract.
Other barium compounds include barium carbonate, barium chloride, and barium hydroxide, which are used in various industrial applications such as drilling muds, flame retardants, and pigments for paints and plastics. However, these compounds can be toxic if ingested or inhaled, so they must be handled with care.
Pulmonary emphysema is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by abnormal, permanent enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis. This results in loss of elastic recoil, which leads to trappling of air within the lungs and difficulty exhaling. It is often caused by cigarette smoking or long-term exposure to harmful pollutants. The disease is part of a group of conditions known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which also includes chronic bronchitis.
Nitrogen is not typically referred to as a medical term, but it is an element that is crucial to medicine and human life.
In a medical context, nitrogen is often mentioned in relation to gas analysis, respiratory therapy, or medical gases. Nitrogen (N) is a colorless, odorless, and nonreactive gas that makes up about 78% of the Earth's atmosphere. It is an essential element for various biological processes, such as the growth and maintenance of organisms, because it is a key component of amino acids, nucleic acids, and other organic compounds.
In some medical applications, nitrogen is used to displace oxygen in a mixture to create a controlled environment with reduced oxygen levels (hypoxic conditions) for therapeutic purposes, such as in certain types of hyperbaric chambers. Additionally, nitrogen gas is sometimes used in cryotherapy, where extremely low temperatures are applied to tissues to reduce pain, swelling, and inflammation.
However, it's important to note that breathing pure nitrogen can be dangerous, as it can lead to unconsciousness and even death due to lack of oxygen (asphyxiation) within minutes.
Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spectroscopy, also known as Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy, is a technique used to investigate materials with unpaired electrons. It is based on the principle of absorption of energy by the unpaired electrons when they are exposed to an external magnetic field and microwave radiation.
In this technique, a sample is placed in a magnetic field and microwave radiation is applied. The unpaired electrons in the sample absorb energy and change their spin state when the energy of the microwaves matches the energy difference between the spin states. This absorption of energy is recorded as a function of the magnetic field strength, producing an ESR spectrum.
ESR spectroscopy can provide information about the number, type, and behavior of unpaired electrons in a sample, as well as the local environment around the electron. It is widely used in physics, chemistry, and biology to study materials such as free radicals, transition metal ions, and defects in solids.
In the context of medical terminology, "heating" generally refers to the application of heat to an area of the body for therapeutic purposes. This can be done using various methods such as hot packs, heating pads, warm compresses, or even heated wax. The goal of applying heat is to increase blood flow, reduce pain and muscle spasms, and promote healing in the affected area. It's important to note that excessive heating or application of heat to sensitive areas should be avoided, as it can lead to burns or other injuries.
Antimetabolites are a class of drugs that interfere with the normal metabolic processes of cells, particularly those involved in DNA replication and cell division. They are commonly used as chemotherapeutic agents to treat various types of cancer because many cancer cells divide more rapidly than normal cells. Antimetabolites work by mimicking natural substances needed for cell growth and division, such as nucleotides or amino acids, and getting incorporated into the growing cells' DNA or protein structures, which ultimately leads to the termination of cell division and death of the cancer cells. Examples of antimetabolites include methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, and capecitabine.
Carbon tetrachloride poisoning refers to the harmful effects on the body caused by exposure to carbon tetrachloride, a volatile and toxic chemical compound. This substance has been widely used in various industrial applications, such as a solvent for fats, oils, and rubber, a fire extinguishing agent, and a refrigerant. However, due to its high toxicity, the use of carbon tetrachloride has been significantly reduced or phased out in many countries.
Ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption of carbon tetrachloride can lead to poisoning, which may cause various symptoms depending on the severity and duration of exposure. Acute exposure to high concentrations of carbon tetrachloride can result in:
1. Central nervous system depression: Dizziness, headache, confusion, drowsiness, and, in severe cases, loss of consciousness or even death.
2. Respiratory irritation: Coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and pulmonary edema (fluid accumulation in the lungs).
3. Cardiovascular effects: Increased heart rate, low blood pressure, and irregular heart rhythms.
4. Gastrointestinal symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.
5. Liver damage: Hepatitis, jaundice, and liver failure in severe cases.
6. Kidney damage: Acute kidney injury or failure.
Chronic exposure to carbon tetrachloride can lead to long-term health effects, including:
1. Liver cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) and liver cancer.
2. Kidney damage and kidney disease.
3. Peripheral neuropathy (damage to the nerves in the limbs), causing numbness, tingling, or weakness.
4. Increased risk of miscarriage and birth defects in pregnant women exposed to carbon tetrachloride.
Treatment for carbon tetrachloride poisoning typically involves supportive care, such as oxygen therapy, fluid replacement, and monitoring of vital signs. In some cases, specific treatments like activated charcoal or gastric lavage may be used to remove the substance from the body. Prevention is crucial in minimizing exposure to this harmful chemical by following safety guidelines when handling it and using appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE).
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "gasoline" is not a medical term. It is a petroleum-derived liquid used as fuel in internal combustion engines. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!
The Cytochrome P-450 (CYP450) enzyme system is a group of enzymes found primarily in the liver, but also in other organs such as the intestines, lungs, and skin. These enzymes play a crucial role in the metabolism and biotransformation of various substances, including drugs, environmental toxins, and endogenous compounds like hormones and fatty acids.
The name "Cytochrome P-450" refers to the unique property of these enzymes to bind to carbon monoxide (CO) and form a complex that absorbs light at a wavelength of 450 nm, which can be detected spectrophotometrically.
The CYP450 enzyme system is involved in Phase I metabolism of xenobiotics, where it catalyzes oxidation reactions such as hydroxylation, dealkylation, and epoxidation. These reactions introduce functional groups into the substrate molecule, which can then undergo further modifications by other enzymes during Phase II metabolism.
There are several families and subfamilies of CYP450 enzymes, each with distinct substrate specificities and functions. Some of the most important CYP450 enzymes include:
1. CYP3A4: This is the most abundant CYP450 enzyme in the human liver and is involved in the metabolism of approximately 50% of all drugs. It also metabolizes various endogenous compounds like steroids, bile acids, and vitamin D.
2. CYP2D6: This enzyme is responsible for the metabolism of many psychotropic drugs, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, and beta-blockers. It also metabolizes some endogenous compounds like dopamine and serotonin.
3. CYP2C9: This enzyme plays a significant role in the metabolism of warfarin, phenytoin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
4. CYP2C19: This enzyme is involved in the metabolism of proton pump inhibitors, antidepressants, and clopidogrel.
5. CYP2E1: This enzyme metabolizes various xenobiotics like alcohol, acetaminophen, and carbon tetrachloride, as well as some endogenous compounds like fatty acids and prostaglandins.
Genetic polymorphisms in CYP450 enzymes can significantly affect drug metabolism and response, leading to interindividual variability in drug efficacy and toxicity. Understanding the role of CYP450 enzymes in drug metabolism is crucial for optimizing pharmacotherapy and minimizing adverse effects.
Carbonates are a class of chemical compounds that consist of a metal or metalloid combined with carbonate ions (CO32-). These compounds form when carbon dioxide (CO2) reacts with a base, such as a metal hydroxide. The reaction produces water (H2O), carbonic acid (H2CO3), and the corresponding carbonate.
Carbonates are important in many biological and geological processes. In the body, for example, calcium carbonate is a major component of bones and teeth. It also plays a role in maintaining pH balance by reacting with excess acid in the stomach to form carbon dioxide and water.
In nature, carbonates are common minerals found in rocks such as limestone and dolomite. They can also be found in mineral waters and in the shells of marine organisms. Carbonate rocks play an important role in the global carbon cycle, as they can dissolve or precipitate depending on environmental conditions, which affects the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Hydrogen-ion concentration, also known as pH, is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. The standard unit of measurement is the pH unit. A pH of 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, and greater than 7 is basic.
In medical terms, hydrogen-ion concentration is important for maintaining homeostasis within the body. For example, in the stomach, a high hydrogen-ion concentration (low pH) is necessary for the digestion of food. However, in other parts of the body such as blood, a high hydrogen-ion concentration can be harmful and lead to acidosis. Conversely, a low hydrogen-ion concentration (high pH) in the blood can lead to alkalosis. Both acidosis and alkalosis can have serious consequences on various organ systems if not corrected.
Acetate-CoA ligase is an enzyme that plays a role in the metabolism of acetate in cells. The enzyme catalyzes the conversion of acetate and coenzyme A (CoA) to acetyl-CoA, which is a key molecule in various metabolic pathways, including the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle).
The reaction catalyzed by Acetate-CoA ligase can be summarized as follows:
acetate + ATP + CoA → acetyl-CoA + AMP + PPi
In this reaction, acetate is activated by combining it with ATP to form acetyl-AMP, which then reacts with CoA to produce acetyl-CoA. The reaction also produces AMP and pyrophosphate (PPi) as byproducts.
There are two main types of Acetate-CoA ligases: the short-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase, which is responsible for activating acetate and other short-chain fatty acids, and the acyl-CoA synthetase, which activates long-chain fatty acids. Both types of enzymes play important roles in energy metabolism and the synthesis of various biological molecules.
Lung diseases refer to a broad category of disorders that affect the lungs and other structures within the respiratory system. These diseases can impair lung function, leading to symptoms such as coughing, shortness of breath, chest pain, and wheezing. They can be categorized into several types based on the underlying cause and nature of the disease process. Some common examples include:
1. Obstructive lung diseases: These are characterized by narrowing or blockage of the airways, making it difficult to breathe out. Examples include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis.
2. Restrictive lung diseases: These involve stiffening or scarring of the lungs, which reduces their ability to expand and take in air. Examples include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, and asbestosis.
3. Infectious lung diseases: These are caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that infect the lungs. Examples include pneumonia, tuberculosis, and influenza.
4. Vascular lung diseases: These affect the blood vessels in the lungs, impairing oxygen exchange. Examples include pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH).
5. Neoplastic lung diseases: These involve abnormal growth of cells within the lungs, leading to cancer. Examples include small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and mesothelioma.
6. Other lung diseases: These include interstitial lung diseases, pleural effusions, and rare disorders such as pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM).
It is important to note that this list is not exhaustive, and there are many other conditions that can affect the lungs. Proper diagnosis and treatment of lung diseases require consultation with a healthcare professional, such as a pulmonologist or respiratory therapist.
Exhalation is the act of breathing out or exhaling, which is the reverse process of inhalation. During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards, while the chest muscles also relax, causing the chest cavity to decrease in size. This decrease in size puts pressure on the lungs, causing them to deflate and expel air.
Exhalation is a passive process that occurs naturally after inhalation, but it can also be actively controlled during activities such as speaking, singing, or playing a wind instrument. In medical terms, exhalation may also be referred to as expiration.
Fossil fuels are not a medical term, but rather a term used in the field of earth science and energy production. They refer to fuels formed by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms. The age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of years, and sometimes even hundreds of millions of years.
There are three main types of fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Coal is primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen, and it is formed from the remains of plants that lived hundreds of millions of years ago in swamps and peat bogs. Petroleum, also known as crude oil, is a liquid mixture of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds, formed from the remains of marine organisms such as algae and zooplankton. Natural gas is primarily composed of methane and other light hydrocarbons, and it is found in underground reservoirs, often in association with petroleum deposits.
Fossil fuels are a major source of energy for transportation, heating, and electricity generation, but their combustion also releases large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change and air pollution.
I believe there may be some confusion in your question. Whales are not a medical term but rather large marine mammals. They belong to the Cetacean family, which includes dolphins and porpoises. If you're asking about a medical condition or something similar that might be associated with the word "whales," I would need more information to provide an accurate response.
Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) is a medical term used to describe the volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled from the lungs in one second. It is often measured during pulmonary function testing to assess lung function and diagnose conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma.
FEV is typically expressed as a percentage of the Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), which is the total volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after taking a deep breath in. The ratio of FEV to FVC is used to determine whether there is obstruction in the airways, with a lower ratio indicating more severe obstruction.
There are different types of FEV measurements, including FEV1 (the volume of air exhaled in one second), FEV25-75 (the average volume of air exhaled during the middle 50% of the FVC maneuver), and FEV0.5 (the volume of air exhaled in half a second). These measurements can provide additional information about lung function and help guide treatment decisions.
"Pseudomonas" is a genus of Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are widely found in soil, water, and plants. Some species of Pseudomonas can cause disease in animals and humans, with P. aeruginosa being the most clinically relevant as it's an opportunistic pathogen capable of causing various types of infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.
P. aeruginosa is known for its remarkable ability to resist many antibiotics and disinfectants, making infections caused by this bacterium difficult to treat. It can cause a range of healthcare-associated infections, such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, urinary tract infections, and surgical site infections. In addition, it can also cause external ear infections and eye infections.
Prompt identification and appropriate antimicrobial therapy are crucial for managing Pseudomonas infections, although the increasing antibiotic resistance poses a significant challenge in treatment.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and methane are both greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming and climate change. However, they are distinct substances with different chemical structures and sources.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are synthetic compounds made up of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine atoms. They were commonly used in refrigerants, aerosol sprays, and foam blowing agents until they were phased out due to their harmful effects on the ozone layer. CFCs have high global warming potential, meaning that they trap heat in the atmosphere many times more effectively than carbon dioxide.
Methane, on the other hand, is a naturally occurring gas made up of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms (CH4). It is produced by the decomposition of organic matter, such as in landfills, wetlands, and the digestive tracts of animals like cattle. Methane is also released during the extraction and transportation of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas. While methane has a shorter lifespan in the atmosphere than CFCs, it is an even more potent greenhouse gas, trapping heat at a rate 25 times greater than carbon dioxide over a 100-year period.
Therefore, while both CFCs and methane are harmful to the climate, they are distinct substances with different sources and impacts.
Peptococcaceae is a family of obligately anaerobic, non-spore forming, gram-positive cocci that are found as normal flora in the human gastrointestinal tract. These bacteria are commonly isolated from feces and are known to be associated with various human infections, particularly intra-abdominal abscesses, bacteremia, and brain abscesses. The genus Peptococcus includes several species, such as Peptococcus niger and Peptococcus saccharolyticus, which are known to be associated with human infections. However, it is important to note that the taxonomy of this group of bacteria has undergone significant revisions in recent years, and some species previously classified as Peptococcaceae have been reassigned to other families.
Dithionite is a chemical compound with the formula Na2S2O4. It is also known as sodium hydrosulfite or sodium dithionite. Dithionite is a white crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water and is commonly used as a reducing agent in various industrial and laboratory applications, including the reduction of iron and copper salts, the bleaching of textiles and pulp, and the removal of sulfur dioxide from flue gases.
In medical contexts, dithionite may be used as a reducing agent in some pharmaceutical preparations or as an antidote for certain types of poisoning. However, it is important to note that dithionite can be toxic and corrosive in concentrated forms, and should be handled with care.
Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide detector
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase
Breath carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide-releasing molecules
Carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase (ferredoxin)
Carbon monoxide (data page)
Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide
All-Party Parliamentary Carbon Monoxide Group
Carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase (cytochrome b-561)
Monoxide
Tanks in World War I
Nestor Gréhant
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Miller Reese Hutchison
Combustion
Blood
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Suicide methods
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Carbon monoxide - Wikipedia
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Monoxide | CPSC.gov
Carbon Monoxide - NYC Health
Routine Surveillance | Carbon Monoxide Poisoning | CDC
Carbon Monoxide | ToxFAQs™ | ATSDR
NFPA - Carbon monoxide alarms
Carbon Monoxide | CPSC.gov
Carbon Monoxide At Home
Global Carbon Monoxide in September 2005
Carbon monoxide poisoning: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
CDC Carbon Monoxide | Emergency Preparedness & Response
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Glossary: Carbon monoxide (CO)
Several treated for Carbon monoxide poisoning
HCCI Combustion of Hydrogen, Carbon Monoxide and Dimethyl Ether
San Francisco couple died from carbon monoxide poisoning | Daily Mail Online
Carbon Monoxide Toxicity: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
Carbon monoxide (EHC 13, 1979)
What Is Carbon Monoxide Poisoning?
Carbon Monoxide Prevention for Big Kids | Safe Kids Worldwide
Firefighters save family from carbon monoxide incident | HeraldNet.com
Missing carbon monoxide in planetary nurseries could be frozen in ice | Space
PRIME PubMed | Exhaled carbon monoxide in COPD
4 Dead in Home; Carbon Monoxide Leak Suspected
Chemical Database: Carbon monoxide (EnvironmentalChemistry.com)
Carbon Monoxide Control Case Study | AIHA
carbon monoxide | NCHH
Poisoning86
- In mammalian physiology, carbon monoxide is a classical example of hormesis where low concentrations serve as an endogenous neurotransmitter (gasotransmitter) and high concentrations are toxic resulting in carbon monoxide poisoning. (wikipedia.org)
- Early humans probably discovered the toxicity of carbon monoxide poisoning upon introducing fire into their dwellings. (wikipedia.org)
- Cleopatra may have died from carbon monoxide poisoning. (wikipedia.org)
- Friedrich Hoffmann conducted the first modern scientific investigation into carbon monoxide poisoning from coal in 1716. (wikipedia.org)
- Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning may include fatigue, nausea, dizziness and headache. (nyc.gov)
- Severe carbon monoxide poisoning can result in seizures, serious injury or death. (nyc.gov)
- In the absence of an active national surveillance system for carbon monoxide poisoning, estimates and surveillance activities rely on data sources that were not primarily designed for carbon monoxide poisoning surveillance. (cdc.gov)
- The figure above illustrates the surveillance components of CDC's carbon monoxide poisoning surveillance framework. (cdc.gov)
- The surveillance framework outlined here focuses only on unintentional, non-fire related carbon monoxide poisoning because approaches to preventing intentional and fire-related carbon monoxide exposures greatly differ from those for prevention of unintentional exposures. (cdc.gov)
- From 1999 through 2004 there were 439 unintentional, non-fire related carbon monoxide poisoning deaths annually in the U.S. (cdc.gov)
- In 2007, there were 2,302 hospitalizations for confirmed cases of unintentional, non-fire related carbon monoxide poisoning in the U.S. (cdc.gov)
- National Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Surveillance Framework and Recent Estimates. (cdc.gov)
- Carbon monoxide poisoning is the leading cause of death due to poisoning in the United States. (cdc.gov)
- Although the popularity of carbon monoxide (CO) alarms has been growing in recent years, it cannot be assumed that everyone is familiar with the hazards of carbon monoxide poisoning in the home. (nfpa.org)
- Data from the Center of Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) National Center for Health Statistics shows that in 2017, 399 people died of unintentional non-fire carbon monoxide poisoning. (nfpa.org)
- A safety alert discussing carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning from camping equipment such as portable camping heaters, lanterns, stoves, campers and vehicles. (cpsc.gov)
- Protect your family from carbon monoxide poisoning. (cpsc.gov)
- Since many of these symptoms can occur with viral illnesses, carbon monoxide poisoning is often confused with these conditions. (medlineplus.gov)
- Use of gas-powered appliances such as generators, and charcoal or gas grills following a storm increases the number of carbon monoxide poisoning cases and fatalities. (virginia.gov)
- Indoor use of portable generators, charcoal grills, or camp stoves can lead to carbon monoxide poisoning. (cdc.gov)
- First responders rushed to a downtown Nashville building to treat people for Carbon monoxide poisoning. (newschannel5.com)
- A San Francisco couple and their two cats died from poisoning from carbon monoxide poisoning. (dailymail.co.uk)
- The Massachusetts Institute of Technology graduates had died from poisoning due carbon monoxide in their home, a law enforcement source said on Friday. (dailymail.co.uk)
- Children process carbon monoxide differently than adults, may be more severely affected by it, and may show signs of poisoning sooner. (safekids.org)
- An effort by Shoreline firefighters saved a young Shoreline family from possible carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning on March 26. (heraldnet.com)
- Everyone is reminded about the potential dangers of carbon monoxide poisoning away from the home. (nidirect.gov.uk)
- Faulty gas cookers, appliances or petrol-powered generators have led to carbon monoxide poisoning . (nidirect.gov.uk)
- The signs and symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning are often mistaken for other illnesses, such as food poisoning or flu. (nidirect.gov.uk)
- Anyone who suspects they are suffering from carbon monoxide poisoning should immediately go outside into the fresh air and seek urgent medical attention. (nidirect.gov.uk)
- Seek medical help if you are experiencing any effects of carbon monoxide poisoning immediately. (surreycc.gov.uk)
- Carbon monoxide poisoning can be fatal. (epnet.com)
- Carbon monoxide poisoning is caused by inhaling CO gas. (epnet.com)
- Carbon monoxide poisoning is more common in infants or older people. (epnet.com)
- Symptoms related to carbon monoxide poisoning are usually vague. (epnet.com)
- Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning. (epnet.com)
- 3.1 This guide is intended for use by individuals who investigate incidents involving carbon monoxide poisoning. (astm.org)
- If this guide is followed, the cause for the carbon monoxide poisoning incident may be determined, and corrective action may be identified to prevent future incidents. (astm.org)
- 1.1 This guide covers collection and preservation of information and physical evidence related to incidents involving the poisoning of individuals by carbon monoxide. (astm.org)
- 1.3 This guide is not intended to be a guide for investigating carbon monoxide poisoning caused by hostile fires, or contamination in closed air systems or confined spaces. (astm.org)
- What are the signs of carbon monoxide poisoning? (baxi.co.uk)
- The most common symptoms of mild carbon monoxide poisoning are headache, nausea and feeling tired or confused - in fact, very similar symptoms to those of flu. (baxi.co.uk)
- However, if you find your symptoms improve or go away when you are away from home, and get worse when you return, and if everyone else in the home, including pets, has the same symptoms, you may be experiencing carbon monoxide poisoning and should see your GP immediately. (baxi.co.uk)
- What to do if you suspect you have carbon monoxide poisoning? (baxi.co.uk)
- BCN) - A married couple who were found dead last week from suspected carbon monoxide poisoning at their Santa Rosa apartment were identified Thursday by the Sonoma County Coroner's Office as 62-year-old Angela Smith and 56-year-old Michael Smith. (kron4.com)
- Did you know carbon monoxide is one of the most common causes of poisoning every year? (adt.com)
- And as the Reno Gazette-Journal reports , a toxicology report suggests that Billingham died of carbon monoxide poisoning, with "the presence of controlled substances an exacerbating factor. (sfist.com)
- Furthermore, symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning can easily be confused with things like the flu, an average headache, or intoxication making it even more difficult to know if you are being affected by carbon monoxide, which can be very dangerous for your health. (doityourself.com)
- Some may even confuse the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning with being intoxicated or having a bad hangover. (doityourself.com)
- Learn about the hazards and some tips on how to help avoid carbon monoxide poisoning. (productsafety.gov.au)
- The main cause of accidental carbon monoxide poisoning is from combustion of fuels such as petrol, oil, gas and wood in areas with little or no ventilation. (productsafety.gov.au)
- Furthermore, carbon monoxide poisoning can happen without the immediate symptoms being obvious, or the symptoms may be confused with those of simple fatigue or a common cold. (productsafety.gov.au)
- In January 2011, a Queensland man died from suspected carbon monoxide poisoning caused by generator fumes while taking shelter from cyclone Yasi. (productsafety.gov.au)
- In 2009, a 43 year old Sydney man died from carbon monoxide poisoning after using an outdoor charcoal barbeque inside his home. (productsafety.gov.au)
- In the US around 30 deaths and 450 injuries each year are related to accidental carbon monoxide poisoning. (productsafety.gov.au)
- Although carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning can be prevented, every year, hundreds of people in the United States die as a result of accidental, non-fire related exposure to this toxic gas. (cdc.gov)
- Another unfortunate but common cause of carbon monoxide poisoning is the improper use of a generator. (meemic.com)
- Carbon monoxide poisoning is a serious public health concern. (peoples-law.org)
- Objectives: The purpose of this study is the development of a porcine model of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning to investigate alterations in brain and heart mitochondrial function. (lu.se)
- Carbon monoxide detectors, adequate venting of furnaces and other sources of indoor combustion, and not allowing a car to run in an enclosed space (for example, a closed garage) help prevent carbon monoxide poisoning. (msdmanuals.com)
- Small amounts are not usually harmful, but poisoning occurs if levels of carbon monoxide in the blood become too high. (msdmanuals.com)
- If improperly vented, automobiles, furnaces, hot water heaters, gas heaters, kerosene heaters, and stoves (including wood stoves and stoves with charcoal briquettes) can cause carbon monoxide poisoning. (msdmanuals.com)
- Inhaling tobacco smoke produces carbon monoxide in the blood, but usually not enough to result in symptoms of poisoning. (msdmanuals.com)
- Carbon monoxide is one of the most common causes of poisoning deaths. (msdmanuals.com)
- Most people who develop mild carbon monoxide poisoning recover quickly when moved into fresh air. (msdmanuals.com)
- Severe carbon monoxide poisoning is often fatal. (msdmanuals.com)
- Rarely, weeks after apparent recovery from severe carbon monoxide poisoning, symptoms such as memory loss, poor coordination, movement disorders, depression, and psychosis (which are referred to as delayed neuropsychiatric symptoms) develop. (msdmanuals.com)
- Carbon monoxide is dangerous because a person may not recognize drowsiness as a symptom of poisoning. (msdmanuals.com)
- Consequently, someone with mild poisoning can go to sleep and continue to breathe the carbon monoxide until severe poisoning or death occurs. (msdmanuals.com)
- Some people with long-standing, mild carbon monoxide poisoning caused by furnaces or heaters may mistake their symptoms for other conditions, such as the flu or other viral infections. (msdmanuals.com)
- Carbon monoxide poisoning is diagnosed by measuring the level of carbon monoxide in the blood. (msdmanuals.com)
- Because symptoms can be vague and variable, mild carbon monoxide poisoning may be mistaken for the flu. (msdmanuals.com)
- Analysis of reported carbon monoxide poisoning cases in Colorado. (medscape.com)
- Carbon monoxide poisoning from spray paint inhalation. (medscape.com)
- Carbon monoxide poisoning during ice storms: a tale of two cities. (medscape.com)
- Noninvasive pulse CO-oximetry expedites evaluation and management of patients with carbon monoxide poisoning. (medscape.com)
- Practice recommendations in the diagnosis, management, and prevention of carbon monoxide poisoning. (medscape.com)
- Myocardial injury and long-term mortality following moderate to severe carbon monoxide poisoning. (medscape.com)
- Acute hydrocephalus following carbon monoxide poisoning. (medscape.com)
- Carbon monoxide poisoning in a patient with carbon dioxide retention: a therapeutic challenge. (medscape.com)
- Management of carbon monoxide poisoning in the absence of hyperbaric oxygenation chamber. (medscape.com)
- Confirmation of the pulse oximetry gap in carbon monoxide poisoning. (medscape.com)
- Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning : a systematic review and critical analysis of the evidence. (medscape.com)
- The symptoms and signs of carbon monoxide poisoning are variable and nonspecific. (cdc.gov)
- Other testing, such as a fingerstick blood sugar, alcohol and toxicology screen, head CT scan or lumbar puncture may be needed to exclude other causes of altered mental status when the diagnosis of carbon monoxide poisoning is inconclusive. (cdc.gov)
- Clinical examination of 3 patients with delayed neuropsychiatric encephalopathy induced by carbon monoxide poisoning, who recovered from severe neurocognitive impairment by repetitive hyperbaric oxygen therapy]. (bvsalud.org)
- We performed hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy for 3 patients with delayed neuropsychiatric encephalopathy induced by carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning . (bvsalud.org)
Detector21
- Make sure you have a working carbon monoxide detector. (nyc.gov)
- Install a carbon monoxide detector on each floor of your home. (medlineplus.gov)
- If your carbon monoxide detector indicates high levels of carbon monoxide, leave the building immediately and call 911. (virginia.gov)
- People still evacuated from apt at 1255 Taraval St. in #SF where carbon monoxide detector went off. (nbcbayarea.com)
- Install a carbon monoxide detector. (epnet.com)
- Installing a carbon monoxide detector is a simple way to help your home and loved ones stay safe. (adt.com)
- But, when your carbon monoxide detector is beeping, it can drive you crazy! (adt.com)
- A carbon monoxide detector going off causes anxiety and annoyance. (adt.com)
- How Does a Carbon Monoxide Detector Work? (adt.com)
- Sometimes the carbon monoxide detector makes non-emergency alarm sounds. (adt.com)
- If the alarm on your carbon monoxide detector is going off in a continuous, shrill way, get outside to fresh air right away. (adt.com)
- Usually, the annoying beeping caused by a carbon monoxide detector is to alert you about a malfunctioning battery. (adt.com)
- Install a combination smoke and carbon monoxide detector on each level of the home and within 10 feet of the bedrooms. (thisoldhouse.com)
- In the basement, install a standard hardwired combination smoke and carbon monoxide detector, and a two-piece wireless smoke and carbon monoxide detector. (thisoldhouse.com)
- How Can You Tell if You Have Carbon Monoxide Without a Detector? (doityourself.com)
- Even though carbon monoxide detectors are standard in most homes nowadays, and in many cases required by law, it is still important to recognize any signs and symptoms of carbon monoxide leaks in case your detector has problems or you are visiting somewhere without a carbon monoxide detector. (doityourself.com)
- You may also be without a carbon monoxide detector if you are traveling. (doityourself.com)
- While the machine should alert you if the battery power is running low in the carbon monoxide detector, if it does not or for some reason you are not able to replace the batteries as quickly as you should be replacing them, it is helpful to know the signs that your home has carbon monoxide in it. (doityourself.com)
- There are some reliable indicators that should draw your attention to the presence of carbon monoxide if you are without a carbon monoxide detector. (doityourself.com)
- If the flames and pilot light on your gas stove are always blue and they are turning yellow, have it checked out by a professional as soon as possible, especially if you do not have a carbon monoxide detector. (doityourself.com)
- The cool new Nest Protect is a state-of-the-art smoke and carbon monoxide detector that is not only smart, it isn't annoying. (thegreenhead.com)
Detectors16
- Carbon monoxide detectors alert you when there are dangerous levels of carbon monoxide in your home. (nyc.gov)
- Most homes and residential buildings in New York City are required by law to have carbon monoxide detectors installed in the sleeping areas. (nyc.gov)
- Building owners are responsible for installing approved carbon monoxide detectors. (nyc.gov)
- You should test carbon monoxide detectors at least once a month. (nyc.gov)
- Have carbon monoxide and smoke detectors installed in your home. (cdc.gov)
- Install battery-operated carbon monoxide detectors or plug-in carbon monoxide detectors with battery back-up in your home, according to the manufacturer's installation instructions. (virginia.gov)
- The carbon monoxide detectors should conform to the latest safety standards for carbon monoxide detectors (UL 2034, IAS 6-96, or CSA 6.19.01). (virginia.gov)
- Test your carbon monoxide detectors frequently and replace dead batteries. (virginia.gov)
- Carbon monoxide detectors are simple devices that more and more US states are making necessary in dwellings . (adt.com)
- Sometimes, carbon monoxide detectors get wired straight into an electrical system. (adt.com)
- Carbon monoxide detectors have a seven-year lifespan . (adt.com)
- We've learned departments across the country are inspecting their Explorers and rushing to install carbon monoxide detectors. (cbsnews.com)
- The carbon monoxide detectors may also run out of batteries at some point. (doityourself.com)
- Smoke detectors save lives, but they're also the single most annoying and obnoxious items in your home when there's not an actual fire or carbon monoxide leak. (thegreenhead.com)
- Shop Researching carbon monoxide detectors? (quill.com)
- When installed in a home, these detectors are successful in alerting home occupants when carbon monoxide is present. (meemic.com)
Poisonings6
- Many carbon monoxide poisonings occur in the winter months when furnaces, gas fireplaces, and portable heaters are being used and windows are closed. (medlineplus.gov)
- Carbon monoxide (CO) gas is an environmental hazard, and unintentional CO poisonings have occurred in multiple settings, including residences, motor vehicles, and workplaces. (cdc.gov)
- Guidance on the investigation of carbon monoxide poisonings related to fire can be found in NFPA 921. (astm.org)
- During 2006-07, there were 365 public hospital cases for carbon monoxide poisonings recorded in Australia. (productsafety.gov.au)
- Carbon monoxide poisonings resulting from open air exposures to operating motorboats--Lake Havasu City, Arizona, 2003. (medscape.com)
- Carbon monoxide poisonings after two major hurricanes--Alabama and Texas, August-October 2005. (medscape.com)
Produce carbon monoxide1
- Any appliances or equipment using these types of fuel can produce carbon monoxide. (meemic.com)
Tasteless7
- Carbon monoxide (chemical formula CO) is a poisonous, flammable gas that is colorless, odorless, tasteless, and slightly less dense than air. (wikipedia.org)
- Carbon monoxide is a colorless, nonirritating, odorless, tasteless gas that is found in both indoor and outdoor air. (cdc.gov)
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is an invisible, odorless, tasteless gas that is produced when a carbon-based fuel burns. (boat-ed.com)
- Carbon monoxide is a colourless, tasteless, odourless gas that is non-irritating, and as a result can be very hard to detect. (nidirect.gov.uk)
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colourless, odourless, tasteless and poisonous gas produced by incomplete burning of carbon-based fuels. (surreycc.gov.uk)
- It is colourless, odourless and tasteless, so the best way to detect carbon monoxide is to fit a CO alarm. (baxi.co.uk)
- Carbon monoxide is an odorless, tasteless, invisible gas. (peoples-law.org)
Odorless6
- Colorless, odorless, and poisonous, carbon monoxide is one of the six major air pollutants regulated in the United States and in many other nations around the world. (nasa.gov)
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, poisonous gas. (cpsc.gov)
- Carbon monoxide is an odorless gas that causes thousands of deaths each year in North America. (medlineplus.gov)
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas produced by incomplete combustion of carbonaceous material. (medscape.com)
- Carbon monoxide is especially hazardous because it is colorless and odorless, providing no warning of its presence. (astm.org)
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is an odorless, colorless, poisonous gas that can cause sudden illness and death if present in sufficient concentration in the ambient air. (cdc.gov)
Level of carbon monoxide3
- Medical devices called carbon monoxide-oximeters that are found in clinical laboratories or hospitals can estimate the level of carbon monoxide in blood by a simple test. (cdc.gov)
- level of carbon monoxide in blood by a simple test. (cdc.gov)
- Within a few minutes of starting its heating cycle, the alarms went off again and the detection device registered a lethal level of carbon monoxide coming from the hot water heater. (heraldnet.com)
Centers for Diseas1
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently have provided 30- and 15-second carbon monoxide awareness public service announcements in English and Spanish. (virginia.gov)
Generate carbon monoxide3
- Numerous environmental and biological sources generate carbon monoxide. (wikipedia.org)
- Properly-operating internal combustion engines may also generate carbon monoxide concentrations on the order of 10 000 ppm or higher. (astm.org)
- Incomplete boiler combustion may generate carbon monoxide - CO - and re-ignition may cause disastrous effects on personnel and property. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
Possible carbon monoxide3
- Reviews sources of carbon monoxide (CO) and clues to a possible carbon monoxide problem in the home. (cpsc.gov)
- A CBS News investigation has learned Ford may be closer to a major recall due to possible carbon monoxide leaks in Explorers , which could affect police departments across the country. (cbsnews.com)
- Police departments in more than a dozen states have raised concerns about possible carbon monoxide leaks. (cbsnews.com)
Symptoms4
- The doctor will give you oxygen until your symptoms go away and carbon monoxide levels in your blood drop. (epnet.com)
- If all of the members of the household have similar symptoms at the same time, and feel better when they are away from home, however, this could be an indication of carbon monoxide inside. (doityourself.com)
- The severity of symptoms depends on the person's exposure level to carbon monoxide. (meemic.com)
- If people from the same dwelling, particularly a heated dwelling, all experience vague flu-like symptoms at the same time, doctors may suspect carbon monoxide exposure as the cause. (msdmanuals.com)
Furnaces5
- Carbon monoxide levels in indoor air vary depending on the presence of appliances such as kerosene and gas space heaters, furnaces, wood stoves, generators and other gasoline-powered equipment. (cdc.gov)
- It is made when carbon fuel is not burned completely and stoves, furnaces, heaters and generators. (cdc.gov)
- Carbon monoxide can come from furnaces, water heaters, and other fuel burning appliances. (heraldnet.com)
- The process entailed open-room exhaust of natural gas-fired furnaces and open-room exhaust of endogas (a carbon rich atmosphere used in heat-treating furnaces). (aiha.org)
- Appliances such as space heaters , gas stoves, furnaces, heaters, and refrigerators can all emit carbon monoxide if they are poorly ventilated. (doityourself.com)
Dioxide14
- In the presence of oxygen, including atmospheric concentrations, carbon monoxide burns with a blue flame, producing carbon dioxide. (wikipedia.org)
- In 1854, Adrien Chenot similarly suggested carbon monoxide to remove the oxygen from blood and then be oxidized by the body to carbon dioxide. (wikipedia.org)
- Carbon monoxide is a trace gas in the atmosphere, and it does not have a direct effect on the global temperature, like methane and carbon dioxide do. (nasa.gov)
- It is broken down in air by reacting with other chemicals and is changed into carbon dioxide. (cdc.gov)
- It is broken down in soil by microorganisms into carbon dioxide. (cdc.gov)
- On a global basis, nearly 50 percent of carbon dioxide emissions come from man-made sources, and the rest come from biomass burning, as shown here, or natural sources, says Dr. Wallace McMillan from the University of Maryland Baltimore County and the Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology. (nasa.gov)
- How likely is carbon monoxide to chemicals and is changed into carbon dioxide. (cdc.gov)
- The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), the carbon dioxide. (cdc.gov)
- When fuel burns, it usually makes carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). (windows2universe.org)
- Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a kind of gas. (windows2universe.org)
- There isn't that much carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, but it is still very important. (windows2universe.org)
- Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. (windows2universe.org)
- Carbon dioxide concentration in a room may indicate air quality and ventilation system efficiency. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
- The atmospheric Carbon Dioxide concentration year 1959 - 2015. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
Dangerous levels of carbon monoxide1
- Vehicles or generators running in an attached garage can also produce dangerous levels of carbon monoxide. (nfpa.org)
Model of distribution of1
- Powell and her team recently created a new model of distribution of carbon monoxide in planetary disks. (space.com)
Elevated carbon monoxide levels1
- 3.4 Since there is the potential for investigators to become victims of elevated carbon monoxide levels themselves, extreme care should be taken to assure the safety of investigators and anyone else at risk of continuing carbon monoxide exposure. (astm.org)
Properties of carbon monoxide2
- Apart from the toxicity of carbon monoxide, indigenous Native Americans may have experienced the neuroactive properties of carbon monoxide through shamanistic fireside rituals. (wikipedia.org)
- Chemical, Physical and Thermal Properties of Carbon Monoxide - CO . (engineeringtoolbox.com)
Install2
- Install a carbon monoxide alarm on every level of your home, especially near sleeping areas, and keep them at least 15 feet away from fuel-burning appliances. (safekids.org)
- As an added back-up precaution, you should also install an audible carbon monoxide alarm in your caravan, holiday home, or boat. (nidirect.gov.uk)
Concentrations7
- These maps show monthly averages of global concentrations of tropospheric carbon monoxide at an altitude of about 12,000 feet. (nasa.gov)
- Concentrations of carbon monoxide are expressed in parts per billion by volume (ppbv). (nasa.gov)
- Yellow areas have little or no carbon monoxide, while progressively higher concentrations are shown in orange and red. (nasa.gov)
- In the United States, Europe, and eastern China, on the other hand, the highest carbon monoxide concentrations occur around urban areas as a result of vehicle and industrial emissions. (nasa.gov)
- Fires in Africa probably contributed to the high concentrations of carbon monoxide over Africa and the Indian Ocean. (nasa.gov)
- Concentrations of the gas, which is produced by burning carbon-based fuels, have decreased since 2000. (nasa.gov)
- In those same appliances, malfunctions can potentially result in significantly higher carbon monoxide concentrations (10 000 ppm to 100 000 ppm, or higher). (astm.org)
Effects of carbo4
- People who have heart or lung disease are more vulnerable to the toxic effects of carbon monoxide. (cdc.gov)
- 3.3 Be aware of the effects of carbon monoxide on humans and pets. (astm.org)
- 1.2 This guide is not intended to address the medical effects of carbon monoxide exposure. (astm.org)
- Human physiology, air quality and comfort temperatures, activity and metabolic rates, health effects of carbon monoxide and more. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
Sources of carbon monoxide1
- In the home, heating and cooking equipment that burn fuel are potential sources of carbon monoxide. (nfpa.org)
Fuels4
- In the Fischer-Tropsch process, coal and related carbon-rich feedstocks are converted into liquid fuels via the intermediacy of CO. Originally developed as part of the German war effort to compensate for their lack of domestic petroleum, this technology continues today. (wikipedia.org)
- Make sure appliances that burn natural gasoline, has set a legal limit of 55 mg/m 3 (50 ppmv) for carbon kerosene, or other fuels are properly installed monoxide in air for an 8-hour work day, 40 hour workweek. (cdc.gov)
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is a toxic gas produced by the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels including gas, oil, wood and coal used in boilers, engines, oil burners, gas fires, water heaters, gas ovens, solid fuel appliances and open fires. (baxi.co.uk)
- Smoke from fires commonly contains carbon monoxide, particularly when combustion of fuels is incomplete. (msdmanuals.com)
Alarms9
- This does not include the 91,400 carbon monoxide alarm malfunctions and the 68,000 unintentional carbon monoxide alarms. (nfpa.org)
- Carbon monoxide alarms are not substitutes for smoke alarms, and vice versa. (safekids.org)
- Combination smoke and carbon monoxide alarms are available. (safekids.org)
- If you have questions about carbon monoxide or CO alarms, contact Shoreline Fire's Community Education division at 206-533-6564. (heraldnet.com)
- Carbon monoxide alarms should be installed in every room with a gas or solid fuel heating or cooking appliance. (surreycc.gov.uk)
- Carbon monoxide alarms should be tested weekly with your smoke alarms. (surreycc.gov.uk)
- Alarms that are continuously going off with a high-pitched sound mean there is a carbon monoxide leak. (adt.com)
- In Maryland, carbon monoxide alarms must be installed in certain dwellings. (peoples-law.org)
- Your local county or municipal corporation may enact more stringent laws that relate to carbon monoxide alarms. (peoples-law.org)
Toxicity2
- Greek physician Galen (129-199 AD) speculated that there was a change in the composition of the air that caused harm when inhaled, and many others of the era developed a basis of knowledge about carbon monoxide in the context of coal fume toxicity. (wikipedia.org)
- Suner S, Jay G. Carbon monoxide has direct toxicity on the myocardium distinct from effects of hypoxia in an ex vivo rat heart model. (medscape.com)
Source of the carbon monoxide2
- They decided to test one more possible source of the carbon monoxide: the hot water heater. (heraldnet.com)
- Stay away from the source of the carbon monoxide. (epnet.com)
Molecule5
- A concentration of 1 ppbv means that for every billion molecules of gas in the measured volume, one of them is a carbon monoxide molecule. (nasa.gov)
- And carbon monoxide, an inorganic molecule, turns into something valuable we can use. (phys.org)
- Here are four different ways chemists use to show a molecule of carbon monoxide. (windows2universe.org)
- In the colored molecule models, carbon is light gray and oxygen is red. (windows2universe.org)
- A molecule of carbon monoxide (CO) has one carbon atom and one oxygen atom. (windows2universe.org)
Prevention1
- After a chat about fire prevention, they will ask you to show us around your home so we can provide personalised advice, and fit smoke and carbon monoxide detection equipment, and provide specialist equipment if required. (surreycc.gov.uk)
Leak4
- For the second time this week, a carbon monoxide leak is being blamed for multiple deaths inside a home. (newser.com)
- So you're sucking carbon monoxide into the cabin if you have that kind of a leak," Dise said. (cbsnews.com)
- A gas leak can also be a major cause of carbon monoxide emissions. (doityourself.com)
- However, the condensation could also be the result of excessive moisture in your home, so you need to rule out other possibilities before you can definitively conclude that it is a carbon monoxide leak. (doityourself.com)
Alarm18
- Healthstyles Survey, 2006: 46% of households with carbon monoxide alarm. (cdc.gov)
- Make sure you have a working carbon monoxide alarm installed on every level of your home, especially around sleeping areas. (safekids.org)
- One person died after firefighters responded to a carbon monoxide alarm in San Francisco's Parkside neighborhood early Wednesday morning. (nbcbayarea.com)
- For you and your family's safety, it is advisable to fit a carbon monoxide alarm in each room in your home that has a gas appliance. (baxi.co.uk)
- The Gas Safe Register recommends the use of an audible carbon monoxide alarm rather than one that just changes colour when carbon monoxide is present. (baxi.co.uk)
- The alarm should be marked with British Standard EN 50291, and a British or European approval mark such as the Kitemark. (baxi.co.uk)
- Don't forget to take a portable audible carbon monoxide alarm on holiday with you. (baxi.co.uk)
- Carbon Monoxide Alarm Beeping? (adt.com)
- Keep reading to find out what to do if your carbon monoxide alarm goes off! (adt.com)
- But, if your carbon monoxide alarm is going off in one of the other ways it can beep, there are a few things to try. (adt.com)
- What is a carbon monoxide alarm? (peoples-law.org)
- In Maryland, a carbon monoxide alarm is a device that is capable of detecting carbon monoxide. (peoples-law.org)
- connected to an on-site control unit that monitors the carbon monoxide alarm remotely so that a responsible party is alerted when the device activates the alarm signal and receives its primary power from a battery or the control unit. (peoples-law.org)
- A carbon monoxide alarm must be installed in a central location outside of each sleeping area OR, if there is a centralized alarm system capable of emitting a distinct and audible sound to warn all occupants, the carbon monoxide alarm may be installed within 25 feet of any carbon monoxide-producing fixture and equipment. (peoples-law.org)
- For example, in a rental dwelling unit, a carbon monoxide alarm must be installed outside and in the immediate vicinity of each separate sleeping area and on every level of the unit, including the basement. (peoples-law.org)
- Can I buy a combination smoke and carbon monoxide alarm? (peoples-law.org)
- Yes, a carbon monoxide alarm may be combined with the smoke alarm if it meets the requirements of the law. (peoples-law.org)
- No. Except as part of routine maintenance, you may not render a carbon monoxide alarm inoperable. (peoples-law.org)
Charcoal2
- Carl Wilhelm Scheele similarly isolated carbon monoxide from charcoal in 1773 and thought it could be the carbonic entity making fumes toxic. (wikipedia.org)
- Carbon monoxide has also been linked to deaths where people have brought gas and charcoal barbecues into tents and other small enclosed spaces, sometimes in trying to keep warm. (nidirect.gov.uk)
Toxic6
- Georg Ernst Stahl mentioned carbonarii halitus in 1697 in reference to toxic vapors thought to be carbon monoxide. (wikipedia.org)
- When used in industry, the machine's use of lasers on certain types of plastics can emit toxic gasses, including carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide. (dailymail.co.uk)
- Lasers used on types of plastics can emit toxic gasses, including carbon monoxide. (dailymail.co.uk)
- The smell may not be from carbon monoxide itself, but the smell could be coming from other toxic gases being emitted by malfunctioning equipment. (doityourself.com)
- Carbon monoxide is a toxic, colourless and odourless gas that can come out of many commonly used items. (productsafety.gov.au)
- Any combustion process, fuel burning appliance, vehicle or other device has the potential to produce toxic carbon monoxide gas. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
Unintentional carbon1
- Unintentional carbon monoxide-related deaths in the United States, 1979 through 1988. (medscape.com)
Occupants1
- When sensing an unhealthy accumulation of carbon monoxide, the device is capable of emitting a distinct and audible sound that warns the occupants. (peoples-law.org)
Exposure to carbon8
- In animal studies, exposure to carbon monoxide during pregnancy had effects on birth weight, the heart, the central nervous system, and development. (cdc.gov)
- There is evidence that children who have asthma may be more vulnerable to respiratory effects associated with exposure to carbon monoxide. (cdc.gov)
- How can families reduce the risk of exposure to carbon monoxide? (cdc.gov)
- There is evidence that children who have asthma may be more vulnerable to respiratory effects associated with The EPA has established an environmental limit of 10 mg/m 3 exposure to carbon monoxide. (cdc.gov)
- exposure to carbon monoxide? (cdc.gov)
- The Task Group reviewed and revised the second draft of the criteria document and made an evaluation of the health risks from exposure to carbon monoxide. (inchem.org)
- If any of these are the case, you should fix the issue immediately and see a doctor to determine if you have any health issues as a result of your exposure to carbon monoxide if your home has carbon monoxide present. (doityourself.com)
- Exposure to Carbon Monoxide - CO and health effects. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
Oxygen12
- Carbon monoxide consists of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom connected by a triple bond. (wikipedia.org)
- The gas was identified as a compound containing carbon and oxygen by William Cruickshank in 1800. (wikipedia.org)
- Released when carbon is burned, carbon monoxide is a harmful pollutant that reduces the amount of oxygen that can reach tissue and organs in the body. (nasa.gov)
- When you breathe in carbon monoxide, the poison replaces the oxygen in your bloodstream. (medlineplus.gov)
- If breathed in, carbon monoxide blocks oxygen in the blood from being delivered to the rest of the body. (greenfacts.org)
- Carbon monoxide is harmful when inhaled because it displaces oxygen in the blood and deprives vital organs such as the heart and brain from receiving oxygen. (aiha.org)
- The affinity of carbon monoxide for hemoglobin is approximately 200 times greater than the affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin. (astm.org)
- Sometimes when fuel burns there isn't enough oxygen , or there is too much carbon. (windows2universe.org)
- Carbon monoxide is dangerous because it inhibits the blood's ability to carry oxygen to vital organs such as the heart and brain. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
- Inhaled carbon monoxide attaches to hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that gives blood its red color and enables it to carry oxygen. (msdmanuals.com)
- Carbon monoxide prevents the blood from carrying oxygen so the body's tissues do not get enough oxygen. (msdmanuals.com)
- The diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) is used to measure the body's ability to transfer oxygen across the alveolar-capillary membrane. (medscape.com)
Exposures1
- Unintentional non-fire-related carbon monoxide exposures--United States, 2001-2003. (medscape.com)
Firefighters1
- Santa Rosa firefighters detected high levels of carbon monoxide using air monitoring equipment. (kron4.com)
Generators1
- Remember that you cannot see or smell carbon monoxide and portable generators can produce high levels of carbon monoxide very quickly. (virginia.gov)
Fires3
- Fires are an important source of carbon monoxide pollution in other regions of the Southern Hemisphere, such as the Amazon and Southeast Asia. (nasa.gov)
- The carbon monoxide primarily comes from fires burning in the Amazon basin, with some additional contribution from fires in southern Africa. (nasa.gov)
- Volcanoes and forest fires give off carbon monoxide. (windows2universe.org)
Propane1
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is created by the incomplete burning of fuel, such as natural gas, propane and wood. (nyc.gov)
Hemoglobin1
- When inhaled, carbon monoxide binds with hemoglobin in the blood, creating carboxyhemoglobin (COHb). (astm.org)
Incomplete1
- Carbon monoxide is a chemical produced from the incomplete burning of natural gas or other products containing carbon. (medlineplus.gov)
Levels12
- All people are exposed to carbon monoxide at varying levels by breathing in air. (cdc.gov)
- Exposure to high levels of carbon monoxide can be life-threatening. (cdc.gov)
- Breathing high levels of carbon monoxide during pregnancy can cause miscarriage. (cdc.gov)
- Breathing lower levels of carbon monoxide during pregnancy can lead to slower than normal mental development of your child. (cdc.gov)
- The streak of red, orange, and yellow across South America, Africa, and the Atlantic Ocean in this image points to high levels of carbon monoxide on September 30, 2005, as measured by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder ( AIRS ) instrument flying on NASA's Aqua satellite. (nasa.gov)
- Industry uses carbon monoxide to manufacture compounds such as acetic anhydride, polycarbonates, Exposure to high levels of carbon monoxide can be life- acetic acid and polyketone. (cdc.gov)
- When camping, caravanning or boating, despite being out in the fresh air, carbon monoxide can build up to levels that can kill very quickly in enclosed spaces, such as tents and awnings. (nidirect.gov.uk)
- After the broadcast of this report, Ford issued this statement: "All of our testing to date has not shown cracked manifolds contributing to the carbon monoxide levels in Police Interceptor Utilities. (cbsnews.com)
- To compare exhaled carbon monoxide levels with self-reports among university students in the Islamic Republic of Iran. (who.int)
- Smoking status was compared and then correlated with the resultant carbon monoxide levels at a cutoff of 6 ppm. (who.int)
- Significant correlations were obtained between the exhaled carbon monoxide levels of the smoker and nonsmoker groups (P (who.int)
- For example, when the exhaust pipe of a running car is blocked by piled-up snow or another object, carbon monoxide levels rise inside the car rapidly and can be fatal. (msdmanuals.com)
Incidents4
- During 2006-2010, municipal fire departments in the U.S. responded to an annual average of 72,000 non-fire related carbon monoxide incidents. (cdc.gov)
- In 2016, local fire departments responded to an estimated 79,600 carbon monoxide incidents, or an average of nine such calls per hour. (nfpa.org)
- A guide to first responders on dealing with incidents of carbon monoxide exposure. (cpsc.gov)
- While carbon monoxide is usually associated with domestic fossil fuel-burning appliances, incidents and deaths can also happen in caravans and on board boats. (nidirect.gov.uk)
Dangers1
- NIOSH Safety and Health Topic:Carbon Monoxide Dangers in Boating. (medscape.com)
Monitoring and measure1
- Carbon monoxide monitoring and measurement equipment is required to ensure life safety of those present, as well as to determine the cause of the problem and its solution. (astm.org)
Lead to carbon1
- You can take the first step by looking for some of the factors that lead to carbon monoxide emissions. (doityourself.com)
Presence3
- The presence of carbon monoxide causes many beeps every few seconds. (adt.com)
- Excessive moisture on windows and walls, especially if they are close to a fuel-burning appliance, is also an indicator of the presence of carbon monoxide in your home. (doityourself.com)
- Human senses cannot detect the presence of carbon monoxide. (productsafety.gov.au)
Africa1
- In Africa, for example, the seasonal shifts in carbon monoxide are tied to the widespread agricultural burning that shifts north and south of the equator with the seasons. (nasa.gov)
Tobacco1
- Carbon monoxide is a component of tobacco smoke. (cdc.gov)