Carbon carbon lyases. Medical search

A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.

A class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of C-C, C-O, and C-N, and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.

A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

Nanometer-sized tubes composed mainly of CARBON. Such nanotubes are used as probes for high-resolution structural and chemical imaging of biomolecules with ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY.

Enzymes which catalyze the elimination of delta-4,5-D-glucuronate residues from polysaccharides containing 1,4-beta-hexosaminyl and 1,3-beta-D-glucuronosyl or 1,3-alpha-L-iduronosyl linkages thereby bringing about depolymerization. EC 4.2.2.4 acts on chondroitin sulfate A and C as well as on dermatan sulfate and slowly on hyaluronate. EC 4.2.2.5 acts on chondroitin sulfate A and C.

Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that causes vascular wilts on a wide range of plant species. It was formerly named Erwinia chrysanthemi.

Enzymes which catalyze the elimination of glucuronate residues from chondroitin A,B, and C or which catalyze the hydrolysis of sulfate groups of the 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose 6-sulfate units of chondroitin sulfate. EC 4.2.2.-.

A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed)

High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.

Any of several processes for the permanent or long-term artificial or natural capture or removal and storage of carbon dioxide and other forms of carbon, through biological, chemical or physical processes, in a manner that prevents it from being released into the atmosphere.

Light harvesting proteins found in phycobilisomes.

A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.

A thick-rooted perennial (Cichorium intybus) native to Europe but widely grown for its young leaves used as salad greens and for its roots, dried and ground-roasted, used to flavor or adulterate coffee. (From Webster, 3d ed)

Enzymes that catalyze a reverse aldol condensation. A molecule containing a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group is cleaved at a C-C bond to produce two smaller molecules (ALDEHYDES or KETONES). EC 4.1.2.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-oxygen bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. EC 4.2.

Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-carbon bond of a 3-hydroxy acid. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 4.1.3.

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms are associated with plants as pathogens, saprophytes, or as constituents of the epiphytic flora.

An enzyme of the isomerase class that catalyzes the eliminative cleavage of polysaccharides containing 1,4-linked D-glucuronate or L-iduronate residues and 1,4-alpha-linked 2-sulfoamino-2-deoxy-6-sulfo-D-glucose residues to give oligosaccharides with terminal 4-deoxy-alpha-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl groups at their non-reducing ends. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.2.2.7.

A measure of the total greenhouse gas emissions produced by an individual, organization, event, or product. It is measured in units of equivalent kilograms of CARBON DIOXIDE generated in a given time frame.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A cell wall-degrading enzyme found in microorganisms and higher plants. It catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-D-galactosiduronic linkages in pectate and other galacturonans. EC 3.2.1.15.

Salts of alginic acid that are extracted from marine kelp and used to make dental impressions and as absorbent material for surgical dressings.

Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria characterized by an outer membrane that contains glycosphingolipids but lacks lipopolysaccharide. They have the ability to degrade a broad range of substituted aromatic compounds.

Plants of the division Rhodophyta, commonly known as red algae, in which the red pigment (PHYCOERYTHRIN) predominates. However, if this pigment is destroyed, the algae can appear purple, brown, green, or yellow. Two important substances found in the cell walls of red algae are AGAR and CARRAGEENAN. Some rhodophyta are notable SEAWEED (macroalgae).

An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

Term used to designate tetrahydroxy aldehydic acids obtained by oxidation of hexose sugars, i.e. glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, etc. Historically, the name hexuronic acid was originally given to ascorbic acid.

Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop.

A key enzyme in the glyoxylate cycle. It catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate to succinate and glyoxylate. EC 4.1.3.1.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Open chain tetrapyrroles that function as light harvesting chromophores in PHYCOBILIPROTEINS.

An enzyme that catalyzes the eliminative degradation of polysaccharides containing 1,4-beta-D-hexosaminyl and 1,3-beta-D-glucuronosyl or 1,3-alpha-L-iduronosyl linkages to disaccharides containing 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl groups. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992)

A dark powdery deposit of unburned fuel residues, composed mainly of amorphous CARBON and some HYDROCARBONS, that accumulates in chimneys, automobile mufflers and other surfaces exposed to smoke. It is the product of incomplete combustion of carbon-rich organic fuels in low oxygen conditions. It is sometimes called lampblack or carbon black and is used in INK, in rubber tires, and to prepare CARBON NANOTUBES.

The gaseous envelope surrounding a planet or similar body. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in SOIL and WATER. Its organisms are also found in raw meats, MILK and other FOOD, hospital environments, and human clinical specimens. Some species are pathogenic in humans.

The 30-kDa membrane-bound c-type cytochrome protein of mitochondria that functions as an electron donor to CYTOCHROME C GROUP in the mitochondrial and bacterial RESPIRATORY CHAIN. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p545)

Elimination of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; PESTICIDES and other waste using living organisms, usually involving intervention of environmental or sanitation engineers.

A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. Its organisms are normal inhabitants of the oral, respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital cavities of humans, animals, and insects. Some species may be pathogenic.

The unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.

A plant genus of the family EUPHORBIACEAE, order Euphorbiales, subclass Rosidae. Commercial natural RUBBER is mainly obtained from Hevea brasiliensis but also from some other plants.

An allotropic form of carbon that is used in pencils, as a lubricant, and in matches and explosives. It is obtained by mining and its dust can cause lung irritation.

Inorganic compounds that contain carbon as an integral part of the molecule but are not derived from hydrocarbons.

An enzyme that, in the course of purine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, catalyzes the conversion of 5'-phosphoribosyl-4-(N-succinocarboxamide)-5-aminoimidazole to 5'-phosphoribosyl-4-carboxamide-5-aminoimidazole and the conversion of adenylosuccinic acid to AMP. EC 4.3.2.2.

A species of gram-positive bacteria in the STREPTOCOCCUS MILLERI GROUP. It is the most frequently seen isolate of that group, has a proclivity for abscess formation, and is most often isolated from the blood, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tract.

The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)

Cellular processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of CARBOHYDRATES.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.

Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches.

Electric conductors through which electric currents enter or leave a medium, whether it be an electrolytic solution, solid, molten mass, gas, or vacuum.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Acids derived from monosaccharides by the oxidation of the terminal (-CH2OH) group farthest removed from the carbonyl group to a (-COOH) group. (From Stedmans, 26th ed)

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

Oligosaccharides containing two monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.

The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Sulfur compounds in which the sulfur atom is attached to three organic radicals and an electronegative element or radical.

The processes by which organisms use simple inorganic substances such as gaseous or dissolved carbon dioxide and inorganic nitrogen as nutrient sources. Contrasts with heterotrophic processes which make use of organic materials as the nutrient supply source. Autotrophs can be either chemoautotrophs (or chemolithotrophs), largely ARCHAEA and BACTERIA, which also use simple inorganic substances for their metabolic energy reguirements; or photoautotrophs (or photolithotrophs), such as PLANTS and CYANOBACTERIA, which derive their energy from light. Depending on environmental conditions some organisms can switch between different nutritional modes (autotrophy; HETEROTROPHY; chemotrophy; or PHOTOTROPHY) to utilize different sources to meet their nutrient and energy requirements.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in soil, fecal matter, and sewage. It is an opportunistic pathogen and causes cystitis and pyelonephritis.

Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-carbon bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. This subclass contains the DECARBOXYLASES, the ALDEHYDE-LYASES, and the OXO-ACID-LYASES. EC 4.1.

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

The sequence of carbohydrates within POLYSACCHARIDES; GLYCOPROTEINS; and GLYCOLIPIDS.

Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-nitrogen bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. Subclasses are the AMMONIA-LYASES, the AMIDINE-LYASES, the amine-lyases, and other carbon-nitrogen lyases. EC 4.3.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A mixed function oxidase enzyme which during hemoglobin catabolism catalyzes the degradation of heme to ferrous iron, carbon monoxide and biliverdin in the presence of molecular oxygen and reduced NADPH. The enzyme is induced by metals, particularly cobalt. EC 1.14.99.3.

The generic name for the group of aliphatic hydrocarbons Cn-H2n+2. They are denoted by the suffix -ane. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed)

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.

A genus of BACILLACEAE that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

A DNA repair enzyme that catalyses the excision of ribose residues at apurinic and apyrimidinic DNA sites that can result from the action of DNA GLYCOSYLASES. The enzyme catalyzes a beta-elimination reaction in which the C-O-P bond 3' to the apurinic or apyrimidinic site in DNA is broken, leaving a 3'-terminal unsaturated sugar and a product with a terminal 5'-phosphate. This enzyme was previously listed under EC 3.1.25.2.

A series of oxidative reactions in the breakdown of acetyl units derived from GLUCOSE; FATTY ACIDS; or AMINO ACIDS by means of tricarboxylic acid intermediates. The end products are CARBON DIOXIDE, water, and energy in the form of phosphate bonds.

The facilitation of biochemical reactions with the aid of naturally occurring catalysts such as ENZYMES.

The pressure that would be exerted by one component of a mixture of gases if it were present alone in a container. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A mass of organic or inorganic solid fragmented material, or the solid fragment itself, that comes from the weathering of rock and is carried by, suspended in, or dropped by air, water, or ice. It refers also to a mass that is accumulated by any other natural agent and that forms in layers on the earth's surface, such as sand, gravel, silt, mud, fill, or loess. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1689)

The effect of GLOBAL WARMING and the resulting increase in world temperatures. The predicted health effects of such long-term climatic change include increased incidence of respiratory, water-borne, and vector-borne diseases.

A class of enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of the N-glycosidic bond of nitrogen-linked sugars.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.

The study of chemical changes resulting from electrical action and electrical activity resulting from chemical changes.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a carbohydrate.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)

The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Life or metabolic reactions occurring in an environment containing oxygen.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

Oxidoreductases that are specific for ALDEHYDES.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent.

A broad class of substances containing carbon and its derivatives. Many of these chemicals will frequently contain hydrogen with or without oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and other elements. They exist in either carbon chain or carbon ring form.

A great expanse of continuous bodies of salt water which together cover more than 70 percent of the earth's surface. Seas may be partially or entirely enclosed by land, and are smaller than the five oceans (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic).

The processes by which organisms utilize organic substances as their nutrient sources. Contrasts with AUTOTROPHIC PROCESSES which make use of simple inorganic substances as the nutrient supply source. Heterotrophs can be either chemoheterotrophs (or chemoorganotrophs) which also require organic substances such as glucose for their primary metabolic energy requirements, or photoheterotrophs (or photoorganotrophs) which derive their primary energy requirements from light. Depending on environmental conditions some organisms can switch between different nutritional modes (AUTOTROPHY; heterotrophy; chemotrophy; or PHOTOTROPHY) to utilize different sources to meet their nutrients and energy requirements.

Techniques used to separate mixtures of substances based on differences in the relative affinities of the substances for mobile and stationary phases. A mobile phase (fluid or gas) passes through a column containing a stationary phase of porous solid or liquid coated on a solid support. Usage is both analytical for small amounts and preparative for bulk amounts.

The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight [1.00784; 1.00811]. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are PROTONS. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM and the unstable, radioactive isotope TRITIUM.

The use of a heavy ion particle beam for radiotherapy, such as the HEAVY IONS of CARBON.

A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Complex sets of enzymatic reactions connected to each other via their product and substrate metabolites.

Enzymes of the isomerase class that catalyze reactions in which a group can be regarded as eliminated from one part of a molecule, leaving a double bond, while remaining covalently attached to the molecule. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.5.

The utilization of an electrical current to measure, analyze, or alter chemicals or chemical reactions in solution, cells, or tissues.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

An amorphous form of carbon prepared from the incomplete combustion of animal or vegetable matter, e.g., wood. The activated form of charcoal is used in the treatment of poisoning. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

A species of gram-positive bacteria that is a common soil and water saprophyte.

A family of DNA repair enzymes that recognize damaged nucleotide bases and remove them by hydrolyzing the N-glycosidic bond that attaches them to the sugar backbone of the DNA molecule. The process called BASE EXCISION REPAIR can be completed by a DNA-(APURINIC OR APYRIMIDINIC SITE) LYASE which excises the remaining RIBOSE sugar from the DNA.

A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.

The vapor state of matter; nonelastic fluids in which the molecules are in free movement and their mean positions far apart. Gases tend to expand indefinitely, to diffuse and mix readily with other gases, to have definite relations of volume, temperature, and pressure, and to condense or liquefy at low temperatures or under sufficient pressure. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The act of blowing a powder, vapor, or gas into any body cavity for experimental, diagnostic, or therapeutic purposes.

A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851)

Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.

Carbohydrates consisting of between two (DISACCHARIDES) and ten MONOSACCHARIDES connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form.

The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.

The amount of a gas taken up, by the pulmonary capillary blood from the alveolar gas, per minute per unit of average pressure of the gradient of the gas across the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER.

The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat.

A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.

Derivatives of SUCCINIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a 1,4-carboxy terminated aliphatic structure.

A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

The monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the environment (soil, air, and water), workplace, or in the bodies of people and animals present in that environment.

A ubiquitous stress-responsive enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of HEME to yield IRON; CARBON MONOXIDE; and BILIVERDIN.

The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).

The exchange of OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood that occurs across the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER.

Any substance in the air which could, if present in high enough concentration, harm humans, animals, vegetation or material. Substances include GASES; PARTICULATE MATTER; and volatile ORGANIC CHEMICALS.

The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The formation of crystalline substances from solutions or melts. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Stable nitrogen atoms that have the same atomic number as the element nitrogen, but differ in atomic weight. N-15 is a stable nitrogen isotope.

The science of developing, caring for, or cultivating forests.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

A product of hard secondary xylem composed of CELLULOSE, hemicellulose, and LIGNANS, that is under the bark of trees and shrubs. It is used in construction and as a source of CHARCOAL and many other products.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed)

A climate which is typical of equatorial and tropical regions, i.e., one with continually high temperatures with considerable precipitation, at least during part of the year. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The adhesion of gases, liquids, or dissolved solids onto a surface. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses onto surfaces as well. ABSORPTION into the substance may follow but not necessarily.

Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic.

Derivatives of formic acids. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are formed with a single carbon carboxy group.

An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

Free-floating minute organisms that are photosynthetic. The term is non-taxonomic and refers to a lifestyle (energy utilization and motility), rather than a particular type of organism. Most, but not all, are unicellular algae. Important groups include DIATOMS; DINOFLAGELLATES; CYANOBACTERIA; CHLOROPHYTA; HAPTOPHYTA; CRYPTOMONADS; and silicoflagellates.

Alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group. They are classified according to relation of the carbon atom: primary alcohols, R-CH2OH; secondary alcohols, R2-CHOH; tertiary alcohols, R3-COH. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Relating to the size of solids.

A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

The development and use of techniques to study physical phenomena and construct structures in the nanoscale size range or smaller.

An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in fungi.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

Diseases of plants.

Water containing no significant amounts of salts, such as water from RIVERS and LAKES.

A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, and chemicals from the environment.

A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.

Salts and esters of hydroxybutyric acid.

Experimentally induced chronic injuries to the parenchymal cells in the liver to achieve a model for LIVER CIRRHOSIS.

Measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.

Synthesis and degradation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid by Penicillium citrinum. (1/121)

1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), which is a precursor of ethylene in plants, has never been known to occur in microorganisms. We describe the synthesis of ACC by Penicillium citrinum, purification of ACC synthase [EC 4.4.1.14] and ACC deaminase [EC 4.1.99.4], and their properties. Analyses of P. citrinum culture showed occurrence of ACC in the culture broth and in the cell extract. ACC synthase was purified from cells grown in a medium containing 0.05% L-methionine and ACC deaminase was done from cells incubated in a medium containing 1% 2-aminoisobutyrate. The purified ACC synthase, with a specific activity of 327 milliunit/mg protein, showed a single band of M(r) 48,000 in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular mass of the native enzyme by gel filtration was 96,000 Da. The ACC synthase had the Km for S-adenosyl-L-methionine of 1.74 mM and kcat of 0.56 s-1 per monomer. The purified ACC deaminase, with a specific activity of 4.7 unit/mg protein, showed one band in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of M(r) 41,000. The molecular mass of the native ACC deaminase was 68,000 Da by gel filtration. The enzyme had a Km for ACC of 4.8 mM and kcat of 3.52 s-1. The presence of 7 mM Cu2+ in alkaline buffer solution was effective for increasing the stability of the ACC deaminase in the process of purification. (+info)

Purification, molecular cloning, and expression of 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase, a peroxisomal thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the carbon-carbon bond cleavage during alpha-oxidation of 3-methyl-branched fatty acids. (2/121)

In the third step of the alpha-oxidation of 3-methyl-branched fatty acids such as phytanic acid, a 2-hydroxy-3-methylacyl-CoA is cleaved into formyl-CoA and a 2-methyl-branched fatty aldehyde. The cleavage enzyme was purified from the matrix protein fraction of rat liver peroxisomes and identified as a protein made up of four identical subunits of 63 kDa. Its activity proved to depend on Mg(2+) and thiamine pyrophosphate, a hitherto unrecognized cofactor of alpha-oxidation. Formyl-CoA and 2-methylpentadecanal were identified as reaction products when the purified enzyme was incubated with 2-hydroxy-3-methylhexadecanoyl-CoA as the substrate. Hence the enzyme catalyzes a carbon-carbon cleavage, and we propose calling it 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase. Sequences derived from tryptic peptides of the purified rat protein were used as queries to recover human expressed sequence tags from the databases. The composite cDNA sequence of the human lyase contained an ORF of 1,734 bases that encodes a polypeptide with a calculated molecular mass of 63,732 Da. Recombinant human protein, expressed in mammalian cells, exhibited lyase activity. The lyase displayed homology to a putative Caenorhabditis elegans protein that resembles bacterial oxalyl-CoA decarboxylases. Similarly to the decarboxylases, a thiamine pyrophosphate-binding consensus domain was present in the C-terminal part of the lyase. Although no peroxisome targeting signal, neither 1 nor 2, was apparent, transfection experiments with constructs encoding green fluorescent protein fused to the full-length lyase or its C-terminal pentapeptide indicated that the C terminus of the lyase represents a peroxisome targeting signal 1 variant. (+info)

Development and use of a reverse transcription-PCR assay to study expression of Tri5 by Fusarium species in vitro and in planta. (3/121)

The Tri5 gene encodes trichodiene synthase, which catalyzes the first reaction in the trichothecene biosynthetic pathway. In vitro, a direct relationship was observed between Tri5 expression and the increase in deoxynivalenol production over time. We developed a reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay to quantify Tri5 gene expression in trichothecene-producing strains of Fusarium species. We observed an increase in Tri5 expression following treatment of Fusarium culmorum with fungicides, and we also observed an inverse relationship between Tri5 expression and biomass, as measured by beta-D-glucuronidase activity, during colonization of wheat (cv. Avalon) seedlings by F. culmorum. RT-PCR analysis also showed that for ears of wheat cv. Avalon inoculated with F. culmorum, there were different levels of Tri5 expression in grain and chaff at later growth stages. We used the Tri5-specific primers to develop a PCR assay to detect trichothecene-producing Fusarium species in infected plant material. (+info)

Spider mite-induced (3S)-(E)-nerolidol synthase activity in cucumber and lima bean. The first dedicated step in acyclic C11-homoterpene biosynthesis. (4/121)

Many plant species respond to herbivory with de novo production of a mixture of volatiles that attracts carnivorous enemies of the herbivores. One of the major components in the blend of volatiles produced by many different plant species in response to herbivory by insects and spider mites is the homoterpene 4,8-dimethyl-1,3(E), 7-nonatriene. One study (J. Donath, W. Boland [1995] Phytochemistry 39: 785-790) demonstrated that a number of plant species can convert the acyclic sesquiterpene alcohol (3S)-(E)-nerolidol to this homoterpene. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) both produce 4,8-dimethyl-1,3(E),7-nonatriene in response to herbivory. We report the presence in cucumber and lima bean of a sesquiterpene synthase catalyzing the formation of (3S)-(E)-nerolidol from farnesyl diphosphate. The enzyme is inactive in uninfested cucumber leaves, slightly active in uninfested lima bean leaves, and strongly induced by feeding of the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) on both plant species, but not by mechanical wounding. The activities of the (3S)-(E)-nerolidol synthase correlated well with the levels of release of 4, 8-dimethyl-1,3(E),7-nonatriene from the leaves of the different treatments. Thus, (3S)-(E)-nerolidol synthase is a good candidate for a regulatory role in the release of the important signaling molecule 4,8-dimethyl-1,3(E),7-nonatriene. (+info)

Phytanic acid alpha-oxidation: identification of 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase in rat liver and its localisation in peroxisomes. (5/121)

Phytanic acid is broken down by alpha-oxidation in three steps finally yielding pristanic acid. The first step occurs in peroxisomes and is catalysed by phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase. We have studied the second step in the alpha-oxidation pathway, which involves conversion of 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA to pristanal catalysed by 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase. To this end, we have developed a stable isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assay allowing activity measurements in rat liver homogenates. Cell fractionation studies demonstrate that in rat liver 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase is localised in peroxisomes. This finding may have important implications for inherited diseases in man characterised by impaired phytanic acid alpha-oxidation. (+info)

Expression pattern of genes encoding farnesyl diphosphate synthase and sesquiterpene cyclase in cotton suspension-cultured cells treated with fungal elicitors. (6/121)

Cotton plants accumulate sesquiterpene aldehydes in pigment glands. The two enzymes farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) and (+)-delta-cadinene synthase (CAD), a sesquiterpene cyclase, are involved in the biosynthesis of these secondary metabolites. A full-length cDNA (garfps) encoding FPS was isolated from Gossypium arboreum and identified by in vitro enzymatic assay of the garfps protein heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. Treatment of G. arboreum suspension-cultured cells with an elicitor preparation obtained from the phytopathogenic fungus Verticillium dahliae dramatically induced transcription of both FPS and CAD, paralleling the accumulation of the sesquiterpene aldehydes in these cells. For G. australe, a wild species from Australia, the V. dahliae elicitor preparation also caused an induction of FPS but only a low rate of induction of CAD, apparently because of a constitutive expression of the sesquiterpene cyclase gene in suspension-cultured cells. Two transcripts and proteins of FPS were detected in the elicited G. australe cells; the smaller FPS seemed to be de novo synthesized after elicitation. Furthermore, G. australe-cultured cells accumulated the cadinene, instead of sesquiterpene aldehydes, indicating that the biosynthetic pathway leading to sesquiterpene aldehydes was absent or blocked after FPP cyclization. (+info)

1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase induced by ACC synthesized and accumulated in Penicillium citrinum intracellular spaces. (7/121)

We have already described how 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), which is a precursor of the plant hormone ethylene, is synthesized in Penicillium citrinum through the same reaction by the catalysis of ACC synthase [EC 4.4.1.14] as in higher plants. In addition, ACC deaminase [EC 4.1.99.4], which degrades ACC to 2-oxobutyrate and ammonia, was also purified from this strain. To study control of induction of ACC deaminase in this organism, we have isolated and analyzed the cDNA of P. citrinum ACC deaminase and studied the expression of ACC deaminase mRNA in P. citrinum cells. By the analysis of peptides from the digests of the purified and modified ACC deaminase with lysylendopeptidase, 70 % of its amino acid sequences were obtained. These amino acid sequences were used to identify a cDNA, consisting of 1,233 bp with an open reading frame of 1,080 bp encoding ACC deaminase with 360 amino acids. The deduced amino acids from the cDNA are identical by 52% and 45% to those of enzymes of Pseudomonas sp. ACP and Hansenula saturnus. Through Northern blot analysis, we found that the mRNA of ACC deaminase was expressed in P. citrinum cells grown in a medium containing 0.05% L-methionine. These findings suggest that ACC synthesized by ACC synthase and accumulated in P. citrinum intracellular spaces can induce the ACC deaminase that degrades the ACC. (+info)

Cloning of a sesquiterpene cyclase and its functional expression by domain swapping strategy. (8/121)

Sesquiterpene cyclase, the first committed step enzyme from the general isoprenoid building block farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) for the synthesis of phytoalexin capsidiol, was isolated from the UV-C treated leaves of Capsicum annuum. This sesquiterpene cyclase, termed as CASC2 showing 77% amino acid identity with the previously cloned sesquiterpene cyclase CASC1, was composed of 560 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 64,907. The mRNA expression pattern of CASC2 was very similar to that of CASC1 during the time course of UV-C irradiated leaves of pepper on RNA blot analysis by using each specific probe. The heterologous expression in Escherichia coli using the CASC2 full length failed; however the chimeric construct of CASC2 in which the amino terminal 164 amino acid substituted by the equivalent portion of either CASC1 or tobacco sesquiterpene cyclase was capable of expressing the functional sesquiterpene cyclase activities. The radio-labeled enzymatic products catalyzed by the partially purified chimeric CASC2 were comigrated with authentic radio-labeled sesquiterpene on thin layer chromatography. (+info)

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically carbon-sulfur lyases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S- ... Tyrosine attacks the sulfur bound carbon, allowing S(CH3)(Ado) to leave, and during ring formation, Tyrosine leaves. Note ... increasing the acidity of the alpha carbon by stabilizing the conjugate base. The PLP-stabilized carbanion intermediate formed ... "Slow-binding inhibition of Escherichia coli cystathionine beta-lyase by L-aminoethoxyvinylglycine: a kinetic and X-ray study". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate_synthase

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the class of carbon-sulfur lyases. The systematic name of this enzyme ... O-phospho-3-sulfolactate sulfo-lyase. As of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the ... class is (2R)-2-O-phospho-3-sulfolactate hydrogen-sulfite-lyase (phosphoenolpyruvate-forming). Other names in common use ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphosulfolactate_synthase

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the class of carbon-halide lyases. The systematic name of this enzyme ... "Synthesis of D-cysteine from 3-chloro-D-alanine and hydrogen sulfide by 3-chloro-D-alanine hydrogen chloride-lyase (deaminating ... and 3-chloro-D-alanine chloride-lyase (deaminating). It employs one cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate. Nagasawa T, Ishii T, Yamada ... class is 3-chloro-D-alanine chloride-lyase (deaminating; pyruvate-forming). Other names in common use include beta-chloro-D- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-chloro-D-alanine_dehydrochlorinase

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the class of carbon-sulfur lyases. The systematic name of this enzyme ... L-homocysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase, and (deaminating). This enzyme participates in nitrogen metabolism and sulfur metabolism ... class is L-homocysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating 2-oxobutanoate-forming). Other names in common use include ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homocysteine_desulfhydrase

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the class of carbon-sulfur lyases. The systematic name of this enzyme ... 14-tetraenoate glutathione-lyase (epoxide-forming). This enzyme participates in arachidonic acid metabolism. As of late 2007, 3 ... class is leukotriene-C4 glutathione-lyase (leukotriene-A4-forming). Other names in common use include leukotriene C4 synthetase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukotriene-C4_synthase

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the class of carbon-sulfur lyases. The systematic name of this enzyme ... glutathione formaldehyde-lyase. This enzyme participates in methane metabolism. Goenrich M, Bartoschek S, Hagemeier CH, ... class is S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione formaldehyde-lyase (glutathione-forming). Other names in common use include glutathione- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione_synthase

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the class of carbon-sulfur lyases. The systematic name of this enzyme ... Cytochrome c haem-lyase (CCHL) and cytochrome Cc1 haem-lyase (CC1HL) are mitochondrial enzymes that catalyse the covalent ... Dumont ME, Ernst JF, Hampsey DM, Sherman F (1987). "Identification and sequence of the gene encoding cytochrome c heme lyase in ... class is holocytochrome-c apocytochrome-c-lyase (heme-forming). Other names in common use include cytochrome c heme-lyase, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocytochrome-c_synthase

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the class of carbon-halide lyases. The systematic name of this enzyme ... and L-2-amino-4-chloropent-4-enoate chloride-lyase (deaminating). Moriguchi M, Hoshino S, Hatanaka S-I (1987). "Dehalogenation ... class is L-2-amino-4-chloropent-4-enoate chloride-lyase (adding H2O deaminating; 2-oxopent-4-enoate-forming). Other names in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-2-amino-4-chloropent-4-enoate_dehydrochlorinase

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the class of carbon-halide lyases. The systematic name of this enzyme ... class is 3-chloro-L-alanine chloride-lyase (adding thioglycolate S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine-forming). This enzyme is also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-carboxymethylcysteine_synthase

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the class of carbon-sulfur lyases. The systematic name of this enzyme ... cysteine sulfoxide lyase, alkylcysteine sulfoxide lyase, S-alkylcysteine sulfoxide lyase, L-cysteine sulfoxide lyase, S-alkyl-L ... In enzymology, an alliin lyase (EC 4.4.1.4) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction an S-alkyl-L-cysteine S-oxide ... Jacobsen JV, Yamaguchi M, Howard FD, Bernhard RA (1968). "Product inhibition of the cysteine sulfoxide lyase of tulbaghia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliinase

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the class of carbon-sulfur lyases. The systematic name of this enzyme ... Other names in common use include D-cysteine lyase, and D-cysteine sulfide-lyase (deaminating). This enzyme participates in ... class is D-cysteine sulfide-lyase (deaminating; pyruvate-forming). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-cysteine_desulfhydrase

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the class of carbon-sulfur lyases. The systematic name of this enzyme ... and L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (adding HCN). This enzyme participates in cyanoamino acid metabolism. Akopyan TN, ... class is L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (adding hydrogen cyanide L-3-cyanoalanine-forming). Other names in common use ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-3-cyanoalanine_synthase

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the class of carbon-halide lyases. The systematic name of this enzyme ... ethane chloride-lyase, dehydrohalogenase, and DDTase. This enzyme participates in 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane ... class is 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane chloride-lyase [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene-forming]. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT-dehydrochlorinase

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the class of carbon-sulfur lyases. The systematic name of this enzyme ... S-dimethyl-beta-propiothetin dimethyl-sulfide-lyase. ANDERSON DG, CANTONI GL (1956). "Enzymatic cleavage of ... class is S,S-dimethyl-beta-propiothetin dimethyl-sulfide-lyase (acrylate-forming). Other names in common use include ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylpropiothetin_dethiomethylase

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically ammonia lyases, which cleave carbon-nitrogen bonds. The systematic ... and L-ornithine ammonia-lyase (cyclizing). This enzyme participates in arginine and proline biosynthesis. It employs one ... name of this enzyme class is L-ornithine ammonia-lyase (cyclizing; L-proline-forming). Other names in common use include ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithine_cyclodeaminase

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically amine lyases, which cleave carbon-nitrogen bonds. It can be isolated ... strictosidine tryptamine-lyase. Originally isolated from the plant Rauvolfia serpentina, a medicinal plant widely used in ... strictosidine tryptamine-lyase (secologanin-forming). Other names in common use include strictosidine synthetase, STR, and 3- ... from which Glu309 deprotonates tryptamine's carbon 2. This allows for strictosidine's formation under the subsequent ring ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strictosidine_synthase

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on polysaccharides. The systematic ... name of this enzyme class is 2,1-beta-D-fructan lyase (alpha-D-fructofuranose-beta-D-fructofuranose-1,2':2,3'-dianhydride- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inulin_fructotransferase_(DFA-III-forming)

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The systematic name ... of this enzyme class is geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [cyclizing, (−)-endo-fenchol-forming]. Other names in common use ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(-)-endo-fenchol_synthase

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The systematic name ... and geranyldiphosphate diphosphate lyase [(+)-(R)-limonene-forming]. This enzyme participates in monoterpenoid biosynthesis and ... of this enzyme class is geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [cyclizing, (+)-(4R)-limonene-forming]. Other names in common use ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(R)-limonene_synthase

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The systematic name ... of this enzyme class is trans,trans-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, vetispiradiene-forming). Other names in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetispiradiene_synthase

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The systematic name ... of this enzyme class is 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, pentalenene-forming). This enzyme is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentalenene_synthase

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically ammonia lyases, which cleave carbon-nitrogen bonds. The systematic ... and 5-formimidoyltetrahydrofolate ammonia-lyase (cyclizing). This enzyme participates in folate metabolism by catabolising ... name of this enzyme class is 5-formimidoyltetrahydrofolate ammonia-lyase (cyclizing 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate-forming). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formimidoyltetrahydrofolate_cyclodeaminase

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The systematic name ... trans-farnesyl diphosphate aristolochene-lyase, trans,trans-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing,, and ... of this enzyme class is 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, aristolochene-forming). Other names ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristolochene_synthase

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The systematic name ... and glycerone-phosphate phospho-lyase. This enzyme participates in pyruvate metabolism and is constitutively expressed. As of ... of this enzyme class is glycerone-phosphate phosphate-lyase (methylglyoxal-forming). Other names in common use include ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylglyoxal_synthase

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The systematic name ... and geranylgeranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing). This enzyme participates in diterpenoid biosynthesis. Moesta P, ... of this enzyme class is geranylgeranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, casbene-forming). Other names in common use ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casbene_synthase

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The systematic name ... Other names in common use include geranylgeranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, and taxadiene-forming). This enzyme ... of this enzyme class is geranylgeranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, taxa-4,11-diene-forming). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxadiene_synthase

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The systematic name ... and O-phospho-L-homoserine phospho-lyase (adding water). This enzyme participates in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism ... of this enzyme class is O-phospho-L-homoserine phosphate-lyase (adding water L-threonine-forming). Other names in common use ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threonine_synthase

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The systematic name ... of this enzyme class is geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [(3R)-linalool-forming]. Other names in common use include (3R)- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-linalool_synthase

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The systematic name ... of this enzyme class is dimethylallyl-pyrophosphate pyrophosphate-lyase (isoprene-forming). Other names in common use include ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoprene_synthase

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The systematic name ... 3-phosphoshikimate phosphate-lyase. This enzyme participates in phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis. Chorismate ... of this enzyme class is 5-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-3-phosphoshikimate phosphate-lyase (chorismate-forming). This enzyme is also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorismate_synthase

This review deals with the radical-based mechanism employed by the carbon-phosphorus lyase of the carbon-phosphorus lyase ... Utilization of Glyphosate as Phosphate Source: Biochemistry and Genetics of Bacterial Carbon-Phosphorus Lyase Microbiol Mol ... Glyphosate is a member of a large group of chemicals, phosphonic acids or phosphonates, which are characterized by a carbon- ... Hydrolytic, oxidative, and radical-based mechanisms for carbon-phosphorus bond cleavage have been described. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24600043/

A Carbon-Nitrogen Lyase from Leucaena leucocephala Catalyzes the First Step of Mimosine Degradation. Vishal Singh Negi, Jon- ... A Carbon-Nitrogen Lyase from Leucaena leucocephala Catalyzes the First Step of Mimosine Degradation ... A Carbon-Nitrogen Lyase from Leucaena leucocephala Catalyzes the First Step of Mimosine Degradation ... A Carbon-Nitrogen Lyase from Leucaena leucocephala Catalyzes the First Step of Mimosine Degradation ...

http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/164/2/922

Carbon-oxygen lyases (EC 4.2) (primarily dehydratases). 4.2.1: Hydro-Lyases. *Carbonic anhydrase ... 5-phosphonooxy-L-lysine phospho-lyase (EC 4.2.3.134, 5-phosphohydroxy-L-lysine ammoniophospholyase, AGXT2L2 (gene)) is an ... Purification of the phospho-lyase". J. Biol. Chem. 249: 5784-5789. PMID 4412716.. ... 5-phosphonooxy-L-lysine phospho-lyase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-phosphonooxy-L-lysine_phospho-lyase

Carbon-phosphorus lyases. Contents. EC 4.7.1 carbon-phosphorus lyase. (only sub-subclass identified to date). Return to EC 4 ...

https://www.qmul.ac.uk/sbcs/iubmb/enzyme/EC4/7/

Carbon-phosphorous lyase (CP lyase) is a multienzyme pathway encoded by the phn operon in gram-negative bacteria. In ... Crystal structure of PhnH: an essential component of carbon-phosphorus lyase in Escherichia coli. Publikation: Bidrag til ... Organophosphonates are reduced forms of phosphorous that are characterized by the presence of a stable carbon-phosphorus (C-P) ... Finally, we show that PhnH is essential for C-P bond cleavage in the CP lyase pathway. ...

https://curis.ku.dk/portal/da/publications/crystal-structure-of-phnh-an-essential-component-of-carbonphosphorus-lyase-in-escherichia-coli

4.3 Carbon-nitrogen lyases. 4.3.1 Ammonia lyases. 3. histidase. Substrates useful in this invention include those reactive with ...

http://www.google.com/patents/US4483921?dq=6,952,563

Lyases [EC 4]. ⌊Carbon-Oxygen Lyases [EC 4.2]. ⌊Hydro-Lyases [EC 4.2.1]. ⌊colneleate synthase ... In enzyme science, colneleate synthase as a hydro-lyase reaction reaction is a lyase enzyme. * ...

http://wellnessadvantage.com/?uid=68911

Lyases [EC 4]. ⌊Carbon-Oxygen Lyases [EC 4.2]. ⌊Hydro-Lyases [EC 4.2.1]. ⌊Isohexenylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase ... In biochemistry, Isohexenylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase as a hydro-lyase reaction is a lyase enzyme. * ...

http://wellnessadvantage.com/?uid=68847

Carbon-Carbon Lyases / chemistry * Carbon-Carbon Lyases / genetics * Carbon-Carbon Lyases / metabolism* ... discovered enzymes are described and compared with those of the previously known glycyl radical enzymes pyruvate formate-lyase ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16218870/?dopt=Abstract

Recent Applications of Carbon‐Nitrogen Lyases in Asymmetric Synthesis of Noncanonical Amino Acids and Heterocyclic Compounds. ... Enantioselective Synthesis of Chiral Synthons for Artificial Dipeptide Sweeteners Catalyzed by an Engineered C-N Lyase. Zhang, ...

https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/persons/saravanan-thangavelu

Classification: CARBON-OXYGEN LYASE * Deposited: 1994-04-27 Released: 1995-04-27 ...

http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/litView.do?structureId=1EBG

Classification: CARBON-OXYGEN LYASE. *Organism(s): Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508 / S288c) ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4enl

Catalyzes a carbon-carbon cleavage reaction; cleaves a 2-hydroxy-3-methylacyl-CoA into formyl-CoA and a 2-methyl-branched fatty ... and expression of 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase, a peroxisomal thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the carbon ... Showing Protein 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase 1 (HMDBP08729). IdentificationBiological propertiesGene propertiesProtein properties ... carbon bond cleavage during alpha-oxidation of 3-methyl-branched fatty acids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Aug 31;96(18): ...

https://hmdb.ca/proteins/HMDBP08729

Involvement of the phosphate regulon and the psiD locus in carbon-phosphorus lyase activity of Escherichia coli K-12. / Wackett ... Involvement of the phosphate regulon and the psiD locus in carbon-phosphorus lyase activity of Escherichia coli K-12. Journal ... title = "Involvement of the phosphate regulon and the psiD locus in carbon-phosphorus lyase activity of Escherichia coli K-12", ... T1 - Involvement of the phosphate regulon and the psiD locus in carbon-phosphorus lyase activity of Escherichia coli K-12 ...

https://experts.umn.edu/en/publications/involvement-of-the-phosphate-regulon-and-the-psid-locus-in-carbon

Lyases;. Carbon-carbon lyases;. Carboxy-lyases. Sysname. peptidyl-glutamate 4-carboxylase (2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinol- ...

https://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?enzyme+4.1.1.90

4. Lyases. 4.2 Carbon-oxygen lyases. 4.2.3 Acting on phosphates. 4.2.3.15 myrcene synthase. K21925 TPS3; (-)-camphene/ ... 4. Lyases. 4.2 Carbon-oxygen lyases. 4.2.3 Acting on phosphates. 4.2.3.117 (-)-camphene synthase. K22208 AG6; (-)-camphene ... Lyases;. Carbon-oxygen lyases;. Acting on phosphates. BRITE hierarchy. Sysname. geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [ ...

https://www.genome.jp/entry/K21925+K22208+4.2.3.117+R09972

Carbon-Sulfur Lyases); EC 4.4.1.21 (LuxS protein, Bacteria). ...

http://bases.bireme.br/cgi-bin/wxislind.exe/iah/online/?IsisScript=iah/iah.xis&nextAction=lnk&base=MEDLINE&lang=p&format=detailed.pft&indexSearch=EX&exprSearch=D12.776.543.695.875

Carbon-Sulfur Lyases; EC 4.4.1.23/2-hydroxypropyl-CoM 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate lyase (epoxyalkane-ring forming) ... Carbon-Sulfur Lyases / genetics*. Carcinogens / analysis. Ethylenes / analysis*. Genetic Variation. Humans. Oxygenases / ...

http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Proteomic-Analysis-Ethene-Enriched-Groundwater/20121086.html

Carbon-oxygen Lyases. Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-oxygen bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. ... Phosphorus-oxygen Lyases. Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a phosphorus-oxygen bond by means other than hydrolysis or ... A protocol for three-component reactions of cyclic ethers, α-diazo esters, and weak nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, and sulfur ... Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-oxygen bond. EC 6.1. ...

https://www.bioportfolio.com/resources/pmarticle/2332184/Metal-free-Photocatalysts-for-the-C-H-Bond-Oxygenation-Reactions-Using-Oxygen.html

4. Lyases. 4.2 Carbon-oxygen lyases. 4.2.1 Hydro-lyases. 4.2.1.17 enoyl-CoA hydratase. EC042_2581 (fadJ). 5. Isomerases. 5.1 ...

http://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?elo:EC042_2581

Lyases synonyms, Lyases pronunciation, Lyases translation, English dictionary definition of Lyases. n. Any of a class of ... non-redux lyases and transferases for forming bonds of carbon with carbon, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen; oxidations; reductions ... lyase. (redirected from Lyases). Also found in: Medical, Encyclopedia.. Related to Lyases: Isomerases, Transferases ... Lyases - definition of Lyases by The Free Dictionary https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Lyases ...

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Lyases

CCR4; CYS3; NTG1; DEP1; TPD3; carbon catabolite repressor; cystathionine gamma-lyase; protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit ... cystathionine gamma-lyase; YAL011W; Yal011wp; MDM10; Mdm10p: Mitochondria outer membrane protein. YSCNPTRPBX L11274 1838bp DNA ... A; serine/threonine kinase; PMT2; Pmt2p: protein O-D-mannosyltransferase; FUN26; Fun26p; Ccr4p: Carbon catabolite repressor ...

http://bio.net/bionet/mm/yeast/2000-May/009388.html

Structural insights into the bacterial carbon - phosphorus lyase machinery. Seweryn, P., Van, L. B., Kjeldgaard, M., J. Russo, ... Opnå en forståelse hvordan phosphonat kan udnyttes som kilde til phosphat via carbon-phosphorus lyase-pathwayen i E. coli. ...

http://pure.au.dk/portal/da/[email protected]

This enzyme belongs to the class Lyases; more specifically the ox-acid-lyase or the carbon-carbon-lyases. taxonomic lineage: ... This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the oxo-acid-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. The systematic ... There are several different names for chorismate lyase. it is also called chorismate pyruvate lyase (4-hydroxybenzoate-forming ... In enzymology, a chorismate lyase (EC 4.1.3.40) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction chorismate ⇌ {\displaystyle \ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorismate_lyase

... and carbon monoxide, is synthesized by multiple enzymes in cardiovascular system. Similar to other gaseous mediators, H2S has ... the endogenous gaseous signaling molecule alongside nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, is synthesized by multiple enzymes in ... carbon monoxide; CSE, cystathionine-γ-lyase; DAO, D-amino acid oxidase; EC, esterified cholesterol; ETHE1, ethylmalonic ... Pan, L. L., Liu, X. H., Gong, Q. H., Yang, H. B., and Zhu, Y. Z. (2012). Role of cystathionine gamma-lyase/hydrogen sulfide ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2017.00686/full

Carbonic anhydrases constitute a group of enzymes that catalyse reversible hydration of carbon dioxide leading to the formation ... into the lyases subclass "carbon-oxygen lyases" and subclasses "hydrolyses" [1]. They catalyse reversible hydration of carbon ... Carbonic anhydrases constitute a group of zinc containing lyases, classified, according to the Enzyme Catalogue to EC 4.2.1.1 ... Carbonic anhydrases constitute a group of enzymes that catalyse reversible hydration of carbon dioxide leading to the formation ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2018/4548353/

carbon-sulfur lyase activity Source: InterPro. View the complete GO annotation on QuickGO ... ...

https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/I1HLD9

This enzyme encompasses a family of lyases that cleave carbon-oxygen bonds. Several names for DNA AP lyase include: AP lyase; ... phosphomonoester-lyase; and X-ray endonuclease III. Since DNA AP lyase is a class of structures who have numerous target genes ... phosphomonoester-lyase (systematic name) or DNA AP lyase (EC 4.2.99.18) is a class of enzyme that catalyzes the chemical ... AP lyase enzymes could be trapped on both pre-incised and unincised AP DNA by a reducing agent such as sodium borohydride. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-(apurinic_or_apyrimidinic_site)_lyase

Structural insights into the bacterial carbon-phosphorus lyase machinery.. Seweryn P, Van LB, Kjeldgaard M, Russo CJ, Passmore ... Five phosphonate operon gene products as components of a multi-subunit complex of the carbon-phosphorus lyase pathway. ... Accumulation of intermediates of the carbon-phosphorus lyase pathway for phosphonate degradation in phn mutants of Escherichia ... A fluorescent substrate for carbon-phosphorus lyase: towards the pathway for organophosphonate metabolism in bacteria. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?cmd=search&term=Hove-Jensen+B%5Bau%5D&dispmax=50

EC 4 Lyases. EC 4.1 Carbon-Carbon Lyases. EC 4.1.1 Carboxy-Lyases. EC 4.1.1.1 pyruvate decarboxylase. EC 4.1.1.2 oxalate ... EC 4.7 carbon-phosphorus lyases. EC 4.7.1.1 α-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-phosphate C-P-lyase. EC 4.99 Other Lyases. EC 4.99 ... EC 4.3 Carbon-Nitrogen Lyases. EC 4.3.1 Ammonia-Lyases. EC 4.3.1.1 aspartate ammonia-lyase. EC 4.3.1.2 methylaspartate ammonia- ... EC 4.1.3.46 (R)-citramalyl-CoA lyase EC 4.1.99 Other Carbon-Carbon Lyases. EC 4.1.99.1 tryptophanase. EC 4.1.99.2 tyrosine ...

https://www.qmul.ac.uk/sbcs/iubmb/enzyme/EC4/cont4.html

This review deals with the radical-based mechanism employed by the carbon-phosphorus lyase of the carbon-phosphorus lyase pathway, which involves reactions for activation of phosphonate, carbon-phosphorus bond cleavage, and further chemical transformation before a useful phosphate ion is generated in a series of seven or eight enzyme-catalyzed reactions. (nih.gov)
The dependence of the enzyme on pyridoxal 5′-phosphate and the production of 3H4P with the release of ammonia indicate that it is a carbon-nitrogen lyase. (plantphysiol.org)
In enzyme science , colneleate synthase as a hydro-lyase reaction reaction is a lyase enzyme . (wellnessadvantage.com)
In biochemistry, Isohexenylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase as a hydro-lyase reaction is a lyase enzyme . (wellnessadvantage.com)
Among the depolymerases, polygalacturonase is the major enzyme with a hydrolytic function and lyases (or transeleminases) which cleaves glycosidic bonds forming unsaturated product[DELTA](4,5-D-galacturonate) through transelimination reaction [34]. (thefreedictionary.com)
O-acetylserine (thiol) lyase is a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme, and a lysine residue at the N-terminal region of this protein is involved in binding this cofactor (Saito et al. (thefreedictionary.com)
Carbonic anhydrases constitute a group of zinc containing lyases, classified, according to the Enzyme Catalogue to EC 4.2.1.1. (hindawi.com)
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases , specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds. (wikipedia.org)
The systematic name of this enzyme class is 6-phospho-D-gluconate hydro-lyase (2-dehydro-3-deoxy-6-phospho-D-gluconate-forming) . (wikipedia.org)
Common coordination of the −1 and +1 subsite saccharide carboxylate groups by a protein-liganded Ca 2+ ion, the positioning of an arginine catalytic base in close proximity to the α-carbon hydrogen and numerous other conserved enzyme-substrate interactions, considered in light of mutagenesis data for both families, suggest a generic polysaccharide anti -β-elimination mechanism. (pnas.org)
The enzyme topology reveals a predominantly α-helical enzyme with a distorted (α/α) 3 barrel quite unlike the parallel β-helix displayed by other pectate lyases (Pel). (pnas.org)
Xanthan lyase should be a novel enzyme different from the other xanthan lyases ever reported. (hindawi.com)
Based on the analysis of a large panel of experimentally characterized polysaccharide lyases, we examined the correlation of various enzyme properties with the three levels of the classification: fold, family and subfamily. (biochemj.org)
In enzymology, a xanthan lyase (EC 4.2.2.12) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction of cleaving the beta-D-mannosyl-beta-D-1,4-glucuronosyl bond on the polysaccharide xanthan. (silt3.com)
The sequence ofN-acetylneuraminate lyase has similarities to those of dihydrodipicolinatesynthase and MosA (an enzyme implicated in rhizopine synthesis) suggesting thatthese last two enzymes share a similar structure to N-acetylneuraminate lyase. (embl-heidelberg.de)
This enzyme is a member of the aromatic amino acid lyase family, other members of which are EC 4.3.1.23 (tyrosine ammonia-lyase), EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) and EC 4.3.1.25 (phenylalanine/tyrosine ammonia-lyase). (qmul.ac.uk)
In enzymology, a chorismate lyase (EC 4.1.3.40) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction chorismate ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } 4-hydroxybenzoate + pyruvate Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, chorismate, and two products, 4-hydroxybenzoate and pyruvate. (wikipedia.org)
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the oxo-acid-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. (wikipedia.org)
The systematic name of this enzyme class is chorismate pyruvate-lyase (4-hydroxybenzoate-forming). (wikipedia.org)
Characterization of three cloned and expressed 13-hydroperoxide lyase isoenzymes from alfalfa with unusual N-terminal sequences and different enzyme kinetics. (semanticscholar.org)
EC 4.1.1.32) is an enzyme in the lyase family used in the metabolic pathway of gluconeogenesis . (axonmedchem.com)
The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase(1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate-forming). (wikipedia.org)
PLP facilitates the enzyme activity, increasing the acidity of the alpha carbon by stabilizing the conjugate base. (wikipedia.org)

Other names in common use include 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase , 6-phosphogluconic dehydrase , gluconate-6-phosphate dehydratase , gluconate 6-phosphate dehydratase , 6-phosphogluconate dehydrase , and 6-phospho-D-gluconate hydro-lyase . (wikipedia.org)
Other names in common use include D-galactonate dehydrase , D-galactonate dehydratase , and D-galactonate hydro-lyase . (primidi.com)

The promoter region of the acu-3 gene from Neurospora crassa encoding isocitrate lyase was used as a carbon source-repressed promoter. (apsnet.org)
Beste DJ, Bonde B, Hawkins N, Ward JL, Beale MH, Noack S, Nöh K, Kruger NJ, Ratcliffe RG, McFadden J . (2011) '¹³C metabolic flux analysis identifies an unusual route for pyruvate dissimilation in mycobacteria which requires isocitrate lyase and carbon dioxide fixation. (surrey.ac.uk)
Enzymes from central carbon metabolism such as putative acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, isocitrate lyase, and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase changed dramatically in the degree of phosphorylation during the stationary phase, suggesting metabolic rearrangement for the reutilization of substrates and the production of polyketide precursors. (mcponline.org)
In addition, the glyoxylate enzymes malate synthase and isocitrate lyase have been found in animal tissues. (wikibooks.org)
Genes for isocitrate lyase are found only in nematodes, in which, it is apparent, they originated in horizontal gene transfer from bacteria. (wikibooks.org)

He covers chiral discrimination in the active site of oxidoreductases, transferases and chiral discrimination, the influence of chirality on the hydrolysis reactions within the active site of hydrolases, the influence of chirality on the reactions in the active site of lyases , and chiral discrimination in the active site of ligases. (thefreedictionary.com)
These enzymes are grouped into six classes: hydrolases (including proteases, amylases and lipases that break down the main nutrients - fats, carbohydrates and proteins), isomerases, ligases, lyases , oxidoreductases and transferases. (thefreedictionary.com)
However C-P bond cleavage by degradative microorganisms is catalyzed by a number of enzymes - C-P lyases, C-P hydrolases, and others of as-yet-uncharacterized mechanism. (frontiersin.org)
In contrast to the 87 sequence-derived families of glycoside hydrolases, polysaccharide lyases have been classified into just 12 families on the basis of amino acid sequence similarities ( 5 ), reflecting the requirement for substrate uronic acid groups in the elimination mechanism. (pnas.org)
Just as for the glycoside hydrolases and the glycosyltransferases, the sequence-based families of polysaccharide lyases are frequently polyspecific (i.e. contain enzymes acting on different substrates or that generate different products). (cazy.org)
Several of the lyases non-included in this classification present mechanistic commonality with glycoside hydrolases and have therefore been included among these families. (cazy.org)

Among its related pathways are Folate Metabolism and One carbon pool by folate . (genecards.org)
Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) is a central metabolite in carbon and energy metabolism. (asm.org)
Genes subject to glucose repression were mainly involved in the metabolism of alternative carbon sources including the control of glycerol uptake and metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
In this article we review existing knowledge of M. tuberculosis 's central carbon metabolism as reported by studies of its basic genetic and biochemical composition, regulation, and organization, with the hope that such knowledge will inform our understanding of M. tuberculosis 's ability to traverse the stringent and heterogeneous niches encountered in the host. (asmscience.org)

Escherichia coli K-12 can readily mutate to use methylphosphonic acid as the sole phosphorus source by a direct carbon-to-phorphorus (C-P) bond cleavage activity that releases methane and P(i). (umn.edu)
Escherichia coli N-acetylneuraminate lyase (EC 4.1.3.3) (gene nanA), which catalyses the condensation of N-acetyl-D-mannosamine and pyruvate to form N-acetylneuraminate. (embl-heidelberg.de)

Some features of these newly discovered enzymes are described and compared with those of the previously known glycyl radical enzymes pyruvate formate-lyase (Pfl) and anaerobic ribonucleotide reductase (Nrd). (nih.gov)
BACKGROUND: N-acetylneuraminate lyase catalyzes the cleavage ofN-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) to form pyruvate andN-acetyl-D-mannosamine. (embl-heidelberg.de)
it is also called chorismate pyruvate lyase (4-hydroxybenzoate-forming) and it is also abbreviated several different ways: CPL, CL, and ubiC. (wikipedia.org)
All citric acid cycle intermediates, through conversion to oxaloacetate, amino acids other than lysine or leucine, and glycerol can also function as substrates for gluconeogenesis.Transamination or deamination of amino acids facilitates entering of their carbon skeleton into the cycle directly (as pyruvate or oxaloacetate), or indirectly via the citric acid cycle. (wikibooks.org)

The three-dimensional crystal structure of the catalytic module of a "family PL-10" polysaccharide lyase, Pel10Acm from Cellvibrio japonicus , solved at a resolution of 1.3 Å, reveals a new polysaccharide lyase fold and is the first example of a polygalacturonic acid lyase that does not exhibit the "parallel β-helix" topology. (pnas.org)
Subfamily information is provided throughout the ensemble of the polysaccharide lyase families described so far. (cazy.org)

The CAZy classification ( 5 ) describes 12 families of polysaccharide lyases with polygalacturonate-active enzymes found in families PL-1, 2, 3, 9, and 10. (pnas.org)

Carbonic anhydrases constitute a group of enzymes that catalyse reversible hydration of carbon dioxide leading to the formation of bicarbonate and proton. (hindawi.com)
They catalyse reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to form bicarbonate ion and proton. (hindawi.com)
It converts oxaloacetate into phosphoenolpyruvate and carbon dioxide. (axonmedchem.com)

Differing from other polysaccharide lyases acting on the polysaccharide backbone, xanthan lyase could cleave the linkage between the terminal mannosyl and the glucuronyl residues on the side chain by a β -elimination reaction, introducing a double bond between C4 and C5 of the uronosyl residue and subsequently might be exploited for further chemical modification [ 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
In the present paper, a classification of polysaccharide lyases (the enzymes that cleave polysaccharides using an elimination instead of a hydrolytic mechanism) is shown thoroughly for the first time. (biochemj.org)
NPL is a member of a family of lyases, specifically the oxo-acid-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. (prospecbio.com)

Cystathionine beta synthase catalyzes the upper reaction and cystathionine gamma-lyase catalyzes the lower reaction. (wikidoc.org)
Other names in common use include 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylate synthase, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthetase, aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid synthase, aminocyclopropanecarboxylate synthase, ACC synthase, and S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase. (wikipedia.org)
In the human body, H2S production is predominantly catalyzed by cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE). (nih.gov)

Production and Purification of a Novel Xanthan Lyase from a Xanthan-Degrading Microbacterium sp. (hindawi.com)

Carbon-phosphorous lyase (CP lyase) is a multienzyme pathway encoded by the phn operon in gram-negative bacteria. (ku.dk)
Finally, we show that PhnH is essential for C-P bond cleavage in the CP lyase pathway. (ku.dk)
PhnY and PhnZ comprise a new oxidative pathway for enzymatic cleavage of a carbon-phosphorus bond. (nih.gov)
Structure and mechanism of PhnP, a phosphodiesterase of the carbon-phosphorus lyase pathway. (nih.gov)
Gluconeogenesis (abbreviated GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids. (wikibooks.org)

Induction of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase during utilization of phenylalanine as a carbon or nitrogen source in Rhodotorula glutinis. (semanticscholar.org)
Synthesis and degradation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase of Rhodosporidium toruloides. (semanticscholar.org)
Microbial L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. (semanticscholar.org)
Production of l-Phenylalanine from trans-Cinnamic Acid with Rhodotorula glutinis Containing l-Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Activity. (semanticscholar.org)

Formation of the Quinonoid Intermediate PLP acts as an 'electron sink' absorbing delocalized electron density during the reaction intermediates (countering the excess electron density on the deprotonated a-carbon). (wikipedia.org)

Peroxisomal and methanol utilization genes were confirmed to be subject to carbon substrate repression in excess glucose or glycerol, but were found to be strongly de-repressed in limiting glucose-conditions (as are often applied in fed batch cultivations) in addition to induction by methanol. (biomedcentral.com)

1 ] Lombard V, Bernard T, Rancurel C, Brumer H, Coutinho PM, Henrissat B (2010) A hierarchical classification of polysaccharide lyases for glycogenomics. (cazy.org)

A xanthan lyase was produced and purified from the culture supernatant of an excellent xanthan-modifying strain Microbacterium sp. (hindawi.com)
Xanthan lyase was induced by xanthan but was inhibited by its structural monomer glucose. (hindawi.com)
The purified xanthan lyase has a molecular mass of 110 kDa and a specific activity of 28.2 U/mg that was much higher than that of both Paenibacillus and Bacillus lyases. (hindawi.com)
Xanthan lyase was optimally active at pH 6.0-6.5 and 40°C and alkali-tolerant at a high pH value of 11.0. (hindawi.com)
The metal ions including K + , Ca 2+ , Na + , Mg 2+ , Mn 2+ , and Li + strongly stimulated xanthan lyase activity but ions Zn 2+ and Cu 2+ were its inhibitor. (hindawi.com)
The cleavage site for xanthan lyase is indicated by solid arrows. (hindawi.com)
However, xanthan lyase was purified from both Paenibacillus alginolyticus XL-1 and Bacillus sp. (hindawi.com)
GL1 so far [ 14 , 15 ], in which the production of xanthan lyase was too low to meet the demand for the structural modification of xanthan. (hindawi.com)
The endoxanthanase cleaving the backbone linkage of the xanthan has been purified [ 8 ], whereas the xanthan lyase was not characterized and the way to modify the terminal side chains of xanthan remained unclear. (hindawi.com)

Polysaccharide lyases (EC 4.2.2.x) are carbon-oxygen lyases that harness β-elimination chemistry (reviewed in ref. 1 ) to bring about degradation of C5 uronic acid containing pyranoside substrates such as polygalacturonates, alginates, hyaluronan, and chondroitin. (pnas.org)

Hydrolytic, oxidative, and radical-based mechanisms for carbon-phosphorus bond cleavage have been described. (nih.gov)
A lyase-type mechanism (elimination/hydration) is suggested for the cleavage of the lactyl ether bond of MurNAc 6-phosphate, with the formation of an alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde intermediate with (E)-stereochemistry, followed by the syn addition of water to give product. (uniprot.org)

The in vivo C-P lyase activity is both physiologically and genetically regulated as a member of the phosphate regulon. (umn.edu)
Here we report the 1.3-Å resolution three-dimensional structure of the competent catalytic module of the polygalacturonic acid lyase Pel10A (Pel10Acm), from Cellvibrio japonicus, together with analysis of the activity of wild-type and mutant enzymes. (pnas.org)
It was specific on the pyruvated mannosyl residue in the intact xanthan molecule, but about 50% lyase activity remained when xanthan was partially depyruvated. (hindawi.com)
Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include calmodulin binding and carbon-sulfur lyase activity . (genecards.org)
Guava fruit was identified as a particularly rich source of 13-hydroperoxide lyase activity. (semanticscholar.org)

S43539 argininosuccinate lyase (EC 4.3.2.1) - yeast (Saccharomyces sp. (yeastrc.org)

In a typical large scale fed-batch culture repression is desired during the batch phase where cells grow on a surplus of e.g. glycerol, while heterologous gene expression should be active in the feed phase under carbon (e.g. glucose) limitation. (biomedsearch.com)
P. pastoris cells grown in excess glycerol or glucose have similar transcript profiles in contrast to S. cerevisiae cells, in which the transcriptional response to these carbon sources is very different. (biomedcentral.com)
Its ability to use methanol as a carbon and energy source, its non-fermentative utilization of glucose and its efficient growth on glycerol are key metabolic features that make it attractive for bioprocess development. (biomedcentral.com)

A catalytic mechanism featuring proton abstraction from C5 of the +1 subsite sugar residue, termed the α-carbon, and proton donation to the glycosidic oxygen, with the elimination of the leaving group from C4, termed the β-carbon ( 1 , 6 ) seems the most plausible. (pnas.org)

Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), the third endogenous gaseous signaling molecule alongside nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide, is synthesized by multiple enzymes in cardiovascular system. (frontiersin.org)
Physiological concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) have multiple protective effects in the cardiovascular system. (nih.gov)

In addition to their role in the carbon cycle, polygalacturonic acid lyases are important virulence factors of plant pathogens, such as Erwinia chrysanthemi ( 3 ), whereas the enzymes from Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas viridiflava are responsible for the majority of fresh fruit and vegetable spoilage ( 7 ). (pnas.org)

into the lyases subclass "carbon-oxygen lyases" and subclasses "hydrolyses" [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)

lacZ(Mu d1) mutants cannot metabolize methylphosphonic acid, psiD may be the structural gene(s) for C-P lyase. (umn.edu)
Genomic and functional characterization of the oas gene family encoding O-acetylserine (thiol) lyases , enzymes catalyzing the final step in cysteine biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. (thefreedictionary.com)
CTH (Cystathionine Gamma-Lyase) is a Protein Coding gene. (genecards.org)
Fluorometric measurement of GFP gene expression in liquid cultures of acu-3 -regulated transformants indicated that the N. crassa acu-3 promoter functions in M. graminicola as it does in N. crassa , i.e., acetate induced and carbon source repressed. (apsnet.org)

Pectin lyases are significant compared to that of PG and PE in capability to undergo [beta]-elimination mechanism to degrade highly esterified pectins (present in fruits) into small molecules without producing methanol (7). (thefreedictionary.com)
Pectin lyases are the only known pectinases capable of degrading highly esterified pectins (like those found in fruits) into small molecules via [beta]-elimination mechanism without producing methanol. (thefreedictionary.com)

Sialic acid treatment enhanced mRNA levels of two N -acetylneuraminate lyases and one N -acetylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase. (portlandpress.com)
E. tarda uses sialic acid as a carbon source for growth via N -acetylneuraminate lyases. (portlandpress.com)

Bacillus cereus GS-2 isolated from fruit industrial dump site effectively produces pectin lyase (PL) and Polygalacturonase (PG). (thefreedictionary.com)

SummaryPhenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase (PAL) containing microorganisms were isolated from a wide variety of natural habitats. (semanticscholar.org)

A Mycosphaerella graminicola strain transformed with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) downstream of either a carbon source-repressed promoter or a constitutive promoter was used to investigate in situ carbohydrate uptake during penetration of the fungus in wheat leaves. (apsnet.org)

Glyphosate is a member of a large group of chemicals, phosphonic acids or phosphonates, which are characterized by a carbon-phosphorus bond. (nih.gov)
Crystal structure of PhnH: an essential component of carbon-phosphorus. (ku.dk)
Organophosphonates are reduced forms of phosphorous that are characterized by the presence of a stable carbon-phosphorus (C-P) bond, which resists chemical hydrolysis, thermal decomposition, and photolysis. (ku.dk)
Opnå en forståelse hvordan phosphonat kan udnyttes som kilde til phosphat via carbon-phosphorus lyase-pathway'en i E. coli. (au.dk)
Phosphonates are compounds that contain the chemically stable carbon-phosphorus (C-P) bond. (frontiersin.org)
Search Medline for carbon-phosphorus lyase AND phosphinic . (ethz.ch)

Anatomy3

Organisms1

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs18

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Phenomena and Processes5

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science5

Health Care2

Synthesis and degradation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid by Penicillium citrinum. (1/121)

Purification, molecular cloning, and expression of 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase, a peroxisomal thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the carbon-carbon bond cleavage during alpha-oxidation of 3-methyl-branched fatty acids. (2/121)

Development and use of a reverse transcription-PCR assay to study expression of Tri5 by Fusarium species in vitro and in planta. (3/121)

Spider mite-induced (3S)-(E)-nerolidol synthase activity in cucumber and lima bean. The first dedicated step in acyclic C11-homoterpene biosynthesis. (4/121)

Phytanic acid alpha-oxidation: identification of 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase in rat liver and its localisation in peroxisomes. (5/121)

Expression pattern of genes encoding farnesyl diphosphate synthase and sesquiterpene cyclase in cotton suspension-cultured cells treated with fungal elicitors. (6/121)

1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase induced by ACC synthesized and accumulated in Penicillium citrinum intracellular spaces. (7/121)

Cloning of a sesquiterpene cyclase and its functional expression by domain swapping strategy. (8/121)

Carbon

Lyases

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Monoxide

Nanotubes, Carbon

Chondroitin Lyases

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

Carbon Isotopes

Pectobacterium chrysanthemi

Chondroitinases and Chondroitin Lyases

Carbon Tetrachloride

Pectins

Carbon Sequestration

Phycobiliproteins

Carbon Disulfide

Chicory

Aldehyde-Lyases

Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning

Molecular Sequence Data

Carbon-Oxygen Lyases

Oxo-Acid-Lyases

Erwinia

Heparin Lyase

Carbon Footprint

Substrate Specificity

Polygalacturonase

Alginates

Carbon Radioisotopes

Amino Acid Sequence

Sphingomonas

Rhodophyta

Nitrogen

Hexuronic Acids

Biomass

Isocitrate Lyase

Bacterial Proteins

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Pseudomonas

Kinetics

Phycobilins

Chondroitin ABC Lyase

Soot

Carboxyhemoglobin

Atmosphere

Cloning, Molecular

Escherichia coli

Flavobacterium

Cytochromes c1

Biodegradation, Environmental

Bacteroides

Soil

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Temperature

Culture Media

Glucuronic Acid

Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial

Acetates

Hevea

Graphite

Carbon Compounds, Inorganic

Adenylosuccinate Lyase

Streptococcus anginosus

Photosynthesis

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Glucose

Glycoside Hydrolases

Oxygen

Trees

Electrodes

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Phylogeny

DNA, Bacterial

Base Sequence

Uronic Acids

Oxidation-Reduction

Disaccharides

Genes, Bacterial

Fungi

Methane

Sulfonium Compounds