Carbon Disulfide
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Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.
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Carbon disulphide absorption during xanthate reagent mixing in a gold mine concentrator. (1/101)
A xanthate reagent mixer at a gold mine concentrator was exposed to carbon disulphide by extensive skin contamination with xanthate powder and solution during the reagent mixing process. Absorption of carbon disulphide was confirmed by the detection of urinary 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA). Drager colorimetric tube testing during subsequent mixing recorded a maximum concentration of at least 60 ppm carbon disulphide. An illness consisting of predominantly gastrointestinal symptoms began 20 h after the exposure. Although this may have been due to carbon disulphide toxicity this is by no means certain. The need for engineering controls, impervious protective clothing and full-face respirators with particulate and organic vapour cartridges is discussed. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited. (+info)Preliminary external quality assessment for the biological monitoring of carbon disulfide with urinary 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid. (2/101)
Four laboratories have participated in an external quality control assessment for the determination of 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA). TTCA is used as a biomarker for exposure to CS2. Thirteen different urine samples were analyzed by each laboratory. Ten of these were spiked with known amounts of TTCA, and had either a high or intermediate creatinine content. Two samples without any TTCA were used as controls and one sample was a pool of samples of urine from five employees occupationally exposed to CS2. The latter had unknown TTCA content. For each sample, TTCA and creatinine concentration were determined. The samples were supplied in three consecutive deliveries. Several samples were offered more than once. Thus, within-laboratory variability could be established for creatinine and TTCA determination and accuracy could be determined for TTCA analysis. Within-laboratory variability was low for all laboratories for creatinine, although laboratory D seemed to have a slight downward bias. Accuracy for TTCA was good for all laboratories. No significant mean deviation from the expected TTCA value was encountered. There does not seem to be any clear influence of the TTCA concentration level of the samples on the accuracy and within-laboratory variability. Two of the four laboratories (A and C) showed lower within-laboratory variability than the other two for TTCA, although coefficients of variation between replicated samples are high for these two laboratories as well. The laboratory giving the best accuracy, gave the highest within-laboratory variability. A non-systematic, random error is probably the source of this. The results of this preliminary study indicate that analysis of TTCA, although regarded as an established biomarker, can give biases and thus negatively interfere with inferred dose-effect or dose-response relationships in occupational epidemiology. (+info)Exposure of C57BL/6 mice to carbon disulfide induces early lesions of atherosclerosis and enhances arterial fatty deposits induced by a high fat diet. (3/101)
Even though atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) is the number one cause of death in the United States, the effects of environmental toxicants on this process are less well studied than the effects of chemicals on the second leading cause of death, cancer. There is considerable epidemiological evidence that workers exposed to carbon disulfide (CS2) have increased rates of ACVD, and there is conflicting evidence of the atherogenic potential of CS2 from animal studies. Chemical modification, such as oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), is tightly associated with increased LDL uptake by macrophages and the development of arterial fatty streaks. CS2 has been previously demonstrated to modify several proteins in vitro including LDL, and others in vivo through derivatization and covalent cross-linking. To investigate both the capacity of CS2 to induce arterial fatty deposits by itself, and its ability to enhance the rate of fatty deposit formation induced by a western style, high fat diet, groups of 20 female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 0, 50, 500, or 800 ppm CS2 by inhalation. Half the animals in each group were placed on an atherogenic high fat diet and half on a control diet (NIH-07). Animals were sacrificed after 1, 4, 8, 12, 16, or 20 weeks of exposure, and the rates of fatty deposit formation under the aortic valve leaflets were evaluated. Exposure of mice on the control diet to 500 and 800 ppm CS2 induced a small but significant increase in the rate of fatty deposit formation over non-exposed controls. A more striking result was observed in the animals on the high fat diet. There was marked enhancement of the rate of fatty deposit formation in mice exposed to 500 and 800 ppm over the animals on the high fat diet alone. In addition, there was a small but significant enhancement in mice exposed to 50 ppm over the rate of fatty deposit formation induced by the high fat diet alone. Analysis of erythrocyte spectrin for protein cross-linking revealed a dose-dependent formation of alpha- and beta-heterodimers in animals on both diets. These data demonstrate that CS2 is atherogenic at high concentrations, but more importantly, suggest that, in conjunction with other risk factors, CS2 at relatively low concentrations can enhance atherogenesis. (+info)Simultaneous analysis of urinary 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid and thiocarbamide as a biological exposure index for carbon disulfide exposure. (4/101)
The objectives of this study were to develop optimal analytic methods for detecting urinary 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA) and thiocarbamide simultaneously and to evaluate the usefulness of these metabolites to a biological exposure index (BEI) for carbon disulfide (CS2) exposure. For this experiment, synthesized TTCA and thiocarbamide were used. The synthesized TTCA was identified by infrared spectrophotometer, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer and thin layer chromatography. The recovery rates of both metabolites were calculated to find the optimum analytical method. The amounts of urinary TTCA and thiocarbamide were measured by using an ultraviolet detector connected to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after the administration of CS2 (350, 700 mg/kg) into Sprague-Dawley rats intraperitoneally. The maximum absorbance wave lengths for TTCA and thiocarbamide were 272 and 236 nm, respectively. Ethyl acetate extraction with NaCl as a salting-out reagent was used as a simultaneous extraction method for these metabolites. HPLC conditions for these metabolites included using a NH2 column, 50 mM KH2PO4: acetonitrile (85:15) and pH 3. Excreted amounts of urinary TTCA and thiocarbamide were increased significantly following CS2 administration. TTCA, which was already adopted as a BEI for CS2 by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), seems to be a more useful BEI for CS2 exposure than thiocarbamide. However further studies are needed to increase analytical efficiency before thiocarbamide can be adopted as a BEI and to apply this analytic method for simultaneous analysis of these metabolites in workers exposed to CS2. (+info)Toluene-3,4-dithiol analysis of blood for assessing carbon disulfide exposure. (5/101)
Carbon disulfide is a neurotoxic compound used in the production of viscose rayon, and is a major decomposition product of dithiocarbamates used in industry, agriculture, and medicine. Methods used currently for assessing exposure to CS2 are limited in their ability to evaluate cumulative exposures and provide useful information for relatively short periods of time after exposure has ended. The present investigation evaluates a method for monitoring CS2 exposure that consists of cleaving the thiocarbonyl function of free CS2 or certain CS2-generated modifications on proteins using toluene-3,4-dithiol. The resulting toluene trithiocarbonate product is then quantified using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The sensitivity, dose response, kinetics and specificity of this biomarker in blood were examined in rats administered CS2 by inhalation, intraperitoneal injection, or gavage for acute through subchronic periods. Dithiol reactive functions in plasma and hemolysate demonstrated a linear dose response over a wide range of exposure levels, were dependent upon the duration of exposure, and appeared to have an appropriate sensitivity for evaluating occupational levels of exposure. Elimination rates of dithiol reactive functions may also be dependent upon exposure duration and exhibit different kinetics for plasma and hemolysate suggesting that elimination rates may be useful for estimating cumulative exposure and intervals between exposure and sample procurement. Dithiol analysis, used in conjunction with previously established erythrocyte protein cross-linking biomarkers, may provide a means to characterize the internal dose of CS2 resulting from acute through chronic periods, and may provide insight into the level of CS2-mediated covalent protein modifications occurring within the nervous system. (+info)Indicators of cardiovascular risk among workers exposed to high intermittent levels of carbon disulphide. (6/101)
The effects of exposure to carbon disulphide have been studied mostly among workers in the viscous rayon industry, where the usual exposure profile has been relatively steady exposure over work shifts. We investigated 13 workers in a small chemical company who were exposed to low levels, peaking intermittently to relatively high levels in the range of 100-200 ppm at the end of the work shift, a pattern that may change the risk profile. Our investigation was part of a compliance order that was fought by the company and our access and follow-up was limited. Two workers had burns on their bodies associated with exposure to caustic. Four had elevations in total serum cholesterol, one had elevated serum triglycerides and three had elevations in fasting blood glucose--two of them were known to be diabetics before employment and one had a history of unexplained peripheral neuropathy. No consistent pattern suggestive of a defined lipoprotein abnormality was obvious but several atherogenic profiles were observed. Five had abnormalities on electrocardiogram, four of whom appeared to be among the most heavily exposed. The presence of these changes taken together in this context may suggest accelerated atherosclerotic changes. Tests of liver and kidney function were within the normal range for all workers, as was a complete blood count. Four of the workers had evidence of a bilateral reduction in hearing threshold at 4,000 Hz. A complete set of recommendations was forwarded to the employer, emphasizing further control of exposure to carbon disulphide, personal protection requirements and a cardiovascular risk reduction programme. Conditions improved in the plant following modifications introduced in response to a stop work order from the provincial government's occupational health and safety agency. However, a fire in 1998 put the company out of business and ended further follow-up or interventions. We conclude that these findings, while difficult to interpret because of the circumstances of the investigation, are compatible with an atherogenic effect of exposure to peaking levels of carbon disulphide. The observation should be tested in a larger population with fewer confounding factors and greater control over the investigation. (+info)Characterization of carbon disulfide neurotoxicity in C57BL6 mice: behavioral, morphologic, and molecular effects. (7/101)
Female C57BL6 mice were exposed to 0 or 800 ppm carbon disulfide (CS2), 6 h/d, 5 d/wk for 20 weeks. The neurologic function of all mice was assessed once at the end of exposures using a functional observational battery. General health effects included a decrease in body weight gain, piloerection, hunched body posture, and ptosis. Treatment-related effects included altered gait (uncoordinated placement of hind limbs and ataxia) and impaired function on an inverted screen test. In addition, rearing and locomotor movement were decreased in treated mice. Focal to multifocal axonal swelling was seen predominantly in the muscular branch of the posterior tibial nerve, and occasionally giant axonal swelling was detected in the lumbar segment of the spinal cord. Electron microscopic examination revealed swollen axons with massive accumulation of neurofilament proteins within the axoplasm. Covalent cross-linking of erythrocyte spectrin (surrogate protein to neurofilament protein) was demonstrated in mice exposed to CS2 but not in mice receiving filtered air. These data provide supportive evidence that covalent cross-linking of neurofilament proteins is a significant feature of the axonal swellings in mice produced by inhalation exposure to CS2. (+info)Behavioral toxicology of carbon disulfide and toluene. (8/101)
Organic solvents are pervasive in the communal and industrial environments. Although many are potent central nervous system agents, clearly delineated behavioral effects have played only a minor role in the formation of exposure standards. A comprehensive behavioral pharmacology and toxicology of these compounds is one aim of US/USSR collaboration. The current report describes some actions of carbon disulfide and toulene. Earlier data about the actions of carbon disulfide on pigeon operant performance indicated disruption of schedule-controlled key-pecking. Primate data are now described from a situation designed to determine aversive thresholds to electrical stimulation. Effective concentrations of carbon disulfide produced both a rise in the amount of electric shock tolerated and a diminution of the response force exerted by the monkeys. In experiments with toluene, pigeons were shown to elevate key-pecking rate in an operant situation at certain concentrations. Toluene also was studied for its capacity to maintain self-administration in the same way as drugs of abuse. Monkeys worked to gain access to toulene vapor just as they work for opiates or amphetamines. The current experiments demonstrate how comprehensive the range of behavioral toxicology needs to be to deal with environmental health issues. (+info)
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Carbon disulfide exposure estimate and prevalence of chronic diseases after carbon disulfide poisoning-related occupational...
Carbon disulfide, molecular model. Organic compound frequently used as a building block in organic chemistry. Atoms are...
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Aniline
Carbon disulfide derivatives[edit]. Boiled with carbon disulfide, it gives sulfocarbanilide (diphenylthiourea) (CS(NHC6H5)2), ... Electrophilic reactions at carbon[edit]. Like phenols, aniline derivatives are highly susceptible to electrophilic substitution ... the weak basicity of aniline is attributed to a combination of inductive effect from the more electronegative sp2 carbon and ... "Electron conjugation versus π-π repulsion in substituted benzenes: why the carbon-nitrogen bond in nitrobenzene is longer than ...
Aniline
Carbon disulfide derivativesEdit. Boiled with carbon disulfide, it gives sulfocarbanilide (diphenylthiourea) (CS(NHC6H5)2), ... Electrophilic reactions at carbonEdit. Like phenols, aniline derivatives are highly susceptible to electrophilic substitution ... the weak basicity of aniline is attributed to a combination of inductive effect from the more electronegative sp2 carbon and ...
Buckminsterfullerene
Fullerenes are sparingly soluble in aromatic solvents such as toluene and carbon disulfide, but insoluble in water. Solutions ... The experimental evidence, a strong peak at 720 atomic mass units, indicated that a carbon molecule with 60 carbon atoms was ... A carbon atom in the C. 60 molecule can be substituted by a nitrogen or boron atom yielding a C. 59N or C59B respectively.[26] ... Solid C60 - a new form of carbon.. *^ Girolami, G. S.; Rauchfuss, T. B.; Angelici, R. J. (1999). Synthesis and Technique in ...
Relative permittivity
Carbon disulfide. 2.6 Mylar. 3.1[2] Paper, printing, 200 kHz,. 1.4[3] ...
List of inorganic compounds
Carbon dioxide - CO2. *Carbon disulfide - CS2. *Carbon monoxide - CO. *Carbon tetrabromide - CBr4 ...
Albert L. Myerson
Myerson, Albert L. (1954). "Combustion studies: Carbon disulfide-oxygen explosions". Journal of the Franklin Institute. 257 (4 ...
Henry DeWolf Smyth
Smyth, H. D. (1934). "Ionization of carbon disulfide by electron impact". Physical Review. 46 (4): 276-77. Bibcode:1934PhRv... ... and carbon disulfide. As Robert H. Dicke, Val Logsdon Fitch, and Rubby Sherr wrote in 1989, "By 1935 his 30 published papers ... Smyth, H. D.; Stueckelberg, E. C. G. (1930). "The ionization of carbon dioxide by electron impact". Physical Review. 36 (3): ... He also published on the ionization of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, nitrogen dioxide, water vapor, sulfur dioxide, ...
Perchloromethyl mercaptan
Carbon disulfide is chlorinated using an iodine catalyst. The following equations operate most efficiently at temperatures ... doi:10.1021/cr50021a003 Manchiu D. S. Lay, Mitchell W. Sauerhoff And Donald R. Saunders "Carbon Disulfide" in Ullmann's ... The more volatile byproducts such as carbon tetrachloride and sulfur dichloride can be removed by distillation. The separation ... It reacts with iron, evolving carbon tetrachloride. Perchloromethyl mercaptan is oxidized by nitric acid to ...
Mercury(II) thiocyanate
Mercury sulfide and carbon disulfide are also produced. Davis, T. L. (1940). "Pyrotechnic Snakes". Journal of Chemical ... Igniting mercury thiocyanate causes it to form an insoluble brown mass that is primarily carbon nitride, C3N4. ...
Allotropes of sulfur
It is quite soluble in carbon disulfide: 35.5 g/100 g solvent at 25 °C. It has an orthorhombic crystal structure.[4] α-Sulfur ... C or by chilling solutions of sulfur in carbon disulfide, ethyl alcohol or hydrocarbons.[5] It is found in nature as the ... In terms of large number of allotropes, sulfur is second only to carbon.[1] In addition to the allotropes, each allotrope often ... Two parallel monatomic sulfur chains grown inside a single-wall carbon nanotube (CNT, a) Zig-zag (b) and straight (c) S chains ...
Persistent carbene
... and a carbon dichalcogenide (X1=C=X2).[citation needed] The reaction of carbon disulfide (CS2) with electron deficient ... H. D. Hartzler (1972). "1,3-Dithiolium carbenes from acetylenes and carbon disulfide". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95 (13): 4379-4387. ... Another family of carbenes is based on a cyclopropenylidene core, a three-carbon ring with a double bond between the two atoms ... One of the more useful physical properties is the diagnostic chemical shift of the carbenic carbon atom in the 13C-NMR spectrum ...
Thioureas
Ethylene thioureais synthesized by treating ethylenediamine with carbon disulfide. In some cases, thioureas can be prepared by ...
Paecilomyces marquandii
Optimum pH for P. marquandii growth is 5-6. It is sensitive to organic chemicals like carbon disulfide. Paecilomyces marquandii ... Oxygen uptake of P. marquandii is reduced by saturated 8-11 carbon chain fatty acids as a sole carbon source but favoured by ... Growth is inhibited at atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide less than 3%. Paecilomyces marquandii exhibits antagonism ...
Bamboo
... carbon disulfide, and strong acids. Retailers have sold both end products as "bamboo fabric" to cash in on bamboo's current ... THE POOR MAN'S CARBON SINK BAMBOO IN CLIMATE CHANGE AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION (PDF). FAO Forestry Department. 2009. "About ... This rapid growth and tolerance for marginal land, make bamboo a good candidate for afforestation, carbon sequestration and ... Moreover, because of the rapid growth bamboo is an effective Climate change mitigation and carbon sequestration crop, absorbing ...
Ethylene thiourea
It is synthesized by treating ethylenediamine with carbon disulfide. Ethylene thioureas are an excellent accelerant of ...
Coniine
... dissolves in carbon disulfide, forming a complex thiocarbamate. Coniine solidifies into a soft crystalline mass at −2 ° ... The error in the amount of carbon is due, in part, to his having assumed that the atomic mass of carbon is 6, not 12 - a common ... a Schiff base differing from coniine only by its carbon-nitrogen double bond in the ring. This pathway results in natural ...
Tetraethoxymethane
S. Sakai et al., Reaction of Dialkyltin Dialkoxides with Carbon Disulfide at Higher Temperature. Preparation of Orthocarbonates ... and carbon disulfide. Tetraethoxymethane is a water-clear, aromatic or fruity smelling, liquid of low-viscosity which is ... and carbon disulfide, Synthesis 1984 (3), 233-234, doi:10.1055/s-1984-30785. J. H. Ruth, Odor Thresholds and Irritation Levels ... is the reaction of dialkyltin dialkoxides with carbon disulfide at elevated temperature in an autoclave: A more recent ...
Petroleum jelly
It is soluble in dichloromethane, chloroform, benzene, diethyl ether, carbon disulfide and turpentine. It acts as a plasticizer ... carbon disulfide, chloroform, or turpentine oil; soluble in ether, solvent hexane, or in most fixed and volatile oils, the ... with carbon numbers mainly higher than 25), originally promoted as a topical ointment for its healing properties. After ...
Metallacarboxylic acid
They are prepared by treating anionic complexes with carbon disulfide. James R. Sweet, William A. G. Graham (1982). "Hydrido ... These compounds are intermediates in reactions that involve carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, these species are intermediates ...
Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
Her paper described a case of workers suffering from carbon disulfide intoxication at a rubber manufacturing company and coined ... "Neuropsychiatric Effects in Workers with Occupational Exposure to Carbon Disulfide". Journal of Occupational Health. 45 (2): 81 ...
Heterocumulene
These include carbon dioxide, carbon disulfide, carbon diselenide, cyanate, thiocyanate. Some definitions of heterocumulenes ... In the kite (or rhombic) form, a triangle of carbon has two of its atoms bonded to the heteroatom. In the fan form the hetero ... The rhombic form is known in space near the carbon star IRC+10216. CCCCO cyclises to a three-member ring. CCCCN undergoes an ... Such species are analogous to a cumulene in which the chain of doubly bonded atoms contains only carbon, except that at least ...
Pyrobitumen
... is mostly insoluble in carbon disulfide and other organic solvents as a result of molecular cross-linking, which ... all of which are soluble in carbon disulfide. Archaic classification systems for classifying bitumens were constructed without ... E. Fitzer, K.H. Dochling, H. P Boehm, and H. Marsh, "Recommended terminology for the description of carbon as a solid," Pure ... Hunt defines bitumen as a native substance of variable color, viscosity, and volatility composed primarily of carbon and ...
Phosphorus
Another form, scarlet phosphorus, is obtained by allowing a solution of white phosphorus in carbon disulfide to evaporate in ... White phosphorus is insoluble in water but soluble in carbon disulfide. Thermal decomposition of P4 at 1100 K gives ... Carbon monoxide and other flammable gases produced during the reduction process were burnt off in a flare stack. In the 1840s, ... Robert Engel (2003-12-18). Synthesis of Carbon-Phosphorus Bonds (2 ed.). CRC Press, 2003. p. 11. ISBN 0203998243. "Nobel Prize ...
Dazomet
... is synthesized from carbon disulfide (CS2) and diluted methylamine (CH3NH2). After stirring for 1-2 hours, an oily ...
Beta-Cryptoxanthin
It is freely soluble in chloroform, benzene, pyridine, and carbon disulfide. In the human body, β-cryptoxanthin is converted to ...
Thiophosgene
CSCl2 is prepared in a two-step process from carbon disulfide. In the first step, carbon disulfide is chlorinated to give ... "Carbon Disulfide" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia Of Industrial Chemistry, 2000, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a05_185 ... S2Cl2 The chlorination must be controlled as excess chlorine converts trichloromethanesulfenyl chloride into carbon ...
Allotropes of phosphorus
It is soluble in benzene, oils, carbon disulfide, and disulfur dichloride. The white allotrope can be produced using several ... If it is heated in an atmosphere of inert gas, for example nitrogen or carbon dioxide, it sublimes and the vapour condenses as ... In the industrial process, phosphate rock is heated in an electric or fuel-fired furnace in the presence of carbon and silica. ... The ring-shaped phosphorus was self-assembled inside evacuated multi-walled carbon nanotubes with inner diameters of 5-8 nm ...
Tricarbon monosulfide
Along with the related dicarbon monosulfide (CCS), tricarbon monosulfide was made by a glow discharge though carbon disulfide ... Maximal concentrations occurred with a carbon disulfide pressure of 0.02 torr. In molecular clouds, the formation mechanism is ... CCCS has also been found in the stellar envelope of carbon rich AGB stars, including in IRC+10216. Roehr, Nathan P.; ... The similar bond lengths between the carbon atoms indicate they each have a double bond nature. The rotational constants for ...
Tungsten hexachloride
WCl6 is soluble in carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, and phosphorus oxychloride. Methylation with trimethylaluminium ...
Geology of Tasmania
It is insoluble in benzene, carbon disulfide, turpentine, ether or alcohol. It contains about 5% sulfur. It is found on the ... Wood from the Linda moraine had a carbon-14 age of 26480 years. There are also cirques on Frenchmans Cap, the West Coast Range ... Henrik Svensen claimed that the magma baked coal and oil shale producing up to 27.4 teratonnes of carbon dioxide, some of which ...
Coma (cometary)
... sulfur dioxide and carbon disulfide.[22] The four top gases in 67P's halo were water, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ... The Rosetta mission found carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ammonia, methane and methanol in the Coma of Comet 67P, as well as ... In 2015, it was noted that the ALICE instrument on the ESA Rosetta spacecraft to comet 67/P, detected hydrogen, oxygen, carbon ... are responsible for the degradation of water and carbon dioxide molecules released from the comet nucleus into its coma.[6][7] ...
Carbon tetrachloride - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
It used to be made by reacting carbon disulfide with chlorine. This reaction would produce sulfur(I) chloride. ... Carbon tetrachloride, also known as carbon tet or Freon 10, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CCl4. It contains ... Tetrachloromethane, Benziform, Benzinoform, Carbon chloride, Carbon tet, Freon 10, Halon 104, Methane tetrachloride, ... Carbon tetrachloride is very poisonous to the liver, the kidneys and the nervous system; it might also cause cancer. ...
Pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) alpha 2
This step is only one of the central metabolic pathway carried out by eukaryotes, in which glucose is oxidized to form carbon ... oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, disulfide as acceptor. • pyruvate dehydrogenase (NAD+) ...
Proteasome
The bortezomib molecule is in the center colored by atom type (carbon = pink, nitrogen = blue, oxygen = red, boron = yellow), ... and in particular nonlocal interactions such as disulfide bonds, are sufficient to inhibit degradation.[58] The presence of ...
Гольберг, Дмитрий Викторович - Википедия
J. Q. Hu, Y. Bando, J. H. Zhan, C. Y. Zhi, F. F. Xu and D. Golberg : «Tapered Carbon Nanotubes from Activated Carbon Powders» ... Supercapacitive energy storage performance of molybdenum disulfide nanosheets wrapped with microporous carbons» J. Mater. Chem ... 10.1016/j.carbon.2004.05.047. *C TANG, Y BANDO and D GOLBERG : «Multi-walled BN nanotubes synthesized by carbon-free method» J ... The electrical delivery of a sublimable II-VI compound by vapor transport in carbon nanotubes» Carbon 49 (2011) 3747-3754 DOI: ...
Electric battery
lithium-iron disulfide). LiFeS2. Li. FeS2. 1.8. 1.5. 1070. Expensive.. Used in 'plus' or 'extra' batteries.. 337[68] ... lithium-carbon fluoride). Li-(CF)n. Li. (CF)n. 3.6. 3.0. 120 ... Zinc-carbon. Zn. C. 1.6. 1.2. 130. Inexpensive.. 18 Zinc- ... "Lithium Iron Disulfide Handbook and Application Manual" (PDF). energizer.com. Retrieved 20 September 2018.. ... A common dry cell is the zinc-carbon battery, sometimes called the dry Leclanché cell, with a nominal voltage of 1.5 volts, the ...
Gıda katkı maddeleri listesi - Vikipedi
Carbon black - renklendirici (kahverengi ve siyah). *Carbon dioxide - asitlik düzenleyici, propellant. *Cardamom - ... Methyl disulfide -. *Methyl ethyl cellulose - thickener, bitkisel sakız, emülgatör. *Methyl hexenoate -. *Methyl isobutyrate - ...
Protein
Once linked in the protein chain, an individual amino acid is called a residue, and the linked series of carbon, nitrogen, and ... disulfide bonds, and even posttranslational modifications. The term "tertiary structure" is often used as synonymous with the ... All proteinogenic amino acids possess common structural features, including an α-carbon to which an amino group, a carboxyl ...
Index of chemistry articles
... carbonate Calcium oxide Californium calomel Calorimeter Canfieldite Carbohydrate carbon carbon dioxide Carbon group carbon ... dynamics Molecular mechanics Molecular modeling Molecular orbital molecule Molybdenite Molybdenum Molybdenum disulfide Monazite ...
Germanium
Lettington, Alan H. (1998). "Applications of diamond-like carbon thin films". Carbon. 36 (5-6): 555-560. doi:10.1016/S0008-6223 ... Binary compounds with other chalcogens are also known, such as the disulfide (GeS. 2), diselenide (GeSe. 2), and the ... 2, germania) and germanium monoxide, (GeO).[28] The dioxide, GeO2 can be obtained by roasting germanium disulfide (GeS. 2), and ... It is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon ...
Amine
... s, alkyl and aryl alike, are organized into three subcategories (see table) based on the number of carbon atoms adjacent ... are widely used industrially for removing carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from natural gas and refinery process ...
اتیلن - ویکیپدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
... a hydrocarbon with carbon-carbon double bonds). Ethylene is widely used in the chemical industry, and its worldwide production ... This hydrocarbon has four hydrogen atoms bound to a pair of carbon atoms that are connected by a double bond. All six atoms ... The H-C-H angle is 117.4°, close to the 120° for ideal sp² hybridized carbon. The molecule is also relatively rigid: rotation ... Care must be taken to control carbon dioxide levels in ripening rooms when gassing, as high temperature ripening (20 °C; 68 °F) ...
Viscose
Highly toxic carbon disulfide is used in the production of viscose. It is carefully recovered in the manufacturing process. ... The viscose process dissolves pulp with aqueous sodium hydroxide in the presence of carbon disulfide. This viscous solution ... The alkali cellulose is then treated with carbon disulfide to form sodium cellulose xanthate.[3] ... Aside from regenerated cellulose, acidification gives hydrogen sulfide(H2S), sulfur, and carbon disulfide. The thread made from ...
Hydroquinone
... carbon atoms to the molecule, and (2) as many chemists at the time did, he used the wrong atomic masses for carbon (6 instead ... in the presence of free carbon monoxide gas. Rhodium or ruthenium can substitute for iron as the catalyst with favorable ... Selenium disulfide (selenium sulfide). *Xenysalate. *Zinc pyrithione (pyrithione zinc). *Antihistamines. *Calcineurin ...
Antioxidant
Attack occurs at this point because the free radical formed is more stable than one formed on a primary carbon atom. Oxidation ... which can be catalysed by protein disulfide isomerase and glutaredoxins.[100][101] Ascorbic acid is a redox catalyst which can ... The former is more sensitive owing to the presence of secondary carbon atoms present in every repeat unit. ... and an oxidized disulfide form. In its active state, thioredoxin acts as an efficient reducing agent, scavenging reactive ...
Category:Chemical compounds - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License and the GFDL; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details ...
Ester - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
An ester is a carbonyl with an ether group on the carbon atom. The group can be written as COOR. They can be made by reacting a ...
Allyl group
A site on the unsaturated carbon atom is called the allylic position or allylic site. A group attached at this site is ... The term homoallylic refers to the position on a carbon skeleton next to an allylic position. In but-3-enyl chloride CH2=CHCH2 ... All feature three contiguous sp²-hybridized carbon centers and all derive stability from resonance.[5] Each species can be ... H bonds in ordinary sp3 carbon centers and are thus more reactive. This heightened reactivity has many practical consequences. ...
Aspartic protease
The presence and position of disulfide bridges are other conserved features of aspartic peptidases. ... enabling the water to perform a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon of the substrate scissile bond, generating a ...
Bulletproof vest
Both the British and American militaries have expressed interest in a carbon fiber woven from carbon nanotubes that was ... It was announced that this nanocomposite based on tungsten disulfide nanotubes was able to withstand shocks generated by a ... Graphene is manufactured from carbon and is the thinnest, strongest, and most conductive material on the planet. Taking the ... To test its properties, the University of Massachusetts stacked together graphene sheets only a single carbon atom thick, ...
13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid
HODE is also metabolized by peroxisome-dependent β-oxidations to chain-shortened 16-carbon, 14-carbon, and 12-carbon products ... 15-lipoxygenase 1 (ALOX15), while best known for converting the 20 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid, arachidonic acid, into a ... actually prefers as its substrate the 18 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid, over arachidonic acid, converting it ... reaction to form 13-oxo-ODE products containing an 11 trans double bound and glutathione attached to carbon 9 in a mixture of S ...
Cysteine
Protein disulfide isomerases catalyze the proper formation of disulfide bonds; the cell transfers dehydroascorbic acid to the ... In the newer R/S system of designating chirality, based on the atomic numbers of atoms near the asymmetric carbon, cysteine ( ... Sevier CS, Kaiser CA (November 2002). "Formation and transfer of disulphide bonds in living cells". Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 3 ... Disulfide bonds in proteins are formed by oxidation of the sulfhydryl group of cysteine residues. The other sulfur-containing ...
Oxytocin
Both are nonapeptides with a single disulfide bridge, differing only by two substitutions in the amino acid sequence ( ... Gasotransmitters: Carbon monoxide (CO). *Hydrogen sulfide (H2S). *Nitric oxide (NO); Candidates: Acetaldehyde ... its C-terminus has been converted to a primary amide and a disulfide bridge joins the cysteine moieties.[116] Oxytocin has a ... "oxytocin disulfide" (oxidized form), but oxytocin also exists as a reduced straight-chain (non-cyclic) dithiol nonapeptide ...
Ester
Sources of carbon nucleophiles, e.g., Grignard reagents and organolithium compounds, add readily to the carbonyl. ... As for aldehydes, the hydrogen atoms on the carbon adjacent ("α to") the carboxyl group in esters are sufficiently acidic to ... Esters react with nucleophiles at the carbonyl carbon. The carbonyl is weakly electrophilic but is attacked by strong ...
Environmental disease
Also included are glycols: ethylene chlorhydrin and diethylene dioxide as well as carbon disulfide, acrylonitrile, acrylamide, ... The simple asphixiants are nitrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide. The chemical asphyxiants are carbon monoxide, sulfuretted ... The aliphatic carbon compounds can also cause environmental disease. Included in these are methanol, nitroglycerine, ... Additionally, there are environmental diseases caused by the aromatic carbon compounds including : benzene, ...
gamma-Linolenic acid
In physiological literature, GLA is designated as 18:3 (n−6). GLA is a carboxylic acid with an 18-carbon chain and three cis ... an enzyme that allows the creation of a double bond on the sixth carbon counting from the carboxyl terminus. LA is consumed ...
Rhenium
... is a silvery-white metal with one of the highest melting points of all elements, exceeded by only tungsten and carbon. ... Kudriavy discharges up to 20-60 kg rhenium per year mostly in the form of rhenium disulfide.[36][37] Named rheniite, this rare ... "Superconductivity of Some Alloys of the Tungsten-rhenium-carbon System". Soviet Physics JETP. 27: 13. Bibcode:1968JETP...27... ... which is primarily molybdenum disulfide), the major commercial source, although single molybdenite samples with up to 1.88% ...
Carbon Disulfide | NIOSH | CDC
Workers may be harmed by carbon disulfide. The level of exposure depends upon the dose, duration, and work being done. ... Carbon disulfide (CS2) is a colorless liquid with an ether-like odor. Exposure can cause dizziness, poor sleep, headache, ... A useful search term for carbon disulfide includes "carbon bisulfide," "carbon sulfide," and "carbon disulphide." ... EPA Chemistry Dashboard: Carbon Disulfideexternal icon. *EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS): Carbon Disulfide ...
Carbon Disulfide | ToxFAQs™ | ATSDR
Carbon disulfide has been found in at least 210 of the 1,430 National Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental ... Exposure to carbon disulfide can occur by breathing it in the air and by drinking water or eating foods that contain it. ... What is carbon disulfide?. Pure carbon disulfide is a colorless liquid with a pleasant odor that is like the smell of ... What happens to carbon disulfide when it enters the environment?. *The amount of carbon disulfide released into the air through ...
carbon disulfide (CHEBI:23012)
Carbon Disulfide | Toxicological Profile | ATSDR
Carbon disulfide - Wikipedia
Carbon monosulfide Carbon subsulfide Carbon diselenide 1949 Holland Tunnel fire, accident with truck carrying carbon disulfide ... Carbon disulfide, also spelled as carbon disulphide, is a colorless volatile liquid with the formula CS2. The compound is used ... "Chemical profile: carbon disulfide from ICIS.com". Retrieved June 15, 2013. "Carbon Disulfide". Akzo Nobel. Park, Tae-Jin; ... Australian National Pollutant Inventory: Carbon disulfide CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Carbon Disulfide Inno ...
Carbon disulfide
Other names: Carbon bisulfide; Carbon sulfide (CS2); Dithiocarbonic anhydride; CS2; Carbon sulfide; Carbon-disulphide-; Carbon ... Methyl disulfide; Sulfocarbonic anhydride * Permanent link for this species. Use this link for bookmarking this species for ... bisulphide; Carbon sulphide; Kohlendisulfid; Koolstofdisulfide; NCI-C04591; Rcra waste number P022; Schwefelkohlenstoff; ... Solfuro di carbonio; Sulphocarbonic anhydride; UN 1131; Weeviltox; Wegla dwusiarczek; Alcohol of sulfur; Carbon bisulfuret; ...
Occupational Exposure to Carbon Disulfide (77-156) | NIOSH | CDC
Appendix I - Air Sampling Method for Carbon Disulfide. X. Appendix II - Analytical Method for Carbon Disulfide. 77-156F.PDF (28 ... I. Recommendations for a Carbon Disulfide Standard. 77-156B.PDF (21 pages, 697K)pdf icon. ... Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Carbon Disulfide. ... Appendix III - Method of Biologic Monitoring for Carbon Disulfide: Iodine-Azide Test. ...
Tire and Rubber Company - Carbon disulfide Exposure | NIOSH | CDC
The exposure under study was carbon disulfide, a chemical used in rubber chemicals department. ... Carbon disulfide exposures at the plant were not found at levels associated with heart disease and the chemical was removed ... Tire and Rubber Company (1) (Carbon disulfide Exposure). 2001. Study Background. NIOSH conducted a study of workers at a tire ... Some studies suggest that carbon disulfide, a chemical used in making rubber chemicals, may increase the risk of heart disease ...
Carbon disulfide hydrolase - Wikipedia
It catalyzes the hydrolysis of carbon disulfide. Carbon disulfide occurs naturally in the mudpots of volcanic solfataras. It is ... Carbon disulfide hydrolase is an enzyme with a molecular mass of 23,576 Da. The enzyme is hexadecameric. ... "Evolution of a new enzyme for carbon disulphide conversion by an acidothermophilic archaeon". Nature. 478 (7369): 412-416. ...
Diffusion coefficient of hexane in carbon disulfide | SpringerLink
This chapter provides the diffusion coefficient of hexane in carbon disulfide at different concentrations measured using ... Winkelmann J. (2018) Diffusion coefficient of hexane in carbon disulfide. In: Lechner M.D. (eds) Diffusion in Gases, Liquids ... This chapter provides the diffusion coefficient of hexane in carbon disulfide at different concentrations measured using ...
The Detection of Carbon Disulphide - Scientific American
The molar heat of vaporization of carbon disulfide, | bartleby
carbon disulphide needs 28.4. k. J. heat energy.. Vaporization of 1. g. carbon disulphide needs 28.4. k. J. /. 76. heat energy ... carbon disulphide and the heat released after condensation of 50. g. carbon disulphide from vapor to liquid state must be ... The molar heat of vaporization of carbon disulfide, CS 2 , is 28 . 4 kJ / mol at its normal boiling point of 46 ° C . How much ... Heat of vaporization of carbon disulphide is 28.4. k. J. /. m. o. l. ...
Diffusion coefficient of 2-methyl-propan-2-ol in carbon disulfide | SpringerLink
This chapter provides the diffusion coefficient of 2-methyl-propan-2-ol in carbon disulfide at different concentrations ... Winkelmann J. (2018) Diffusion coefficient of 2-methyl-propan-2-ol in carbon disulfide. In: Lechner M.D. (eds) Diffusion in ... This chapter provides the diffusion coefficient of 2-methyl-propan-2-ol in carbon disulfide at different concentrations ...
Patente US3600372 - Carbon disulfide treated mannich condensation products - Google Patentes
B) carbon disulfide or carbon disulfide and an alkali metal hydroxide, said carbon disulfide being reacted with the ... B) carbon disulfide or carbon. disulfide and an alkali metal hydroxide, said carbon disulfide being reacted with the ... SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION We have discovered novel dispersants which are formed by reacting carbon disulfide or carbon disulfide ... 2) to provide an improved ashless dispersant prepared by reacting carbon disulfide or carbon disulfide and an alkali metal ...
Chemical Database: Carbon disulfide (EnvironmentalChemistry.com)
This page contains information on the chemical Carbon disulfide including: 30 synonyms/identifiers; U.S. Code of Federal ... Carbon disulfide*Carbon disulfide cation*Carbon disulfide [UN1131] [Flammable liquid]*Carbon disulphide*Carbon disulphide [BSI: ... Carbon bisulfide, see Carbon disulfide. Forbid. Forbid. Carbon disulfide. 3. UN1131. I. 3, 6.1. B16, T14, TP2, TP7, TP13. None ... Carbon bisulphide. No. No. 1131. 131. Carbon disulfide. No. No. 1131. 131. Carbon disulphide. No. No. Related Resources. *USDOT ...
Carbon Disulfide Lawyers | LegalMatch
Exposure to carbon disulfide may result to serious illnesses and health threats. Hire a personal injury attorney to know the ... Carbon Disulfide Lawyers Where You Need a Lawyer: Zip Code or City:. ... Description - Carbon disulfide is a colorless to slightly yellow liquid with a strong, ether-like odor. It is used in the ... Exposure to carbon disulfide may occur through breathing air, drinking water, or eating foods that contain it. People may also ...
Raman Displacements and the Infra-red Absorption Bands of Carbon Disulphide | Nature
THE Raman spectrum of carbon disulphide has been determined by a number of observers (Gavesan and Venkateswaran, NATURE, 124, ... Raman Displacements and the Infra-red Absorption Bands of Carbon Disulphide. *C. R. BAILEY1. & ... BAILEY, C., CASSIE, A. Raman Displacements and the Infra-red Absorption Bands of Carbon Disulphide. Nature 126, 350 (1930). ... THE Raman spectrum of carbon disulphide has been determined by a number of observers (Gavesan and Venkateswaran, NATURE, 124, ...
Carbon disulphide - Registration Dossier - ECHA
Carbon bisulfide *Carbon bisulphide *Carbon disulfide (8CI, 9CI) *Carbon disulphide *Carbon sulfide (CS2) *Dithiocarbonic ... Carbon disulphide EC Number:. 200-843-6. EC Name:. Carbon disulphide. CAS Number:. 75-15-0 Molecular formula:. CS2 IUPAC Name: ... Carbon disulphideCarbon disulphide. CAS Number:. 75-15-0. Molecular formula:. CS2. IUPAC ... Carbon disulphideCarbon disulphide. CAS Number:. 75-15-0. Molecular formula:. CS2. IUPAC ...
Carbon disulphide - Substance Information - ECHA
Carbon disulphide - Registration Dossier - ECHA
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice ...
Carbon disulphide - Substance evaluation - CoRAP - ECHA
Carbon disulfide | CS2 - PubChem
Carbon Disulfide | Boreal Science
carbon disulfide - EnviroReporter.com
Carbon disulfide solution certified reference material, 5000 μg/mL in methanol | Sigma-Aldrich
Carbon Disulfide (CS2) - REGENESIS Remediation Solutions
Carbon disulfide is used predominantly in the manufacture of rayon, cellophane, and carbon tetrachloride. Carbon disulfide is ... Carbon disulfide has been detected in some samples of drinking water. Low amounts of carbon disulfide may be emitted naturally ... Carbon Disulfide (CS2)?. Carbon disulfide appears as a clear colorless to light yellow volatile liquid with a strong ... EPA has not classified carbon disulfide for human carcinogenicity.. REGENESIS Treatment Products - Carbon Disulfide (CS2). * ...
Molecular dynamics simulations of the interaction of carbon nanotube and a carbon disulfide solvent
... of the interaction between a carbon nanotube (CNT) and a carbon disulfide active solvent (CS2) has been carried out. The aim of ... A nontrivial observation for the CNTCS2 system is that the solvent carbon disulfide atoms make up a patterned (layered) ... An analysis of the molecular dynamics (МD) of the interaction between a carbon nanotube (CNT) and a carbon disulfide active ... Molecular dynamics simulations of the interaction of carbon nanotube and a carbon disulfide solvent () ...
View source for Carbon disulfide - Sciencemadness Wiki
Properties== ===Chemical=== Carbon disulfide is highly flammable and will burn in air to release [[carbon dioxide,carbon]] and ... Chembox , Name = Carbon disulfide , Reference = , IUPACName = Methanedithione , PIN = , SystematicName = , OtherNames = Carbon ... carbon dioxide]] at 800 °C in the presence of alumina catalyst will also yield carbon disulfide. Carbonyl sulfide may also form ... Carbon dioxide]],br>[[Hydrogen sulfide]] }} }} Carbon disulfide is a colorless volatile liquid with the formula CS,sub ...
BisulfideTetrachlorideBenzeneSulfideAmounts of carbon disulfideSolventChloroformToxicological profile for Carbon DisulfideUses of carbon disulfideAmount of carbon disulfideIndicate that carbon disulfideMarshesDioxideNanotubesColorless liquidConcentrationsBisulphideCellophaneVolatileAcetoneMolecularAtomsMonoxideVaporChemicalsExposuresToxicRayonCompoundsExposure to carbonSigma-AldrichOrganicMoleculeNIOSHNanotubeNaturallySynonymsSulfur and carbonViscoseCarcinogenicityAnalyteRatsAcuteAminesSubstancesLiquidMade by combinPoisoningChronicInhalationWidelyDiffusionManufactureOccupationalSynthesisVapors
Bisulfide2
- A useful search term for carbon disulfide includes "carbon bisulfide," "carbon sulfide," and "carbon disulphide. (cdc.gov)
- Nomenclature - Carbon disulfide - Carbon bisulfide - Dithiocarbon anhydride. (texasriderradio.com)
Tetrachloride6
- Reduction of carbon disulfide with sodium affords sodium 1,3-dithiole-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate together with sodium trithiocarbonate: 4 Na + 4 CS2 → Na2C3S5 + Na2CS3 Chlorination of CS2 provides a route to carbon tetrachloride: CS2 + 3 Cl2 → CCl4 + S2Cl2 This conversion proceeds via the intermediacy of thiophosgene, CSCl2. (wikipedia.org)
- It is also a valued intermediate in chemical synthesis of carbon tetrachloride. (wikipedia.org)
- Carbon disulfide is used predominantly in the manufacture of rayon, cellophane, and carbon tetrachloride. (regenesis.com)
- A colorless toxic flammable liquid used as a solvent, especially for rubber and sulfur, and in the manufacture of viscose rayon, cellophane, and carbon tetrachloride. (oxforddictionaries.com)
- Neither allotrope dissolves in water, but both dissolve in organic liquids, such as benzene, carbon tetrachloride, and carbon disulfide. (oxforddictionaries.com)
- Carbon disulfide reacts with chlorine in the presence of a catalyst to form carbon tetrachloride. (thefreedictionary.com)
Benzene2
- Contact Now Rubber Antioxidant Agent RD Rubber Antioxidant agent rd Chemical Name: Polymerized 2, 2, 4-trimethyl-1, 2-dihydroquinoline Other Name: RD CAS NO.: 26780-96-1 Properties: This product is soluble in benzene, chloroform, carbon disulfide and acetone, but not soluble in water. (yashodadevelopers.in)
- Analyte: Benzene Matrix: Air Procedure: Adsorption on charcoal, desorption with carbon disulfide, analysis by GC. (osha.gov)
Sulfide8
- Sodium sulfide affords trithiocarbonate: Na2S + CS2 → [Na+]2[CS32−] Carbon disulfide does not hydrolyze readily, although the process is catalyzed by an enzyme carbon disulfide hydrolase. (wikipedia.org)
- Rate constants for the reaction of hydroxyl radicals with carbonyl sulfide, carbon disulfide and dimethyl thioether over the temperature range 299-430 K. (cdc.gov)
- Carbon disulfide reacts with SO 3 to form carbonyl sulfide, COS. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Elemental carbon and sulfide combine at very high temperatures to form CS2. (texasriderradio.com)
- Carbon comes from natural gas , and the sulfur may be supplied in the elemental form, as hydrogen sulfide, or as sulfur dioxide. (britannica.com)
- Gaffney, TR & Ibers, JA 1982, ' Comparison of the Stability of Iridium-(η 2 -Carbon Disulfide) and Iridium-(η 2 -Carbonyl Sulfide) Complexes ', Inorganic chemistry , vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 2854-2856. (northwestern.edu)
- Mineralogical analysis of Fe-0 filings and polished Fe-0 cross-sections indicates that iron sulfide is formed due to the removal of carbon disulfide from solution by Fe-0. (strath.ac.uk)
- It is impossible to measure carbon disulfide in the presence of hydrogen sulfide. (frontline-safety.co.uk)
Amounts of carbon disulfide3
- In nature, small amounts of carbon disulfide are found in gases released to the earth's surface as, for example, in volcanic eruptions or over marshes. (cdc.gov)
- Small amounts of carbon disulfide are released by volcanic eruptions and marshes. (wikipedia.org)
- Low amounts of carbon disulfide may be emitted naturally from volcanoes and marshes. (regenesis.com)
Solvent13
- An analysis of the molecular dynamics (МD) of the interaction between a carbon nanotube (CNT) and a carbon disulfide active solvent (CS2) has been carried out. (scirp.org)
- A nontrivial observation for the CNTCS2 system is that the solvent carbon disulfide atoms make up a patterned (layered) formation around the carbon nanotube. (scirp.org)
- Kholmurodov, K. , Aru, G. and Yasuoka, K. (2010) Molecular dynamics simulations of the interaction of carbon nanotube and a carbon disulfide solvent. (scirp.org)
- Aksenov, V.L., Avdeev, M.V. and Kholmurodov, Kh.T. (2007) Organization of solvent at interface with fullerene in solution C60/carbon disulfide by molecular bynamics simulations. (scirp.org)
- boils at 46.24 °C and freezes at −111.61 °C. It has a low autoignition temperature for a solvent, of only 102 °C. ==Availability== Carbon disulfide is sold by chemical suppliers, however there appears to be no sellers on eBay or Amazon. (sciencemadness.org)
- Because of its low boiling point and good penetrability in pores of solid fossils such as coals and oil shales, carbon disulfide ([CS.sub.2]) was used as an effective solvent for extracting aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons of lower molecular mass [14-18]. (thefreelibrary.com)
- Carbon disulfide is used in industry as a solvent and an extraction medium. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Poisoning can occur when producing viscose and carbon disulfide and when using CS 2 as a solvent and extraction medium. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Carbon disulfide is a volatile organic solvent that is used industrially as a starting material in rayon manufacture in the viscose process. (mhmedical.com)
- Carbon disulfide also is widely used as a solvent in a variety of laboratory settings. (mhmedical.com)
- Carbon disulfide, also spelt as carbon disulphide, is a colorless volatile liquid with the formula CS 2.The compound is used frequently as a building block in organic chemistry as well as an industrial and chemical non-polar solvent.It has an "ether-like" odor, but commercial samples are typically contaminated with foul-smelling impurities. (texasriderradio.com)
- Carbon disulfide CS2 is used as a solvent for enhanced recovery of oil and gas from shale formations according to dozens of patents. (texassharon.com)
- Carbon disulphide is known to be a suitable solvent for enhanced oil recovery by miscible flooding. (texassharon.com)
Chloroform4
- Pure carbon disulfide is a colorless liquid with a pleasant odor that is like the smell of chloroform. (cdc.gov)
- Physical=== Carbon disulfide is a colorless liquid, with an chloroform like smell when pure. (sciencemadness.org)
- Carbon disulfide is a colorless liquid with a density of 1.2927 g/cm 3 , a boiling point of 46.26°C, and a melting point of - 112.1°C. It is only slightly soluble in water but is miscible with alcohol, ether, and chloroform in any proportions. (thefreedictionary.com)
- For a further study on the extraction potential of various mixtures of chloroform and carbon disulfide , a series of experiments were carried out, including the effects of these blends at different compositions and solid-liquid mass ratio, on the oil yield. (thefreedictionary.com)
Toxicological profile for Carbon Disulfide1
- Toxicological Profile for Carbon Disulfide (PB97-121073, 1996) 252 pp. (drugfuture.com)
Uses of carbon disulfide2
- The principal industrial uses of carbon disulfide, consuming 75% of the annual production, are the manufacture of viscose rayon and cellophane film. (wikipedia.org)
- The chief uses of carbon disulfide are for the manufacture of rayon and for regenerated cellulose film. (britannica.com)
Amount of carbon disulfide2
- The amount of carbon disulfide released into the air through natural processes is difficult to judge because it is so small. (cdc.gov)
- myst32YT mas also made a small amount of carbon disulfide. (sciencemadness.org)
Indicate that carbon disulfide2
- Studies in animals indicate that carbon disulfide can affect the normal functions of the brain, liver, and heart. (cdc.gov)
- Epidemiologic studies indicate that carbon disulfide exposure is associated with adverse reproductive function and outcomes. (mhmedical.com)
Marshes2
- A significant percent of carbon disulfide occurs naturally in marshes, oceans, volcanoes, wet lands even though it is found at low concentrations as compared to industrial chemical release. (businesspress24.com)
- CS2 (carbon disulfide) can be formed naturally by volcanic eruptions or in marshes. (texasriderradio.com)
Dioxide7
- Its combustion affords sulfur dioxide according to this ideal stoichiometry: CS2 + 3 O2 → CO2 + 2 SO2 Compared to the isoelectronic carbon dioxide, CS2 is a weaker electrophile. (wikipedia.org)
- Carbon disulfide burns with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide in the following manner: CS2 + 3O2 CO2 + 2SO2 If 114 grams of CS2 are burned in an excess of O2 (an amount sufficient to completely burn all 114 g of CS2), how many moles of SO2 are formed? (openstudy.com)
- The hyperthermophilic Acidianus strain A1-3, which was isolated from the fumarolic, ancient sauna building at the Solfatara volcano (Naples, Italy), was shown to rapidly convert CS(2) into H(2)S and carbon dioxide (CO(2)), but nothing has been known about the modes of action and the evolution of the enzyme(s) involved. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Chris - Aren't people using carbon compounds - like carbon dioxide - as liquids though? (thenakedscientists.com)
- Carbon dioxide is used to decaffeinate coffee because if you squeeze carbon dioxide, unlike carbon it behaves as a different chemical. (thenakedscientists.com)
- So, carbon dioxide is just a lot easy to work with because, of course, when you're finish with it, in theory, you can just release it to the atmosphere. (thenakedscientists.com)
- 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the enhanced oil recovery formulation comprises a gas selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, natural gas, and hydrocarbon gases other than natural gas having from one to four carbon atoms. (texassharon.com)
Nanotubes6
- It has been used in the purification of single-walled carbon nanotubes. (wikipedia.org)
- Dekker, C. (1999) Carbon nanotubes as molecular quan tum wires. (scirp.org)
- Hence, increase in the demand for nanotubes is expected to propel demand for carbon disulfide. (businesspress24.com)
- Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) and tungsten disulphide nanotubes (WS 2 -INT) have been widely used to improve the strength and toughness of composite materials. (springerprofessional.de)
- Yu M-F, Lourie O, Dyer MJ, Moloni K, Kelly TF, Ruoff RS (2000) Strength and breaking mechanism of multiwalled carbon nanotubes under tensile load. (springerprofessional.de)
- Gorga RE, Cohen RE (2004) Toughness enhancements in poly(methyl methacrylate) by addition of oriented multiwall carbon nanotubes. (springerprofessional.de)
Colorless liquid1
- Carbon disulfide (CS 2 ) is a colorless liquid with an ether-like odor. (cdc.gov)
Concentrations9
- Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH) of Carbon Disulfide -NIOSH reviews relevant scientific data and researches methods for developing IDLH values. (cdc.gov)
- High concentrations of carbon disulfide have caused skin burns when the chemical accidentally touched people's skin. (cdc.gov)
- This chapter provides the diffusion coefficient of hexane in carbon disulfide at different concentrations measured using diaphragm cell. (springer.com)
- This chapter provides the diffusion coefficient of 2-methyl-propan-2-ol in carbon disulfide at different concentrations measured using NMR spin echo field gradient and dynamic light scattering. (springer.com)
- Concentrations of carbon disulfide in urban/suburban areas were measured at about 65 parts per trillion (ppt) and in rural areas at about 41 ppt. (regenesis.com)
- This chapter provides the diffusion coefficient of carbon disulfide in 2,4-dimethyl-pentane at different concentrations measured using porous frits, plug or barrier. (springer.com)
- Effects of carbon disulphide (CS2) on conduction velocity in sciatic and tibial nerve were investigated in rats exposed to CS2 vapour at concentrations of 0.9 mg/l or 1.6 mg/l of air for periods of 1.5, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. (bmj.com)
- Effects of a single exposure to carbon disulphide on the rate of urea production and on plasma free fatty acid and glucose concentrations in the rat. (bmj.com)
- Acute poisoning is produced by concentrations of carbon disulfide in the air of 1 milligram per liter and higher. (thefreedictionary.com)
Bisulphide1
- 1934. Carbon bisulphide poisoning. (cdc.gov)
Cellophane2
- businesspress24) - Global Carbon Disulfide Market is expected to grow at a significant CAGR in the forecast period owing to the increase in demand for cellophane from packaging segment. (businesspress24.com)
- Carbon disulfide is extensively used as an accelerator in rubber vulcanization process, in manufacturing of cellophane film and viscose rayon. (businesspress24.com)
Volatile6
- Carbon disulfide, also spelled as carbon disulphide, is a colorless volatile liquid with the formula CS2. (wikipedia.org)
- Carbon disulfide appears as a clear colorless to light yellow volatile liquid with a strong disagreeable odor. (regenesis.com)
- Molybdenum disulfide can also be used in friction materials.The main function is to reduce friction at low temperatures and increase friction at high temperatures.The burning loss is small and it is volatile in friction materials. (mis-asia.com)
- Carbon disulfide is highly volatile (vapor pressure, 297 mm Hg), and inhalation is a major route of exposure. (mhmedical.com)
- Carbon disulfide is a highly volatile, flammable liquid with low ignition temperature. (texasriderradio.com)
- 3.2 Chemical structure CS2 S = C = S Molecular weight: 76.14 3.3 Physical properties 3.3.1 Colour Colourless 3.3.2 State/form Liquid 3.3.3 Description Pure carbon disulfide is a clear colourless, highly refractive, mobile, volatile, very flammable liquid. (texasriderradio.com)
Acetone1
- The resonance Raman excitation profiles for the ν1, ν2, and ν3 vibrations of violaxanthin in acetone, toluene, and carbon disulfide solvents have been measured. (ebscohost.com)
Molecular6
- Carbon disulfide hydrolase is an enzyme with a molecular mass of 23,576 Da. (wikipedia.org)
- The amounts of reactants may vary, but in general, about 0.25 to 3.0 moles of carbon disulfide are contracted with about 1 equivalent weight of the Mannich product (one equivalent weight of the Mannich product being the molecular Weight of the Mannich product divided by the number of reactive nitrogen atoms present per molecule). (google.es)
- Molybdenum disulfide is a solid powder made by changing the molecular structure of natural molybdenum concentrate powder after chemical purification. (mis-asia.com)
- Carbon disulfide, molecular model. (superstock.com)
- Stock Photo: Carbon disulfide, molecular model. (superstock.com)
- Absorption Spectrum of Carbon Disulfide The absorption spectrum of the vapor of CS2 has been measured by Bailey and Cassie [2] and by Dennison and Wright [3], and the molecular structure has been determincd to be of the type of CO2. (texasriderradio.com)
Atoms5
- The preferred alkyl substituent contains from about 2 to 20,000 carbon atoms. (google.es)
- Atoms are represented as spheres and are colour_coded: carbon grey and sulfur yellow. (superstock.com)
- The central carbon atom will form double bonds with the two sulfur atoms. (texasriderradio.com)
- You might even think about buckminsterfullerene - these are cages of 60 carbon atoms that look like footballs. (thenakedscientists.com)
- All of these are held together by very, very strong chemical covalent bonds and that means that you need to heat up elemental carbon a huge amount before you can actually start to separate those atoms. (thenakedscientists.com)
Monoxide2
- Exposure to industrial or environmental chemicals such as carbon monoxide or carbon disulfide can also have this effect. (oxforddictionaries.com)
- 3. In cases where SEM identifies the presence of carbon monoxide (CO) at the worksite, or where the employee claims CO exposure, there must be evidence of an acute occupational exposure that precedes the onset of parkinsonism. (dol.gov)
Vapor2
- Carbon disulfide evaporates at room temperature, and the vapor is more than twice as heavy as air. (cdc.gov)
- The heat required to vaporize 1 g carbon disulphide and the heat released after condensation of 50 g carbon disulphide from vapor to liquid state must be calculated. (bartleby.com)
Chemicals5
- However, these workers may have been exposed to other chemicals besides carbon disulfide. (cdc.gov)
- The exposure under study was carbon disulfide, a chemical used in rubber chemicals department. (cdc.gov)
- Some studies suggest that carbon disulfide, a chemical used in making rubber chemicals, may increase the risk of heart disease. (cdc.gov)
- Carbon disulfide is also used to produce rubber chemicals and pesticides. (regenesis.com)
- Sourcing Guide for Carbon Disulfide: As an online chemical database of China Chemicals and Chemical Suppliers, our website provides the chemical community with the most competitive promotion prices on the market by connecting chemical buyers directly with chemical manufacturers in China. (yashodadevelopers.in)
Exposures2
- DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 77-156 (1977)-This report increases awareness and recommends work practices to reduce exposures to carbon disulfide in the workplace. (cdc.gov)
- Carbon disulfide exposures at the plant were not found at levels associated with heart disease and the chemical was removed from the plant in 1994. (cdc.gov)
Toxic2
- Although key toxic effects have been attributed to the functional disruption of enzymes, especially in dopamine-dependent systems, carbon disulfide is widely reactive with a variety of biologic substrates. (mhmedical.com)
- Diagnosis of carbon disulfide toxicity is based on a history of exposure along with consistent signs and symptoms of one of its toxic manifestations. (mhmedical.com)
Rayon3
- Global production/consumption of carbon disulfide is approximately one million tonnes, with China consuming 49%, followed by India at 13%, mostly for the production of rayon fiber. (wikipedia.org)
- 1990. Carbon disulfide exposure and neurotoxic sequelae among viscose rayon workers. (cdc.gov)
- Moreover, the substitution of rayon with lyocell that avoids using carbon disulfide in synthesis process is predicted to obstruct the growth of carbon disulfide market. (businesspress24.com)
Compounds2
- Two different compounds, 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) and carbon disulfide (CS2), cause axonopathies characterized by the formation of neurofilaments (NF) containing enlargements in preterminal regions of central and peripheral axons. (nih.gov)
- The chemical is a valued intermediate in chemical synthesis of carbon tetra-chloride, organosulfur compounds like xanthates, metam sodium, dithiocarbamates, which are widely used in extractive rubber and metallurgy chemistry. (businesspress24.com)
Exposure to carbon7
- The following resources provide information about occupational exposure to carbon disulfide. (cdc.gov)
- Exposure to carbon disulfide can occur by breathing it in the air and by drinking water or eating foods that contain it. (cdc.gov)
- Occupational exposure to carbon disulfide is associated with cardiovascular disease, particularly stroke. (wikipedia.org)
- 1988. Neurological examination, computerized- tomography, cerebral blood-flow and neuropsychological examination in workers with long-term exposure to carbon disulfide. (cdc.gov)
- 1992. Regional cerebral blood flow after long-term exposure to carbon disulfide. (cdc.gov)
- Risks - Short-term exposure to carbon disulfide can result in headache, dizziness, fatigue and nausea. (legalmatch.com)
- Short-term (days to weeks) high-level exposure to carbon disulfide is associated with psychiatric manifestations ranging from mood change to frank delirium and psychosis. (mhmedical.com)
Sigma-Aldrich1
- Search results for Carbon disulfide at Sigma-Aldrich. (texasriderradio.com)
Organic4
- Oil shales could be promising alternative ones because their reserves are large [1, 2] and hydrogen to carbon molar ratio in organic matter is high. (thefreelibrary.com)
- Using the techniques, we investigated the composition of organic species in carbon disulfide-extractable fraction (CDEF) from three Chinese oil shales. (thefreelibrary.com)
- It is only slightly soluble in water, but it dissolves in many organic liquids, such as alcohol and carbon disulfide, to which it imparts a distinctive purple color. (oxforddictionaries.com)
- Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) Volatiles (VOCs) Analytes by Functional Group Workers may be harmed by carbon disulfide. (texasriderradio.com)
Molecule1
- Droplets ideally capture a single carbon disulfide molecule and are then exposed to two laser beams. (cern.ch)
NIOSH3
- NIOSHTIC-2 search results on carbon disulfide -NIOSHTIC-2 is a searchable database of worker safety and health publications, documents, grant reports, and journal articles supported in whole or in part by NIOSH. (cdc.gov)
- Carbon Disulfide: Rubber and Plastics Chemical Manufacturing -The NIOSH Worker Notification Program notifies workers and other stakeholders about the findings of these research studies. (cdc.gov)
- Environmental organizations like AIHA ERPG, EPS, NIOSH, and OSHA have imposed strict laws for exposure and utility limits of carbon disulfide in several industrial products. (businesspress24.com)
Nanotube2
- Coleman JN, Khan U, Blau WJ, Gun'ko YK (2006) Small but strong: a review of the mechanical properties of carbon nanotube-polymer composites. (springerprofessional.de)
- Dufresne A, Paillet M, Putaux JL, Canet R, Carmona F, Delhaes P, Cui S (2002) Processing and characterization of carbon nanotube/poly(styrene- co-butyl acrylate) nanocomposites. (springerprofessional.de)
Naturally1
- Carbon disulfide occurs naturally in the mudpots of volcanic solfataras. (wikipedia.org)
Synonyms1
- 75-15-0 - QGJOPFRUJISHPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N - Carbon disulfide [BSI:ISO] - Similar structures search, synonyms, formulas, resource links, and other chemical information. (texasriderradio.com)
Sulfur and carbon2
- CS 2 , a compound of sulfur and carbon. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Arnold PL, Stevens CJ, Bell NL, Lord RM, Goldberg JM, Nichol GS and Love JB (2017) Multi-electron reduction of sulfur and carbon disulfide using binuclear uranium(III) borohydride complexes. (brad.ac.uk)
Viscose1
- However, most carbon disulfide is used in the production of viscose. (thefreedictionary.com)
Carcinogenicity2
- The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and the EPA have not classified carbon disulfide for carcinogenicity. (cdc.gov)
- EPA has not classified carbon disulfide for human carcinogenicity. (regenesis.com)
Analyte1
- The charcoal in the tube is transferred to a small, stoppered vial, and the analyte is desorbed with carbon disulfide. (osha.gov)
Rats4
- After pregnant rats breathed carbon disulfide in the air, some of the newborn rats died or had birth defects. (cdc.gov)
- Conduction velocity in the peripheral nerves of rats with chronic carbon disulphide neuropathy. (bmj.com)
- The concentration of plasma free fatty acids in rats was significantly increased after a short period of exposure to inhalation of carbon disulphide (4 h, 2 mg/1). (bmj.com)
- To better characterize the fate of dithiocarbmates in vivoas a function of structure and route of exposure, rats were administered equimolar doses of carbon disulfide (CS2), N-methyldithiocarbamate, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate, or disulfiram daily for five days, either po or ip, and sequential blood samples obtained. (texasriderradio.com)
Acute4
- Carbon disulfide has been linked to both acute and chronic forms of poisoning, with a diverse range of symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
- Acute (short-term) inhalation exposure of humans to carbon disulfide has caused changes in breathing and chest pains. (regenesis.com)
- Acute carbon disulfide overexposure via ingestion is unusual, but if ingested, it probably will be very well absorbed. (mhmedical.com)
- Acute carbon disulfide exposure can cause eye and skin irritation and CNS depression. (mhmedical.com)
Amines1
- Gold surfaces are functionalized by stable dithiocarbamate ligands when exposed to carbon disulfide and secondary amines. (oxforddictionaries.com)
Substances3
- People may also be exposed through skin contact with soil, water, or other substances that contain carbon disulfide. (cdc.gov)
- One chemical test using urine can be done to tell whether the levels of breakdown substances from carbon disulfide are higher than normal. (cdc.gov)
- This document includes translations of supplementary reports, finalized between October 1985 and February 1992, relating to six substances (o-chlorobenzene, m-chlorobenzene, p-chlorobenzene, nonylphenol, carbon disulfide and chloranil) evaluated in earlier BUA reports. (ilo.org)
Liquid12
- The impure carbon disulfide that is usually used in most industrial processes is a yellowish liquid with an unpleasant odor, like that of rotting radishes. (cdc.gov)
- Description - Carbon disulfide is a colorless to slightly yellow liquid with a strong, ether-like odor. (legalmatch.com)
- This polarizability model is subsequently used to calculate the third-order time-domain Raman response of liquid carbon disulfide. (ebscohost.com)
- Polarized and depolarized Raman spectra of liquid carbon disulfide in the pressure range 0â€"10 kbar. (ebscohost.com)
- The effect of pressure on the reorientational and the vibrational phase correlation times of liquid carbon disulfide has been determined up to 10 kbar at 295 K from the widths of the isotropic and anisotropic components of the Raman ν1 band. (ebscohost.com)
- Separation of temperature and density effects on collision-induced Rayleigh and Raman line shapes of liquid carbon disulfide. (ebscohost.com)
- Why is there no liquid form of carbon? (thenakedscientists.com)
- Mark - Well, there is a liquid form of carbon, but it's extremely unusual. (thenakedscientists.com)
- So, it's only under very, very extreme circumstances that you can force carbon to be a liquid. (thenakedscientists.com)
- Carbon Shield Technology fuses liquid carbon to vehicle paintwork to create an impenetrable barrier against harsh contaminants and the elements. (thenakedscientists.com)
- Is it a liquid carbon? (thenakedscientists.com)
- Urinary levels of 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (a marker of carbon disulfide and vulcanization fumes) were assessed by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. (ilo.org)
Made by combin1
- Commercial carbon disulfide is made by combining carbon and sulfur at very high temperatures. (cdc.gov)
Poisoning3
- Carbon disulfide poisoning derives from the compound's effect on the central and peripheral nervous systems, blood vessels, and metabolic processes. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Encephalitis and polyneuritis may develop upon prolonged chronic poisoning by carbon disulfide. (thefreedictionary.com)
- These findings suggest that the measurement of subtle tremor frequency changes may provide an early indication of chronic carbon disulfide poisoning. (jamanetwork.com)
Chronic1
- Chronic ingestion of therapeutic doses of disulfiram (200 mg/d) has been suspected to cause carbon disulfide-mediated toxicity, but this has not been firmly established. (mhmedical.com)
Inhalation1
- Reproductive effects, such as decreased sperm count and menstrual disturbances, have been observed in humans exposed to carbon disulfide by inhalation. (regenesis.com)
Widely1
- Luoyang Tongrun molybdenum disulfide is widely used in the production of grease, friction material, engineering rubber. (mis-asia.com)
Diffusion2
- Winkelmann J. (2018) Diffusion coefficient of hexane in carbon disulfide. (springer.com)
- Bokare, A.D. and Patnaik, A. (2003) Microscopic diffusion model applied to C60 fullerene fractals in carbon disulphide solution. (scirp.org)
Manufacture1
- Carbon disulfide /rubber antioxidant IPPD(4010NA)/ CAS No:101-72-4 Manufacture Rubber Antioxidant IPPD The top supplying country or region is China, which supply 100% of ippd respectively. (yashodadevelopers.in)
Occupational1
- Occupational Health Guideline for Carbon Disulfide -This guideline helps stakeholders conduct effective occupational safety and health programs. (cdc.gov)
Synthesis2
- Among the established polymerization methodologies, the synthesis of sulfur-containing polymers with carbon disulfide (CS 2 ) as a starting material is less developed. (rsc.org)
- Although no longer used in this form, carbon disulfide is still a major industrial precursor in rubber industry chemical synthesis and has a number of other industrial applications. (mhmedical.com)
Vapors2
- The first method, involves the reaction of [[sulfur]] vapors with carbon (or coke, anthracite, or any other coal) at 900°C. The resulting vapors are condensed and sulfur disulfide is purified. (sciencemadness.org)
- Vapors of carbon disulfide ignite at 236°C. The compound is decomposed by strong oxidizing agents (KMnO 4 ) with the separation of sulfur. (thefreedictionary.com)