Carbamazepine
Phenytoin
Valproic Acid
Primidone
Epilepsy
Antimanic Agents
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Epilepsies, Partial
Ethosuximide
Triazines
Epilepsy, Complex Partial
Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay
Phenobarbital
Water Intoxication
Drug Eruptions
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic
Clonazepam
Drug Interactions
Lithium Carbonate
HLA-B15 Antigen
Seizures
Drug Hypersensitivity
Epilepsy, Generalized
Alcohol Withdrawal Seizures
Electroshock
Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A
Differential display PCR reveals novel targets for the mood-stabilizing drug valproate including the molecular chaperone GRP78. (1/723)
Differential display polymerase chain reaction was used to identify genes regulated by the mood-stabilizing drug valproate (VPA). Four differentially displayed valproate-regulated gene fragments were isolated in rat cerebral cortex after i.p. injection of sodium VPA (300 mg/kg) for 3 weeks, and their expression was confirmed by Northern and slot blot analysis in rat cerebral cortex and C6 glioma cells. Sequencing analysis revealed three previously unidentified cDNA fragments in addition to a sequence with 100% homology with a molecular chaperone, 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78). VPA treatment did not increase mRNA expression of 70-kDa heat shock protein, which is a related stress-induced molecular chaperone protein. All four candidate genes, including GRP78, showed similar VPA concentration-dependent increases in mRNA abundance. Another commonly prescribed mood-stabilizing anticonvulsant, carbamazepine, also increased GRP78 mRNA expression in C6 glioma cells, whereas lithium had no effect at doses up to 2 mM. Immunoblotting revealed that GRP78 protein levels were also increased in C6 glioma cells treated with VPA under the same conditions. Nuclear runoff analysis showed that VPA increased GRP78 gene transcription. Because GRP78 possesses molecular chaperone activity, binds Ca2+ in the endoplasmic reticulum, and protects cells from the deleterious effects of damaged proteins, the present findings suggest that VPA (and possibly carbamazepine) treatment may target one or more of these processes. (+info)Carbamazepine-induced upregulation of adenosine A1-receptors in astrocyte cultures affects coupling to the phosphoinositol signaling pathway. (2/723)
The anticonvulsant and antibipolar drug carbamazepine (CBZ) is known to act as a specific antagonist at adenosine A1-receptors. After a 3-week application of CBZ, A1-receptors are upregulated in the rat brain. We have investigated the consequences of this upregulation for the A1-receptor-mediated signal transduction in primary astrocyte cultures from different regions of the rat brain. CBZ treatment for 10 days had no effect on adenosine A1-receptor mRNA expression in cultures with high basal A1-receptor mRNA levels, but increased A1-receptor mRNA in cultures exhibiting low basal A1-receptor mRNA levels. This upregulation of A1-receptor mRNA was accompanied by an upregulation or induction of A1-receptor-mediated potentiation of PLC activity, a property that was not found in these cultures before CBZ treatment. Thus, CBZ treatment for 10 days induces a new quality of adenosine A1-receptor-mediated signal transduction in cells that express low basal A1-receptor numbers. (+info)Carbamazepine facilitates effects of GABA on rat hippocampus slices. (3/723)
AIM: To study the influence of carbamazepine (Car) on GABA effect in hippocampus. METHODS: Evoked potentials were recorded on pyramidal cells in CA1 after stimulation (0.5 Hz, 50 microseconds) to Schaffer collaterals in rat hippocampal slices (350 microns). RESULTS: Car 0.1 and 0.2 mmol.L-1 did not affect field potentials, whereas Car 0.2 mmol.L-1 plus GABA (0.1-1 mmol.L-1) gave rise to a stronger inhibition on field potentials than that of GABA alone. Bicuculline did not reverse Car facilitation on GABA inhibition on field potentials. (-)-Baclofen was more effective in inhibiting field potentials than GABA. Car 0.2 mmol.L-1 plus (-)-baclofen (1-5 mumol.L-1) brought an inhibition stronger than that of (-)-baclofen alone. CONCLUSION: Car facilitates the effects of GABA on pyramidal cells in hippocampal CA1 region, probably related to GABAB receptors. (+info)Outcome of pregnancies in epileptic women: a study in Saudi Arabia. (4/723)
We studied the outcome of 79 pregnancies in 44 Saudi women who had epilepsy. Their mean age was 28+/-6.5 years and the number of pregnancies studied varied from one to six. Nineteen subjects had generalized seizures, 16 had partial seizures and nine were unclassified. The commonest drug prescribed was carbamazepine and the majority of the women (61%) were on monotherapy. The seizures were controlled in 53 pregnancies (67%). Spontaneous vertex deliveries were the commonest. The indications for intervention by lower segment Caesarean section, forceps or ventouse were foetal distress, pre-eclamptic toxaemia (PET), eclampsia, breech presentation and prolonged labour. The most frequent adverse outcome in the babies was low birth weight (<2.5 kg) in nine pregnancies. The frequency of congenital malformation was 2.5%. Low birth weight was associated with prematurity, PET, congenital malformation and polytherapy. Avoidance of polytherapy appears to be the most feasible intervention in reducing the frequency of low birth-weight children by epileptic mothers. (+info)Clinical and EEG findings in complex partial status epilepticus with tiagabine. (5/723)
A case of complex partial status epilepticus (CPSE) with high dose treatment of tiagabine (TGB) is reported. Seizure aggravation and CPSE developed after stepwise increase of TGB to a dose of 60 mg per day as add-on treatment to carbamazepine (CBZ) 1200 mg/day and vigabatrine (VGB) 1000 mg/day. The EEG during CPSE showed bilateral rhythmic slow activity. Clinical symptoms of CPSE and the EEG normalized after i.v. treatment with clonazepam. The literature and the possible mechanism of this paradoxical phenomenon are discussed. (+info)Does withdrawal of different antiepileptic drugs have different effects on seizure recurrence? Further results from the MRC Antiepileptic Drug Withdrawal Study. (6/723)
One thousand and thirteen patients, in remission of epilepsy for at least 2 years, were randomized to continued therapy or slow withdrawal over 6 months and were followed up for a median period of 5 years. At the time of randomization 83% of patients were receiving monotherapy with carbamazepine (237 patients), phenobarbitone/primidone (72 patients), phenytoin (184 patients) or valproate (228 patients) in low doses, and plasma levels were below the usual optimal range. The most important factor determining seizure recurrence was continued therapy, which was the case for barbiturates, phenytoin and valproate. There was no significant difference for patients taking carbamazepine at randomization, because of a low rate of recurrence in those withdrawing treatment. The difference between carbamazepine and other drugs was not explained by differences in covariate prognostic factors. There was no evidence that withdrawal of phenobarbitone was associated with withdrawal seizures. These data provide unique evidence for the effectiveness of standard antiepileptic drugs as monotherapy. The results for carbamazepine may be open to a number of interpretations. (+info)Anticonvulsant-induced dyskinesias: a comparison with dyskinesias induced by neuroleptics. (7/723)
Anticonvulsants cause dyskinesias more commonly than has been appreciated. Diphenylhydantoin (DPH), carbamazepine, primidone, and phenobarbitone may cause asterixis. DPH, but not other anticonvulsants, may cause orofacial dyskinesias, limb chorea, and dystonia in intoxicated patients. These dyskinesias are similar to those caused by neuroleptic drugs and may be related to dopamine antagonistic properties possessed by DPH. (+info)Bipolar disorder in old age. (8/723)
OBJECTIVE: To review the classification, clinical characteristics, and epidemiology of bipolar disorders in old age with a special focus on neurologic comorbidity, high mortality, and management. QUALITY OF EVIDENCE: Most available data is gleaned from retrospective chart reviews and cohort studies. Treatment recommendations are based on evidence from younger populations and a few anecdotal case reports and series involving elderly people. MAIN MESSAGE: While relatively rare in the community setting, mania in old age frequently leads to hospitalization. It is associated with late-onset neurologic disorders (especially cerebrovascular disease) involving the right hemisphere and orbitofrontal cortex. Prognosis is relatively poor; morbidity and mortality rates are high. Management of bipolarity includes cautious use of mood stabilizers, especially lithium and divalproex. CONCLUSIONS: Mania in old age should trigger a careful assessment of underlying neurologic disease, especially cerebrovascular disease. Close clinical follow up is essential. (+info)Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant medication that is primarily used to treat seizure disorders (epilepsy) and neuropathic pain. It works by decreasing the abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which helps to reduce the frequency and severity of seizures. Carbamazepine may also be used off-label for other conditions such as bipolar disorder and trigeminal neuralgia.
The medication is available in various forms, including tablets, extended-release tablets, chewable tablets, and suspension. It is usually taken two to four times a day with food to reduce stomach upset. Common side effects of carbamazepine include dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and unsteady gait.
It is important to note that carbamazepine can interact with other medications, including some antidepressants, antipsychotics, and birth control pills, so it is essential to inform your healthcare provider of all the medications you are taking before starting carbamazepine. Additionally, carbamazepine levels in the blood may need to be monitored regularly to ensure that the medication is working effectively and not causing toxicity.
Anticonvulsants are a class of drugs used primarily to treat seizure disorders, also known as epilepsy. These medications work by reducing the abnormal electrical activity in the brain that leads to seizures. In addition to their use in treating epilepsy, anticonvulsants are sometimes also prescribed for other conditions, such as neuropathic pain, bipolar disorder, and migraine headaches.
Anticonvulsants can work in different ways to reduce seizure activity. Some medications, such as phenytoin and carbamazepine, work by blocking sodium channels in the brain, which helps to stabilize nerve cell membranes and prevent excessive electrical activity. Other medications, such as valproic acid and gabapentin, increase the levels of a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which has a calming effect on nerve cells and helps to reduce seizure activity.
While anticonvulsants are generally effective at reducing seizure frequency and severity, they can also have side effects, such as dizziness, drowsiness, and gastrointestinal symptoms. In some cases, these side effects may be managed by adjusting the dosage or switching to a different medication. It is important for individuals taking anticonvulsants to work closely with their healthcare provider to monitor their response to the medication and make any necessary adjustments.
Phenytoin is an anticonvulsant drug, primarily used in the treatment of seizures and prevention of seizure recurrence. It works by reducing the spread of seizure activity in the brain and stabilizing the electrical activity of neurons. Phenytoin is also known to have anti-arrhythmic properties and is occasionally used in the management of certain cardiac arrhythmias.
The drug is available in various forms, including immediate-release tablets, extended-release capsules, and a liquid formulation. Common side effects of phenytoin include dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and unsteady gait. Regular monitoring of blood levels is necessary to ensure that the drug remains within the therapeutic range, as both low and high levels can lead to adverse effects.
It's important to note that phenytoin has several potential drug-drug interactions, particularly with other anticonvulsant medications, certain antibiotics, and oral contraceptives. Therefore, it is crucial to inform healthcare providers about all the medications being taken to minimize the risk of interactions and optimize treatment outcomes.
Valproic acid is a medication that is primarily used as an anticonvulsant, which means it is used to treat seizure disorders. It works by increasing the amount of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, a neurotransmitter that helps to reduce abnormal electrical activity in the brain. In addition to its use as an anticonvulsant, valproic acid may also be used to treat migraines and bipolar disorder. It is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquid solutions, and is usually taken by mouth. As with any medication, valproic acid can have side effects, and it is important for patients to be aware of these and to discuss them with their healthcare provider.
Primidone is an anticonvulsant medication primarily used in the treatment of seizure disorders. It is a barbiturate derivative that has sedative and muscle relaxant properties. Primidone is metabolized in the body into two other anticonvulsants, phenobarbital and phenylethylmalonamide (PEMA). Together, these active metabolites help to reduce the frequency and severity of seizures.
Primidone is used primarily for generalized tonic-clonic seizures and complex partial seizures. It may also be considered for use in absence seizures, although other medications are typically preferred for this type of seizure. The medication works by decreasing abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which helps to prevent or reduce the occurrence of seizures.
Like all anticonvulsant medications, primidone carries a risk of side effects, including dizziness, drowsiness, and unsteady gait. It may also cause rash, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite in some individuals. In rare cases, primidone can cause more serious side effects such as blood disorders, liver damage, or suicidal thoughts.
It is important for patients taking primidone to be closely monitored by their healthcare provider to ensure that the medication is working effectively and to monitor for any potential side effects. Dosages of primidone may need to be adjusted over time based on the patient's response to treatment and any adverse reactions that occur.
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which can result in a wide range of symptoms, including convulsions, loss of consciousness, and altered sensations or behaviors. Epilepsy can have many different causes, including genetic factors, brain injury, infection, or stroke. In some cases, the cause may be unknown.
There are many different types of seizures that can occur in people with epilepsy, and the specific type of seizure will depend on the location and extent of the abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Some people may experience only one type of seizure, while others may have several different types. Seizures can vary in frequency, from a few per year to dozens or even hundreds per day.
Epilepsy is typically diagnosed based on the patient's history of recurrent seizures and the results of an electroencephalogram (EEG), which measures the electrical activity in the brain. Imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans may also be used to help identify any structural abnormalities in the brain that may be contributing to the seizures.
While there is no cure for epilepsy, it can often be effectively managed with medication. In some cases, surgery may be recommended to remove the area of the brain responsible for the seizures. With proper treatment and management, many people with epilepsy are able to lead normal, productive lives.
Antimanic agents are a class of medications primarily used to treat mania, a symptom of bipolar disorder. These agents help to control and reduce the severity of manic episodes, which can include symptoms such as elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts, and impulsive or risky behavior.
The most commonly used antimanic agents are mood stabilizers, such as lithium and valproate (Depakote), and atypical antipsychotics, such as olanzapine (Zyprexa), risperidone (Risperdal), quetiapine (Seroquel), and aripiprazole (Abilify). These medications work by altering the levels or activity of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is also considered an effective antimanic treatment for severe mania that has not responded to medication. ECT involves applying electrical currents to the brain while the patient is under anesthesia, which induces a seizure and can help to reduce symptoms of mania.
It's important to note that antimanic agents should only be used under the supervision of a qualified healthcare provider, as they can have significant side effects and interactions with other medications. Additionally, a comprehensive treatment plan for bipolar disorder typically includes psychotherapy, education, and support to help manage the condition and prevent future episodes.
Trigeminal neuralgia is a chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal nerve, which is one of the largest nerves in the head. It carries sensations from the face to the brain.
Medically, trigeminal neuralgia is defined as a neuropathic disorder characterized by episodes of intense, stabbing, electric shock-like pain in the areas of the face supplied by the trigeminal nerve (the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular divisions). The pain can be triggered by simple activities such as talking, eating, brushing teeth, or even touching the face lightly.
The condition is more common in women over 50, but it can occur at any age and in either gender. While the exact cause of trigeminal neuralgia is not always known, it can sometimes be related to pressure on the trigeminal nerve from a nearby blood vessel or other causes such as multiple sclerosis. Treatment typically involves medications, surgery, or a combination of both.
Epilepsy, partial is a type of epilepsy characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures that originate in a specific, localized area of the brain. These seizures are also known as focal seizures and can vary in severity and symptoms depending on the location of the abnormal electrical activity in the brain.
Partial epilepsies can be further classified into two main categories: simple partial seizures and complex partial seizures. Simple partial seizures do not involve a loss of consciousness, while complex partial seizures are associated with impaired awareness or responsiveness during the seizure.
The causes of partial epilepsies can include brain injury, infection, stroke, tumors, genetic factors, or an unknown cause. Treatment typically involves anti-seizure medications, and in some cases, surgery may be recommended to remove the specific area of the brain responsible for the seizures.
Ethosuximide is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called anticonvulsants or anti-seizure medications. It is primarily used to treat absence seizures, also known as petit mal seizures, which are a type of seizure characterized by brief, sudden lapses in consciousness.
Ethosuximide works by reducing the abnormal electrical activity in the brain that leads to seizures. It does this by inhibiting the formation of sodium channels in the brain, which helps to stabilize the electrical impulses and reduce the likelihood of seizure activity.
Like all medications, ethosuximide can have side effects, including stomach upset, dizziness, headache, and sleepiness. It is important for patients to follow their doctor's instructions carefully when taking this medication and to report any bothersome or persistent side effects promptly. Ethosuximide may also interact with other medications, so it is important to inform your healthcare provider of all medications you are taking before starting ethosuximide therapy.
Triazines are not a medical term, but a class of chemical compounds. They have a six-membered ring containing three nitrogen atoms and three carbon atoms. Some triazine derivatives are used in medicine as herbicides, antimicrobials, and antitumor agents.
Complex partial epilepsy, also known as temporal lobe epilepsy or focal impaired awareness epilepsy, is a type of epilepsy characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures that originate in the temporal lobe or other localized areas of the brain. These seizures typically involve alterations in consciousness or awareness, and may include automatisms (involuntary, repetitive movements), such as lip smacking, fidgeting, or picking at clothes. Complex partial seizures can last from a few seconds to several minutes and may be followed by a post-ictal period of confusion or fatigue.
Complex partial epilepsy is often associated with structural abnormalities in the brain, such as hippocampal sclerosis, tumors, or malformations. It can also be caused by infectious or inflammatory processes, vascular disorders, or genetic factors. The diagnosis of complex partial epilepsy typically involves a thorough neurological evaluation, including a detailed history of seizure symptoms, neuroimaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans), and electroencephalography (EEG) to record brain activity during and between seizures.
Treatment for complex partial epilepsy usually involves medication therapy with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). In some cases, surgery may be recommended if medications are not effective in controlling seizures or if there is a structural lesion that can be safely removed. Other treatment options may include dietary modifications, such as the ketogenic diet, or vagus nerve stimulation.
A Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay (FPIA) is a type of biochemical test used for the detection and quantitation of various analytes, such as drugs, hormones, or proteins, in a sample. It is based on the principle of fluorescence polarization, which measures the rotation of molecules in solution.
In an FPIA, the sample is mixed with a fluorescent tracer that binds specifically to the analyte of interest. When the mixture is excited with plane-polarized light, the fluorescent tracer emits light that retains its polarization if it remains bound to the large complex (analyte+tracer). However, if the tracer is not bound to the analyte and is free to rotate in solution, the emitted light becomes depolarized.
The degree of polarization of the emitted light is then measured and used to determine the amount of analyte present in the sample. Higher concentrations of analyte result in a higher degree of polarization, as more tracer molecules are bound and less likely to rotate.
FPIAs offer several advantages over other types of immunoassays, including simplicity, speed, and sensitivity. They are commonly used in clinical laboratories for the detection of drugs of abuse, therapeutic drugs, and hormones.
Phenobarbital is a barbiturate medication that is primarily used for the treatment of seizures and convulsions. It works by suppressing the abnormal electrical activity in the brain that leads to seizures. In addition to its anticonvulsant properties, phenobarbital also has sedative and hypnotic effects, which can be useful for treating anxiety, insomnia, and agitation.
Phenobarbital is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and elixirs, and it is typically taken orally. The medication works by binding to specific receptors in the brain called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, which help to regulate nerve impulses in the brain. By increasing the activity of GABA, phenobarbital can help to reduce excessive neural activity and prevent seizures.
While phenobarbital is an effective medication for treating seizures and other conditions, it can also be habit-forming and carries a risk of dependence and addiction. Long-term use of the medication can lead to tolerance, meaning that higher doses may be needed to achieve the same effects. Abruptly stopping the medication can also lead to withdrawal symptoms, such as anxiety, restlessness, and seizures.
Like all medications, phenobarbital can have side effects, including dizziness, drowsiness, and impaired coordination. It can also interact with other medications, such as certain antidepressants and sedatives, so it is important to inform your healthcare provider of all medications you are taking before starting phenobarbital.
In summary, phenobarbital is a barbiturate medication used primarily for the treatment of seizures and convulsions. It works by binding to GABA receptors in the brain and increasing their activity, which helps to reduce excessive neural activity and prevent seizures. While phenobarbital can be effective, it carries a risk of dependence and addiction and can have side effects and drug interactions.
Medical Definition of Water Intoxication:
Water intoxication, also known as hyponatremia, is a condition that occurs when an individual consumes water in such large quantities that the body's electrolyte balance is disrupted. This results in an abnormally low sodium level in the blood (hyponatremia), which can cause symptoms ranging from mild to severe, including nausea, headache, confusion, seizures, coma, and even death in extreme cases. It's important to note that water intoxication is rare and typically only occurs in situations where large amounts of water are consumed in a short period of time, such as during endurance sports or when someone is trying to intentionally harm themselves.
A "drug eruption" is a general term used to describe an adverse skin reaction that occurs as a result of taking a medication. These reactions can vary in severity and appearance, and may include symptoms such as rash, hives, itching, redness, blistering, or peeling of the skin. In some cases, drug eruptions can also cause systemic symptoms such as fever, fatigue, or joint pain.
The exact mechanism by which drugs cause eruptions is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve an abnormal immune response to the medication. There are many different types of drug eruptions, including morphilliform rashes, urticaria (hives), fixed drug eruptions, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN), which is a severe and potentially life-threatening reaction.
If you suspect that you are experiencing a drug eruption, it is important to seek medical attention promptly. Your healthcare provider can help determine the cause of the reaction and recommend appropriate treatment. In some cases, it may be necessary to discontinue the medication causing the reaction and switch to an alternative therapy.
Dibenzazepines are a class of chemical compounds that contain a dibenzazepine structure, which is a fusion of a benzene ring with a diazepine ring. Dibenzazepines have a wide range of pharmacological activities and are used in the treatment of various medical conditions.
Some of the medically relevant dibenzazepines include:
1. Antipsychotics: Some antipsychotic drugs, such as clozapine and olanzapine, have a dibenzazepine structure. These drugs are used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.
2. Antidepressants: Mianserin and mirtazapine are dibenzazepine antidepressants that work by blocking the uptake of serotonin and noradrenaline in the brain. They are used to treat depression, anxiety, and insomnia.
3. Anticonvulsants: Some anticonvulsant drugs, such as levetiracetam and brivaracetam, have a dibenzazepine structure. These drugs are used to treat epilepsy and other seizure disorders.
4. Anxiolytics: Prazepam is a benzodiazepine derivative with a dibenzazepine structure that is used to treat anxiety disorders.
5. Analgesics: Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic with a dibenzazepine structure that is used to treat moderate to severe pain.
It's important to note that while these drugs have a dibenzazepine structure, they may also contain other functional groups and have different mechanisms of action. Therefore, it's essential to consider the specific pharmacological properties of each drug when prescribing or administering them.
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) is a rare, serious and potentially life-threatening skin reaction that usually occurs as a reaction to medication but can also be caused by an infection. SJS is characterized by the detachment of the epidermis (top layer of the skin) from the dermis (the layer underneath). It primarily affects the mucous membranes, such as those lining the eyes, mouth, throat, and genitals, causing painful raw areas that are prone to infection.
SJS is considered a severe form of erythema multiforme (EM), another skin condition, but it's much more serious and can be fatal. The symptoms of SJS include flu-like symptoms such as fever, sore throat, and fatigue, followed by a red or purplish rash that spreads and blisters, eventually leading to the detachment of the top layer of skin.
The exact cause of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome is not always known, but it's often triggered by medications such as antibiotics, anti-convulsants, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and antiretroviral drugs. Infections caused by herpes simplex virus or Mycoplasma pneumoniae can also trigger SJS.
Treatment for Stevens-Johnson Syndrome typically involves hospitalization, supportive care, wound care, and medication to manage pain and prevent infection. Discontinuing the offending medication is crucial in managing this condition. In severe cases, patients may require treatment in a burn unit or intensive care unit.
Tonic-clonic epilepsy, also known as grand mal epilepsy, is a type of generalized seizure that affects the entire brain. This type of epilepsy is characterized by two distinct phases: the tonic phase and the clonic phase.
During the tonic phase, which usually lasts for about 10-20 seconds, the person loses consciousness and their muscles stiffen, causing them to fall to the ground. This can result in injuries if the person falls unexpectedly or hits an object on the way down.
The clonic phase follows immediately after the tonic phase and is characterized by rhythmic jerking movements of the limbs, face, and neck. These movements are caused by alternating contractions and relaxations of the muscles and can last for several minutes. The person may also lose bladder or bowel control during this phase.
After the seizure, the person may feel tired, confused, and disoriented. They may also have a headache, sore muscles, and difficulty remembering what happened during the seizure.
Tonic-clonic epilepsy can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, brain injury, infection, or stroke. It is typically diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as an electroencephalogram (EEG) or imaging studies. Treatment may include medication, surgery, or dietary changes, depending on the underlying cause and severity of the seizures.
Clonazepam is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called benzodiazepines. It is primarily used to treat seizure disorders, panic attacks, and anxiety. Clonazepam works by increasing the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter in the brain that has a calming effect on the nervous system.
The medication comes in tablet or orally disintegrating tablet form and is typically taken two to three times per day. Common side effects of clonazepam include dizziness, drowsiness, and coordination problems. It can also cause memory problems, mental confusion, and depression.
Like all benzodiazepines, clonazepam has the potential for abuse and addiction, so it should be used with caution and only under the supervision of a healthcare provider. It is important to follow the dosage instructions carefully and not to stop taking the medication suddenly, as this can lead to withdrawal symptoms.
It's important to note that while I strive to provide accurate information, this definition is intended to be a general overview and should not replace professional medical advice. Always consult with a healthcare provider for medical advice.
A drug interaction is the effect of combining two or more drugs, or a drug and another substance (such as food or alcohol), which can alter the effectiveness or side effects of one or both of the substances. These interactions can be categorized as follows:
1. Pharmacodynamic interactions: These occur when two or more drugs act on the same target organ or receptor, leading to an additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effect. For example, taking a sedative and an antihistamine together can result in increased drowsiness due to their combined depressant effects on the central nervous system.
2. Pharmacokinetic interactions: These occur when one drug affects the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion of another drug. For example, taking certain antibiotics with grapefruit juice can increase the concentration of the antibiotic in the bloodstream, leading to potential toxicity.
3. Food-drug interactions: Some drugs may interact with specific foods, affecting their absorption, metabolism, or excretion. An example is the interaction between warfarin (a blood thinner) and green leafy vegetables, which can increase the risk of bleeding due to enhanced vitamin K absorption from the vegetables.
4. Drug-herb interactions: Some herbal supplements may interact with medications, leading to altered drug levels or increased side effects. For instance, St. John's Wort can decrease the effectiveness of certain antidepressants and oral contraceptives by inducing their metabolism.
5. Drug-alcohol interactions: Alcohol can interact with various medications, causing additive sedative effects, impaired judgment, or increased risk of liver damage. For example, combining alcohol with benzodiazepines or opioids can lead to dangerous levels of sedation and respiratory depression.
It is essential for healthcare providers and patients to be aware of potential drug interactions to minimize adverse effects and optimize treatment outcomes.
Lithium carbonate is a medical inorganic salt that is commonly used as a medication, particularly in the treatment of bipolar disorder. It works by stabilizing mood and reducing the severity and frequency of manic episodes. Lithium carbonate is available in immediate-release and extended-release forms, and it is typically taken orally in the form of tablets or capsules.
The medical definition of lithium carbonate is: "A white, crystalline powder used as a mood-stabilizing drug, primarily in the treatment of bipolar disorder. It acts by reducing the availability of sodium and potassium ions within nerve cells, which alters the electrical activity of the brain and helps to regulate mood. Lithium carbonate is also used in the treatment of cluster headaches and to reduce aggression in patients with behavioral disorders."
It's important to note that lithium carbonate requires careful medical supervision due to its narrow therapeutic index, meaning there is a small range between an effective dose and a toxic one. Regular monitoring of blood levels is necessary to ensure safe and effective treatment.
The HLA-B15 antigen is a human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type B serotype that is encoded by the HLA-B gene located on chromosome 6 in humans. The HLA system plays an essential role in the immune system, presenting foreign peptides to T-cells and triggering an immune response.
The HLA-B15 antigen is a type of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein, which presents endogenous peptides to CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). The HLA-B15 serotype includes several subtypes, such as HLA-B*1501, HLA-B*1502, and others.
The HLA-B15 antigen is associated with certain diseases, including an increased risk of developing Behçet's disease, a rare autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation in various parts of the body. Additionally, the HLA-B*1502 subtype has been found to be strongly associated with carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) in individuals of Asian descent.
A seizure is an uncontrolled, abnormal firing of neurons (brain cells) that can cause various symptoms such as convulsions, loss of consciousness, altered awareness, or changes in behavior. Seizures can be caused by a variety of factors including epilepsy, brain injury, infection, toxic substances, or genetic disorders. They can also occur without any identifiable cause, known as idiopathic seizures. Seizures are a medical emergency and require immediate attention.
Drug hypersensitivity is an abnormal immune response to a medication or its metabolites. It is a type of adverse drug reaction that occurs in susceptible individuals, characterized by the activation of the immune system leading to inflammation and tissue damage. This reaction can range from mild symptoms such as skin rashes, hives, and itching to more severe reactions like anaphylaxis, which can be life-threatening.
Drug hypersensitivity reactions can be classified into two main types: immediate (or IgE-mediated) and delayed (or non-IgE-mediated). Immediate reactions occur within minutes to a few hours after taking the medication and are mediated by the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators from mast cells and basophils. Delayed reactions, on the other hand, can take several days to develop and are caused by T-cell activation and subsequent cytokine release.
Common drugs that can cause hypersensitivity reactions include antibiotics (such as penicillins and sulfonamides), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), monoclonal antibodies, and chemotherapeutic agents. It is important to note that previous exposure to a medication does not always guarantee the development of hypersensitivity reactions, as they can also occur after the first administration in some cases.
The diagnosis of drug hypersensitivity involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and sometimes skin or laboratory tests. Treatment typically includes avoiding the offending medication and managing symptoms with antihistamines, corticosteroids, or other medications as needed. In severe cases, emergency medical care may be required to treat anaphylaxis or other life-threatening reactions.
Generalized epilepsy is a type of epilepsy characterized by seizures that involve both halves of the brain (generalized onset) from the beginning of the seizure. These types of seizures include tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures, absence (petit mal) seizures, and myoclonic seizures. Generalized epilepsy can be caused by genetic factors or brain abnormalities, and it is typically treated with medication. People with generalized epilepsy may experience difficulties with learning, memory, and behavior, and they may have a higher risk of injury during a seizure. It's important for individuals with generalized epilepsy to work closely with their healthcare team to manage their condition and reduce the frequency and severity of seizures.
Alcohol withdrawal seizures are a type of seizure that can occur as a result of alcohol withdrawal in individuals who have developed physical dependence on alcohol. These seizures typically occur within 48 hours after the last drink, but they can sometimes happen up to five days later. They are often accompanied by other symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, such as tremors, anxiety, nausea, and increased heart rate.
Alcohol withdrawal seizures are caused by changes in the brain's chemistry that occur when a person who is dependent on alcohol suddenly stops or significantly reduces their alcohol intake. Alcohol affects the neurotransmitters in the brain, particularly gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate. When a person drinks heavily and frequently, the brain adjusts to the presence of alcohol by reducing the number of GABA receptors and increasing the number of glutamate receptors.
When a person suddenly stops drinking, the brain is thrown out of balance, and the reduced number of GABA receptors and increased number of glutamate receptors can lead to seizures. Alcohol withdrawal seizures are a medical emergency and require immediate treatment to prevent complications such as status epilepticus (prolonged seizures) or brain damage. Treatment typically involves administering benzodiazepines, which help to calm the brain and reduce the risk of seizures.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Phenylethylmalonamide" doesn't seem to have a specific medical definition as it is not a recognized medication, chemical compound, or diagnostic term in common medical use. It's possible that you may have made a typo or there's some other error in the term. If you have more context or information, I'd be happy to help further!
Electroshock, also known as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), is a medical procedure in which electric currents are passed through the brain to treat certain mental health conditions. It is primarily used to treat severe forms of depression that have not responded to other treatments, and it may also be used to treat bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.
During an ECT procedure, electrodes are placed on the patient's head, and a carefully controlled electric current is passed through the brain, intentionally triggering a seizure. The patient is under general anesthesia and given muscle relaxants to prevent physical injury from the seizure.
ECT is typically administered in a series of treatments, usually two or three times a week for several weeks. While the exact mechanism of action is not fully understood, ECT is thought to affect brain chemistry and help regulate mood and other symptoms. It is generally considered a safe and effective treatment option for certain mental health conditions when other treatments have failed. However, it can have side effects, including short-term memory loss and confusion, and it may not be appropriate for everyone.
Piracetam is a nootropic drug, which is primarily used in the treatment of cognitive disorders. It is a cyclic derivative of the neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). Piracetam is believed to work by reducing the permeability of cell membranes in the brain, which may enhance communication between neurons and improve memory and learning.
Medically, piracetam is used off-label for a variety of conditions related to cognitive decline or impairment, such as Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and age-related cognitive decline. It has also been studied in the treatment of myoclonus (involuntary muscle jerks), dyslexia, and other neurological disorders.
It is important to note that while piracetam has shown some promise in improving cognitive function in certain populations, its effectiveness is still a subject of ongoing research and debate. Additionally, piracetam is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for any medical use, although it is available as a dietary supplement in the United States.
As with any medication or supplement, it's important to consult with a healthcare provider before taking piracetam to ensure that it is safe and appropriate for your individual needs.
Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A is a subfamily of the cytochrome P-450 enzyme superfamily, which are primarily involved in drug metabolism in the human body. These enzymes are found predominantly in the liver, but also in other tissues such as the small intestine, kidneys, and brain.
CYP3A enzymes are responsible for metabolizing a wide variety of drugs, including many statins, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and opioids. They can also metabolize endogenous compounds such as steroids and bile acids. The activity of CYP3A enzymes can be influenced by various factors, including genetic polymorphisms, age, sex, pregnancy, and the presence of other drugs or diseases.
The name "cytochrome P-450" refers to the fact that these enzymes contain a heme group that absorbs light at a wavelength of 450 nanometers when it is complexed with carbon monoxide. The term "CYP3A" denotes the specific subfamily of cytochrome P-450 enzymes that share a high degree of sequence similarity and function.
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Tegretol14
- Carbamazepine, sold under the brand name Tegretol among others, is an anticonvulsant medication used in the treatment of epilepsy and neuropathic pain. (wikipedia.org)
- Carbamazepine (Tegretol) Carbamazepine is changed and broken down by the body. (nih.gov)
- Carbamazepine (Tegretol) Carbamazepine is used to treat seizures. (nih.gov)
- Carbamazepine (Tegretol)Grapefruit juice might increase how much carbamazepine the body absorbs. (nih.gov)
- Carbamazepine (Tegretol)Black tea contains caffeine. (nih.gov)
- Carbamazepine (Tegretol)Black psyllium contains large amounts of fiber. (nih.gov)
- Carbamazepine (Tegretol)Blond psyllium contains large amounts of fiber. (nih.gov)
- Carbamazepine (Tegretol) is an iminostilbene that has been used as a first-line medication for both generalized and partial complex seizure disorders. (medscape.com)
- Buy Tegretol XR (Carbamazepine) online at the guaranteed lowest price.Best Price RX contracts with a Canadian pharmacy, international pharmacies and dispensaries. (bestpricerx.com)
- If you find Tegretol XR (Carbamazepine) for a lower price, contact us and we will match the price. (bestpricerx.com)
- Tegretol (Carbamazepine) is an anticonvulsant drug that is prescribed to treat the symptoms of epilepsy, trigeminal neuralgia and bipolar mania. (canadianprescriptiondrugstore.com)
- Carbamazepine, also known by the brand name Tegretol, is an anticonvulsant medication approved by the FDA. (qwarkhealth.com)
- Carbamazepine (Tegretol) is suitable for both monotherapy and combination therapy. (watsons.com.ph)
- Carbamazepine (Tegretol) is usually not effective in absences (petit mal) and myoclonic seizures. (watsons.com.ph)
Seizures15
- Carbamazepine is used alone or in combination with other medications to control certain types of seizures in people with epilepsy. (nih.gov)
- Carbamazepine appears to work as well as phenytoin and valproate for focal and generalized seizures. (wikipedia.org)
- Although carbamazepine may have a similar effectiveness (as measured by people continuing to use a medication) and efficacy (as measured by the medicine reducing seizure recurrence and improving remission) when compared to phenytoin and valproate, choice of medication should be evaluated on an individual basis as further research is needed to determine which medication is most helpful for people with newly-onset seizures. (wikipedia.org)
- In the United States, carbamazepine is indicated for the treatment of epilepsy (including partial seizures, generalized tonic-clonic seizures and mixed seizures), and trigeminal neuralgia. (wikipedia.org)
- In patients who have a history of seizures despite taking carbamazepine, the postictal state (after an unwitnessed seizure) and an acute mental status change due to carbamazepine overdose are difficult to differentiate. (medscape.com)
- A seizure could be due to subtherapeutic drug levels, breakthrough seizures with therapeutic drug levels, or carbamazepine toxicity. (medscape.com)
- In controlled clinical trials, carbamazepine has been shown to be effective in the treatment of psychomotor and grand mal seizures, as well as trigeminal neuralgia. (nih.gov)
- Carbamazepine has demonstrated anticonvulsant properties in rats and mice with electrically and chemically induced seizures. (nih.gov)
- The principal metabolite of carbamazepine, carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide, has anticonvulsant activity as demonstrated in several in vivo animal models of seizures. (nih.gov)
- To compare the effects of carbamazepine and lamotrigine monotherapy for people with partial onset seizures or generalized onset tonic-clonic seizures. (neurology.org)
- Carbamazepine acts by reducing the irregular electrical brain activity in patients with seizures and reducing the spread of seizure activity and restoring the normal balance of nerve activity in the brain. (canadianprescriptiondrugstore.com)
- Carbamazepine is a medication that is prescribed by a healthcare professional to prevent and control seizures in individuals with conditions such as epilepsy or trigeminal neuralgia. (qwarkhealth.com)
- It is not advisable to suddenly stop taking carbamazepine without consulting the doctor, as it may lead to an increase in seizures or other withdrawal symptoms. (qwarkhealth.com)
- Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an oral antiepileptic drug (AED) that is prescribed as a first-line treatment for partial seizures. (seals.ac.za)
- Carbamazepine 200 MG Tablets are used for treating a certain form of seizures. (brixpharma.com)
Effects of carbamazepine2
- One of the side effects of carbamazepine, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion , results from the drug's central antidiuretic effects. (medscape.com)
- Side effects of carbamazepine include: poor coordination, headaches and drowsiness. (cochrane.org)
Epilepsy5
- In patients taking long-term carbamazepine therapy for epilepsy, identifying the cause of the current seizure is important. (medscape.com)
- Carbamazepine is a drug first used to treat epilepsy in the 1950s. (cochrane.org)
- Carbamazepine is an aromatic anticonvulsant that is widely used in therapy of epilepsy and trigeminal neuralgia and is a well established cause of clinically apparent liver injury which can be severe and even fatal. (nih.gov)
- Carbamazepine is the drug utilized in the treatment of patients who bear epilepsy with secondary generalization. (fiocruz.br)
- CASE REPORT We present the case of a 51-year-old Japanese woman who had been taking carbamazepine for epilepsy for the past 3 weeks. (bvsalud.org)
Trigeminal10
- Carbamazepine is the only medication that is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. (wikipedia.org)
- Carbamazepine USP, is an anticonvulsant and specific analgesic for trigeminal neuralgia, available for oral administration as tablets of 200 mg. (nih.gov)
- Carbamazepine is chemically unrelated to other anticonvulsants or other drugs used to control the pain of trigeminal neuralgia. (nih.gov)
- In addition, carbamazepine has been used as treatment in patients who have previously abused stimulants, as well as patients with alcohol withdrawal, bipolar disorder (after lithium has been tried), panic attacks , neuropathic pain, trigeminal neuralgia , resistant depression, and certain behavioral disorders. (medscape.com)
- Blockade of synaptic transmission in the trigeminal nucleus is the mechanism by which carbamazepine alleviates neuropathic pain. (medscape.com)
- Treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: use of baclofen in combination with carbamazepine. (nih.gov)
- Do carbamazepine, gabapentin, or other anticonvulsants exert sufficient radioprotective effects to alter responses from trigeminal neuralgia radiosurgery? (nih.gov)
- Real-world effectiveness and tolerability of carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine in 354 patients with trigeminal neuralgia. (nih.gov)
- Carbamazepine USP, is an anticonvulsant and specific analgesic for trigeminal neuralgia, available for oral administration as chewable tablets of 100 and 200 mg, tablets of 200 mg, extended-release tablets of 100 mg, 200 mg, and 400 mg, and as a suspension of 100 mg/5 mL (teaspoon). (nih.gov)
- In addition to its anticonvulsant properties, carbamazepine is also prescribed to manage and prevent episodes of trigeminal neuralgia, a severe facial pain condition. (qwarkhealth.com)
Toxicity8
- Acute toxicity of carbamazepine to juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): effects on antioxidant responses, hematological parameters and hepatic EROD. (medscape.com)
- Vander T, Odi H, Bluvstein V, Ronen J, Catz A. Carbamazepine toxicity following Oxybutynin and Dantrolene administration: a case report. (medscape.com)
- NOTE: Before prescribing carbamazepine, the physician should be thoroughly familiar with the details of this prescribing information, particularly regarding use with other drugs, especially those which accentuate toxicity potential. (nih.gov)
- If toxicity is suspected, a stat level of carbamazepine should be obtained, followed by repeat levels every 4-6 hours in the case of delayed/prolonged absorption. (medscape.com)
- Carbamazepine--erythromycin interaction leading to carbamazepine toxicity in four epileptic children. (webmd.com)
- 8.Carranco E, Kareus J, Co S, Peak V, Al-Rajeh S. Carbamazepine toxicity induced by concurrent erythromycin therapy. (webmd.com)
- A case of erythromycin-induced carbamazepine toxicity. (webmd.com)
- 16.Macnab AJ, Robinson JL, Adderly RJ, D'Orsogna L. Heart block secondary to erythromycin-induced carbamazepine toxicity. (webmd.com)
Phenytoin5
- during clinical use of the anti-epileptic drugs carbamazepine and phenytoin. (nih.gov)
- Saliva carbamazepine and phenytoin level monitoring. (bmj.com)
- Saliva carbamazepine and phenytoin samples were used to monitor treatment in 35 children aged between 2 and 14 years during a 2-year period. (bmj.com)
- All phenytoin levels and over half the carbamazepine levels that were above the therapeutic range were associated with adverse effects. (bmj.com)
- Dose and carbamazepine saliva levels were significantly related but no such relationship was found for phenytoin. (bmj.com)
Stop taking carbam1
- Do not stop taking carbamazepine without talking to your doctor, even if you experience side effects such as unusual changes in behavior or mood. (nih.gov)
Medication9
- Your doctor or pharmacist will give you the manufacturer's patient information sheet (Medication Guide) when you begin treatment with carbamazepine and each time you refill your prescription. (nih.gov)
- When checking carbamazepine levels in a patient on a regular medication regimen, the specimen should be drawn immediately prior to next carbamazepine dose (trough). (medscape.com)
- Carbamazepine was compared with no active medication ('dummy' or placebo treatment), versus an antipsychotic or when taken in addition to an antipsychotic. (cochrane.org)
- To examine whether carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine alone is an effective treatment for schizophrenia and schizoaffective psychoses and whether carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine augmentation of neuroleptic medication is an effective treatment for the same illnesses. (cochrane.org)
- We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing carbamazepine or compounds of the carbamazepine family with placebo or no intervention, whether as sole treatment or as an adjunct to antipsychotic medication for the treatment of schizophrenia and/or schizoaffective psychoses. (cochrane.org)
- Also mention if you have any allergies to Carbamazepine or any other ingredients included in the manufacture of this medication. (canadianprescriptiondrugstore.com)
- Like any medication, carbamazepine can cause side effects. (qwarkhealth.com)
- There are several warnings associated with the use of carbamazepine, an anticonvulsant medication commonly prescribed for seizure control. (qwarkhealth.com)
- 2013). Eighty percent of SJS and TEN is due to medication use and carbamazepine is the most common cause (Tangamornsuksan et al. (ethnopsychopharmacology.com)
Tablet2
- Carbamazepine comes as a tablet, a chewable tablet, an extended-release (long-acting) tablet, an extended-release capsule, and as a suspension (liquid) to take by mouth. (nih.gov)
- Dosage forms of carbamazepine include 200-mg tablet PO, 100-mg chewable tablet, and 100-mg/5-mL suspension. (medscape.com)
Monotherapy2
- Breastfeeding during carbamazepine monotherapy does not appear to adversely affect infant growth or development, and breastfed infants had higher IQs and enhanced verbal abilities than nonbreastfed infants at 6 years of age in one study. (nih.gov)
- A systematic review and meta-analysis using data on individual patients from randomized trials comparing lamotrigine with carbamazepine monotherapy. (neurology.org)
Antiepileptic1
- The antiepileptic carbamazepine is one such drug. (cochrane.org)
Oxcarbazepine-induced1
- Epidemiology, pathophysiology and putative genetic basis of carbamazepine- and oxcarbazepine-induced hyponatremia. (medscape.com)
Effectiveness2
- This review focuses on the effectiveness of carbamazepine for people with schizophrenia. (cochrane.org)
- Carbamazepine may decrease the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives (birth control pills, patches, rings, injections, implants or intrauterine devices) that prevents pregnancy. (sgh.com.sg)
Metabolite3
- The terminal elimination half-life of 10,11-epoxide (carbamazepine metabolite) is 5-10 hours. (medscape.com)
- Carbamazepine and its active metabolite have relatively high levels in breastmilk and breastfed infants have serum levels that are sometimes measurable, but usually well below the anticonvulsant therapeutic range. (nih.gov)
- 17.Barzaghi N, Gatti G, Crema F, Monteleone M, Amione C, Leone L, Perucca E. Inhibition by erythromycin of the conversion of carbamazepine to its active 10,11-epoxide metabolite. (webmd.com)
Anticonvulsants1
- Carbamazepine is in a class of medications called anticonvulsants. (nih.gov)
15027
- Serious skin reactions such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) or toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) due to carbamazepine therapy are more common in people with a particular human leukocyte antigen gene-variant (allele), HLA-B*1502. (wikipedia.org)
- It is suggested that carbamazepine acts as a potent antigen that binds to the antigen-presenting area of HLA-B*1502 alike, triggering an everlasting activation signal on immature CD8-T cells, thus resulting in widespread cytotoxic reactions like SJS/TEN. (wikipedia.org)
- Tangamornsuksan W, Chaiyakunapruk N, Somkrua R, Lohitnavy M, Tassaneeyakul W. Relationship between the HLA-B*1502 allele and carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (medscape.com)
- In accordance to the Health Science Authority (HSA) regulation, it is compulsory for all Asian patients who are first prescribed with carbamazepine to be tested for a specific gene (HLA-B*1502) that could result in higher risk of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) or Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN). (sgh.com.sg)
- Patients carrying HLA-B*1502 are at strongly increased risk for life treatening carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN). (ethnopsychopharmacology.com)
- Han-Chinese living in Taiwan: The odds ratio if positive for HLA-B*1502 for developing carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis was 2504 (95% CI: 126−49,522) (Ferrel, 2008). (ethnopsychopharmacology.com)
- A systematic review with outcome of carbamazepine-induced SJS and TEN shows that the 'summary OR' for the relationship between HLA-B*1502 and carbamazepine-induced SJS and TEN was 79.84 (95% CI, 28.45-224.06). (ethnopsychopharmacology.com)
Warnings1
- In the US, the label for carbamazepine contains warnings concerning: effects on the body's production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets: rarely, there are major effects of aplastic anemia and agranulocytosis reported and more commonly, there are minor changes such as decreased white blood cell or platelet counts, but these do not progress to more serious problems. (wikipedia.org)
Pharmacokinetics1
- Carbamazepine coadministration with an oral contraceptive: effects on steroid pharmacokinetics, ovulation, and bleeding. (medscape.com)
Serum7
- One author recommends monitoring infant serum carbamazepine levels, liver enzymes, and a complete blood count during therapy. (nih.gov)
- Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a widely used anticonvulsant with a low molecular weight that allows for extracorporeal removal of free drug by both dialytic and hemoperfusion techniques, particularly in a massive overdose where serum protein binding is saturated. (scienceopen.com)
- Furthermore, carbamazepine has been implicated with the serum increase of certain enzymes. (fiocruz.br)
- and ALT, alanine aminotransferase) were determined as well as the serum concentrations of carbamazepine in samples taken from the metropolitan region of Salvador, Bahia. (fiocruz.br)
- The serum activities of the enzymes GGT, AF, AST, and ALT were determined as well as the serum concentrations of carbamazepine. (fiocruz.br)
- Relationship between carbamazepine concentrations in serum and saliva " by Piyaporn Kaewdoung, Chartchai Puripokai et al. (chula.ac.th)
- This study aims to examine and verify the correlation between serum and saliva carbamazepine concentrations in Thai epileptic patients. (chula.ac.th)
Coadministration1
- Severe carbamazepine intoxication after coadministration of erythromycin. (webmd.com)
Intoxication2
Liver5
- 3. Liver Problems: Carbamazepine may cause liver damage or liver function abnormalities. (qwarkhealth.com)
- A 51-Year-Old Woman with Drug-Induced Hypersensitivity Syndrome Associated with Carbamazepine, Reactivation of Human Herpesvirus 6, and Acute Liver Failure: A Case Report. (bvsalud.org)
- Here, we describe the case of a 51-year-old woman with a diagnosis of DIHS associated with carbamazepine , reactivation of HHV-6 , and acute liver failure , which was consistent with DRESS. (bvsalud.org)
- She was ultimately diagnosed with DIHS, consistent with DRESS, associated with carbamazepine and HHV-6 reactivation, and liver dysfunction was assessed histologically. (bvsalud.org)
- Therefore, the drug -related hepatotoxicity of carbamazepine played a role in causing liver damage rather than HHV-6 infection at that time . (bvsalud.org)
Reactions4
- Carbamazepine may cause life-threatening allergic reactions called Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) or toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). (nih.gov)
- However, the HLA-A*31:01 allele has been shown to be a strong predictor of both mild and severe adverse reactions, such as the DRESS form of severe cutaneous reactions, to carbamazepine among Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and Europeans. (wikipedia.org)
- Those who have been taking carbamazepine for more than 3 months without developing skin reactions are at low risk of SJS and TEN. (sgh.com.sg)
- Serious Skin Reactions: Carbamazepine has been associated with severe skin reactions, such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis. (qwarkhealth.com)
Hepatotoxicity1
- Carbamazepine induces hepatotoxicity in zebrafish by inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. (medscape.com)
Treatment12
- Call your doctor immediately if you develop a painful rash, hives, blistering or peeling of skin, easy bruising, mouth sores, or a fever during your treatment with carbamazepine. (nih.gov)
- Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis usually occurs during the first few months of treatment with carbamazepine. (nih.gov)
- Your doctor will order certain lab tests before and during your treatment to check your body's response to carbamazepine. (nih.gov)
- Carbamazepine is typically used for the treatment of seizure disorders and neuropathic pain. (wikipedia.org)
- Larger well-designed trials are necessary to provide stronger evidence before carbamazepine can be recommended as a treatment for people with schizophrenia. (cochrane.org)
- Based on currently available randomised trial-derived evidence, carbamazepine cannot be recommended for routine clinical use for treatment or augmentation of antipsychotic treatment of schizophrenia. (cochrane.org)
- One study comparing carbamazepine with placebo as the sole treatment for schizophrenia was abandoned early due to high relapse rate with 26 out of 31 participants relapsing by three months. (cochrane.org)
- Time to treatment withdrawal significantly improved with lamotrigine compared to carbamazepine (hazard ratio 0.55, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.84, random effects), while time to first seizure (hazard ratio 1.14, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.43, fixed effects) and seizure freedom at 6 months (relative risk 0.92, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.04, fixed effects) favor carbamazepine although the results are not significant. (neurology.org)
- Remember, it is essential to follow the prescribed dosage and duration of treatment to get the maximum benefit from carbamazepine and minimize the risk of side effects. (qwarkhealth.com)
- The authors report 2 cases of pediatric patients who presented with fever, diffuse rash, and exposure to COVID-19 infection with suspected MIS-C. Both patients' medical histories revealed carbamazepine treatment for approximately 2 months. (medscape.com)
- A key component of this hours after the fiber treatment, empowered her to approach best Place To Buy Carbamazepine. (regin.com.co)
- The subjects were patients aged 15-60 years old who were under treatment with carbamazepine. (chula.ac.th)
Ingredients1
- Carbamazepine tablets, USP 200 mg contain the active ingredient, carbamazepine USP, and the inactive ingredients: croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate, and microcrystalline cellulose. (nih.gov)
Acute1
- Standard management protocols are lacking and specific antidotes are unavailable for acute carbamazepine (CBZ) poisoning. (wjgnet.com)
Drugs2
- It's worth noting that carbamazepine interacts with various drugs and can affect the metabolism of other medications, so it's crucial to inform your doctor about any other medications or supplements you are taking before starting carbamazepine. (qwarkhealth.com)
- Known hypersensitivity to carbamazepine or structurally related drugs (e.g. tricyclic antidepressants) or any other component of the formulation. (watsons.com.ph)
Medications2
- Like all medications, carbamazepine may cause side effects but not everyone experiences them. (sgh.com.sg)
- It's important to note that carbamazepine may interact with other medications, vitamins, or herbal supplements. (qwarkhealth.com)
Systematic review1
- In a systematic review, the authors identified seventy-three reports containing one-hundred ninety-one individuals who developed movement disorders associated with carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, and eslicarbazepine. (wikipedia.org)
Therapeutic2
- The therapeutic reference range of carbamazepine is 4-12 mg/L. (medscape.com)
- The carbamazepine level can be correlated with a patient's clinical presentation to ascertain the therapeutic carbamazepine level. (medscape.com)
Toxic1
- The blood levels of your carbamazepine may increase and cause toxic effects, including drowsiness, dizziness, blurred vision, or loss of coordination. (webmd.com)
Clinical3
- Though clinical activity for the epoxide has been postulated, the significance of its activity with respect to the safety and efficacy of carbamazepine has not been established. (nih.gov)
- In clinical studies, carbamazepine suspension, conventional tablets, and extended-release tablets delivered equivalent amounts of drug to the systemic circulation. (nih.gov)
- Carbamazepine was stopped, and the clinical manifestations improved. (bvsalud.org)
Discontinue2
- 2] If carbamazepine is required by the mother, it is not a reason to discontinue breastfeeding. (nih.gov)
- Discontinue carbamazepine at the first sign of a skin reaction and seek medical help. (qwarkhealth.com)
Depression1
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Dose2
Symptoms1
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Synthesis1
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Overdose1
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Aqueous2
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Epilepsia2
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Tratamento1
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Pharmaceutical1
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DRESS2
- The diagnosis of DRESS syndrome was associated with the use of carbamazepine. (medscape.com)
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Decrease3
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- Fiber can decrease how much carbamazepine the body absorbs. (nih.gov)
- 2. Blood Disorders: Carbamazepine can affect blood cells and lead to blood disorders, including a decrease in white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. (qwarkhealth.com)
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Genetic3
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- If you do not have this genetic risk factor, your doctor may prescribe carbamazepine, but there is still a slight risk that you will develop SJS or TEN. (nih.gov)
- 2013). Genetic testing is highly recommended before carbamazepine is administered to patients from specific Asian regions including China, Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia, Oceania and India. (ethnopsychopharmacology.com)