Capsid. Medical search

The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid.

Proteins that form the CAPSID of VIRUSES.

The assembly of VIRAL STRUCTURAL PROTEINS and nucleic acid (VIRAL DNA or VIRAL RNA) to form a VIRUS PARTICLE.

The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos.

Electron microscopy involving rapid freezing of the samples. The imaging of frozen-hydrated molecules and organelles permits the best possible resolution closest to the living state, free of chemical fixatives or stains.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A genus of the family PARVOVIRIDAE, subfamily PARVOVIRINAE, which are dependent on a coinfection with helper adenoviruses or herpesviruses for their efficient replication. The type species is Adeno-associated virus 2.

Viral proteins that are components of the mature assembled VIRUS PARTICLES. They may include nucleocapsid core proteins (gag proteins), enzymes packaged within the virus particle (pol proteins), and membrane components (env proteins). These do not include the proteins encoded in the VIRAL GENOME that are produced in infected cells but which are not packaged in the mature virus particle,i.e. the so called non-structural proteins (VIRAL NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS).

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.

Intracellular step that follows VIRUS INTERNALIZATION during which the viral nucleic acid and CAPSID are separated.

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

The type species of SIMPLEXVIRUS causing most forms of non-genital herpes simplex in humans. Primary infection occurs mainly in infants and young children and then the virus becomes latent in the dorsal root ganglion. It then is periodically reactivated throughout life causing mostly benign conditions.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

A species of the genus PARVOVIRUS and a host range variant of FELINE PANLEUKOPENIA VIRUS. It causes a highly infectious fulminating ENTERITIS in dogs producing high mortality. It is distinct from CANINE MINUTE VIRUS, a species in the genus BOCAVIRUS. This virus can also infect cats and mink.

Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.

A species of ENTEROVIRUS which is the causal agent of POLIOMYELITIS in humans. Three serotypes (strains) exist. Transmission is by the fecal-oral route, pharyngeal secretions, or mechanical vector (flies). Vaccines with both inactivated and live attenuated virus have proven effective in immunizing against the infection.

The folding of an organism's DNA molecule into a compact, orderly structure that fits within the limited space of a CELL or VIRUS PARTICLE.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

A species of the genus VESIVIRUS infecting cats. Transmission occurs via air and mechanical contact.

A genus of the family PARVOVIRIDAE, subfamily PARVOVIRINAE, infecting a variety of vertebrates including humans. Parvoviruses are responsible for a number of important diseases but also can be non-pathogenic in certain hosts. The type species is MINUTE VIRUS OF MICE.

A genus of owlet moths of the family Noctuidae. These insects are used in molecular biology studies during all stages of their life cycle.

Family of INSECT VIRUSES containing two subfamilies: Eubaculovirinae (occluded baculoviruses) and Nudibaculovirinae (nonoccluded baculoviruses). The Eubaculovirinae, which contain polyhedron-shaped inclusion bodies, have two genera: NUCLEOPOLYHEDROVIRUS and GRANULOVIRUS. Baculovirus vectors are used for expression of foreign genes in insects.

Viruses whose genetic material is RNA.

Virus diseases caused by CALICIVIRIDAE. They include HEPATITIS E; VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE; acute respiratory infections in felines, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and some cases of gastroenteritis in humans.

A genus in the family CALICIVIRIDAE, associated with epidemic GASTROENTERITIS in humans. The type species, NORWALK VIRUS, contains multiple strains.

The type species in the genus NOROVIRUS, first isolated in 1968 from the stools of school children in Norwalk, Ohio, who were suffering from GASTROENTERITIS. The virions are non-enveloped spherical particles containing a single protein. Multiple strains are named after the places where outbreaks have occurred.

A 17-KDa cytoplasmic PEPTIDYLPROLYL ISOMERASE involved in immunoregulation. It is a member of the cyclophilin family of proteins that binds to CYCLOSPORINE.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

A CELL LINE derived from the kidney of the African green (vervet) monkey, (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS) used primarily in virus replication studies and plaque assays.

DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.

A family of RNA viruses infecting a broad range of animals. Most individual species are restricted to their natural hosts. They possess a characteristic six-pointed starlike shape whose surfaces have cup-shaped (chalice) indentions. Transmission is by contaminated food, water, fomites, and occasionally aerosolization of secretions. Genera include LAGOVIRUS; NORWALK-LIKE VIRUSES; SAPPORO-LIKE VIRUSES; and VESIVIRUS.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

A family of unenveloped RNA viruses with cubic symmetry. The twelve genera include ORTHOREOVIRUS; ORBIVIRUS; COLTIVIRUS; ROTAVIRUS; Aquareovirus, Cypovirus, Phytoreovirus, Fijivirus, Seadornavirus, Idnoreovirus, Mycoreovirus, and Oryzavirus.

The type species of PARVOVIRUS prevalent in mouse colonies and found as a contaminant of many transplanted tumors or leukemias.

Virus infections caused by the PARVOVIRIDAE.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A family of very small DNA viruses containing a single molecule of single-stranded DNA and consisting of two subfamilies: PARVOVIRINAE and DENSOVIRINAE. They infect both vertebrates and invertebrates.

Proteins coded by the retroviral gag gene. The products are usually synthesized as protein precursors or POLYPROTEINS, which are then cleaved by viral proteases to yield the final products. Many of the final products are associated with the nucleoprotein core of the virion. gag is short for group-specific antigen.

A bacteriophage genus of the family LEVIVIRIDAE, whose viruses contain the short version of the genome and have a separate gene for cell lysis.

A family of small RNA viruses comprising some important pathogens of humans and animals. Transmission usually occurs mechanically. There are nine genera: APHTHOVIRUS; CARDIOVIRUS; ENTEROVIRUS; ERBOVIRUS; HEPATOVIRUS; KOBUVIRUS; PARECHOVIRUS; RHINOVIRUS; and TESCHOVIRUS.

A genus of tripartite plant viruses in the family BROMOVIRIDAE. Transmission is by beetles. Brome mosaic virus is the type species.

A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).

A protein-nucleic acid complex which forms part or all of a virion. It consists of a CAPSID plus enclosed nucleic acid. Depending on the virus, the nucleocapsid may correspond to a naked core or be surrounded by a membranous envelope.

A genus of the family PICORNAVIRIDAE infecting mainly cloven-hoofed animals. They cause vesicular lesions and upper respiratory tract infections. FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS is the type species.

The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).

Viruses whose hosts are bacterial cells.

A genus of potentially oncogenic viruses of the family POLYOMAVIRIDAE. These viruses are normally present in their natural hosts as latent infections. The virus is oncogenic in hosts different from the species of origin.

A genus of REOVIRIDAE, causing acute gastroenteritis in BIRDS and MAMMALS, including humans. Transmission is horizontal and by environmental contamination. Seven species (Rotaviruses A thru G) are recognized.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

A species of replication-competent oncogene-containing virus in the genus ALPHARETROVIRUS. It is the original source of the src oncogene (V-SRC GENES) and causes sarcoma in chickens.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response.

A species of BETARETROVIRUS isolated from mammary carcinoma in rhesus monkeys. It appears to have evolved from a recombination between a murine B oncovirus and a primate C oncovirus related to the baboon endogenous virus. Several serologically distinct strains exist. MPMV induces SIMIAN AIDS.

A species of ENTEROVIRUS infecting humans and containing 36 serotypes. It is comprised of all the echoviruses and a few coxsackieviruses, including all of those previously named coxsackievirus B.

The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.

Viruses infecting insects, the largest family being BACULOVIRIDAE.

The type species of ERYTHROVIRUS and the etiological agent of ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM, a disease most commonly seen in school-age children.

Electron microscopy in which the ELECTRONS or their reaction products that pass down through the specimen are imaged below the plane of the specimen.

The technique of washing tissue specimens with a concentrated solution of a heavy metal salt and letting it dry. The specimen will be covered with a very thin layer of the metal salt, being excluded in areas where an adsorbed macromolecule is present. The macromolecules allow electrons from the beam of an electron microscope to pass much more readily than the heavy metal; thus, a reversed or negative image of the molecule is created.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

A species of temperate bacteriophage in the genus P22-like viruses, family PODOVIRIDAE, that infects SALMONELLA species. The genome consists of double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant, and circularly permuted.

A family of RNA viruses infecting insects and fish. There are two genera: Alphanodavirus and Betanodavirus.

The type (and only) species of RUBIVIRUS causing acute infection in humans, primarily children and young adults. Humans are the only natural host. A live, attenuated vaccine is available for prophylaxis.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

A species in the genus LAGOVIRUS which causes hemorrhagic disease, including hemorrhagic septicemia, in rabbits.

The entering of cells by viruses following VIRUS ATTACHMENT. This is achieved by ENDOCYTOSIS, by direct MEMBRANE FUSION of the viral membrane with the CELL MEMBRANE, or by translocation of the whole virus across the cell membrane.

Release of a virus from the host cell following VIRUS ASSEMBLY and maturation. Egress can occur by host cell lysis, EXOCYTOSIS, or budding through the plasma membrane.

A species of PARVOVIRUS infecting cats with a highly contagious enteric disease. Host range variants include mink enteritis virus, canine parvovirus (PARVOVIRUS, CANINE), and raccoon parvovirus. After infecting their new hosts, many of these viruses have further evolved and are now considered distinct species.

A species of AVIBIRNAVIRUS causing severe inflammation of the bursa of Fabricius in chickens and other fowl. Transmission is thought to be through contaminated feed or water. Vaccines have been used with varying degrees of success.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.

A genus of PICORNAVIRIDAE inhabiting primarily the respiratory tract of mammalian hosts. It includes over 100 human serotypes associated with the COMMON COLD.

Proteins found mainly in icosahedral DNA and RNA viruses. They consist of proteins directly associated with the nucleic acid inside the NUCLEOCAPSID.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses infecting birds and most mammals, especially humans. They are grouped into multiple genera, but the viruses are highly host-species specific and tissue-restricted. They are commonly divided into hundreds of papillomavirus "types", each with specific gene function and gene control regions, despite sequence homology. Human papillomaviruses are found in the genera ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; BETAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; GAMMAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; and MUPAPILLOMAVIRUS.

Virulent bacteriophage and type species of the genus T4-like phages, in the family MYOVIRIDAE. It infects E. coli and is the best known of the T-even phages. Its virion contains linear double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant and circularly permuted.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Semi-synthetic complex derived from nucleic-acid free viral particles. They are essentially reconstituted viral coats, where the infectious nucleocapsid is replaced by a compound of choice. Virosomes retain their fusogenic activity and thus deliver the incorporated compound (antigens, drugs, genes) inside the target cell. They can be used for vaccines (VACCINES, VIROSOME), drug delivery, or gene transfer.

Products of viral oncogenes, most commonly retroviral oncogenes. They usually have transforming and often protein kinase activities.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape and arrangement of multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

The type species of ALPHAVIRUS normally transmitted to birds by CULEX mosquitoes in Egypt, South Africa, India, Malaya, the Philippines, and Australia. It may be associated with fever in humans. Serotypes (differing by less than 17% in nucleotide sequence) include Babanki, Kyzylagach, and Ockelbo viruses.

The transfer of bacterial DNA by phages from an infected bacterium to another bacterium. This also refers to the transfer of genes into eukaryotic cells by viruses. This naturally occurring process is routinely employed as a GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE.

A species of temperate bacteriophage in the genus P2-like viruses, family MYOVIRIDAE, which infects E. coli. It consists of linear double-stranded DNA with 19-base sticky ends.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Separation of particles according to density by employing a gradient of varying densities. At equilibrium each particle settles in the gradient at a point equal to its density. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A species of ORTHOREOVIRUS infecting mammals (other than baboons). There are four serotypes. In humans they are generally benign but may sometimes cause upper respiratory tract illness or enteritis in infants and children. MAMMALIAN ORTHOREOVIRUS 3 is a very pathogenic virus in laboratory rodents.

A genus of small, circular RNA viruses in the family ASTROVIRIDAE. They cause GASTROENTERITIS and are found in the stools of several vertebrates including humans. Transmission is by the fecal-oral route and there are at least eight human serotypes. The type species is Human astrovirus.

A species of VARICELLOVIRUS producing a respiratory infection (PSEUDORABIES) in swine, its natural host. It also produces an usually fatal ENCEPHALOMYELITIS in cattle, sheep, dogs, cats, foxes, and mink.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

The assembly of the QUATERNARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE of multimeric proteins (MULTIPROTEIN COMPLEXES) from their composite PROTEIN SUBUNITS.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Bacteriophage and type species in the genus Tectivirus, family TECTIVIRIDAE. They are specific for Gram-negative bacteria.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

A mitosporic fungal genus including both saprophytes and plant parasites.

A genus of the family CIRCOVIRIDAE that infects SWINE; PSITTACINES; and non-psittacine BIRDS. Species include Beak and feather disease virus causing a fatal disease in psittacine birds, and Porcine circovirus causing postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs (PORCINE POSTWEANING MULTISYSTEMIC WASTING SYNDROME).

The type species of the genus ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS which causes human HEPATITIS B and is also apparently a causal agent in human HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. The Dane particle is an intact hepatitis virion, named after its discoverer. Non-infectious spherical and tubular particles are also seen in the serum.

The binding of virus particles to receptors on the host cell surface. For enveloped viruses, the virion ligand is usually a surface glycoprotein as is the cellular receptor. For non-enveloped viruses, the virus CAPSID serves as the ligand.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

CAR-dependent and CAR-independent pathways of adenovirus vector-mediated gene transfer and expression in human fibroblasts. (1/5649)

Primary fibroblasts are not efficiently transduced by subgroup C adenovirus (Ad) vectors because they express low levels of the high-affinity Coxsackie virus and adenovirus receptor (CAR). In the present study, we have used primary human dermal fibroblasts as a model to explore strategies by which Ad vectors can be designed to enter cells deficient in CAR. Using an Ad vector expressing the human CAR cDNA (AdCAR) at high multiplicity of infection, primary fibroblasts were converted from being CAR deficient to CAR sufficient. Efficiency of subsequent gene transfer by standard Ad5-based vectors and Ad5-based vectors with alterations in penton and fiber was evaluated. Marked enhancement of binding and transgene expression by standard Ad5 vectors was achieved in CAR-sufficient fibroblasts. Expression by AdDeltaRGDbetagal, an Ad5-based vector lacking the arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) alphaV integrin recognition site from its penton base, was achieved in CAR-sufficient, but not CAR-deficient, cells. Fiber-altered Ad5-based vectors, including (a) AdF(pK7)betagal (bearing seven lysines on the end of fiber) (b) AdF(RGD)betagal (bearing a high-affinity RGD sequence on the end of fiber), and (c) AdF9sK betagal (bearing a short fiber and Ad9 knob), demonstrated enhanced gene transfer in CAR-deficient fibroblasts, with no further enhancement in CAR-sufficient fibroblasts. Together, these observations demonstrate that CAR deficiency on Ad targets can be circumvented either by supplying CAR or by modifying the Ad fiber to bind to other cell-surface receptors. (+info)

Maturation-induced conformational changes of HIV-1 capsid protein and identification of two high affinity sites for cyclophilins in the C-terminal domain. (2/5649)

Viral incorporation of cyclophilin A (CyPA) during the assembly of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) is crucial for efficient viral replication. CyPA binds to the previously identified Gly-Pro90 site of the capsid protein p24, but its role remained unclear. Here we report two new interaction sites between cyclophilins and p24. Both are located in the C-terminal domain of p24 around Gly-Pro157 and Gly-Pro224. Peptides corresponding to these regions showed higher affinities (Kd approximately 0.3 microM) for both CyPA and cyclophilin B than the best peptide derived from the Gly-Pro90 site ( approximately 8 microM) and thus revealed new sequence motifs flanking Gly-Pro that are important for tight interaction of peptide ligands with cyclophilins. Between CyPA and an immature (unprocessed) form of p24, a Kd of approximately 8 microM was measured, which corresponded with the Kd of the best of the Gly-Pro90 peptides, indicating an association via this site. Processing of immature p24 by the viral protease, yielding mature p24, elicited a conformational change in its C-terminal domain that was signaled by the covalently attached fluorescence label acrylodan. Consequently, CyPA and cyclophilin B bound with much higher affinities ( approximately 0.6 and 0.25 microM) to the new, i.e. maturation-generated sites. Since this domain is essential for p24 oligomerization and capsid cone formation, CyPA bound to the new sites might impair the regularity of the capsid cone and thus facilitate in vivo core disassembly after host infection. (+info)

Low temperature and pressure stability of picornaviruses: implications for virus uncoating. (3/5649)

The family Picornaviridae includes several viruses of great economic and medical importance. Poliovirus replicates in the human digestive tract, causing disease that may range in severity from a mild infection to a fatal paralysis. The human rhinovirus is the most important etiologic agent of the common cold in adults and children. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes one of the most economically important diseases in cattle. These viruses have in common a capsid structure composed of 60 copies of four different proteins, VP1 to VP4, and their 3D structures show similar general features. In this study we describe the differences in stability against high pressure and cold denaturation of these viruses. Both poliovirus and rhinovirus are stable to high pressure at room temperature, because pressures up to 2.4 kbar are not enough to promote viral disassembly and inactivation. Within the same pressure range, FMDV particles are dramatically affected by pressure, with a loss of infectivity of more than 4 log units observed. The dissociation of polio and rhino viruses can be observed only under pressure (2.4 kbar) at low temperatures in the presence of subdenaturing concentrations of urea (1-2 M). The pressure and low temperature data reveal clear differences in stability among the three picornaviruses, FMDV being the most sensitive, polio being the most resistant, and rhino having intermediate stability. Whereas rhino and poliovirus differ little in stability (less than 10 kcal/mol at 0 degrees C), the difference in free energy between these two viruses and FMDV was remarkable (more than 200 kcal/mol of particle). These differences are crucial to understanding the different factors that control the assembly and disassembly of the virus particles during their life cycle. The inactivation of these viruses by pressure (combined or not with low temperature) has potential as a method for producing vaccines. (+info)

Time-resolved fluorescence investigation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid protein: influence of the binding of nucleic acids. (4/5649)

Depending on the HIV-1 isolate, MN or BH10, the nucleocapsid protein, NCp7, corresponds to a 55- or 71-amino acid length product, respectively. The MN NCp7 contains a single Trp residue at position 37 in the distal zinc finger motif, and the BH10 NCp7 contains an additional Trp, at position 61 in the C-terminal chain. The time-resolved intensity decay parameters of the zinc-saturated BH10 NCp7 were determined and compared to those of single-Trp-containing derivatives. The fluorescence decay of BH10 NCp7 could be clearly represented as a linear combination (with respect to both lifetimes and fractional intensities) of the individual emitting Trp residues. This suggested the absence of interactions between the two Trp residues, a feature that was confirmed by molecular modeling and fluorescence energy transfer studies. In the presence of tRNAPhe, taken as a RNA model, the same conclusions hold true despite the large fluorescence decrease induced by the binding of tRNAPhe. Indeed, the fluorescence of Trp37 appears almost fully quenched, in keeping with a stacking of this residue with the bases of tRNAPhe. Despite the multiple binding sites in tRNAPhe, the large prevalence of ultrashort lifetimes, associated with the stacking of Trp37, suggests that this stacking constitutes a major feature in the binding process of NCp7 to nucleic acids. In contrast, Trp61 only stacked to a small extent with tRNAPhe. The behavior of this residue in the tRNAPhe-NCp7 complexes appeared to be rather heterogeneous, suggesting that it does not constitute a major determinant in the binding process. Finally, our data suggested that the binding of NCp7 proteins from the two HIV-1 strains to nonspecific nucleic acid sequences was largely similar. (+info)

The haplotype distribution of two genes of citrus tristeza virus is altered after host change or aphid transmission. (5/5649)

Genetic variability of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) was studied using the haplotypes detected by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of genes p18 and p20 in six virus populations of two origins. The Spanish group included a CTV isolate and subisolates obtained by graft-transmission to different host species. The other included two subisolates aphid-transmitted from a single Japanese isolate. The homozygosity observed for gene p20 was always significantly higher than that expected under neutral evolution, whereas only three populations showed high homozygosity for p18, suggesting stronger host constraints for p20 than for p18. Sequential transmissions of a Spanish isolate to new host species increased the difference between its population and that of the successive subisolates for gene p18, as estimated by the F statistic. Analysis of molecular variance indicated that variation between both groups of populations was not statistically significant, whereas variations between populations of the same group or within populations were significant for both genes studied. Our data indicate that selection affects the haplotype distribution and that adaptation to a new host can be as important or more as the geographical origin. Variation of the CTV populations after host change or aphid transmission may explain in part the wide biological variability observed among CTV isolates. (+info)

A new picornavirus isolated from bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus). (6/5649)

A previously unknown picornavirus was isolated from bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus). Electron microscopy images and sequence data of the prototype isolate, named Ljungan virus, showed that it is a picornavirus. The amino acid sequences of predicted Ljungan virus capsid proteins VP2 and VP3 were closely related to the human pathogen echovirus 22 (approximately 70% similarity). A partial 5' noncoding region sequence of Ljungan virus showed the highest degree of relatedness to cardioviruses. Two additional isolates were serologically and molecularly related to the prototype. (+info)

The cleavable carboxyl-terminus of the small coat protein of cowpea mosaic virus is involved in RNA encapsidation. (7/5649)

The site of cleavage of the small coat protein of cowpea mosaic virus has been precisely mapped and the proteolysis has been shown to result in the loss of 24 amino acids from the carboxyl-terminus of the protein. A series of premature termination and deletion mutants was constructed to investigate the role or roles of these carboxyl-terminal amino acids in the viral replication cycle. Mutants containing premature termination codons at or downstream of the cleavage site were viable but reverted to wild-type after a single passage through cowpea plants, indicating that the carboxyl-terminal amino acids are important. Mutants with the equivalent deletions were genetically stable and shown to be debilitated with respect to virus accumulation. The specific infectivity of preparations of a deletion mutant (DM4) lacking all 24 amino acids was 6-fold less than that of a wild-type preparation. This was shown to be a result of DM4 preparations containing a much increased percentage (73%) of empty (RNA-free) particles, a finding that implicates the cleavable carboxyl-terminal residues in the packaging of the virion RNAs. (+info)

Induction of autoantibodies to mouse CCR5 with recombinant papillomavirus particles. (8/5649)

The vertebrate immune system has evolved to respond vigorously to microbial infection but to ignore self-antigens. Evidence has emerged that B cell responses to viruses are initiated by immune recognition of ordered arrays of antigen on the viral surface. To test whether autoantibodies against a self-antigen can be induced by placing it in a context that mimics the ordered surface of a viral particle, a peptide representing an extracellular loop of the mouse chemokine receptor CCR5 was incorporated into an immunodominant site of the bovine papillomavirus virus L1 coat protein, which self-assembles into virus-like particles. Mice inoculated with chimeric L1-CCR5 particles generated autoantibodies that bound to native mouse CCR5, inhibited binding of its ligand RANTES, and blocked HIV-1 infection of an indicator cell line expressing a human-mouse CCR5 chimera. These results suggest a general method for inducing autoantibodies against self-antigens, with diverse potential basic research and clinical applications. (+info)

p41 (capsid protein)[edit]. The viral capsid protein CP, or p41, is a double jelly roll protein that assembles into an ... TBSV is an unenveloped icosahedral virus with a T=3 viral capsid composed of 180 subunits of a single capsid protein. Its ... The capsid of the tomato bushy stunt virus, with the three symmetrically distinct coat protein (p41) monomers colored in orange ... a capsid protein (called CP or p41), and two additional proteins, the RNA silencing suppressor p19 and movement protein p22.[4] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato_bushy_stunt_virus

Capsid (2018), published by HOME Publications Shonky: The Aesthetics of Awkwardness (2018), published by Hayward Publishing ... "John Walter, CAPSID". Retrieved 20 November 2018. "Shonky: The Aesthetics of Awkwardness". Retrieved 20 November 2018. "Coming ... visual culture and HIV through his multimedia project Alien Sex Club and the behaviour of viruses through his project CAPSID ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Walter_(artist)

His 2016 book Capsid: A Love Song won the POZ Award for best HIV writing (fiction/poetry) and was a finalist for a Lambda ... "Capsid: A Love Song". Los Angeles Review of Books. Retrieved 2018-06-06. Osmundson, Joseph. "Things Unsaid". Gawker. Retrieved ... Capsid: A Love Song (Indolent Books, 2016), ISBN 978-1-945023-03-3 INSIDE/OUT (Sibling Rivalry Press, 2018), ISBN 978-1-943977- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Osmundson

Dolja, Valerian V (2001). "Capsid-Less RNA Viruses". eLS. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0023269. ISBN 978-0470016176. ICTVdB ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endornaviridae

The capsid has two layers and is icosahedral. The two known cell surface proteins are A type and B type spikes. The capsid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji_disease_virus

... capsid protein, p24); SP1 (spacer peptide 1, p2); NC (nucleocapsid protein, p7); SP2 (spacer peptide 2, p1) and P6 protein. pol ... Each virion comprises a viral envelope and associated matrix enclosing a capsid, which itself encloses two copies of the single ... positive-sense single-stranded RNA enclosed by a conical capsid composed of the viral protein p24, typical of lentiviruses. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_and_genome_of_HIV

doi:10.1038/s41396-020-0638-y.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) Dolja, V. V.; Koonin, E. V. (2012). "Capsid-Less RNA ... They do not have structural proteins or a capsid. Narnaviruses have nonsegmented, linear, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narnavirus

The capsid protein is enveloped. The genomic arrangement is a linear (+)ssRNA. Its genomic segmentation is Monopartite (Flint ... The genome encodes 3 structural proteins (Capsid, prM, and Envelope) and 8 non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A ... Capsid, prM, and Envelope) and 8 non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5 and NS5B). The genomic RNA is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entebbe_bat_virus

The capsid contains three proteins; capsid protein VP1 is the primary component and self-assembles into a 360-unit outer capsid ... MPyV capsid protein VP1 binds to sialic acids of gangliosides GD1a and GT1b on the cell surface. The functions of VP2 and VP3 ... Capsid proteins, produced in the cytoplasm of the host cell, enter the nucleus as assembled capsomers consisting of pentameric ... The three genes in the late region express the three capsid proteins VP1, VP2, and VP3. Between the early and late regions is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murine_polyomavirus

The capsid has two layers. The outer layer is a protein structure of 240 capsid proteins trimers, and the inner one is a ... mobile arms and membrane-capsid interactions in the bacteriophage PRD1 capsid". Nature Structural Biology. 9 (10): 756-63. doi: ... Capsid proteins polymerize around a lipoprotein vesicle translocated in the cytoplasm by virion assembly factors. Mature virons ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectivirus

The isometric capsid has a diameter of 35-39 nm. Capsids appear round to hexagonal in outline. The capsid surface structure ... Virions consist of a capsid. Virus capsid is not enveloped, round with icosahedral symmetry. ... Capsid with 32 cup-shaped depressions. Under in vitro conditions, virions are inactivated in acid environment of pH 3-5. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicular_exanthema_of_swine_virus

Virus capsid is non-enveloped, and are round with icosahedral symmetry and triangulation number T=3. The isometric capsid has a ... Viral structural protein: Capsid protein has a molar mass of 58000-60000 Da; is the coat protein. Capsid protein has a ... Empty virions have diameter of 23 nm, with triangulation number T=1. The capsid surface structure reveals a regular pattern ... "Calicivirus isolate Geel 2008/Belgium non-structural polyprotein gene, partial cds; and capsid protein precursor and small ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesivirus

Its capsid shells are multilayered. The capsid is round to elongate with icosahedral symmetry and the virus is composed of 16% ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petuvirus

The virion has a capsid (coat protein) but no envelope. The icosahedral symmetry of the capsid is round to elongated. The range ... The capsid protein remains attached to the coat protein binding site (CPB) at the 3'- end of the RNAs. The initiation factors ... The capsid dissociates from CPB. CPB undergoes a conformational change into TLS (tRNA-like structure). P1/P2 bind to the minus ... RNA 4 encodes the capsid. Beside encapsidation and its role in movement the viral coat protein also plays a role in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfalfa_mosaic_virus

The pgRNA is inserted into an assembled viral capsid containing the viral polymerase. Inside this capsid the genome is ... These envelope proteins can assemble independently of the viral capsid and genome into non-infectious virus-like particles that ... the core capsid protein, the viral polymerase, surface antigens-preS1, preS2, and S, the X protein and HBeAg. The X protein is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepadnaviridae

The virus-like particle contains 180 subunits of the capsid protein, and each capsid protein (CP) shows three major domains: (i ... The average diameter of the viral capsid is only 37 nm. Its RNA strand is split in two sections RNA1 and RNA2 that together ... Mechanisms of Capsid Assembly and Viral Infection. PLoS Pathogens 11(10), e1005203. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betanodavirus

Genomes are circular and segmented, composed of multiple segments of double-stranded, superhelical DNA packaged in capsid ... Following integration, the genes responsible for virus replication and the capsids were (eventually) no longer included in the ... In this scenario, the PDV structural proteins (capsids) were probably "borrowed" from existing viruses. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydnavirus

Electron micrograph of two Human gammaherpesvirus 4 virions (viral particles) showing round capsids loosely surrounded by the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaherpesvirinae

Capsid. Genomic arrangement. Genomic segmentation Avibirnavirus. Icosahedral. T=13. Non-enveloped. Linear. Segmented ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birnaviridae

The capsid itself has been measured to be approximately 90-110 nm in diameter and expresses T=16 icosahedral symmetry. The ... The entire capsid contains 162 capsomeres. Other viruses within the family Alloherpesviridae have been shown to have spherical ... The steps to this method of replication (excluding the aforementioned process of cell entry) are as follow: The capsid is ... which are involved in the formation and structure of the capsid. These late proteins are transported back into the nucleus. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranid_herpesvirus_1

The virus capsid is not enveloped. Capsid / nucleocapsid is elongated with helical symmetry. The capsid is filamentous, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagus_virus_1

Rader, AJ; Vlad, Daniel; Bahar, Ivet (2005). "Maturation Dynamics of Bacteriophage HK97 Capsid". Structure. 13 (3): 413-21. doi ... to large macromolecular assemblies such as a ribosome or a viral capsid. Protein domain dynamics plays key roles in a multitude ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_network_model

VP1 is the 51kd capsid protein; in addition to its structural function, it also contains motifs for rolling circle replication ... They are nonenveloped and have an icosahedral capsid with T=1 symmetry. The unique, single protein, trumpet-shaped capsomeres ... of Gyrovirus are arranged into 12 pentomers yielding a capsid 60 units in size. The genome is circular, non-segmented, and 2290 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrovirus

Modis Y, Trus BL, Harrison SC (September 2002). "Atomic model of the papillomavirus capsid". EMBO J. 21 (18): 4754-62. doi: ... including the capsid of human papillomavirus, the envelope of dengue virus, and several components of HIV. He has also turned ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_C._Harrison

The capsid is formed of the L1 and L2 structural proteins, with the L1 C-terminus exposed. All BPVs have a circular double- ... ISBN 978-1-904455-04-2. Modis Y, Trus BL, Harrison SC (2002). "Atomic model of the papillomavirus capsid". EMBO J. 21 (18): ... Like other papillomaviruses, BPVs are small non-enveloped viruses with an icosahedral capsid around 50-60 nm in diameter. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovine_papillomavirus

Virus capsid is not enveloped, round with T=3 icosahedral symmetry. The isometric capsid has a diameter of 35-39 nm. Particles ... Viral structural protein: Capsid protein has a molar mass of 59000-71000 Da; is the coat protein. Capsid protein has a ... Capsids appear round to hexagonal in outline. The capsid surface structure reveals a regular pattern with distinctive features ... 3 Capsid Protein Leads to Larger T=4 Capsids" (PDF). Journal of Virology. 86 (12): 6470-6480. doi:10.1128/JVI.07050-11. PMC ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagovirus

While DNA is being packaged into the capsid, the capsid expands by nearly 5 nm and changes from spherical to icosahedral in ... which is the precursor to the mature capsid. A scaffolding protein is not required for capsid assembly. However, studies on the ... The major capsid protein of HK97, called gp5, cross-links upon maturation to form a chain-mail like structure. ... Oh B, Moyer CL, Hendrix RW, Duda RL (2014). "The delta domain of the HK97 major capsid protein is essential for assembly". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_virus_HK97

The capsid appears hexagonal, but its icosahedral symmetry is imperfect, due to the presence of the "stargate", at a single ... The Megavirus particle exhibits a protein capsid diameter of 440 nanometres (as seen by electron microscopy on thin sections of ... it had the largest capsid diameter of all known viruses, as well as the largest and most complex genome among all known viruses ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megavirus

This fusion creates a pore through which the viral capsid enters the cell.[13] Following entry into the cell the RNA of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_and_development_of_HIV-protease_inhibitors

The capsid is constructed of 32 capsomers. The genome is linear, positive sense, bipartite (composed of two segments - RNA1 and ... RNA2 encodes protein α, a viral capsid protein precursor, which is auto-cleaved into two mature proteins, a 38 kDa β protein ... The virus is not enveloped and has an icosahedral capsid (triangulation number = 3) ranging from 29 to 35 nm in diameter. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodaviridae

CAPSID. Computational Algorithms for Protein Structures and Interactions. Département 5 : Systèmes complexes, intelligence ... The Capsid team develops algorithms and software to help study biological systems and phenomena from a structural point of view ...

https://www.loria.fr/fr/la-recherche/les-equipes/capsid/

The proteins making up the capsid are called capsid proteins or viral coat proteins (VCP). The capsid and inner genome is ... rotavirus and bacteriophage φ6 have capsids built of 120 copies of capsid protein, corresponding to a "T=2" capsid, or arguably ... The capsid faces may consist of one or more proteins. For example, the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid has faces consisting ... Capsids are broadly classified according to their structure. The majority of the viruses have capsids with either helical or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsid

The core section of HIV that contains the genetic information (two single strands of RNA) and three enzymes needed for HIV to replicate.

https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-aids/glossary/171/capsid

p24 is a component of the HIV particle capsid. There are approximately 2000 molecules per virus particle, or at a molecule ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P24_capsid_protein

Short name: Virus_capsid_a-hlx_vir Description. The capsid of spherical viruses is built from a limited number of proteins and ... The major capsid protein VP6 self-assembles into spherical or helical particles mainly depending upon pH. VP6 assemblies arise ... Atomic structure of the major capsid protein of rotavirus: implications for the architecture of the virion.. EMBO J. 20 1485-97 ... The proteins forming the capsid are VP2 (internal layer, with triangulation T = 1 and an asymmetric dimer in the icosahedral ...

http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR008935

PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2078414?dopt=Abstract

The viral capsid of Picornaviruses is composed of 60 icosahedral copies of four capsid proteins, VP1, VP2, VP3 and VP4, ... Capsid protein VP4 superfamily, Picornavirus (IPR037080). Short name: Capsid_VP4_sf_Picornavirus ... The three major capsid proteins have a conserved beta-barrel fold, while VP4 has little regular secondary structure. The ... VP4 lies on the inner surface of the protein shell formed by the major capsid proteins, VP1, VP2 and VP3. ...

http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR037080

... R. Kerner LPTL, Université Paris-VI-CNRS UMR 7600, Tour 24, 4-ème, Boite 121, ... A model of growth of icosahedral capsids is proposed. It is similar to the stochastic model of fullerene growth, but takes into ... We show that the observed high yield of capsid production implies a high level of self-organization of the elementary building ... account variations in the composition of pentamers and hexamers that are responsible for the final capsid size. ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/cmmm/2005/380640/abs/

Viral protein that forms an icosahedral capsid with a T=25 symmetry to protect the viral genome. The T=25 capsid is composed of ...

http://www.uniprot.org/keywords/KW-1148

capsid protein. A, B. 112. Japanese encephalitis virus strain SA-14. Mutation(s): 0 EC: 3.4.21.91 (UniProt), 3.6.1.15 (UniProt ... and compare it to other flavivirus capsid proteins. The JEV capsid has a helical secondary structure (α helixes 1-4) and a ... Crystal Structure of the Japanese Encephalitis Virus Capsid Protein.. Poonsiri, T., Wright, G.S.A., Solomon, T., Antonyuk, S.V. ... This is the first JEV capsid protein to be described and is an addition to the structural biology of the Flavivirus. ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/5OW2

Here, we examine that question with respect to viral capsid assembly by studying the pathway complexity of model capsid ... Pathway Complexity of Model Virus Capsid Assembly Systems. Navodit Misra,1 Daniel Lees,2 Tiequan Zhang,3 and Russell Schwartz3 ... which allow us to precisely and deterministically compare the accuracy of capsid models under different degrees of ... information in support of a common conclusion that the ability of simple pathway models to adequately explain capsid assembly ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/cmmm/2008/724189/abs/

Capsid protein. C [auth A], D [auth B], E [auth C], F [auth D], A [auth E], B [auth H]. 262. Hepatitis B virus duck/DHBV-16. ... Slowly folding surface extension in the prototypic avian hepatitis B virus capsid governs stability.. Makbul, C., Nassal, M., ... Most basics of the hepadnaviral life-cycle were unraveled using duck HBV (DHBV) as a model although DHBV has a capsid protein ( ... Most basics of the hepadnaviral life-cycle were unraveled using duck HBV (DHBV) as a model although DHBV has a capsid protein ( ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/6YGH

The capsid is composed of 72 pentamers linked to each other by disulfide bonds and associated with VP2 or VP3 proteins. ... Forms an icosahedral capsid with a T=7 symmetry and a 40 nm diameter. ... Forms an icosahedral capsid with a T=7 symmetry and a 40 nm diameter. The capsid is composed of 72 pentamers linked to each ... Capsid protein, Host nucleus, T=7 icosahedral capsid protein, Virion. ,p>This section describes post-translational ...

http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P03089

... ,ARUP Laboratories is a national reference laboratory and a worldwide leader in ...

http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-products/EBV-Antibody-To-Viral-Capsid-Antigen--IgM-22586-1/

On one hand, the particles of PTA salt are able to enter the grooves of the virus capsid in C. On the other hand, only the ... 2011) Poliovirus RNA is released from the capsid near a twofold symmetry axis. J Virol 85(2):776-783. ... The covalent binding of clusters creates more robust tags on the virus capsid compared with many other currently used markers ... Site-specific targeting of enterovirus capsid by functionalized monodisperse gold nanoclusters Message Subject (Your Name) has ...

http://www.pnas.org/content/111/4/1277

The N-terminal sequences of the capsid proteins were compared with the nucleotide sequence of the capsid open reading frame. ... Cloning and sequencing of the TaV capsid gene identified an open reading frame that could potentially encode a capsid precursor ... A novel capsid expression strategy for Thosea asigna virus (Tetraviridae).. Pringle FM1, Gordon KH, Hanzlik TN, Kalmakoff J, ... The capsid gene of TaV is carried on both the genomic and subgenomic RNA molecules, while the RNA polymerase gene is present ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10423156?dopt=Abstract

dsRNA mycovirus capsids are based on a 120-subunit T = 1 capsid, with a dimer as the asymmetric unit. These capsids, which ... Within the capsid, fungal dsRNA viruses show a low degree of genome compaction compared to reoviruses, and contain one to two ... Mycovirus capsid proteins (CP) share a conserved α-helical domain, although the latter may carry different peptides inserted at ... The atomic structure of the T = 1 capsids of four mycoviruses was resolved: the L-A virus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScV-L-A ...

https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/10/9/481

Bacteriophage capsids: Tough nanoshells with complex elastic properties. I. L. Ivanovska, P. J. de Pablo, B. Ibarra, G. Sgalari ... Bacteriophage capsids: Tough nanoshells with complex elastic properties. I. L. Ivanovska, P. J. de Pablo, B. Ibarra, G. Sgalari ... Bacteriophage capsids: Tough nanoshells with complex elastic properties. I. L. Ivanovska, P. J. de Pablo, B. Ibarra, G. Sgalari ... Bacteriophage capsids: Tough nanoshells with complex elastic properties Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a message from ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/101/20/7600.abstract

Royalty free 3D model Human Parvovirus B19 Capsid for download as ma, obj, and fbx on TurboSquid: 3D models for games, ... Human Parvovirus B19 virus capsid viral organism microscopic micro cell anatomy microbiology bio biology germ science protein ... In MAYA ver., whole capsid was built from instances of one capsomere unit, makes the file very small, fast, and easy to use.. ... Scientifically accurate 3D structure of Human Parvovirus B19 capsid based on PDB : 3J6R.. Atom surface style and protein ribbon ...

https://www.turbosquid.com/FullPreview/Index.cfm/ID/1361093

An in-frame restriction site linker was inserted across the capsid coding domain of a recombinant plasmid. A … ... Insertional mutagenesis of AAV2 capsid and the production of recombinant virus Virology. 1999 Dec 20;265(2):274-85. doi: ... Three classes of capsid mutants where identified. Class I mutants expressed structural proteins but were defective in virion ... In summary, the AAV capsid variants described here will facilitate further study of virus assembly, entry, and infection, as ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10600599/?dopt=Abstract

The capsid has become an attractive target for the development of new antiretroviral drugs. The report appears as the cover ... Researchers report that they have determined the precise chemical structure of the HIV capsid, a protein shell that protects ...

https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=128200

To understand capsid assembly and capsid-tegument interactions, here we report atomic structures of HHV-6B capsid and capsid- ... Compared to other β-herpesviruses, HHV-6B exhibits high similarity in capsid structure but organizational differences in its ... To understand capsid assembly and capsid-tegument interactions, here we report atomic structures of HHV-6B capsid and capsid- ... Zhang, Y., Liu, W., Li, Z. et al. Atomic structure of the human herpesvirus 6B capsid and capsid-associated tegument complexes ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-13064-x?error=cookies_not_supported&code=7da67b0b-8fad-4801-8811-dc970bd48f4e

Krupovic, M. & Koonin, E. V. Multiple origins of viral capsid proteins from cellular ancestors. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, ... Bacteriophage P23-77 capsid protein structures reveal the archetype of an ancient branch from a major virus lineage. Structure ... Origin of viruses: primordial replicators recruiting capsids from hosts. *Mart Krupovic. ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5486-00981 ... Viral capsid proteins are segregated in structural fold space. PLOS Comput. Biol. 9, e1002905 (2013). ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-019-0205-6?error=cookies_not_supported&code=8e2f6b5e-cace-42b6-b6b7-c74c2af03cd7

Rabbit polyclonal DCV capsid polyprotein antibody validated for WB, ELISA, ICC. Referenced in 1 publication and 1 independent ... DCV capsid polyprotein (DCVgp2) includes rhv_like or Picornavirus capsid protein domain_like and CRPV_capsid domains. ... The predicted MW of the capsid polyprotein is around 100kDa. But, after infection of DCV to cells, the polyprotein is cleaved ... Picornaviruses are non-enveloped plus-strand ssRNA animal viruses with icosahedral capsids composed of 60 copies each of 4 ...

http://www.abcam.com/dcv-capsid-polyprotein-antibody-ab92954.html

Phage capsid against influenza: perfectly fitting inhibitor prevents viral infection. A new approach brings the hope of new ... Perfectly fitting binding sites cause influenza viruses to be enveloped by the phage capsids in such a way that it is ... Phage capsid nanoparticles with defined ligand arrangement block influenza virus entry. Nature Nanotechnology DOI 10.1038/s4156 ... researchers from Berlin have developed a chemically modified phage capsid that "stifles" influenza viruses. ...

https://www.hu-berlin.de/en/press-portal/nachrichten-en/march-2020/nr-20330

Components of the Reovirus Capsid Differentially Contribute to Stability Nonenveloped and enveloped viruses are exposed to the ... The μ1 and σ3 proteins form the outer capsid; contacts between neighboring subunits are thought to confer resistance to ...

https://jvi.asm.org/keyword/capsid-stability

Alternative In Vitro Methods for the Determination of Viral Capsid Structural Integrity, Combined Genetic and Chemical Capsid ... Video articles in JoVE about capsid include Viral Structure, ... Some viruses have capsids that are enclosed by an envelope of ... The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the ... Many criteria are used to classify viruses, including capsid design. Most viruses have icosahedral or helical capsids, although ...

https://www.jove.com/search?q=capsid&page=1

Increasing Type 1 Poliovirus Capsid Stability by Thermal Selection Oluwapelumi O. Adeyemi, Clare Nicol, Nicola J. Stonehouse, ... Parvovirus Capsid Structures Required for Infection: Mutations Controlling Receptor Recognition and Protease Cleavages Heather ... Alternative Polyadenylation of Human Bocavirus at Its 3′ End Is Regulated by Multiple Elements and Affects Capsid Expression ... Adeno-associated Virus (AAV) Assembly-Activating Protein Is Not an Essential Requirement for Capsid Assembly of AAV Serotypes 4 ...

https://jvi.asm.org/keyword/capsid-proteins?page=2

Buy our Recombinant Major capsid protein P39 (Tagged). Ab236194 is a full length protein produced in Escherichia coli and has ...

https://www.abcam.com/recombinant-major-capsid-protein-p39-tagged-ab236194.html

We showed that the intact virion and a recombinant capsid protein (CaP) from a plant-infecting nonenveloped icosahedral RNA ...

https://www.apsnet.org/publications/mpmi/2011/January/Pages/24_1_25.aspx

The proteins making up the capsid are called capsid proteins or viral coat proteins (VCP). (wikipedia.org)
The capsid faces may consist of one or more proteins. (wikipedia.org)
For example, the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid has faces consisting of three proteins named VP1-3. (wikipedia.org)
In some viruses, including those with helical capsids and especially those with RNA genomes, the capsid proteins co-assemble with their genomes. (wikipedia.org)
In other viruses, especially more complex viruses with double-stranded DNA genomes, the capsid proteins assemble into empty precursor procapsids that includes a specialized portal structure at one vertex. (wikipedia.org)
The capsid of spherical viruses is built from a limited number of proteins and often displays icosahedral symmetry. (ebi.ac.uk)
The proteins forming the capsid are VP2 (internal layer, with triangulation T = 1 and an asymmetric dimer in the icosahedral repeating unit), VP6 (intermediate layer, T = 13 symmetry), VP7 (external layer, T = 13) and VP4, which forms a spike inserted in the outermost two layers. (ebi.ac.uk)
Extensive antigenic mimicry by retrovirus capsid proteins. (nih.gov)
The viral capsid of Picornaviruses is composed of 60 icosahedral copies of four capsid proteins, VP1, VP2, VP3 and VP4, enclosing the viral positive-strand RNA genome. (ebi.ac.uk)
VP4 lies on the inner surface of the protein shell formed by the major capsid proteins, VP1, VP2 and VP3. (ebi.ac.uk)
The three major capsid proteins have a conserved beta-barrel fold, while VP4 has little regular secondary structure. (ebi.ac.uk)
The organisation of the three major capsid proteins leads to surface depressions, or pits, thought to be involved in receptor binding, while the variable outer rim is involved in antibody recognition. (ebi.ac.uk)
Here we present the crystal structure of the JEV capsid protein, a potential drug target, at 1.98 Å, and compare it to other flavivirus capsid proteins. (rcsb.org)
The JEV capsid has a helical secondary structure (α helixes 1-4) and a similar protein fold to the dengue virus (DENV), the West Nile virus (WNV), and the Zika virus (ZIKV) capsid proteins. (rcsb.org)
Water-soluble Au 102 ( para -mercaptobenzoic acid) 44 clusters, functionalized by maleimide linkers to target cysteines of viral capsid proteins, were synthesized and conjugated to enteroviruses echovirus 1 and coxsackievirus B3. (pnas.org)
TaV particles have a buoyant density of 1.296 g/cm3 in CsCl and consist of two capsid proteins of 56 and 6 kDa. (nih.gov)
The N-terminal sequences of the capsid proteins were compared with the nucleotide sequence of the capsid open reading frame. (nih.gov)
The sequences indicate that the pre-protein is cleaved at two positions to produce the 56 and 6 kDa capsid proteins as well as a predicted third protein that was not detected in the mature virion. (nih.gov)
Phylogenetic analysis of the capsid proteins indicated that TaV is more closely related to NbetaV than to the Nudaurelia omega-like viruses. (nih.gov)
These capsids show structural variations of the same framework, with 60 asymmetric or symmetric homodimers for ScV-L-A and PsV-F, respectively, monomers with a duplicated similar domain for PcV, and heterodimers of two different proteins for RnQV1. (mdpi.com)
Mycovirus capsid proteins (CP) share a conserved α-helical domain, although the latter may carry different peptides inserted at preferential hotspots. (mdpi.com)
Infectivity of these mutants ranged from 5 to 100% of that of the wild-type, demonstrating for the first time the ability to alter capsid proteins without interfering with infectivity. (nih.gov)
Our results offer insights into HHV-6B capsid assembly and the roles of its tegument proteins, including not only the β-herpesvirus-specific pU11 and pU14, but also those conserved across all subfamilies of Herpesviridae . (nature.com)
We have derived atomic models for a total of 59 conformers of the four capsid proteins and one tegument protein of HHV-6B. (nature.com)
Picornaviruses are non-enveloped plus-strand ssRNA animal viruses with icosahedral capsids composed of 60 copies each of 4 virus encoded proteins. (abcam.com)
The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. (jove.com)
Some viruses have capsids that are enclosed by an envelope of lipids and proteins outside of the capsid. (jove.com)
The main idea behind this selection is to end with a set of structures which could represents as much as possible the different conformations that the ligands could face off when they will interact with the capsid proteins in the cell. (scripps.edu)
In the strain UCD 67-385, these both proteins were identified as viral capsid protein (CP), allow to confirm the gag predicted ORFs in XdV-L1A, XdV-L1B, and XdV-L2, with CPs of 76.6, 76.2, and 38.8 kDa, respectively. (springer.com)
Dai and Zhou used electron microscopy to determine a high-resolution structure of the HSV-1 capsid bound to the tegument proteins that occupy the space between the capsid and the nuclear envelope. (sciencemag.org)
By using cryo-electron microscopy, we obtained an atomic model of the HSV-1 capsid with CATC, comprising multiple conformers of the capsid proteins VP5, VP19c, VP23, and VP26 and tegument proteins pUL17, pUL25, and pUL36. (sciencemag.org)
The single C-terminal helix of pUL36 resolved in the CATC links the capsid to the outer tegument and envelope: As the largest tegument protein in all herpesviruses and essential for virion formation, pUL36 has been shown to interact extensively with other tegument proteins, which in turn interact with envelope glycoproteins. (sciencemag.org)
The HIV-1 Gag consists of four domains-matrix (MA), capsid (CA), nucleocapsid (NC) and p6-and two short peptides, SP1 and SP2, that are cleaved into distinct proteins by the viral protease during maturation. (springer.com)
Bluetongue virus outer capsid proteins are sufficient to trigger apoptosis in mammalian cells. (semanticscholar.org)
In vitro recoating of reovirus cores with baculovirus-expressed outer-capsid proteins mu1 and sigma3. (semanticscholar.org)
Immature or B capsids of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) are composed of seven proteins encoded by six viral genes. (semanticscholar.org)
These modifications were achieved by chemical coupling of a ligand by the formation of a thiourea functionality between the amino group of the capsid proteins and the reactive isothiocyanate motif incorporated into the ligand. (rsc.org)
Gilead's tool compound, GS-CA1 (light green, right), binds between two capsid proteins in the pinwheel-like hexamer. (acs.org)
But when Gilead began the project, not much was known about the capsid, which is made up of 1,500 capsid proteins that organize themselves into hexamers and pentamers to form an eggplant-shaped shell. (acs.org)
A major focus has been on the use of systems that express the structural proteins of the virus that self-assemble to generate "empty capsid" particles which share many features with the intact virus but lack the ribonucleic acid genome and are therefore non-infectious. (dovepress.com)
Furthermore, capitalizing on the derived sequence requirements for capsid-encoded protease cleavage sites, we implement a bioinformatic approach for identifying novel host proteins targeted by viral proteases. (elifesciences.org)
The capsid also helps the virus to infect host cells by binding to the host receptor proteins and releasing its genetic material. (elifesciences.org)
Viral capsids are the main target of the host's defence system, and therefore, continuously change in an attempt to escape the immune system by introducing alterations (known as mutations) into the genes encoding viral capsid proteins. (elifesciences.org)
The analysis also identified specific amino acid sequences of capsid proteins that are essential for certain tasks, such as building the capsid. (elifesciences.org)
It also included an analysis of sequences in the capsid that allow it to be recognized by another viral protein, which cuts the capsid proteins into the right size from a larger precursor. (elifesciences.org)
For example, proteins of the capsid that are less likely to mutate will provide a better target as they lower the possibility of the virus to become resistant to the treatment. (elifesciences.org)
As a result, viral capsids show the highest evolutionary rates among viral proteins. (elifesciences.org)
Pre-clinical immunogenicity of human papillomavirus alpha-7 and alpha-9 major capsid proteins. (nih.gov)
Phylogenetic relationship between the major capsid proteins of the Alpha-7 and Alpha-9 genotypes. (nih.gov)
A) Amino acid sequences of the L1 major capsid proteins representing both VLP and pseudoviruses of the Alpha-7 (HPV18, HPV39, HPV45, HPV59, HPV68) and Alpha-9 (HPV16, HPV31, HPV33, HPV35, HPV52, HPV58) genotypes and the control BPV [20]. (nih.gov)
This communication describes the in vitro assembly of genetically recombinant Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) viral capsid proteins (CPs) into biological nanotubes, several micrometres long yet with a diameter of only 17 nm, triggered by double-stranded DNAs of different lengths. (whiterose.ac.uk)
Here, we provide electron microscopy-based data demonstrating the association of both nuclear capsids and NEC proteins at nuclear lamina budding sites. (mdpi.com)

The capsid and inner genome is called the nucleocapsid. (wikipedia.org)
Rotaviruses have a segmented double-stranded RNA genome enclosed in a complex capsid formed by three concentric protein layers. (ebi.ac.uk)
Viral protein that forms an icosahedral capsid with a T=25 symmetry to protect the viral genome. (uniprot.org)
These capsids, which remain structurally undisturbed throughout the viral cycle, nevertheless, are dynamic particles involved in the organization of the viral genome and the viral polymerase necessary for RNA synthesis. (mdpi.com)
Within the capsid, fungal dsRNA viruses show a low degree of genome compaction compared to reoviruses, and contain one to two copies of the RNA-polymerase complex per virion. (mdpi.com)
Given that HHV-6B has a genome size of 162 kb-much smaller than that of HCMV-the question arises whether its β-herpesvirus-specific tegument protein, pU11, binds capsids in the same way as HCMV's homologous protein pp150/pUL32 does. (nature.com)
The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid. (jove.com)
The nucleic acid genome fits inside the grooves of the helical capsid. (jove.com)
The viral capsid not only protects the virus's genome, but it also plays a critical role in interactions with host cells. (jove.com)
In these cases, the genome is usually inserted, after capsid assembly has been completed, by the action of a rotary molecular motor imbedded in the capsid. (asknature.org)
Herpesviruses comprise a large DNA genome enclosed in a large and complex protein cage called a capsid (see the Perspective by Heldwein). (sciencemag.org)
As an HBV inhibitor, NZ-4 leads to the formation of genome-free capsids, including a new population of capsid that runs faster on agarose gels. (sigmaaldrich.com)
In this regard, successful viral spread relies on the capability of viral capsids to (i) shelter the viral genome, (ii) display molecular determinants for cell receptor recognition, (iii) facilitate efficient genome delivery, and (iv) escape from the immune system. (frontiersin.org)
The outer capsid protein of rice dwarf virus is encoded by genome segment S8. (semanticscholar.org)
However, we do not understand how key nuclear processes, including capsid assembly, genome replication, capsid packaging, and nuclear egress, are dynamically connected in space and time. (asm.org)
The opening in the capsid, which is more than 120 A in diameter, enables the release of the genome without the need to unwind its putative double-stranded RNA segments. (muni.cz)
We also detect capsids lacking pentamers during genome release from echovirus 30. (muni.cz)
The HIV capsid (left) protects the viral genome so it can be delivered into host cells. (acs.org)
Aside from its obvious appeal as a vital shield for the viral genome, the capsid offers a potential solution to the resistance problem that plagues HIV treatment. (acs.org)
The region of the viral genome that encodes for the capsid protein is among its most unchanged stretches, explains Vanderbilt University virologist Christopher Aiken. (acs.org)
genome is 16µm and it is stored in a 58 nm diameter spherical capsid (primary source). (harvard.edu)
genome takes up a volume of roughly 50,000nm^3 which should be compared to 100,000nm^3, the approximate volume available within the capsid. (harvard.edu)
A point mutation in the core protein in which a phenylalanine at position 97 is exchanged for a smaller leucine leads to premature envelopment of the capsid before the genome maturation is fully completed. (pdbj.org)
Linear regression of genome length against capsid size yields an estimate of the "fill" of viral capsids to be 0.52±0.03 (see Figure S3).Again, this result is consistent with variation based on prior measurements and provides further posterior validation to [their] estimate of the fill parameter and its uncertainty. (harvard.edu)
Upon membrane insertion, L2 recruits the cytosolic retromer, which enables the L2 viral genome complex to enter the retrograde transport pathway and traffic to the Golgi en route for infection. (rupress.org)

Here, we examine that question with respect to viral capsid assembly by studying the 'pathway complexity' of model capsid assembly systems, which we informally define as the number of reaction pathways and intermediates one must consider to accurately describe a given system. (hindawi.com)
The models provide complementary information in support of a common conclusion that the ability of simple pathway models to adequately explain capsid assembly kinetics varies considerably across the space of biologically meaningful assembly parameters. (hindawi.com)
In summary, the AAV capsid variants described here will facilitate further study of virus assembly, entry, and infection, as well as advance the development of this versatile vector system. (nih.gov)
To understand capsid assembly and capsid-tegument interactions, here we report atomic structures of HHV-6B capsid and capsid-associated tegument complex (CATC) obtained by cryoEM and sub-particle reconstruction. (nature.com)
Zhang DW, Luo RH, Xu L, Yang LM, Xu XS, Bedwell GJ, Engelman AN, Zheng YT, Chang S. A HTRF based competitive binding assay for screening specific inhibitors of HIV-1 capsid assembly targeting the C-Terminal domain of capsid. (harvard.edu)
Residues on Adeno-associated Virus Capsid Lumen Dictate Interactions and Compatibility with the Assembly-Activating Protein. (harvard.edu)
Figure 2: The 2 models of the capsid core assembly. (scripps.edu)
Self-assembly of viruses seems to obey the principles of thermodynamically reversible self-assembly but assembled shells ('capsids') strongly resist disassembly. (asknature.org)
Following assembly, some viral shells pass through a sequence of coordinated maturation steps that progressively strengthen the capsid. (asknature.org)
Additionally, we introduce ViroBytes, a random assembly protocol based on rationally design capsid parts. (igem.org)
Experiments using a series of mutants defective for proper processing and assembly of capsid yielded evidence suggesting that the restriction factor binding site is in fact formed only when capsid is in its polymeric state in a mature virus, thus explaining why conventional approaches had failed to detect any interaction. (bl.uk)
Other capsid-targeting compounds appear to act by perturbing capsid assembly, resulting in noninfectious progeny virions. (ovid.com)
Experimental drugs that interfere with hepatitis B virus (HBV) capsid assembly continue to show promise as a new approach to antiviral treatment, according to research presented at the AASLD Liver Meeting last month in San Francisco. (worldhepatitisalliance.org)
Capsid assembly modulators (CAMs) interfere with the HBV core protein, which plays a role in packaging viral genetic material into a nucleocapsid shell. (worldhepatitisalliance.org)
Viral genomic replication is followed by nuclear capsid assembly, DNA encapsidation and nuclear egress. (mdpi.com)
Some of the assembly principles revealed in the carboxysome are reminiscent of those seen in icosahedral viral capsids. (portlandpress.com)

The Epstein-Barr Virus Capsid Antigen (VCA) IgA ELISA Kit is intended for the measurement of IgA antibodies to Epstein-Barr Virus Capsid Antigen (VCA) in a sample. (mpbio.com)
Antibodies to HPV major capsid protein, L1, can develop in response to natural HPV infection as well as after vaccination. (uni-heidelberg.de)
Chemically-modified capsids also showed reduced interactions with neutralizing antibodies. (rsc.org)
The study design will also assess the effect of the presence of anti-AAV2 capsid neutralizing antibodies at the time of vaccination on the safety and immunogenicity of tgAAC09. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Since the prevalence of pre-existing neutralizing antibodies to AAV2 capsid is high (IAVI and Targeted Genetics, data on file), this protocol amendment adds Group G which is composed of volunteers who have documented pre-existing anti-AAV2 capsid neutralizing antibodies titers ≤ 1/8. (clinicaltrials.gov)
In this study, we mapped the binding sites of a panel of eleven monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) previously generated towards the capsid protein (CP) of CHIKV. (mdpi.com)
The EBV (Epstein Barr Virus) Antibodies to Viral Capsid Antigen (VCA) IgM test looks for a type of antibody which the body develops in response to infection with Epstein-Barr Virus . (requestatest.com)
Staining patterns with phospho-specific lamin A/C antibodies are compatible with earlier postulates of targeted capsid egress at lamina-depleted areas. (mdpi.com)

Effect of a hepatitis B virus inhibitor, NZ-4, on capsid formation. (sigmaaldrich.com)
In 2017, GS-CA1, a highly potent capsid inhibitor, was described that holds promise for clinical development. (ovid.com)
FOSTER CITY, Calif.--( BUSINESS WIRE )--Gilead Sciences, Inc. (NASDAQ:GILD) today announced data on GS-6207, an investigational, novel, selective, first-in-class inhibitor of HIV-1 capsid function, that support its further development and potential role as a component in long-acting HIV combination therapy. (businesswire.com)
This is an ongoing double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept Phase 1b study in people living with HIV who are capsid inhibitor-naïve. (businesswire.com)
By 2018, Gilead expects to begin human studies of a capsid inhibitor with the potential to be dosed once a month or less frequently. (acs.org)
It will be the first time a capsid inhibitor makes it to the clinic. (acs.org)

Since the preservation of the capsid function is deeply rooted in the virus evolutionary dynamics, here we review the current structural evidence focused on capsid antibody evasion mechanisms from that perspective. (frontiersin.org)
Previous immunization studies with recombinant empty capsids have demonstrated that the presence of VP1 was required to elicit virus-neutralizing antibody activity. (jci.org)
The localization pattern of capsid expression was analyzed by immunofluorescent assay in HeLa, 293-T, RD, or SH-SY5Y cells by using anti-His tag antibody as described ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
Capsid Protein (Dengue virus) antibody detects Capsid Protein (Dengue virus) protein at cytoplasm by immunofluorescent analysis. (genetex.com)
Green: Capsid Protein (Dengue virus) protein stained by Capsid Protein (Dengue virus) antibody (GTX124247) diluted at 1:2000. (genetex.com)
In the first study, 36 adults with SLE and 36 sex and age matched controls were enrolled for examination of serum IgG, IgM, and IgA antibody against EBV-virus capsid antigen (EBV-VCA). (unboundmedicine.com)

The Capsid team develops algorithms and software to help study biological systems and phenomena from a structural point of view. (loria.fr)
Structural analyses of major capsid protein (MCP) architectures have been used to categorise viruses into lineages. (wikipedia.org)
Structural polymorphism of the major capsid protein of rotavirus. (ebi.ac.uk)
This is the first JEV capsid protein to be described and is an addition to the structural biology of the Flavivirus. (rcsb.org)
furthermore, structural studies aimed at obtaining a better understanding of the structure of the capsid core have suggested new interactions w hich may be important for its formation, stability and consequent infectivity of the virus. (bl.uk)
In addition to having limited structural information about the shell, Gilead researchers knew of no molecules that could convincingly bind to the capsid protein. (acs.org)
Despite their importance, a comprehensive understanding of how mutations affect viral fitness across different structural and functional attributes of the capsid is lacking. (elifesciences.org)
Using this resource, we identify structural and sequence determinants that accurately predict mutational fitness effects, refine evolutionary analyses, and define the sequence specificity of key capsid-encoded motifs. (elifesciences.org)
The extensive integration between subunits in capsids requires the formation of an intermediate complex, termed a procapsid, from which individual subunits can undergo the necessary refolding and structural rearrangements needed to transition to the more stable capsid. (deepdyve.com)

Wyss researchers have created a high-throughput platform to generate an Adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) library containing 200,000 variants, each carrying a distinct mutation in the virus capsid protein. (harvard.edu)
Filling Adeno-Associated Virus Capsids: Estimating Success by Cryo-Electron Microscopy. (harvard.edu)
BOSTON & WALTHAM, Mass.--( BUSINESS WIRE )--Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated (Nasdaq:VRTX) and Affinia Therapeutics announced today that the two companies have entered into a strategic research collaboration to engineer novel adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsids to deliver transformative genetic therapies to people with serious diseases. (businesswire.com)

All serotypes show different tissue specificites when injected into mouse or humans, and this tissue tropism is thought to be mainly due to interactions between the virus capsid and receptors on the cell surface. (igem.org)
Our findings represent the most comprehensive investigation of mutational fitness effects in a picornavirus capsid to date and illuminate important aspects of viral biology, evolution, and host interactions. (elifesciences.org)

Mature HIV-1 capsid structure by cryo-electron microscopy and all-atom molecular dynamics. (scripps.edu)
This is a three-dimensional reconstruction of a Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 B-capsid solved by cryo-electron microscopy. (shapeways.com)

Members of the double-stranded RNA virus lineage, including reovirus, rotavirus and bacteriophage φ6 have capsids built of 120 copies of capsid protein, corresponding to a "T=2" capsid, or arguably a T=1 capsid with a dimer in the asymmetric unit. (wikipedia.org)
Johnson, John E. 2009-02-08 00:00:00 Lambda-like double-stranded (ds) DNA bacteriophage undergo massive conformational changes in their capsid shell during the packaging of their viral genomes. (deepdyve.com)
Although various mature capsids have been characterized at atomic resolution, no such procapsid structure is available for a dsDNA virus or bacteriophage. (deepdyve.com)

whole capsid was built from instances of one capsomere unit, makes the file very small, fast, and easy to use. (turbosquid.com)
The structure was solved after crystallization of the hexamer form of the capsid (see Figure 1), which is the building block of the whole capsid core of the HIV (see Figure 2 in the Home Page Overview ). (scripps.edu)
That leads to a "delicate equilibrium in the whole capsid shell, which we thought could really be its Achilles' heel," Cihlar, who conceived of the capsid program back in 2006, adds. (acs.org)

Figure 1: PDB 4xfx , the hexamer structure of the native HIV-1 mature capsid protein. (scripps.edu)
When this project started, several X-ray structures of the mature capsid protein were available in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). (scripps.edu)

The triangulation number T for the capsid is defined as: T = h 2 + h ⋅ k + k 2 {\displaystyle T=h^{2}+h\cdot k+k^{2}} In this scheme, icosahedral capsids contain 12 pentamers plus 10(T − 1) hexamers. (wikipedia.org)
A model of growth of icosahedral capsids is proposed. (hindawi.com)

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 capsid (HIV-1 CA) is involved in different stages of the viral replication cycle. (springer.com)
CAMs also inhibit formation of HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), probably by interfering with capsid disassembly, an early step in viral replication. (worldhepatitisalliance.org)

The major capsid protein VP6 self-assembles into spherical or helical particles mainly depending upon pH. (ebi.ac.uk)
Here we present high-resolution structures of several DHBV capsid-like particles (CLPs) determined by electron cryo-microscopy. (rcsb.org)
Electron microscopy of TaV particles indicated a 38 nm, T = 4 icosahedral capsid similar in structure to that of Nudaurelia beta virus (NbetaV). (nih.gov)
A prominent feature of these neurotropic viruses is the long-range (up to tens of centimeters) axonal retrograde transport of the DNA-containing viral capsid from nerve endings at sites of infection (such as the lips) to neuronal cell bodies at the ganglia to establish latency or, upon reactivation, anterograde transport of the progeny viral particles from the ganglia to nerve terminals, resulting in reinfection of the dermis. (sciencemag.org)
Peptides released from reovirus outer capsid form membrane pores that recruit virus particles. (semanticscholar.org)

It is similar to the stochastic model of fullerene growth, but takes into account variations in the composition of pentamers and hexamers that are responsible for the final capsid size. (hindawi.com)
The resulting capsid model contains 360 chains of VP1 protein arranged as 72 pentamers in an icosahedron (12 faces). (proteopedia.org)
All polyomavirus capsids are constructed from 360 copies of the major coat protein, VP1, arranged in pentamers on a T=7 icosahedral lattice [2] . (functionalglycomics.org)
We discover that the exit of the RNA from the particle of echovirus 18 results in a loss of one, two, or three adjacent capsid-protein pentamers. (muni.cz)

Outer capsids are part of reoviridae and cystoviridae virions. (uniprot.org)
These AAV virions with altered capsid subunits will provide critical templates for manipulating AAV vectors for cell-specific gene delivery in vivo. (nih.gov)
To determine the position of VP1 in both empty capsids and virions, we expressed a fusion protein containing the unique region of VP1. (jci.org)
The antisera immunoprecipitated both recombinant empty capsids and human plasma-derived virions, and agglutinated the latter as shown by immune electron microscopy. (jci.org)

Atomic structure of the major capsid protein of rotavirus: implications for the architecture of the virion. (ebi.ac.uk)

The weak forces at work include attraction or repulsion between electrostatic charges, water solubility, and constituent amino acid structures in various parts of the capsid. (asknature.org)
Here, the rates at which chloride and sodium ions do so differ substantially, and the two ions also bind to different parts of the capsid. (thebodypro.com)

We have used electron cryo-microscopy and image processing to investigate how the point mutation affects the structure of the capsid at 2.6- to 2.8 Å-resolution. (pdbj.org)

The amino acid, alanine, at position 59 in the capsid protein of PCV2a (CL, LG and JF2) strains is a critical amino acid, which determines one neutralising epitope of those strains, according to researchers at the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. (thepigsite.com)
In this study, we identified one critical amino acid that determines a conformational neutralizing epitope in the capsid protein of PCV2. (thepigsite.com)
Amino acid residues 47-72 in the capsid protein of PCV2a/CL were replaced with the corresponding region of PCV2b/YJ, and the reactivity of mAb 8E4 was lost. (thepigsite.com)
Further experiments demonstrated that one amino acid substitution, the alanine for arginine at position 59 (A59R) in the capsid protein of PCV2a (CL, LG and JF2) strains, inhibited completely the immunoreactivity of three PCV2a strains with mAb 8E4. (thepigsite.com)
Huang and co-authors concluded that the alanine at position 59 in the capsid protein of PCV2a (CL, LG and JF2) strains is a critical amino acid, which determines one neutralising epitope of PCV2a (CL, LG and JF2) strains. (thepigsite.com)
2011. Identification of one critical amino acid that determines a conformational neutralizing epitope in the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2. (thepigsite.com)
By sequence analysis of their capsid protein (CA) region, two amino acid polymorphisms that correlated with DEB025 resistance were identified: H87Q and I91N, both located in the CypA-binding loop of the CA protein of HIV-1. (mdpi.com)
Gallay PA, Ptak RG, Bobardt MD, Dumont J-M, Vuagniaux G, Rosenwirth B. Correlation of Naturally Occurring HIV-1 Resistance to DEB025 with Capsid Amino Acid Polymorphisms. (mdpi.com)
Sea bass serum samples reacted strongly with three regions of the capsid protein comprising amino acid residues 1-32, 91-162 and 181-212. (stir.ac.uk)

Viral protein that is a component of the outer layer of a double or triple concentric icosahedral capsid. (uniprot.org)
Putative autocleavage of outer capsid protein micro1, allowing release of myristoylated peptide micro1N during particle uncoating, is critical for cell entry by reovirus. (semanticscholar.org)
Antigenic relationships among human rotaviruses as determined by outer capsid protein VP4. (semanticscholar.org)

dsRNA mycovirus capsids are based on a 120-subunit T = 1 capsid, with a dimer as the asymmetric unit. (mdpi.com)

After maturation of the virus, the CA protein assembles with thousands of copies to form the capsid Core. (scripps.edu)
Crowning every capsid vertex are five copies of heteropentameric CATC. (sciencemag.org)
It is a T=1 capsid so there are 60 copies of the monomer per capsid and based on the Matthews coefficient there are ~3 capsids in the unit cell. (phenix-online.org)
The viral RNA is enclosed in a shell made of more than a thousand copies of the same protein, the capsid protein (CA). The shell itself is called a capsid. (thebodypro.com)

Most viruses have icosahedral or helical capsids, although some viruses have developed more complex capsid structures. (jove.com)

The majority of the viruses have capsids with either helical or icosahedral structure. (wikipedia.org)

The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. (jove.com)
A capsid consists of subunits called capsomeres that self-assemble to form the shell seen here. (sciencephoto.com)

The distances between atoms were then greatly reduced to enable Jmol (and other common molecular visualization programs ) to display the model more easily, with overlapping "atomic" spheres to simulate the capsid. (proteopedia.org)
Avian polyomavirus capsid, molecular model. (sciencephoto.com)
Molecular model of the major capsid protein VP5 from herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1). (sciencephoto.com)
CAPSID (2018-19) incorporated 250 artworks, and was the result of a collaboration between the artist and molecular virologist Professor Greg Towers of University College London. (artscouncilcollection.org.uk)
phenixbb at phenix-online.org Sent: Thu, October 22, 2009 11:08:40 AM Subject: [phenixbb] AutoMR and capsids Dear all, I am currently trying to use AutoMR to do molecular replacement on an icosahedral virus capsid. (phenix-online.org)
Capsid-targeting drugs are predicted to exhibit high barriers to viral resistance, and ongoing work in this area is contributing to an understanding of the molecular biology of HIV uncoating and maturation. (ovid.com)
Moreover, no direct link between nuclear capsid motility and a molecular motor has been established. (asm.org)

The thousands of monomer structures used to build these models, provide a large set of different conformations which could be used to investigate the flexible behaviour of the capsid structure. (scripps.edu)
X-Ray Structures of Native HIV-1 Capsid Protein Reveal Conformational Variability. (scripps.edu)
A total of 36 different structures of the HIV-1 capsid protein are used for the computations. (scripps.edu)

DCV capsid polyprotein (DCVgp2) includes rhv_like or Picornavirus capsid protein domain_like and CRPV_capsid domains. (abcam.com)
To address this limitation, we globally define the effects of mutations across the capsid of a human picornavirus. (elifesciences.org)

Capsids are protein shells contained within viruses that help protect and deliver viruses to host cells during infection. (artscouncilcollection.org.uk)
We model such capsids as linearly elastic shells, whose response at any point is transversely isotropic with respect to the radial direction through that point (the simplest and most important subcase, isotropic response, is almost invariably considered in literature). (matematicamente.it)

We showed that the intact virion and a recombinant capsid protein (CaP) from a plant-infecting nonenveloped icosahedral RNA virus, Brome mosaic virus (BMV), can penetrate the membranes of plant protoplasts but are trapped by the extracellular matrix. (apsnet.org)
Unique region of the minor capsid protein of human parvovirus B19 is exposed on the virion surface. (jci.org)

Enteroviruses belong to a large family of picornaviridae, which are about 30- to 35-nm icosahedral bionanoparticles consisting of a protein capsid without a lipid envelope ( 1 ). (pnas.org)

Complement C4 Prevents Viral Infection through Capsid Inactivation. (harvard.edu)
HIV infection is critically dependent on functions of the viral capsid. (ovid.com)
Small molecules that bind to the viral capsid protein can be potent inhibitors of HIV infection. (ovid.com)
The host humoral response against the capsid protein represents the most active immune pressure and primary weapon to control the infection. (frontiersin.org)
We show for representative members of all three herpesvirus subfamilies that nuclear capsid motility is not dependent on nuclear F-actin and that herpesvirus infection does not induce nuclear F-actin in primary fibroblasts. (asm.org)
The triglyceride-synthesizing enzyme acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) plays a critical role in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection by recruiting the HCV capsid protein core onto the surface of cellular lipid droplets (LDs). (sigmaaldrich.com)
A video of the process that the atoms in the capsid go through during the early stages of infection provides a visual representation of the research. (thebodypro.com)
Perilla thinks that this property may be a promising point of attack for countering HIV infection: "I believe that the ability to design novel drugs that alter the physical properties of the capsid opens a new avenue for the development of therapeutics, for instance, by altering the delicate electrostatic balance of the capsid. (thebodypro.com)

The pUL17 monomer in each CATC bridges over triplexes Ta and Tc on the capsid surface and supports a coiled-coil helix bundle of a pUL25 dimer and a pUL36 dimer, thus positioning their flexible domains for potential involvement in nuclear egress and axonal transport of the capsid. (sciencemag.org)

To summarize recent advances in the discovery of chemical inhibitors targeting the HIV capsid and research on their mechanisms of action. (ovid.com)
Inhibitors may bind to several different positions on the capsid protein, including sites in both protein domains. (ovid.com)
However, the antiviral activity of many reported capsid-targeting inhibitors has not been definitively linked to capsid binding. (ovid.com)
Until recently, the low-to-moderate potency of reported capsid-targeting inhibitors has precluded their further clinical development. (ovid.com)

it shows that pp150, a β-herpesvirus subfamily-specific tegument protein, forms a " △ "-shaped group-of-three structure on each of the 320 triplexes in a capsid, leading to a net that encloses the capsid. (nature.com)
In this report, we reinvestigate the involvement of F-actin in nuclear herpesvirus capsid transport. (asm.org)
Based on these data, we conclude that herpesvirus nuclear capsid motility is not dependent on F-actin. (asm.org)

Pepscan was performed with a panel of thirty-four 12-mer synthetic peptides that mimicked the entire betanodavirus capsid protein. (stir.ac.uk)

Synthetic peptide corresponding to C terminal residues of Drosophila C virus DCV capsid polyprotein. (abcam.com)
Phosphorylation of serine residues in the unresolved C-terminal domain of the mutant leaves the structure of the ordered capsid largely unchanged. (pdbj.org)
These residues pack against the neighboring subunits and increase the inter-dimer contact suggesting that the C-termini play an important role in capsid stabilization and provide a much larger interaction interface than previously observed. (pdbj.org)

The study also enabled the Robert Koch Institute to examine the antiviral potential of phage capsids against many current influenza virus strains, and even against avian flu viruses. (hu-berlin.de)
Noting that there was a limited increase in antiviral activity at higher doses, Jordan Feld of University Health Network in Toronto, who presented a 'debrief' of viral hepatitis studies at The Liver Meeting, suggested that a higher dose may be needed to disrupt formed capsids and prevent replenishment of cccDNA. (worldhepatitisalliance.org)

A capsid is the protein shell of a virus, enclosing its genetic material. (wikipedia.org)
Researchers report that they have determined the precise chemical structure of the HIV capsid, a protein shell that protects the virus' genetic material and is a key to its virulence. (nsf.gov)
In viruses, the capsid is the protein shell that encloses the genetic material. (sciencephoto.com)
One of the functions of the capsid is to aid the transmission of the viral genetic material into host cells. (sciencephoto.com)
Viral determinants of this restriction map to the virus capsid protein, however despite strong genetic ev idence, no direct interaction has been shown between capsid and restriction factor using a variety of biochemical approaches. (bl.uk)
This strategy does not require genetic engineering of the capsid sequence. (rsc.org)
HIV's capsid is a complex, protein-rich shell that protects the genetic payload the virus is trying to sneak into the cells of its host. (acs.org)
A virus is made up of genetic material that is encased with a protective protein coat called the capsid. (elifesciences.org)
The collaboration will leverage Affinia Therapeutics' capsid engineering expertise and Vertex's scientific, clinical and regulatory capabilities to accelerate the development of genetic therapies for people affected by Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and cystic fibrosis (CF). (businesswire.com)
Affinia Therapeutics' innovative approach to the discovery and design of AAV capsids brings yet another tool to our Vertex Cell and Genetic Therapies toolkit, and we're excited to partner with them to bring together their technology platform with our research and development expertise. (businesswire.com)
Vertex will be responsible for and will fund the design and manufacturing of genetic therapies incorporating the selected capsids, preclinical and clinical development efforts, and commercialization of any approved products in the licensed diseases. (businesswire.com)

The capsid gene of TaV is carried on both the genomic and subgenomic RNA molecules, while the RNA polymerase gene is present only on the genomic RNA. (nih.gov)
Cloning and sequencing of the TaV capsid gene identified an open reading frame that could potentially encode a capsid precursor protein of up to 82.5 kDa. (nih.gov)
Comprehensive AAV capsid fitness landscape reveals a viral gene and enables machine-guided design. (harvard.edu)
Capsid gene delivery into the striatum of mouse brain or interskeletal muscle resulted in cell death and inflammation, likely through capsid-induced apoptosis in vivo. (cdc.gov)

Here we report that HIV-1 capsid (CA) binds directly to the cyclophilin domain of Nup358/RanBP2. (nih.gov)

Capsid" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)

The number and arrangement of capsomeres in an icosahedral capsid can be classified using the "quasi-equivalence principle" proposed by Donald Caspar and Aaron Klug. (wikipedia.org)

Their analysis identified capsid changes that enhanced "homing" potential to specific organs in mice and virus viability, as well as a new protein hidden in the capsid-encoding DNA sequence. (harvard.edu)

Previous studies have suggested that nuclear capsid motility is directed and dependent on actin filaments (F-actin), possibly using a myosin-based, ATP-dependent mechanism. (asm.org)
They either relied on the effects of F-actin depolymerizing drugs to deduce an F-actin dependency or they visualized nuclear F-actin but failed to show a direct link to capsid motility. (asm.org)
Only latrunculin A treatment stalled nuclear capsids but did so by an unexpected effect: the drug induced actin rods in the nucleus. (asm.org)
Immobile capsids accumulated around actin rods, and immunoprecipitation experiments suggested that capsid motility stopped because latrunculin-induced actin rods nonspecifically bind nuclear capsids. (asm.org)
We report that the WNV-capsid (Cp) by itself induces rapid nuclear condensation and cell death in tissue culture. (cdc.gov)
To date, the mechanism of the association of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) capsids with the NEC, which in turn initiates the specific steps of nuclear capsid budding, remains undefined. (mdpi.com)
Data strongly suggest that nuclear capsids interact with pUL53 and pUL97. (mdpi.com)
Combined, the findings support a refined concept of HCMV nuclear trafficking and NEC-capsid interaction. (mdpi.com)

Anatomy1

Organisms13

Diseases7

Chemicals and Drugs6

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Phenomena and Processes3

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Health Care1

CAR-dependent and CAR-independent pathways of adenovirus vector-mediated gene transfer and expression in human fibroblasts. (1/5649)

Maturation-induced conformational changes of HIV-1 capsid protein and identification of two high affinity sites for cyclophilins in the C-terminal domain. (2/5649)

Low temperature and pressure stability of picornaviruses: implications for virus uncoating. (3/5649)

Time-resolved fluorescence investigation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid protein: influence of the binding of nucleic acids. (4/5649)

The haplotype distribution of two genes of citrus tristeza virus is altered after host change or aphid transmission. (5/5649)

A new picornavirus isolated from bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus). (6/5649)

The cleavable carboxyl-terminus of the small coat protein of cowpea mosaic virus is involved in RNA encapsidation. (7/5649)

Induction of autoantibodies to mouse CCR5 with recombinant papillomavirus particles. (8/5649)

Capsid

Capsid Proteins

Virus Assembly

Virion

Cryoelectron Microscopy

Viral Proteins

Molecular Sequence Data

Dependovirus

Viral Structural Proteins

DNA, Viral

Amino Acid Sequence

Cell Line

Genome, Viral

Virus Uncoating

Virus Replication

Herpesvirus 1, Human

RNA, Viral

Models, Molecular

Antigens, Viral

Parvovirus, Canine

Antibodies, Viral

Poliovirus

DNA Packaging

Microscopy, Electron

Calicivirus, Feline

Parvovirus

Spodoptera

Baculoviridae

RNA Viruses

Caliciviridae Infections

Norovirus

Norwalk virus

Cyclophilin A

Base Sequence

Cercopithecus aethiops

Vero Cells

Genetic Vectors

Caliciviridae

Genes, Viral

Reoviridae

Minute virus of mice

Parvoviridae Infections

Mutation

Parvoviridae

Gene Products, gag

Levivirus

Picornaviridae

Bromovirus

Open Reading Frames

Nucleocapsid

Aphthovirus

Neutralization Tests

Bacteriophages

Polyomavirus

Rotavirus

HeLa Cells

Rous sarcoma virus

Protein Conformation

Receptors, Virus

Mason-Pfizer monkey virus

Enterovirus B, Human

HIV-1

Insect Viruses

Parvovirus B19, Human

Microscopy, Electron, Transmission

Negative Staining

Epitopes

Protein Precursors

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Amino Acid Substitution

Bacteriophage P22

Nodaviridae

Rubella virus

Gene Expression Regulation, Viral

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit

Virus Internalization

Virus Release

Feline panleukopenia virus

Infectious bursal disease virus