Carbadox
Arsanilic Acid
Zinc Oxide
Swine
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
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A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920)
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Antibacterials that are used as growth promoters in animal husbandry can affect the release of Shiga-toxin-2-converting bacteriophages and Shiga toxin 2 from Escherichia coli strains. (1/38)
Antibiotics are commonly used as growth promoters in animal husbandry worldwide. This practice has been linked to the emergence of particular antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and is now controversial. In this study, the ability of growth-promoting antibiotics to induce Shiga toxin (Stx)-converting bacteriophages from Stx-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains was investigated. Subinhibitory concentrations of the antibacterial growth promoters olaquindox, carbadox, tylosin and monensin were used for induction experiments. The amount of mature Stx-converting phage particles released from induced and non-induced cultures was determined, and the production of Stx was simultaneously measured by ELISA. Whereas the quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide-type antibiotics olaquindox and carbadox enhanced the release of Stx-converting phage particles from STEC cells, tylosin and monensin decreased phage induction. The production of Stx increased or decreased simultaneously with the amount of free phages. The results of this study show that particular antibacterial growth promoters can induce Stx phages. In vivo induction of Stx phages from lysogenic STEC may increase the amount of free phages in the intestine and therefore may contribute to the spread of STEC and development of new STEC pathotypes. (+info)An investigation of the etiology of a mild diarrhea observed in a group of grower/finisher pigs. (2/38)
An investigation into a mild diarrhea in a group of grower/finisher pigs was carried out in order to determine the etiology. A tiamulin injection and a carbadox-medicated ration were given to pens of pigs in a 2 x 2 factorial experimental design. Pens of pigs were assessed a score, based on the consistency of the feces in the pen, each week. The clinical investigation looked for the intestinal pathogens Brachyspira pilosicoli, B. hyodysenteriae, Lawsonia intracellularis, Salmonella spp., Yersinia spp., transmissible gastroenteritis virus, and rotavirus. Despite a rigorous investigation, the diarrhea was not attributed to any pathogen. A mild colitis was noted among pigs necropsied while affected with diarrhea. Improved diagnostic tools may allow a more effective response to an outbreak of mild disease, while at the same time reducing the amount of antimicrobials used in swine production. (+info)Brewers dried yeast as a source of mannan oligosaccharides for weanling pigs. (3/38)
Brewers dried yeast, a source of mannan oligosaccharides (MOS), was assessed as an alternative to an antimicrobial agent (carbadox) for young pigs in two experiments. The yeast contained 5.2% MOS. Agglutination tests confirmed adsorption of several serovars of E. coli and Salmonella spp. onto the yeast product. In Exp. 1, seven replicates (five pigs per pen) of 22-d-old pigs were fed a nonmedicated basal diet or the basal diet with carbadox (55 mg/kg), yeast (3%), or a combination of 3% yeast and 2% citric acid for 28 d. Carbadox did not improve growth performance. Growth rate and feed intake were depressed (P < 0.05) in pigs fed yeast alone or in combination with acid. Log counts of total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Clostridium perfringens in feces were not affected by diet, but Bifidobacteria spp. counts were lower (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the yeast + acid diet and lactobacilli counts were higher (P < 0.05) in pigs fed yeast. Fecal pH and VFA concentrations and intestinal morphological traits were not consistently affected by diet. Serum IgG levels were elevated in the yeast + acid (P < 0.01) group. In Exp. 2, the effects of yeast and carbadox additions to the diet on enteric microbial populations in young pigs housed in isolation units were evaluated. Pigs (n = 24) were weaned at 11 d of age (4.1 kg BW) and placed in isolation chambers (two pigs per chamber) equipped with individual air filtering systems and excrement containers. Treatments were a nonmedicated basal diet and the basal diet with 55 mg/kg of carbadox or with 3% yeast. Diets were fed for 29 d, then each pig was orally dosed with approximately 9.5 x 10(8) CFU of E. coli K88. Daily fecal E. coli K88 counts were not different (P > 0.05) among treatments, but fecal shedding of carbadox-resistant coliforms was higher (P < 0.01) during the 9-d period in pigs fed carbadox. Total fecal coliforms were consistently lower throughout the postinoculation period in pigs fed yeast (P < 0.05). Yeast reduced colonization oftotal coliforms in the duodenum,jejunum, cecum, and colon, but it did not have a consistent effect on colonization of E. coli K88. Pigs fed yeast tended (P < 0.10) to have higher serum IgG levels than controls. In these experiments, brewers dried yeast and carbadox had minimal effects on growth, microbial populations, and intestinal health traits of early-weaned pigs, but certain serum immunological traits were enhanced by feeding yeast. (+info)Effect of dietary mannanoligosaccharide and sodium chlorate on the growth performance, acute-phase response, and bacterial shedding of weaned pigs challenged with Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium. (4/38)
A 28-d experiment evaluated the growth, acute-phase response, and bacterial shedding patterns in pigs (n = 96; initially 6.8 +/- 1.3 kg) fed mannanoligosaccharides (MANNAN) and sodium chlorate (CHLORATE) before and after oral challenge with Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (ST). The negative control diet contained no antimicrobial (CON), and the positive control contained carbadox (CARB; 55 ppm). Test diets contained (as-fed basis) MANNAN (1,500 ppm) or CHLORATE (800 ppm). Pigs were fed diets for 14 d and then given ST orally. Pigs fed CARB had greater ADG over the entire study than pigs from other treatments (P < 0.05). During wk 1 to 2, before ST challenge, feed intake (as-fed basis) was lower for pigs fed MANNAN and CHLORATE than pigs fed CARB (P < 0.05). During the final 2 wk, pigs fed CARB had greater feed intake than pigs on other treatments (P < 0.05). Gain/feed was greater for pigs fed CARB in the 2 wk before ST (P < 0.05); however, in wk 3 to 4 after ST, gain/feed was reduced for CON pigs compared to pigs on other treatments (P < 0.05). Serum IGF-I was decreased at 2 and 4 d after ST (P < 0.001), and, overall, IGF-I was greater in pigs fed CARB than CON or CHLORATE (P < 0.05). Serum haptoglobin concentrations were greater (P < 0.001) for all treatments at d 6 compared with d 13 after ST. Overall, haptoglobin was greater for MANNAN than for CARB and CHLORATE (P < 0.05) and tended to be increased (P < 0.06) relative to CON. Interleukin-6 was not affected by treatment or day post-ST challenge. Fecal shedding of salmonellae organisms was less for CHLORATE (P < 0.05) than all other treatments at 7 d after ST. Shedding scores decreased from d 7 to 14 after ST (P < 0.05) for the CON, CARB, and MANNAN treatments. We conclude that feeding MANNAN and CHLORATE before acute enteric disease challenge may support improved gut function as evidenced by improved gain/feed, and that CHLORATE may decrease bacterial shedding. But neither MANNAN nor CHLORATE enhanced growth relative to the absence of dietary antimicrobials, nor was either treatment as effective as CARB following ST challenge. (+info)Influence of carbadox on fasting oxygen consumption by portal vein-drained organs and by the whole animal in growing pigs. (5/38)
Fasting O2 consumption by the whole animal (W) and by portal vein-drained organs (PVDO) during the 24- to 30-h postprandial period were measured in seven growing pigs (36.1 +/- 2.3 kg) with catheters chronically placed in the hepatic portal vein, ileal vein, and carotid artery trained to consume 1.2 kg of a 16% CP corn soybean meal basal diet (B) once daily. The pigs were placed individually into an open-circuit, indirect calorimeter and connected to an arteriovenous (A-V) O2 difference analyzer for hourly simultaneous measurements of O2 consumption by W and PVDO. The PVDO O2 consumption was calculated by multiplying the A-V O2 difference by the portal vein blood flow rate derived from constant infusion of a p-aminohippuric acid solution into the ileal vein. After the initial series of hourly measurements, four pigs remained on the B diet and three pigs were fed a B + 55 ppm carbadox diet. Seven days later, the second series of measurements was made. In pigs fed the diet with carbadox added, the hourly W O2 consumptions were not different (P greater than .05) between the initial and second series and averaged 7.5 mL.min-1.kg of BW-1. However, the A-V O2 differences (mL/dL) were reduced (P less than .05) from 4.6 to 4.0 at 24 h, 4.8 to 4.0 at 25 h, and 4.6 to 4.0 at 29 h postprandial and the fractions of W O2 consumption used by PVDO (percentage) were reduced (P less than .05) from 28.6 to 21.6 at 26 h and 25.2 to 18.2 at 27 h postprandial.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) (+info)Effects of supplementation of beta-glucans on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and immunity in weanling pigs. (6/38)
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of beta-glucan on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and immunity in weanling pigs. In Exp. 1, 210 weanling pigs (6.38 +/- 0.92 kg of BW) were fed dietary beta-glucan (0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, or 0.04%) for 5 wk. In Exp. 2, 168 pigs (6.18 +/- 1.31 kg of BW) were fed no beta-glucan or antibiotics (T1), 0.02% beta-glucan (T2), only antibiotics (T3), or 0.02% beta-glucan with antibiotics (T4) for 8 wk. In Exp. 2, the antibiotics fed were apramycin and carbadox in phase I (0 to 2 wk) and carbadox and chlortetracycline in phase II (3 to 8 wk). During Exp. 2, the performance study was conducted for 5 wk, and the immune response was tested until 8 wk. In Exp. 1, there was a trend for a linear increase (P = 0.068) in ADG as the dietary beta-glucan concentration increased in the diet. The digestibilities of DM, GE, CP, ether extract, Ca, and P increased linearly (P < 0.05) in the beta-glucan-supplemented pigs. In Exp. 2, the overall ADG was greater (P < 0.05) in treatment T4 compared with the control group (T1). Also, except for P, this group showed greater (P < 0.05) nutrient digestibilities than the control group. In Exp. 2, at d 15, 24, and 46 antibody titers were measured by ELISA against Pasteurella multocida type A and D after vaccination with atrophic rhinitis, and they differed significantly (P < 0.05) with no particular trend. Flow cytometry was used to determine porcine lymphocyte subpopulations at 4 and 8 wk of Exp. 2. There was an increase in CD4 cells (P < 0.05) and a trend for an increase in CD8 cells (P < 0.10) at 8 wk in pigs fed the T2 diet compared with the other groups. Overall, increasing the dietary concentrations of beta-glucan did not improve ADG without antibiotic, and in weanling pigs antibiotics seem to be more effective in improving nutrient digestibilities and growth performance than beta-glucan. (+info)Effects of Acid LAC and Kem-Gest acid blends on growth performance and microbial shedding in weanling pigs. (7/38)
Weanling pigs with mean initial BW of 6.04 kg (Exp.1) and 5.65 kg (Exp. 2) and mean age at weaning of 18.2 d (Exp. 1) and 17.7 d (Exp. 2) were used in two 5-wk experiments (Exp. 1, n = 180; Exp. 2, n = 300) to evaluate the effects of an organic acid blend (Acid LAC, Kemin Americas Inc., Des Moines, IA) and an inorganic/organic acid blend (Kem-Gest, Kemin Americas Inc.) on weanling pig growth performance and microbial shedding. In Exp. 1, the 5 dietary treatments were 1) negative control, 2) diet 1 + 55 ppm carbadox, 3) diet 1 + 0.4% Acid LAC, 4) diet 1 + 0.2% Kem-Gest, 5) diet 1 + 0.4% Acid LAC and 0.2% Kem-Gest. In Exp. 2, the 6 dietary treatments were diets 1 through 4 corresponding to Exp. 1, plus 5) sequence 1: 0.4% Acid LAC for 7 d followed by 0.2% Kem-Gest for 28 d, and 6) sequence 2: 0.2% Kem-Gest for 7 d followed by 0.4% Acid LAC for 28 d. Pigs were housed at 6 (Exp. 1) or 10 (Exp. 2) pigs/pen. Treatments were fed throughout the experiment in 3 phases: d 0 to 7, d 7 to 21, and d 21 to 35. In Exp. 1, there were no differences (P > 0.05) in ADG, ADFI, or G:F among the dietary treatments at any time during the study. In Exp. 2, throughout the study, pigs fed carbadox (diet 2) and sequence 1 (diet 5) diets had the greatest ADG (d 0 to 35; 262, 294, 257, 257, 292, and 261 g/d, diets 1 through 6, respectively; P < 0.05), greater ADFI than all other acid treatments (P < 0.05), and tended to have greater ADFI than diet 1 (P < 0.10). Fecal pH, Escherichia coli concentrations, and Salmonella presence were determined at d 6, 20, and 34 for Exp. 1, and on d 32 for Exp. 2. For both experiments, there was no effect of treatment on the presence of fecal Salmonella (P > 0.10) at any sampling time. In Exp. 1, fecal E. coli concentrations for pigs fed the carbadox (P < 0.05) diet were greater than for pigs fed the combination diet with 0.4% Acid LAC and 0.2% Kem-Gest on d 34, and the pigs fed the negative control diet tended (P < 0.10) to have greater fecal E. coli concentrations than those fed the combination diet on d 34. In Exp. 2, fecal pH of pigs fed sequence 1 tended to be greater than fecal pH of pigs fed diet 1, diet 4, or sequence 2 (P < 0.10), but there was no dietary effect on fecal E. coli. In Exp. 1, growth performance of pigs fed the Acid LAC and Kem-Gest diets was similar to each other and to that of the carbadox-fed pigs. Adding the combination of 0.4% Acid LAC and 0.2% Kem-Gest to nursery pig diets reduced ADFI and pig growth rate. In Exp. 2, pigs fed the acid sequence of Acid LAC-Kem-Gest had similar growth performance to pigs fed carbadox, and this novel dietary acid sequence may have merit as a replacement for antibiotics in the nursery phase. (+info)Effects of water and diet acidification with and without antibiotics on weanling pig growth and microbial shedding. (8/38)
Two 5-wk experiments were conducted to determine the effects of water and diet acidification with and without antibiotics on weanling pig growth performance and microbial shedding. In Exp. 1, 204 pigs (19.2 d of age) were used in a 3 x 2 factorial, with 3 dietary treatments fed with or without water acidification (2.58 mL/L of a propionic acid blend; KEM SAN, Kemin Americas, Des Moines, IA). Dietary treatments were: 1) control, 2) control + 55 ppm of carbadox (CB), and 3) dietary acid [DA; control + 0.4% organic acid-based blend (fumaric, lactate, citric, propionic, and benzoic acids; Kemin Americas)] on d 0 to 7 followed by 0.2% inorganic acid-based blend (phosphoric, fumaric, lactic, and citric acids; Kemin Americas) on d 7 to 34. In Exp. 2, 210 pigs (average 18.3 d of age) were fed 1 of 3 dietary treatments: 1) control, 2) control + 55 ppm of CB, and 3) control + 38.6 ppm of tiamulin + 441 ppm of chlortetracycline on d 0 to 7 followed by 110 ppm of chlortetracycline on d 7 to 35 (TC) with or without dietary acidification (same as Exp. 1) in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. For both experiments, the pigs were allotted based on genetics, sex, and initial BW [5.5 kg (Exp. 1) or 5.6 kg (Exp. 2)]. Pigs were housed at 6 or 7 (Exp. 1) and 7 (Exp. 2) pigs/pen. Treatments were fed in 3 phases: d 0 to 7, 7 to 21, and 21 to 35 (34 d, Exp. 1). Fecal grab samples were collected from 3 pigs/pen on d 6, 20, and 33 for measurement of pH and Escherichia coli. During phase 3 and overall in Exp. 1, pigs fed CB had greater (P < 0.001) ADG (overall ADG, 389 vs. 348, and 348 g/d, respectively), ADFI (P < 0.007, 608 vs. 559, and 554 g/d, respectively), and d 34 BW (P < 0.001, 18.8 vs. 17.3, and 17.3 kg, respectively) than pigs fed NC and DA. Phase 3 ADG was improved (P < 0.01) by water acidification across all diets. In Exp. 2, pigs fed CB and TC had greater ADG (P < 0.004; 315 and 303 vs. 270 g/d, respectively), ADFI (P < 0.01), and d 35 BW (P < 0.002; 16.7 and 16.2 vs. 15.1 kg, respectively) than pigs fed NC. There was a tendency (P < 0.08) for an improvement in ADG when DA was added to the NC or TC, but decreased ADG when DA was added to CB. (+info)
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Carbadox - Wikipedia
Carbadox is a veterinary drug that combats infection in swine, particularly swine dysentery. Carbadox is indicated for control ... The European Union also forbids the use of carbadox at any level. Australia forbids the use of carbadox in food producing ... Carbadox is approved in the United States only for use in swine and may not be used within 42 days of slaughter or used in ... In animal models, carbadox has been shown to be carcinogenic[citation needed] and to induce birth defects. The Food and Drug ...
Hypoaldosteronism in piglets induced by carbadox | SpringerLink
An exploratory study was made of the mechanisms underlying the toxic action of carbadox in young pigs: dehydration, loss of ... Administration of carbadox in the feed, in dosages of 150 ppm (approximately 6 mg·kg−1 b.wt·day−1) caused a rapid decline in ... Carbadox aldosterone adrenal damage zona glomerulosa electrolyte homeostasis pig This is a preview of subscription content, log ... An exploratory study was made of the mechanisms underlying the toxic action of carbadox in young pigs: dehydration, loss of ...
CARBADOX (addendum) (JECFA Food Additives Series 51)
See Also: Toxicological Abbreviations Carbadox (ICSC) Carbadox (WHO Food Additives Series 27) CARBADOX (JECFA Evaluation) ... No new experimental data on the metabolism of carbadox or on the genotoxicity or carcinogenicity of carbadox and its ... The author concluded that maternally toxic doses of carbadox caused embryo-toxicity and embryolethality. Carbadox was also ... CARBADOX (addendum). First draft prepared by. Professor Fritz R. Ungemach. Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, ...
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Browsing Publications by Subject "Carbadox"
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Phibro Animal Health Corp.; Carbadox in Medicated Swine Feed; Revocation of Approved Method
... is proposing an order to revoke the approved method for detecting residues of carbadox, a carcinogenic new animal drug used in ... B. History of Carbadox Approvals. Currently, there are three approved NADAs for use of carbadox in medicated swine feed, either ... B. The Current Approved Method for Carbadox That Measures QCA as the Marker Residue for Carbadox Is Inadequate. Under section ... When CVM approved the current regulatory method for carbadox in 1998, our understanding of carbadox metabolism, based on the ...
After Years of Debate, FDA Proposes to Withdraw Carbadox from Medicated Swine Feed
While the safety of carbadox continues to be debated, one thing is for sure: the process for Phibro to seek a hearing and the ... It has been known that carbadox was a carcinogen since before it was first approved in 1972. But, because FDA at that time ... In 1998, FDA again found that carbadox residues did not pose a risk to humans consuming pork products. However, based on the ... Phibro will continue to market the product and to vigorously defend [carbadox] based on more than 40 years of science and safe ...
A Convenient and Sensitive LC-MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Determination of Carbadox- and Olaquindox-Related Residues in Swine...
A Convenient and Sensitive LC-MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Determination of Carbadox- and Olaquindox-Related Residues in Swine ... 18] A. Merou, G. Kaklamanos, and G. Theodoridis, "Determination of carbadox and metabolites of carbadox and olaquindox in ... Carbadox (CBX) and olaquindox (OLQ) have been used as antimicrobial drugs in the feed of swine for growth promotion and the ... MLA style: "A Convenient and Sensitive LC-MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Determination of Carbadox- and Olaquindox-Related ...
Sorption and Related Properties of the Swine Antibiotic Carbadox and Associated N-Oxide Reduced Metabolites | ChemAxon
Sorption and Related Properties of the Swine Antibiotic Carbadox and Associated N-Oxide Reduced Metabolites. publication · 9 ... Carbadox (CBX) (methyl 3-[2-quinoxalinylmethylene]-carbazate N1, N4 dioxide) is a chemotherapeutic growth promoter and ... Therefore, it is likely that both OC and clay contribute significantly to sorption of carbadox and related metabolites by soils ...
Barrage of Chemicals Including Cocaine and Swine Antibiotic, Carbadox Found in Minnesota Waters
Examination of Carbadox genotoxicity in vitro and in vivo
Carbadox is the only drug for certain health problems in swine production. At the same time Carbadox is slowly metabolized. The ... Examination of Carbadox genotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Ispitivanje genotoksičnog efekta Carbadoxa in vitro i in vivo ... Due to its bactericidal activity Carbadox is used for treatment of swine dysentery and salmonellosis. Also, it can be used as a ... Carbadox je sintetsko organsko jedinjenje (Metil-3(2quinoksal-metilen) karbozat-N1-N4 dioksid) sa baktericidnim dejstvom koje ...
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CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21
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eCFR - Code of Federal Regulations
The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) annual edition is the codification of the general and permanent rules published in the Federal Register by the departments and agencies of the Federal Government produced by the Office of the Federal Register (OFR) and the Government Publishing Office.. Download the Code of Federal Regulations in XML.. Download the Electronic Code of Federal Regulations in XML.. Monthly Title and Part user viewing data for the e-CFR is available for download in CSV format.. Parallel Table of Authorities and Rules for the Code of Federal Regulations and the United States ...
Bacteriology/Mycology | Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory - University of Minnesota
Staff Publications
Fact Sheet: In-feed antibiotics
Purdue 2003 Swine Research Report
During Phase 2 of the study (d 7 to d 21), the ADG of pigs fed the carbadox diet was similar to the ADG of pigs fed the ... These results indicate that the acid blend diets have similar or may be even greater effects than carbadox in the control of E ... Pigs fed the crossover 1 diet and the carbadox diet had similar ADFI at this time period, and both of these treatments had ... The feed conversion efficiency of pigs fed the crossover 2 diet (P,.05) and the carbadox diet (P,.10) were better than pigs fed ...
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OlaquindoxResidues of carbadoxAlternative to carbadoxAntibioticMetabolitesCarcinogenic residuesVeterinaryInducesEnteritisSwine gutBacteriaMecadoxEscherichia558.115RevokeDeterminationPhibroPigs fedMicrobiomeDysenteryPorkRatsConcentrationsVivoColiVitroDoseDrugCommonlyConclusionWithdrawalControlFood produciLivestockAnimalsDaysAnimalResultsApprovalStudyEffectsEffectPotential
Olaquindox8
- A Convenient and Sensitive LC-MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Determination of Carbadox- and Olaquindox-Related Residues in Swine Muscle and Liver Tissues. (thefreelibrary.com)
- Carbadox (CBX) and olaquindox (OLQ) have been used as antimicrobial drugs in the feed of swine for growth promotion and the increased rate of weight gain and to control swine dysentery and bacterial enteritis in young swine [1]. (thefreelibrary.com)
- NEN-EN 17049 specifies a high performance liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the identification of tylosin, spiramycin, virginiamycin, carbadox and olaquindox in animal feeds. (nen.nl)
- The method is suitable for the identification of low concentrations of tylosin, spiramycin, virginiamycin, carbadox and olaquindox in compound animal feeds. (nen.nl)
- A limit of identification of 1 mg/kg for tylosin, spiramycin and virginiamycin, 4 mg/kg for carbadox and 3 mg/kg for olaquindox should be obtained by using the described method. (nen.nl)
- Carbadox and olaquindox are analysed as such. (nen.nl)
- Before that, the use of Olaquindox, Carbadox, Virginiamycin and Tylosinphosphate among others had already been banned since 1999. (allaboutfeed.net)
- 9. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the growth-promoting component is a conventional growth promoter selected from the group consisting of nitrovin, olaquindox, carbadox, and cyadox. (freepatentsonline.com)
Residues of carbadox3
- At the request of the Canadian Government, the Codex Committee on Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods placed carbadox on the list of priorities for the sixtieth meeting of the Expert Committee and asked it to review all relevant data on the toxicology and residues of carbadox and its metabolites in porcine tissues, including analytical methods for their detection that had been generated since the previous evaluation by JECFA. (inchem.org)
- The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM), is proposing an order to revoke the approved method for detecting residues of carbadox, a carcinogenic new animal drug used in swine feed. (federalregister.gov)
- The approved Mecadox label requires a 42-day withdrawal period pre-harvesting, and to date we have not seen any hazardous residues of carbadox being detected from pig meat treated in accordance with the approved label. (agri-pulse.com)
Alternative to carbadox2
- Oliver and Wells concluded that lysozyme is a suitable alternative to carbadox/copper sulphate diets fed to pigs weaned from the sow at 24 days of age. (thepigsite.com)
- One hundred sixty crossbred pigs (Duroc × (York × Landrace)) weaned at 18.8 d of age and weighing an average of 13.1 lb were used in a 35-day growth trial to evaluate Cordyceps mushroom powder as potential alternative to carbadox in nursery pig diets. (newprairiepress.org)
Antibiotic6
- Another common find was carbadox, an antibiotic approved for use only on swine. (aquarius-systems.com)
- This antibiotic was found in 28 percent of the lakes and the "perplexing" part is that many of the carbadox detections were nowhere near swine or other livestock facilities. (aquarius-systems.com)
- The In-Feed Antibiotic Carbadox Induces Phage Gene Transcription in the Swine Gut Microbiome. (nih.gov)
- Carbadox is an antibiotic not used in humans but frequently used on U.S. pig farms. (usda.gov)
- It is important to study possible side-effects of carbadox use because it has been shown to promote bacterial evolution, which could indirectly impact antibiotic resistance in bacteria of clinical importance. (usda.gov)
- Pigs in the negative control (NC) were fed a basal diet without ETEC challenge, whereas pigs in the positive control (PC), antibiotic, and probiotic groups were fed the basal diet, basal diet supplemented with 50 mg/kg of carbadox, or 500 mg/kg of Bacillus subtilis , respectively, and orally challenged with ETEC F18. (escholarship.org)
Metabolites4
- At that time, the Committee was not able to establish an ADI because carbadox and some of its metabolites (desoxycarbadox and hydrazine) were found to be genotoxic and carcinogenic in rodents. (inchem.org)
- In 1986, the Center for Science in the Public Interest filed a Citizen Petition asking FDA to withdraw the approval of carbadox due to concerns over carcinogenicity of specified metabolites of the drug. (fdalawblog.net)
- Therefore, it is likely that both OC and clay contribute significantly to sorption of carbadox and related metabolites by soils with relative contributions most dependent on clay type. (chemaxon.com)
- In colon digesta, differential metabolites including 2-monoolein, lactic acid, and maltose were reduced in the carbadox group compared with the probiotics group. (escholarship.org)
Carcinogenic residues2
- But, because FDA at that time believed that all carcinogenic residues from carbadox would not be detectable in swine tissue after a specified period of time (i.e., the withdrawal period), FDA approved carbadox under the DES Proviso to the Delaney Clause. (fdalawblog.net)
- The company "has failed to provide sufficient scientific data to demonstrate the safety of this drug given evidence that carbadox may result in carcinogenic residues," said Michael Taylor, FDA's deputy commissioner for foods and veterinary medicine. (agri-pulse.com)
Veterinary2
- Carbadox is a veterinary drug that combats infection in swine, particularly swine dysentery. (wikipedia.org)
- It concluded that use of carbadox according to good practice in veterinary medicine (no use in finisher pigs and a withdrawal period of at least 28 days) does not represent a dietary hazard to human health. (inchem.org)
Induces1
- Previous research from our research group has shown that carbadox induces phages in swine gut bacteria and in Salmonella Typhimurium, a foodborne pathogen. (usda.gov)
Enteritis2
- The quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide compound carbadox (methyl-3-[quinoxalinyl-methylene]carbazate- N 1 , N 4 -dioxide) is used in pigs as a growth-promoting agent for the improvement of weight gain and feed efficiency and as an antibacterial drug for prevention and control of dysentery and bacterial enteritis in pigs. (inchem.org)
- Carbadox was originally approved in the early 1970s for treatment of swine dysentery and bacterial swine enteritis, but the FDA said it has also been used for weight gain and feed efficiency. (agri-pulse.com)
Swine gut3
- Carbadox has both temporary and lasting effects on the swine gut microbiota. (usda.gov)
- In the current study, we analyzed whether carbadox caused changes in gene expression of the swine gut bacterial community and in the fecal phage diversity. (usda.gov)
- We investigated the in vivo effects of carbadox on swine gut bacterial gene expression via sequencing total fecal bacterial mRNA and phage populations via sequencing total fecal double-stranded DNA phages five days prior to and one, two and seven days following continual in-feed carbadox. (usda.gov)
Bacteria3
- The results showed that by two days after the initiation of carbadox in the feed, the bacteria in the carbadox-fed pigs were expressing different genes than the bacteria in the non-medicated pigs. (usda.gov)
- These differences showed that the bacteria in the carbadox-fed pigs were not multiplying or metabolizing carbohydrates as they normally would. (usda.gov)
- However, research suggests that carbadox inhibits bacteria by intercalating DNA and causing mutation in bacteria. (biomin.net)
Mecadox1
- The latter are exemplified by the trade names of Carbadox and Mecadox which were marketed by the drug company: Chas. (wikipedia.org)
Escherichia1
- R plasmid with carbadox resistance from Escherichia coli of porcine origin. (asm.org)
558.1151
- § 558.115 - Carbadox. (fda.gov)
Revoke1
- CVM is proposing to revoke the approved method for carbadox based on our determination that it is inadequate to monitor residue of carcinogenic concern in compliance with FDA's operational definition of no residue because there is no established relationship between QCA measured by the approved method and the residue of carcinogenic concern. (federalregister.gov)
Determination1
- Describes a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of the carbadox content in premixtures and animal feeding stuffs. (saiglobal.com)
Phibro1
- Phibro has submitted several new studies confirming safety of carbadox, which is used to control bacterial diseases in pigs. (feedstuffs.com)
Pigs fed3
- During Phase 2 of the study (d 7 to d 21), the ADG of pigs fed the carbadox diet was similar to the ADG of pigs fed the crossover 1 diet sequence. (purdue.edu)
- During Phase 4 of the study, pigs fed carbadox had greater ADG ( P P (newprairiepress.org)
- In summary, pigs fed 300 ppm mushroom powder or the step-down treatment showed comparable results to pigs fed carbadox. (newprairiepress.org)
Microbiome1
- however, the effects of carbadox on swine microbiome functions are poorly understood. (usda.gov)
Dysentery1
- Due to its bactericidal activity Carbadox is used for treatment of swine dysentery and salmonellosis. (ac.rs)
Pork2
- In 1998, FDA again found that carbadox residues did not pose a risk to humans consuming pork products. (fdalawblog.net)
- FDA said the cancer risk was based on an "assumed lifetime of consuming pork liver or other pork products containing carbadox residues. (agri-pulse.com)
Rats2
- In a three-generation study, with two litters per generation, Charles River C-D rats were given diets containing carbadox at concentrations providing a dose of 0, 1 or 2.5 mg/kg bw per day. (inchem.org)
- A study of the teratogenicity of carbadox in rats has been reported since the Committee s previous evaluation. (inchem.org)
Concentrations1
- All the examined concentrations of Carbadox significantly increased SCEs and consistently manifested a dose-dependent pattern. (ac.rs)
Vivo2
Coli1
- Metabolomic Profile of Weaned Pigs Challenged with E. coli and Supplemented with Carbadox or Bacillus subtilis . (escholarship.org)
Vitro1
- In vitro genotoxicity of different doses of Carbadox was examined on cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes. (ac.rs)
Dose1
- There was a positive correlation between the number of bone marrow cells with cytogenetic changes and the dose of Carbadox. (ac.rs)
Drug3
- Carbadox (CBX) (methyl 3-[2-quinoxalinylmethylene]-carbazate N1, N4 dioxide) is a chemotherapeutic growth promoter and antibacterial drug added to feed for starter pigs. (chemaxon.com)
- Carbadox is the only drug for certain health problems in swine production. (ac.rs)
- Carbadox is a known carcinogen, so removing this drug from the food supply is a victory for public health," the group said. (agri-pulse.com)
Commonly1
- In the United States (USA), carbadox is commonly used in the weaner phase to control enteric disease (colibacillosis). (biomin.net)
Conclusion1
- Second, and perhaps more interesting, is that FDA bases its proposed withdrawal on a conclusion that carbadox no longer can use the "DES Proviso" exception to the Delaney Clause. (fdalawblog.net)
Withdrawal1
- However, as of August 2018, FDA had indefinitely stayed its withdrawal of approval and carbadox remains available. (wikipedia.org)
Control2
- Administration of carbadox in the feed, in dosages of 150 ppm (approximately 6 mg·kg −1 b.wt·day −1 ) caused a rapid decline in the plasma aldosterone levels (to 10% of control) followed by significant changes in the sodium and potassium levels in blood. (springer.com)
- When comparing beta-diversity of bacterial FigFam annotations, the control and carbadox communities were distinct two days post carbadox introduction. (usda.gov)
Food produci2
- Australia forbids the use of carbadox in food producing animals. (wikipedia.org)
- Carbadox was banned for use in food-producing animals in the European Union in 1999 because of its genotoxic and carcinogenic properties and for the safety of workers. (inchem.org)
Livestock1
- In 2004, carbadox was banned by the Canadian government as a livestock feed additive and for human consumption. (wikipedia.org)
Animals3
- Carbadox is approved in the United States only for use in swine and may not be used within 42 days of slaughter or used in pregnant animals. (wikipedia.org)
- Experimental animals were intragastrically treated with three different doses of Carbadox. (ac.rs)
- Bacterial Whack-a-Mole: Reconsidering the Public Health Relevance of Using Carbadox in Food Animals. (nih.gov)
Days2
- Interestingly, these differences also showed that phages were being induced in the carbadox-fed pigs two days after carbadox initiation. (usda.gov)
- According to a 2012 report from the Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, more than 40 percent of nurseries used carbadox in feed for 23 days, on average. (agri-pulse.com)
Animal1
- In animal models, carbadox has been shown to be carcinogenic[citation needed] and to induce birth defects. (wikipedia.org)
Results1
- Our results indicate that with carbadox a functional and possibly reversible extirpation of the adrenal zona glomerulosa can be achieved in pigs. (springer.com)
Approval1
- However, based on the 2003 JECFA report and the published literature, FDA has reversed course, finding that the data no longer support a finding that carbadox meets the DES Proviso standard, and, therefore, the general prohibition against approval in the Delaney Clause applies. (fdalawblog.net)
Study1
- An exploratory study was made of the mechanisms underlying the toxic action of carbadox in young pigs: dehydration, loss of appetite and at autopsy seemingly specific and selective structural alterations of the glomerular zone of the adrenal cortex. (springer.com)
Effects1
- This effect was driven by carbadox-associated lower expression of FigFams (n equals 66) related to bacterial respiration, carbohydrate utilization, and RNA metabolism (q value less than 0.1), suggesting bacteriostatic or bactericidal effects within certain populations. (usda.gov)
Effect1
- It was concluded that carbadox had no effect on fertility, lactation or the neonate at doses up to 2.5 mg/kg bw per day. (inchem.org)
Potential1
- It could be concluded that Carbadox expressed potential genotoxicity, especially at the highest investigated doses. (ac.rs)