The minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules.
A highly-sensitive (in the picomolar range, which is 10,000-fold more sensitive than conventional electrophoresis) and efficient technique that allows separation of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and CARBOHYDRATES. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
A phenomenon in which the surface of a liquid where it contacts a solid is elevated or depressed, because of the relative attraction of the molecules of the liquid for each other and for those of the solid. (from McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The property of blood capillary ENDOTHELIUM that allows for the selective exchange of substances between the blood and surrounding tissues and through membranous barriers such as the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER; BLOOD-AQUEOUS BARRIER; BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER; BLOOD-NERVE BARRIER; BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER; and BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (TIGHT JUNCTIONS) which may limit large molecule movement.
A dull red, firm, dome-shaped hemangioma, sharply demarcated from surrounding skin, usually located on the head and neck, which grows rapidly and generally undergoes regression and involution without scarring. It is caused by proliferation of immature capillary vessels in active stroma, and is usually present at birth or occurs within the first two or three months of life. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The vascular resistance to the flow of BLOOD through the CAPILLARIES portions of the peripheral vascular bed.
A separation technique which combines LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY and CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS.
A condition characterized by recurring episodes of fluid leaking from capillaries into extra-vascular compartments causing hematocrit to rise precipitously. If not treated, generalized vascular leak can lead to generalized EDEMA; SHOCK; cardiovascular collapse; and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE.
The susceptibility of CAPILLARIES, under conditions of increased stress, to leakage.
The circulation of the BLOOD through the MICROVASCULAR NETWORK.
The blood vessels which supply and drain the RETINA.
The development of new BLOOD VESSELS during the restoration of BLOOD CIRCULATION during the healing process.
Hollow cylindrical objects with an internal diameter that is small enough to fill by and hold liquids inside by CAPILLARY ACTION.
Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.
A tissue preparation technique that involves the injecting of plastic (acrylates) into blood vessels or other hollow viscera and treating the tissue with a caustic substance. This results in a negative copy or a solid replica of the enclosed space of the tissue that is ready for viewing under a scanning electron microscope.
A cluster of convoluted capillaries beginning at each nephric tubule in the kidney and held together by connective tissue.
The thin, horny plates that cover the dorsal surfaces of the distal phalanges of the fingers and toes of primates.
The noninvasive microscopic examination of the microcirculation, commonly done in the nailbed or conjunctiva. In addition to the capillaries themselves, observations can be made of passing blood cells or intravenously injected substances. This is not the same as endoscopic examination of blood vessels (ANGIOSCOPY).
Unique slender cells with multiple processes extending along the capillary vessel axis and encircling the vascular wall, also called mural cells. Pericytes are imbedded in the BASEMENT MEMBRANE shared with the ENDOTHELIAL CELLS of the vessel. Pericytes are important in maintaining vessel integrity, angiogenesis, and vascular remodeling.
The circulation of the BLOOD through the LUNGS.
The blood pressure as recorded after wedging a CATHETER in a small PULMONARY ARTERY; believed to reflect the PRESSURE in the pulmonary CAPILLARIES.
The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.
Fractionation of a vaporized sample as a consequence of partition between a mobile gaseous phase and a stationary phase held in a column. Two types are gas-solid chromatography, where the fixed phase is a solid, and gas-liquid, in which the stationary phase is a nonvolatile liquid supported on an inert solid matrix.
A darkly stained mat-like EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) that separates cell layers, such as EPITHELIUM from ENDOTHELIUM or a layer of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. The ECM layer that supports an overlying EPITHELIUM or ENDOTHELIUM is called basal lamina. Basement membrane (BM) can be formed by the fusion of either two adjacent basal laminae or a basal lamina with an adjacent reticular lamina of connective tissue. BM, composed mainly of TYPE IV COLLAGEN; glycoprotein LAMININ; and PROTEOGLYCAN, provides barriers as well as channels between interacting cell layers.
Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.
A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR), lymph vessels (ENDOTHELIUM, LYMPHATIC), and the serous cavities of the body.
Highly specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that line the HEART; BLOOD VESSELS; and lymph vessels, forming the ENDOTHELIUM. They are polygonal in shape and joined together by TIGHT JUNCTIONS. The tight junctions allow for variable permeability to specific macromolecules that are transported across the endothelial layer.
The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries.
The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins.
The original member of the family of endothelial cell growth factors referred to as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A was originally isolated from tumor cells and referred to as "tumor angiogenesis factor" and "vascular permeability factor". Although expressed at high levels in certain tumor-derived cells it is produced by a wide variety of cell types. In addition to stimulating vascular growth and vascular permeability it may play a role in stimulating VASODILATION via NITRIC OXIDE-dependent pathways. Alternative splicing of the mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor A results in several isoforms of the protein being produced.
A highly miniaturized version of ELECTROPHORESIS performed in a microfluidic device.
Microscopy in which television cameras are used to brighten magnified images that are otherwise too dark to be seen with the naked eye. It is used frequently in TELEPATHOLOGY.
Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined ENDOTHELIAL CELLS with TIGHT JUNCTIONS that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the BRAIN tissue.
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.
The carbohydrate-rich zone on the cell surface. This zone can be visualized by a variety of stains as well as by its affinity for lectins. Although most of the carbohydrate is attached to intrinsic plasma membrane molecules, the glycocalyx usually also contains both glycoproteins and proteoglycans that have been secreted into the extracellular space and then adsorbed onto the cell surface. (Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3d ed, p502)
A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed.
A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
A disorder of the skin, the oral mucosa, and the gingiva, that usually presents as a solitary polypoid capillary hemangioma often resulting from trauma. It is manifested as an inflammatory response with similar characteristics to those of a granuloma.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.
A pathologic process consisting of the proliferation of blood vessels in abnormal tissues or in abnormal positions.
The taking of a blood sample to determine its character as a whole, to identify levels of its component cells, chemicals, gases, or other constituents, to perform pathological examination, etc.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
The vessels carrying blood away from the capillary beds.
An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.
The volume of packed RED BLOOD CELLS in a blood specimen. The volume is measured by centrifugation in a tube with graduated markings, or with automated blood cell counters. It is an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. For example, ANEMIA shows a low value; POLYCYTHEMIA, a high value.
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.
Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.
Any of the tubular vessels conveying the blood (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins).
Treatment process involving the injection of fluid into an organ or tissue.
The barrier between capillary blood and alveolar air comprising the alveolar EPITHELIUM and capillary ENDOTHELIUM with their adherent BASEMENT MEMBRANE and EPITHELIAL CELL cytoplasm. PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE occurs across this membrane.
Concentration or quantity that is derived from the smallest measure that can be detected with reasonable certainty for a given analytical procedure.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
The finer blood vessels of the vasculature that are generally less than 100 microns in internal diameter.
A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the ABDOMINAL WALL and conveys their blood vessels and nerves.
PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
The amount of a gas taken up, by the pulmonary capillary blood from the alveolar gas, per minute per unit of average pressure of the gradient of the gas across the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Small polyhedral outpouchings along the walls of the alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and terminal bronchioles through the walls of which gas exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood takes place.
Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.
Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.
An optical source that emits photons in a coherent beam. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) is brought about using devices that transform light of varying frequencies into a single intense, nearly nondivergent beam of monochromatic radiation. Lasers operate in the infrared, visible, ultraviolet, or X-ray regions of the spectrum.
The force that opposes the flow of BLOOD through a vascular bed. It is equal to the difference in BLOOD PRESSURE across the vascular bed divided by the CARDIAC OUTPUT.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
A family of angiogenic proteins that are closely-related to VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR A. They play an important role in the growth and differentiation of vascular as well as lymphatic endothelial cells.
These growth factors are soluble mitogens secreted by a variety of organs. The factors are a mixture of two single chain polypeptides which have affinity to heparin. Their molecular weight are organ and species dependent. They have mitogenic and chemotactic effects and can stimulate endothelial cells to grow and synthesize DNA. The factors are related to both the basic and acidic FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS but have different amino acid sequences.
A system of organs and tissues that process and transport immune cells and LYMPH.
Inorganic or organic salts and esters of boric acid.
Agents that induce or stimulate PHYSIOLOGIC ANGIOGENESIS or PATHOLOGIC ANGIOGENESIS.
The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)
The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS of the BRAIN.
The study of fluid channels and chambers of tiny dimensions of tens to hundreds of micrometers and volumes of nanoliters or picoliters. This is of interest in biological MICROCIRCULATION and used in MICROCHEMISTRY and INVESTIGATIVE TECHNIQUES.
Volume of circulating BLOOD. It is the sum of the PLASMA VOLUME and ERYTHROCYTE VOLUME.
C57BL mice are a commonly used strain of laboratory mice that are inbred to produce consistent and predictable results in scientific research.
The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)
Cell adhesion molecules present on virtually all monocytes, platelets, and granulocytes. CD31 is highly expressed on endothelial cells and concentrated at the junctions between them.
A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.
The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.
An area approximately 1.5 millimeters in diameter within the macula lutea where the retina thins out greatly because of the oblique shifting of all layers except the pigment epithelium layer. It includes the sloping walls of the fovea (clivus) and contains a few rods in its periphery. In its center (foveola) are the cones most adapted to yield high visual acuity, each cone being connected to only one ganglion cell. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the cardiovascular system, processes, or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers and other electronic equipment.
Soluble protein factors generated by activated lymphocytes that affect other cells, primarily those involved in cellular immunity.
Visualization of a vascular system after intravenous injection of a fluorescein solution. The images may be photographed or televised. It is used especially in studying the retinal and uveal vasculature.
A type of stress exerted uniformly in all directions. Its measure is the force exerted per unit area. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.
A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer.
The veins and arteries of the HEART.
The large fragment formed when COMPLEMENT C4 is cleaved by COMPLEMENT C1S. The membrane-bound C4b binds COMPLEMENT C2A, a SERINE PROTEASE, to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE) and subsequent C4b2a3b (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C5 CONVERTASE).
Normal human serum albumin mildly iodinated with radioactive iodine (131-I) which has a half-life of 8 days, and emits beta and gamma rays. It is used as a diagnostic aid in blood volume determination. (from Merck Index, 11th ed)
A vessel that directly interconnects an artery and a vein, and that acts as a shunt to bypass the capillary bed. Not to be confused with surgical anastomosis, nor with arteriovenous fistula.

VEGF is required for growth and survival in neonatal mice. (1/3987)

We employed two independent approaches to inactivate the angiogenic protein VEGF in newborn mice: inducible, Cre-loxP- mediated gene targeting, or administration of mFlt(1-3)-IgG, a soluble VEGF receptor chimeric protein. Partial inhibition of VEGF achieved by inducible gene targeting resulted in increased mortality, stunted body growth and impaired organ development, most notably of the liver. Administration of mFlt(1-3)-IgG, which achieves a higher degree of VEGF inhibition, resulted in nearly complete growth arrest and lethality. Ultrastructural analysis documented alterations in endothelial and other cell types. Histological and biochemical changes consistent with liver and renal failure were observed. Endothelial cells isolated from the liver of mFlt(1-3)-IgG-treated neonates demonstrated an increased apoptotic index, indicating that VEGF is required not only for proliferation but also for survival of endothelial cells. However, such treatment resulted in less significant alterations as the animal matured, and the dependence on VEGF was eventually lost some time after the fourth postnatal week. Administration of mFlt(1-3)-IgG to juvenile mice failed to induce apoptosis in liver endothelial cells. Thus, VEGF is essential for growth and survival in early postnatal life. However, in the fully developed animal, VEGF is likely to be involved primarily in active angiogenesis processes such as corpus luteum development.  (+info)

Microvessels from Alzheimer's disease brains kill neurons in vitro. (2/3987)

Understanding the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease is of widespread interest because it is an increasingly prevalent disorder that is progressive, fatal, and currently untreatable. The dementia of Alzheimer's disease is caused by neuronal cell death. We demonstrate for the first time that blood vessels isolated from the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients can directly kill neurons in vitro. Either direct co-culture of Alzheimer's disease microvessels with neurons or incubation of cultured neurons with conditioned medium from microvessels results in neuronal cell death. In contrast, vessels from elderly nondemented donors are significantly (P<0.001) less lethal and brain vessels from younger donors are not neurotoxic. Neuronal killing by either direct co-culture with Alzheimer's disease microvessels or conditioned medium is dose- and time-dependent. Neuronal death can occur by either apoptotic or necrotic mechanisms. The microvessel factor is neurospecific, killing primary cortical neurons, cerebellar granule neurons, and differentiated PC-12 cells, but not non-neuronal cell types or undifferentiated PC-12 cells. Appearance of the neurotoxic factor is decreased by blocking microvessel protein synthesis with cycloheximide. The neurotoxic factor is soluble and likely a protein, because its activity is heat labile and trypsin sensitive. These findings implicate a novel mechanism of vascular-mediated neuronal cell death in Alzheimer's disease.  (+info)

Angiosarcomas express mixed endothelial phenotypes of blood and lymphatic capillaries: podoplanin as a specific marker for lymphatic endothelium. (3/3987)

Angiosarcomas apparently derive from blood vessel endothelial cells; however, occasionally their histological features suggest mixed origin from blood and lymphatic endothelia. In the absence of specific positive markers for lymphatic endothelia the precise distinction between these components has not been possible. Here we provide evidence by light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry that podoplanin, a approximately 38-kd membrane glycoprotein of podocytes, is specifically expressed in the endothelium of lymphatic capillaries, but not in the blood vasculature. In normal skin and kidney, podoplanin colocalized with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3, the only other lymphatic marker presently available. Complementary immunostaining of blood vessels was obtained with established endothelial markers (CD31, CD34, factor VIII-related antigen, and Ulex europaeus I lectin) as well as podocalyxin, another podocytic protein that is also localized in endothelia of blood vessels. Podoplanin specifically immunolabeled endothelia of benign tumorous lesions of undisputed lymphatic origin (lymphangiomas, hygromas) and was detected there as a 38-kd protein by immunoblotting. As paradigms of malignant vascular tumors, poorly differentiated (G3) common angiosarcomas (n = 8), epitheloid angiosarcomas (n = 3), and intestinal Kaposi's sarcomas (n = 5) were examined for their podoplanin content in relation to conventional endothelial markers. The relative number of tumor cells expressing podoplanin was estimated and, although the number of cases in this preliminary study was limited to 16, an apparent spectrum of podoplanin expression emerged that can be divided into a low-expression group in which 0-10% of tumor cells contained podoplanin, a moderate-expression group with 30-60% and a high-expression group with 70-100%. Ten of eleven angiosarcomas and all Kaposi's sarcomas showed mixed expression of both lymphatic and blood vascular endothelial phenotypes. By double labeling, most podoplanin-positive tumor cells coexpressed endothelial markers of blood vessels, whereas few tumor cells were positive for individual markers only. From these results we conclude that (1) podoplanin is a selective marker of lymphatic endothelium; (2) G3 angiosarcomas display a quantitative spectrum of podoplanin-expressing tumor cells; (3) in most angiosarcomas, a varying subset of tumor cells coexpresses podoplanin and endothelial markers of blood vessels; and (4) all endothelial cells of Kaposi's sarcomas expressed the lymphatic marker podoplanin.  (+info)

Microvascular function relates to insulin sensitivity and blood pressure in normal subjects. (4/3987)

BACKGROUND: A strong but presently unexplained inverse association between blood pressure and insulin sensitivity has been reported. Microvascular vasodilator capacity may be a common antecedent linking insulin sensitivity to blood pressure. To test this hypothesis, we studied 18 normotensive and glucose-tolerant subjects showing a wide range in insulin sensitivity as assessed with the hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp technique. METHODS AND RESULTS: Blood pressure was measured by 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Videomicroscopy was used to measure skin capillary density and capillary recruitment after arterial occlusion. Skin blood flow responses after iontophoresis of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside were evaluated by laser Doppler flowmetry. Insulin sensitivity correlated with 24-hour systolic blood pressure (24-hour SBP; r=-0.50, P<0.05). Capillary recruitment and acetylcholine-mediated vasodilatation were strongly and positively related to insulin sensitivity (r=0.84, P<0.001; r=0.78, P<0.001, respectively), and capillary recruitment was inversely related to 24-hour SBP (r=-0.53, P<0.05). Waist-to-hip ratio showed strong associations with insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and the measures of microvascular function but did not confound the associations between these variables. Subsequent regression analysis showed that the association between insulin sensitivity and blood pressure was not independent of the estimates of microvascular function, and part of the variation in both blood pressure (R2=38%) and insulin sensitivity (R2=71%) could be explained by microvascular function. CONCLUSIONS: Insulin sensitivity and blood pressure are associated well within the physiological range. Microvascular function strongly relates to both, consistent with a central role in linking these variables.  (+info)

Endothelin up-regulation and localization following renal ischemia and reperfusion. (5/3987)

BACKGROUND: Endothelin (ET), a potent vasoconstrictor, is known to play a role in ischemic acute renal failure. Although preproET-1 (ppET-1) mRNA is known to be up-regulated following ischemia/reperfusion injury, it has not been determined which component of the injury (ischemia or reperfusion) leads to initial gene up-regulation. Likewise, although ET-1 peptide expression has been localized in the normal kidney, its expression pattern in the ischemic kidney has not been determined. Therefore, the purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to determine whether ischemia alone or ischemia plus reperfusion is required for the up-regulation of ppET-1 mRNA to occur, and (b) to localize ET-1 peptide expression following ischemia in the rat kidney to clarify better the role of ET in the pathophysiology of ischemia-induced acute renal failure. METHODS: Male Lewis rats underwent clamping of the right renal vascular pedicle for either 30 minutes of ischemia (group 1), 60 minutes of ischemia (group 2), 30 minutes of ischemia followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion (group 3), or 60 minutes of ischemia followed by three hours of reperfusion (group 4). The contralateral kidney acted as a control. ppET-1 mRNA up-regulation and ET-1 peptide expression were examined using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, respectively. RESULTS: Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction yielded a control (nonischemic) value of 0.6 +/- 0.2 densitometric units (DU) of ppET-1 mRNA in the kidney. Group 1 levels (30 min of ischemia alone) were 1.8 +/- 0.4 DU, a threefold increase (P < 0.05). Group 2 levels (60 min of ischemia alone) increased almost six times above baseline, 3.5 +/- 0.2 DU (P < 0.01), whereas both group 3 and group 4 (ischemia plus reperfusion) did not experience any further significant increases in mRNA levels (1.9 +/- 0.4 DU and 2.8 +/- 0.6 DU, respectively) beyond levels in group 1 or 2 animals subjected to similar ischemic periods. ET-1 peptide expression in the ischemic kidneys was significantly increased over controls and was clearly localized to the endothelium of the peritubular capillary network of the kidney. CONCLUSIONS: Initial ET-1 gene up-regulation in the kidney occurs secondary to ischemia, but reperfusion most likely contributes to sustaining this up-regulation. The marked increase of ET-1 in the peritubular capillary network suggests that ET-induced vasoconstriction may have a pathophysiological role in ischemic acute tubular necrosis.  (+info)

Inhibition of effects of flow on potassium permeability in single perfused frog mesenteric capillaries. (6/3987)

1. We have investigated the effects of various potential inhibitors on flow-dependent K+ permeability (PK) of single perfused mesenteric microvessels in pithed frogs. 2. Neither superfusion with a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (10 or 100 micromol l-1), nor the addition of indomethacin (30 micromol l-1) to both perfusate and superfusate reduced the positive correlation between PK and flow velocity (U). 3. In the presence of agents known to raise intracellular levels of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (noradrenaline, 8-bromo-cAMP and a combination of forskolin and rolipram) the slope of the relation between PK and U was no longer significant, so that PK was no longer flow dependent. 4. These results confirm that the flow dependence of PK is a biological process and not an artefact of measurement and suggest a role for intracellular cAMP rather than nitric oxide or prostacyclin in the flow-dependent modulation of PK in frog mesenteric microvessels.  (+info)

Polyol formation and NADPH-dependent reductases in dog retinal capillary pericytes and endothelial cells. (7/3987)

PURPOSE: Dogs fed a diet containing 30% galactose experience retinal vascular changes similar to those in human diabetic retinopathy, with selective pericyte loss as an initial lesion. In the present study the relationship among reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent reductases, polyol formation, and flux through the polyol pathway in cultured dog retinal capillary cells were investigated. METHODS: Pericytes and endothelial cells were cultured from retina of beagle dogs. NADPH-dependent reductases were characterized by chromatofocusing after gel filtration. Sugars in cultured cells were analyzed by gas chromatography, and flux through the polyol pathway was investigated by 19F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) with 3-fluoro-3-deoxy-D-glucose (3FG) as a substrate. The presence of aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase in these cells was examined by northern blot analysis. RESULTS: Two distinct peaks corresponding to aldose reductase and aldehyde reductase, the latter being dominant, were observed in pericytes by chromatofocusing. Culture in medium containing either 10 mM D-galactose or 30 mM D-glucose resulted in the accumulation of sugar alcohol in pericytes that was markedly reduced by aldose reductase inhibitors. 19F NMR spectra obtained from pericytes cultured for 5 days in medium containing 2 mM 3FG displayed the marked accumulation of 3-fluoro-deoxysorbitol but not 3-fluoro-deoxyfructose. No 3FG metabolism was observed in similarly cultured endothelial cells. With northern blot analysis, aldose reductase was detected in pericytes but not in endothelial cells. Sorbitol dehydrogenase was below the detectable limit in pericytes and endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS: Aldose, aldehyde, and glyceraldehyde reductases are present in dog retinal capillary pericytes, with aldehyde reductase being the major reductase present. Polyol accumulation easily occurs in pericytes but not in endothelial cells.  (+info)

VEGF deprivation-induced apoptosis is a component of programmed capillary regression. (8/3987)

The pupillary membrane (PM) is a transient ocular capillary network, which can serve as a model system in which to study the mechanism of capillary regression. Previous work has shown that there is a tight correlation between the cessation of blood flow in a capillary segment and the appearance of apoptotic capillary cells throughout the segment. This pattern of cell death is referred to as synchronous apoptosis (Lang, R. A., Lustig, M., Francois, F., Sellinger, M. and Plesken, H. (1994) Development 120, 3395-3404; Meeson, A., Palmer, M., Calfon, M. and Lang, R. A. (1996) Development 122, 3929-3938). In the present study, we have investigated whether the cause of synchronous apoptosis might be a segmental deficiency of either oxygen or a survival factor. Labeling with the compound EF5 in a normal PM indicated no segmental hypoxia; this argued that oxygen deprivation was unlikely to be the cause of synchronous apoptosis. When rat plasma was used as a source of survival factors in an in vitro PM explant assay, inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) all but eliminated the activity of plasma in suppressing apoptosis. This argued that VEGF was an important plasma survival factor. Furthermore, inhibition of VEGF in vivo using fusion proteins of the human Flk-1/KDR receptor resulted in a significantly increased number of capillaries showing synchronous apoptosis. This provides evidence that VEGF is necessary for endothelial cell survival in this system and in addition, that VEGF deprivation mediated by flow cessation is a component of synchronous apoptosis.  (+info)

Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the body. They are responsible for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and the body's tissues. Capillaries are so small that red blood cells can only pass through them in single file, and their walls are only one cell thick. This allows for the efficient exchange of substances between the blood and the tissues. Capillaries are found throughout the body, including in the skin, muscles, and organs. They play a crucial role in maintaining the body's overall health and function.

Capillary action is a phenomenon that occurs when a liquid, such as blood, is drawn up into a narrow tube or vessel, such as a blood vessel, due to the intermolecular forces between the liquid and the walls of the tube. In the medical field, capillary action is an important concept in the study of blood flow and circulation. It is responsible for the movement of blood from the small veins to the capillaries, where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged with the body's cells, and waste products are removed. Capillary action is also important in the delivery of drugs and other substances to specific areas of the body.

Capillary permeability refers to the ability of fluid and solutes to pass through the walls of capillaries, which are the smallest blood vessels in the body. Capillary permeability is an important factor in regulating blood flow and maintaining fluid balance in the body. There are two types of capillary permeability: hydrostatic and osmotic. Hydrostatic permeability refers to the ability of fluid to move through the capillary walls under the influence of pressure gradients. Osmotic permeability refers to the ability of solutes to move through the capillary walls due to differences in solute concentration between the inside and outside of the capillary. Abnormalities in capillary permeability can lead to a variety of medical conditions, including edema (swelling), inflammation, and certain types of circulatory disorders. For example, increased capillary permeability can cause fluid to leak out of the capillaries and accumulate in tissues, leading to edema. Conversely, decreased capillary permeability can lead to poor blood flow and tissue ischemia (lack of oxygen and nutrients). In the medical field, capillary permeability is often measured using techniques such as the Evans blue dye test or the albumin permeability test. These tests involve injecting a dye or protein into the bloodstream and measuring its uptake by the capillary walls, which can provide information about the permeability of the capillaries.

Hemangioma, Capillary is a type of benign (non-cancerous) tumor that is made up of blood vessels. It is also known as a "vascular malformation" or "angioma." Capillary hemangiomas are the most common type of hemangioma and are typically found in infants and young children. They are usually located on the skin, but can also occur in other parts of the body, such as the liver, brain, and bones. Capillary hemangiomas are usually not painful and often go away on their own without treatment. However, in some cases, treatment may be necessary to prevent complications or to improve the appearance of the affected area.

Capillary resistance refers to the resistance that blood encounters as it flows through the tiny blood vessels called capillaries. Capillaries have a very small diameter, which makes it difficult for blood to flow through them. This resistance is caused by the friction between the blood and the walls of the capillaries, as well as the viscosity of the blood. Capillary resistance plays an important role in regulating blood flow and blood pressure. The body is able to adjust the size of the blood vessels to change the resistance and, therefore, the flow of blood. For example, during exercise, the body increases blood flow to the muscles by widening the capillaries, which reduces the resistance and allows more blood to flow through. In the medical field, capillary resistance is often measured as a way to assess the health of the circulatory system. Abnormal levels of capillary resistance can be a sign of a variety of conditions, including hypertension, heart disease, and diabetes.

Capillary electrochromatography (CEC) is a separation technique that combines the principles of capillary electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It is used in the medical field for the analysis of various biological samples, such as blood, urine, and tissue extracts. In CEC, a small capillary tube is used as the separation column, and an electric field is applied to drive the separation of the sample components. The sample is introduced into the capillary, and the components are separated based on their charge, size, and shape. The separated components are then detected and quantified using various detection methods, such as UV absorbance or mass spectrometry. CEC has several advantages over traditional HPLC, including faster separation times, higher sensitivity, and lower sample and solvent consumption. It is particularly useful for the analysis of complex mixtures, such as those found in biological samples, and is widely used in the medical field for the detection and quantification of various biomarkers, drugs, and metabolites.

Capillary Leak Syndrome (CLS) is a rare but serious medical condition characterized by the excessive leakage of fluid and proteins from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissues. This leakage occurs in the smallest blood vessels, called capillaries, which are responsible for regulating the exchange of fluids and nutrients between the blood and tissues. In CLS, the capillaries become leaky due to damage or dysfunction of the endothelial cells that line the walls of the capillaries. This can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, autoimmune disorders, certain medications, and exposure to toxins or chemicals. The symptoms of CLS can vary depending on the severity and location of the fluid leakage. Common symptoms include swelling, edema (swelling caused by fluid accumulation in the tissues), fatigue, shortness of breath, and low blood pressure. In severe cases, CLS can lead to shock, organ failure, and even death. Treatment for CLS typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the condition, such as treating an infection or discontinuing a medication that may be causing the leak. In some cases, intravenous fluids may be given to replace the lost fluids and prevent dehydration. In severe cases, hospitalization and supportive care may be necessary.

Capillary fragility is a condition in which the walls of small blood vessels, or capillaries, become weak and prone to rupture. This can lead to easy bruising, nosebleeds, and other bleeding disorders. Capillary fragility can be caused by a variety of factors, including vitamin deficiencies, certain medications, and certain medical conditions such as diabetes, kidney disease, and connective tissue disorders. Treatment for capillary fragility typically involves addressing the underlying cause and may include dietary changes, vitamin supplements, and medications to help strengthen the blood vessels.

Capillary tubing is a type of small-diameter tubing used in medical applications, particularly in the collection and transfer of blood samples. It is typically made of plastic or glass and has an inner diameter of 0.5 to 2 millimeters. Capillary tubing is often used in conjunction with a lancet or other device to draw blood from a patient's finger or other body part. The small diameter of the tubing allows for the collection of only a small volume of blood, typically less than a milliliter, which is sufficient for many diagnostic tests. Capillary tubing is also used in other medical applications, such as the delivery of medication or the transfer of fluids between different medical devices.

Corrosion casting, also known as lost-wax casting, is a technique used in the medical field to create metal molds of intricate anatomical structures. The process involves creating a wax model of the desired structure, which is then coated in a layer of a corrosion-resistant material such as shellac or epoxy. The wax model is then heated to melt the wax, which is allowed to drain out, leaving behind a hollow shell. Molten metal is then poured into the shell, filling it and hardening to create a durable metal cast of the original wax model. Corrosion casting is commonly used in the medical field to create metal molds of bones, joints, and other complex anatomical structures for use in surgical planning and training.

Gas chromatography (GC) is a technique used in the medical field to separate and analyze volatile compounds in a sample. It is a type of chromatography that uses a gas as the mobile phase to separate the components of a mixture based on their volatility and interaction with the stationary phase. In GC, a sample is injected into a heated column packed with a stationary phase, which is typically a solid or liquid coated onto a small diameter column. The sample components are then carried through the column by a carrier gas, such as helium or nitrogen, which flows through the column at a constant rate. As the sample components pass through the column, they interact with the stationary phase and are separated based on their volatility and affinity for the stationary phase. The separated components are then detected and quantified using a detector, such as a flame ionization detector or mass spectrometer. GC is commonly used in the medical field to analyze a wide range of samples, including biological fluids, drugs, and environmental samples. It is particularly useful for analyzing volatile organic compounds, such as those found in breath or blood, and is often used in the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases such as diabetes, liver disease, and lung cancer.

The basement membrane is a thin layer of connective tissue that separates the epithelial cells from the underlying connective tissue in many organs and tissues in the body. It is composed of a basement membrane zone (BMZ), which is a dense extracellular matrix, and the lamina propria, which is a loose connective tissue layer. The basement membrane plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of tissues and organs, as well as in regulating the exchange of substances between the epithelial cells and the underlying connective tissue. It is also involved in the development and differentiation of cells, and in the formation of blood vessels and nerves. In the medical field, the basement membrane is often studied in relation to various diseases and conditions, such as cancer, autoimmune disorders, and connective tissue diseases. It is also an important component of many laboratory tests, such as skin biopsies and kidney biopsies, which are used to diagnose and monitor these conditions.

Arterioles are small blood vessels that branch off from arteries and carry oxygenated blood to the capillaries, which are the smallest blood vessels in the body. They are responsible for regulating blood flow and pressure within the microcirculation, which is the network of blood vessels that supply blood to individual tissues and organs. Arterioles have a diameter of approximately 100-300 micrometers and are lined with smooth muscle cells that can contract or relax to change the diameter of the vessel. This allows for the regulation of blood flow and pressure in response to changes in the body's needs, such as during exercise or in response to changes in blood pressure. Arterioles also play a role in the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the blood and the surrounding tissues. They are an important part of the cardiovascular system and any dysfunction or disease affecting the arterioles can have significant consequences for overall health and wellbeing.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGF-A) is a protein that plays a crucial role in the growth and development of blood vessels. It is produced by a variety of cells, including endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells, and is involved in a number of physiological processes, including wound healing, angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels), and tumor growth. VEGF-A binds to receptors on the surface of endothelial cells, triggering a signaling cascade that leads to the proliferation and migration of these cells, as well as the production of new blood vessels. This process is essential for the growth and development of tissues, but it can also contribute to the formation of tumors and other pathological conditions. In the medical field, VEGF-A is often targeted as a potential therapeutic agent for a variety of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and eye disorders. Anti-VEGF-A therapies, such as monoclonal antibodies and small molecule inhibitors, are used to block the activity of VEGF-A and its receptors, thereby inhibiting angiogenesis and tumor growth.

The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain and spinal cord. It is formed by specialized endothelial cells that line the walls of the blood vessels in the brain and spinal cord, along with astrocytes and pericytes that support and regulate the BBB. The BBB plays a critical role in maintaining the homeostasis of the brain by regulating the transport of molecules and ions into and out of the brain. It acts as a barrier to prevent harmful substances, such as toxins and pathogens, from entering the brain, while allowing essential nutrients and signaling molecules to pass through. The BBB is also involved in the regulation of immune responses in the brain and spinal cord, and plays a role in the development and progression of neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and stroke.

Ischemia is a medical condition that occurs when there is a lack of blood flow to a particular part of the body. This can happen when the blood vessels that supply blood to the affected area become narrowed or blocked, either due to a physical obstruction or a decrease in blood pressure. Ischemia can affect any part of the body, but it is most commonly associated with the heart and brain. In the heart, ischemia can lead to a condition called angina, which is characterized by chest pain or discomfort. If the blood flow to the heart is completely blocked, it can result in a heart attack. In the brain, ischemia can cause a stroke, which can lead to permanent damage or even death if not treated promptly. Ischemia can also occur in other organs, such as the kidneys, limbs, and intestines, and can cause a range of symptoms depending on the affected area. Treatment for ischemia typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the blockage or narrowing of the blood vessels, such as through medication, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

Blood flow velocity refers to the speed at which blood flows through a blood vessel or artery. It is typically measured in units of meters per second (m/s) or centimeters per second (cm/s). Blood flow velocity is an important parameter in the assessment of cardiovascular health, as it can provide information about the functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood circulation. Blood flow velocity can be measured using various techniques, including Doppler ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography (CT) angiography. These techniques use sound waves or electromagnetic signals to detect the movement of blood through the blood vessels and calculate the velocity of blood flow. Abnormal blood flow velocities can indicate a variety of cardiovascular conditions, such as stenosis (narrowing) of the blood vessels, atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), and blood clots. Therefore, measuring blood flow velocity is an important diagnostic tool in the evaluation and management of cardiovascular diseases.

A granuloma, pyogenic, is a type of inflammatory response that occurs when the body's immune system reacts to a foreign substance, such as bacteria, fungi, or parasites. In a pyogenic granuloma, the immune system responds to the presence of bacteria by forming a mass of tissue called a granuloma. Pyogenic granulomas are usually benign and can occur anywhere in the body, but they are most commonly found on the skin or in the mouth. They are usually red, raised, and painful, and may be accompanied by swelling and warmth. Treatment for pyogenic granulomas typically involves surgical removal, although in some cases, they may resolve on their own without treatment.

Neovascularization, pathologic, refers to the abnormal growth of new blood vessels in the body. This can occur in response to a variety of factors, including injury, inflammation, and certain diseases. In some cases, neovascularization can be a normal part of the healing process, but in other cases it can be a sign of a more serious underlying condition. Pathologic neovascularization is often associated with conditions such as cancer, diabetes, and age-related macular degeneration. It can also be seen in the development of certain types of tumors, where the new blood vessels help to provide the tumor with the nutrients and oxygen it needs to grow. Treatment for pathologic neovascularization may involve medications, laser therapy, or surgery, depending on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition.

Blood specimen collection is the process of obtaining a sample of blood from a patient for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. This can be done through various methods, such as venipuncture, capillary puncture, or arterial puncture, depending on the type of test or treatment required. During a venipuncture, a healthcare professional will use a needle to puncture a vein in the patient's arm and draw out a sample of blood. Capillary puncture involves pricking the skin with a lancet to obtain a small amount of blood, which is typically used for glucose testing or blood gas analysis. Arterial puncture is a more invasive procedure that involves puncturing an artery to obtain a sample of blood for specific tests, such as coagulation studies. Blood specimen collection is an essential part of medical diagnosis and treatment, as it allows healthcare professionals to analyze the patient's blood for various indicators of health, such as blood cell counts, glucose levels, and cholesterol levels. It is important that blood specimen collection is performed by trained healthcare professionals using proper techniques to ensure the accuracy and safety of the results.

In the medical field, oxygen is a gas that is essential for the survival of most living organisms. It is used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including respiratory disorders, heart disease, and anemia. Oxygen is typically administered through a mask, nasal cannula, or oxygen tank, and is used to increase the amount of oxygen in the bloodstream. This can help to improve oxygenation of the body's tissues and organs, which is important for maintaining normal bodily functions. In medical settings, oxygen is often used to treat patients who are experiencing difficulty breathing due to conditions such as pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or asthma. It may also be used to treat patients who have suffered from a heart attack or stroke, as well as those who are recovering from surgery or other medical procedures. Overall, oxygen is a critical component of modern medical treatment, and is used in a wide range of clinical settings to help patients recover from illness and maintain their health.

Diabetic Retinopathy is a medical condition that affects the blood vessels in the retina, which is the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. It is a common complication of diabetes mellitus, and it can lead to vision loss if left untreated. Diabetic Retinopathy occurs when high blood sugar levels damage the blood vessels in the retina, causing them to leak or become blocked. This can lead to swelling, bleeding, and the formation of abnormal blood vessels, which can further damage the retina and cause vision loss. There are two main types of diabetic retinopathy: non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy is the more common type and is characterized by damage to the blood vessels in the retina, but without the formation of new blood vessels. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is a more advanced form of the disease, and it is characterized by the growth of new blood vessels in the retina, which can cause bleeding and further vision loss. Diabetic Retinopathy is typically diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam, which may include dilating the pupils to allow for a better view of the retina. Treatment options for Diabetic Retinopathy may include laser therapy, medication, or surgery, depending on the severity of the condition. Early detection and treatment are crucial for preventing vision loss in people with diabetes.

Blood vessels are the tubes that carry blood throughout the body. There are three main types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries are the blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the body's tissues and organs. They are thick-walled and muscular, and their walls are lined with smooth muscle that can contract to help push blood through the vessels. Veins are the blood vessels that carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart from the body's tissues and organs. They are thinner-walled than arteries and have valves that prevent blood from flowing backward. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the body, and they connect arteries and veins. They are extremely thin and have walls that are only one cell thick, which allows for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and the body's tissues. Blood vessels play a critical role in maintaining the body's overall health and function. They help regulate blood pressure, transport oxygen and nutrients to the body's tissues, and remove waste products from the body.

In the medical field, the "Blood-Air Barrier" refers to the physical and functional barrier that separates the blood from the air in the lungs. This barrier is essential for the proper exchange of gases between the bloodstream and the air in the lungs. The blood-air barrier is composed of several layers of cells and tissues, including the epithelial cells of the alveoli, the thin walls of the alveoli themselves, and the basement membrane that separates the alveoli from the surrounding blood vessels. The blood-air barrier is responsible for preventing the leakage of blood into the air spaces of the lungs, while allowing the efficient exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the bloodstream and the air. Any damage or disruption to the blood-air barrier can lead to respiratory problems, such as pulmonary edema or respiratory failure.

Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels as the heart pumps blood through the body. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is typically expressed as two numbers: systolic pressure (the pressure when the heart beats) and diastolic pressure (the pressure when the heart is at rest between beats). Normal blood pressure is considered to be below 120/80 mmHg, while high blood pressure (hypertension) is defined as a systolic pressure of 140 mmHg or higher and/or a diastolic pressure of 90 mmHg or higher. High blood pressure is a major risk factor for heart disease, stroke, and other health problems.

In the medical field, "Cells, Cultured" refers to cells that have been grown and maintained in a controlled environment outside of their natural biological context, typically in a laboratory setting. This process is known as cell culture and involves the isolation of cells from a tissue or organism, followed by their growth and proliferation in a nutrient-rich medium. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including human or animal tissues, and can be used for a wide range of applications in medicine and research. For example, cultured cells can be used to study the behavior and function of specific cell types, to develop new drugs and therapies, and to test the safety and efficacy of medical products. Cultured cells can be grown in various types of containers, such as flasks or Petri dishes, and can be maintained at different temperatures and humidity levels to optimize their growth and survival. The medium used to culture cells typically contains a combination of nutrients, growth factors, and other substances that support cell growth and proliferation. Overall, the use of cultured cells has revolutionized medical research and has led to many important discoveries and advancements in the field of medicine.

In the medical field, "Disease Models, Animal" refers to the use of animals to study and understand human diseases. These models are created by introducing a disease or condition into an animal, either naturally or through experimental manipulation, in order to study its progression, symptoms, and potential treatments. Animal models are used in medical research because they allow scientists to study diseases in a controlled environment and to test potential treatments before they are tested in humans. They can also provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of a disease and help to identify new therapeutic targets. There are many different types of animal models used in medical research, including mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, and monkeys. Each type of animal has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of model depends on the specific disease being studied and the research question being addressed.

Pulmonary edema is a medical condition characterized by the accumulation of excess fluid in the lungs. This can occur due to a variety of factors, including heart failure, kidney failure, severe dehydration, and certain medications. Pulmonary edema can cause shortness of breath, coughing, and difficulty breathing, and can be life-threatening if left untreated. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the edema and providing supportive care to help the body eliminate the excess fluid.

In the medical field, the term "cattle" refers to large domesticated animals that are raised for their meat, milk, or other products. Cattle are a common source of food and are also used for labor in agriculture, such as plowing fields or pulling carts. In veterinary medicine, cattle are often referred to as "livestock" and may be treated for a variety of medical conditions, including diseases, injuries, and parasites. Some common medical issues that may affect cattle include respiratory infections, digestive problems, and musculoskeletal disorders. Cattle may also be used in medical research, particularly in the fields of genetics and agriculture. For example, scientists may study the genetics of cattle to develop new breeds with desirable traits, such as increased milk production or resistance to disease.

In the medical field, the brain is the most complex and vital organ in the human body. It is responsible for controlling and coordinating all bodily functions, including movement, sensation, thought, emotion, and memory. The brain is located in the skull and is protected by the skull bones and cerebrospinal fluid. The brain is composed of billions of nerve cells, or neurons, which communicate with each other through electrical and chemical signals. These neurons are organized into different regions of the brain, each with its own specific functions. The brain is also divided into two hemispheres, the left and right, which are connected by a bundle of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum. Damage to the brain can result in a wide range of neurological disorders, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy. Treatment for brain disorders often involves medications, surgery, and rehabilitation therapies to help restore function and improve quality of life.

Glomerulonephritis is a type of kidney disease that involves inflammation of the glomeruli, which are tiny blood vessels in the kidneys responsible for filtering waste products from the blood. This inflammation can cause damage to the glomeruli, leading to a range of symptoms and complications. There are many different types of glomerulonephritis, which can be classified based on their underlying cause. Some common causes include infections (such as strep throat or hepatitis B), autoimmune disorders (such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis), and certain medications or toxins. Symptoms of glomerulonephritis can vary depending on the severity and underlying cause of the condition. Common symptoms may include blood in the urine, swelling in the legs or feet, high blood pressure, fatigue, and changes in urine output. Treatment for glomerulonephritis typically involves managing symptoms and addressing the underlying cause of the inflammation. This may include medications to reduce inflammation, control blood pressure, and prevent further damage to the kidneys. In some cases, more aggressive treatments such as dialysis or kidney transplantation may be necessary.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (VEGFs) are a family of proteins that play a crucial role in the growth and development of blood vessels. They are produced by a variety of cells, including endothelial cells (the cells that line the inside of blood vessels), fibroblasts, and macrophages. VEGFs are important for the formation of new blood vessels during processes such as embryonic development, wound healing, and tumor growth. They do this by binding to receptors on the surface of endothelial cells, which triggers a signaling cascade that leads to the proliferation and migration of these cells, as well as the production of new blood vessels. In the medical field, VEGFs are often targeted in the treatment of various conditions, including cancer, eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy, and cardiovascular diseases such as peripheral artery disease. This is because abnormal VEGF activity has been implicated in the development and progression of these conditions.

Endothelial Growth Factors (EGFs) are a group of proteins that play a crucial role in the growth, development, and repair of blood vessels. They are produced by a variety of cells, including endothelial cells (the cells that line the inside of blood vessels), fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells. EGFs stimulate the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells, which is essential for the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis). They also promote the survival of existing blood vessels and increase blood flow to tissues. In the medical field, EGFs have been studied for their potential therapeutic applications in a variety of conditions, including cardiovascular disease, wound healing, and cancer. For example, EGFs have been used to promote the growth of new blood vessels in ischemic tissues, such as those affected by heart disease or peripheral artery disease. They have also been studied as a potential treatment for chronic wounds, such as diabetic foot ulcers, by promoting the growth of new blood vessels and improving blood flow to the affected area. However, the use of EGFs as a therapeutic agent is still in the experimental stage, and more research is needed to fully understand their potential benefits and risks.

Borates are a group of minerals that contain boron, a chemical element with the symbol B and atomic number 5. Borates are used in a variety of applications in the medical field, including as antiseptics, disinfectants, and as components in some medications. One common use of borates in medicine is as a topical antiseptic. Boric acid, a common borate mineral, has been used for centuries as a natural antiseptic and. It is often used in over-the-counter products such as vaginal suppositories and eye drops to treat infections and other conditions. Borates are also used in some medications as a component to help with the absorption of other active ingredients. For example, boric acid is used in some oral contraceptives to help with the absorption of hormones. In addition to their use in medicine, borates are also used in other industries, such as agriculture and cosmetics, due to their unique properties, such as their ability to absorb moisture and their ability to act as a mild abrasive.

Angiogenesis Inducing Agents are drugs or substances that stimulate the growth of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) in the body. These agents are used in the treatment of various medical conditions, including cancer, heart disease, and eye disorders. In cancer, angiogenesis is a critical process that allows tumors to grow and spread by providing them with the nutrients and oxygen they need to survive. Angiogenesis inhibitors block the formation of new blood vessels, thereby starving the tumor of its nutrients and slowing its growth. In heart disease, angiogenesis can help to repair damaged blood vessels and improve blood flow to the heart muscle. Angiogenesis-inducing agents can be used to stimulate the growth of new blood vessels in the heart, which can help to improve symptoms and reduce the risk of heart attack or stroke. In eye disorders, angiogenesis can help to restore vision by promoting the growth of new blood vessels in the retina. Angiogenesis-inducing agents can be used to treat conditions such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal vein occlusion. Overall, angiogenesis-inducing agents are a promising area of medical research, and they have the potential to revolutionize the treatment of a wide range of diseases and conditions.

Cerebrovascular circulation refers to the blood flow to and from the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to the brain and removing waste products. The brain is a highly metabolically active organ, and it requires a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients to function properly. The cerebrovascular system is made up of the arteries, veins, and capillaries that supply blood to the brain. Any disruption in the cerebrovascular circulation can lead to serious health problems, including stroke and brain injury.

Blood volume refers to the total amount of blood present in the circulatory system of an individual. It is an important parameter in the medical field as it helps to regulate blood pressure, maintain fluid balance, and transport oxygen and nutrients to the body's tissues. The normal blood volume for an adult male is approximately 5 liters, while for an adult female, it is around 4.5 liters. Blood volume can be affected by a variety of factors, including dehydration, blood loss, fluid retention, and certain medical conditions such as heart failure or kidney disease. Measuring blood volume is typically done through a blood test called a hematocrit, which measures the percentage of red blood cells in the blood. Other methods of measuring blood volume include ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

CD31 is a protein that is expressed on the surface of certain cells in the immune system, including platelets and certain types of white blood cells. It is also known as platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) or cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31). In the medical field, CD31 is often used as a marker to identify and study certain types of cells, particularly those involved in the immune response. It is also used as a diagnostic tool to help diagnose and monitor certain medical conditions, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. CD31 is also used in research to study the function of immune cells and to develop new treatments for various diseases. For example, it has been shown to play a role in the formation of new blood vessels, which is important for wound healing and tissue repair. It is also involved in the regulation of the immune response and the development of certain types of cancer.

Lymphokines are a type of cytokine, which are signaling molecules secreted by immune cells such as T cells and B cells. They play a crucial role in regulating the immune response and are involved in various immune-related processes, including inflammation, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Lymphokines are produced in response to infections, injuries, or other stimuli that activate the immune system. They can be classified into several categories based on their function, including interleukins, interferons, and tumor necrosis factors. Interleukins are a group of lymphokines that regulate the activity of immune cells, including T cells, B cells, and macrophages. They are involved in various immune responses, including inflammation, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Interferons are another group of lymphokines that are produced in response to viral infections. They have antiviral properties and can also stimulate the immune system to fight off infections. Tumor necrosis factors are a group of lymphokines that are involved in the immune response to infections and tumors. They can stimulate the production of other cytokines and chemokines, which help to recruit immune cells to the site of infection or tumor. Overall, lymphokines play a critical role in the immune response and are involved in many different aspects of immune function.

In the medical field, "buffers" typically refer to substances that help regulate the pH of bodily fluids, such as blood and urine. Buffers work by neutralizing excess acid or base in the body, helping to maintain a stable pH level. This is important because many enzymes and other biological processes in the body require a specific pH range in order to function properly. There are several different types of buffers that can be used in the medical field, including bicarbonate buffers, phosphate buffers, and protein buffers. Bicarbonate buffers are the most common type of buffer used in the body, and they are primarily found in the blood and extracellular fluid. Phosphate buffers are also commonly used in the body, and they are found in the blood, urine, and other bodily fluids. Protein buffers are less common, but they can be used in certain medical situations where bicarbonate or phosphate buffers are not effective. In addition to regulating pH, buffers can also be used to treat certain medical conditions, such as acidosis (a condition in which the blood is too acidic) or alkalosis (a condition in which the blood is too alkaline). Buffers may be administered intravenously or orally, depending on the specific condition being treated and the needs of the patient.

Coronary vessels, also known as coronary arteries, are blood vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. There are two main coronary arteries, the left coronary artery and the right coronary artery, which branch off from the aorta and travel through the heart muscle to supply blood to the heart's various chambers and valves. The coronary arteries are responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle, which is essential for its proper function. If the coronary arteries become narrowed or blocked due to atherosclerosis (the buildup of plaque), it can lead to a condition called coronary artery disease (CAD), which can cause chest pain, heart attack, and other serious cardiovascular problems. In some cases, coronary artery disease can be treated with medications, lifestyle changes, or procedures such as angioplasty or coronary artery bypass surgery. It is important to maintain a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, a balanced diet, and not smoking, to reduce the risk of developing coronary artery disease and other cardiovascular problems.

Complement C4b is a protein that is part of the complement system, a complex series of proteins that plays a role in the body's immune response. The complement system helps to identify and destroy foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses, that enter the body. C4b is one of several proteins that are produced when the complement system is activated. It is produced when C4, another protein in the complement system, is cleaved by an enzyme called C1s. C4b is then attached to the surface of a pathogen, marking it for destruction by other components of the complement system. C4b is also involved in the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC), which is a group of proteins that form a pore in the membrane of a pathogen, causing it to burst and be destroyed. The MAC is one of the most powerful weapons in the complement system, and it is able to destroy even highly resistant pathogens. In addition to its role in the immune response, C4b has been implicated in a number of other biological processes, including inflammation, cell signaling, and the regulation of the complement system itself.

Serum Albumin, Radio-Iodinated is a radiopharmaceutical used in medical imaging to diagnose and monitor liver and kidney function. It is a modified form of serum albumin, a protein found in the blood, that has been labeled with radioactive iodine. The radioactive iodine allows the serum albumin to be detected by medical imaging equipment, such as a gamma camera or a PET scanner. When injected into the bloodstream, the serum albumin, radio-iodinated travels through the body and is taken up by the liver and kidneys. The amount of serum albumin that is taken up by these organs can be measured using medical imaging equipment, which can provide information about the function of the liver and kidneys. Serum albumin, radio-iodinated is often used to diagnose liver and kidney diseases, such as cirrhosis, hepatitis, and kidney failure. It can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment for these conditions.

Arteriovenous anastomosis (AVA) refers to a direct connection between an artery and a vein, bypassing the capillary bed. This type of connection is commonly found in the body's microcirculation, where it allows for the efficient exchange of oxygen and nutrients between the blood vessels and surrounding tissues. In some cases, AVAs can also occur in larger vessels, such as the coronary arteries and veins, where they can contribute to the development of certain cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary artery disease and heart failure. AVAs can be congenital or acquired, and they can occur in various parts of the body, including the brain, lungs, liver, kidneys, and limbs. They can also be the result of trauma, surgery, or certain medical conditions, such as hypertension, diabetes, and cancer.

... surround the cortical parts of the proximal and distal tubules, while the vasa recta go into the ... The ions that need to be excreted as waste are secreted from the capillaries into the nephron to be sent towards the bladder ... Essentially, the peritubular capillaries reabsorb useful substances such as glucose and amino acids and secrete certain mineral ... About one-fifth of the blood plasma is filtered into Bowman's capsule as the blood passes through the glomerular capillaries; ...
Sinusoidal capillaries or discontinuous capillaries are a special type of open-pore capillary, also known as a sinusoid, that ... Individual capillaries are part of the capillary bed, an interweaving network of capillaries supplying tissues and organs. The ... While capillary is usually used as a noun, the word also is used as an adjective, as in "capillary action", in which a liquid ... Lymph capillaries have a greater internal oncotic pressure than blood capillaries, due to the greater concentration of plasma ...
Hysteresis in capillary condensation has been shown to be minimized at higher temperatures. Capillary condensation in pores ... For example, if a capillary's radius increases sharply, then capillary condensation (adsorption) will cease until an ... A capillary does not necessarily have to be a tubular, closed shape, but can be any confined space with respect to its ... Meniscus formation is dependent on the surface tension of the liquid and the shape of the capillary, as shown by the Young- ...
... can also be utilized to block fluid flow in a microfluidic device. The capillary pressure in a microchannel ... Capillary pressure formulas are derived from the pressure relationship between two fluid phases in a capillary tube in ... see capillary action), resulting from the interactions of forces between the fluids and solid walls of the tube. Capillary ... is the wetting angle of the liquid on the surface of the capillary The force down formula for capillary pressure is seen as: p ...
The capillary is packed with stationary phase. To introduce the sample, the capillary inlet is placed into a vial containing ... In capillary electrochromatography capillaries, packed with HPLC stationary phase, are subjected to a high voltage. Separation ... The components of a capillary electrochromatograph are a sample vial, source and destination vials, a packed capillary, ... sample is introduced into the capillary via capillary action, pressure, or siphoning). The migration of the analytes is then ...
To operate in the country, Capillary formed a Saudi-specific entity called Capillary Arabia. Capillary Technologies began ... According to Capillary, this new round of funding will primarily help Capillary's plans to grow and expand further in North ... That same year, Capillary acquired Persuade, a U.S. loyalty platform provider. In March 2023, Capillary Technologies and Texas- ... Capillary Technologies was founded in Bangalore in 2008. Today, Capillary is headquartered in Singapore and operates in several ...
A Luggin capillary (also Luggin probe, Luggin tip, or Luggin-Haber capillary) is a small tube that is used in electrochemistry ... The capillary defines a clear sensing point for the reference electrode near the working electrode. This is in contrast to the ... Slide 15: Luggin capillary for reference electrode. v t e (CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list, Articles needing additional ... "Luggin's capillary in studying the effect of electrochemical reaction on mechanical properties of solid surfaces", Journal of ...
... unlike the loop structure of blood capillaries). Lymph capillaries are strategically placed among the blood-related capillaries ... Lymph capillaries or lymphatic capillaries are tiny, thin-walled microvessels located in the spaces between cells (except in ... Lymph capillaries have a greater internal oncotic pressure than blood capillaries, due to the greater concentration of plasma ... Upon entering the lumen of a lymphatic capillary, the collected fluid is known as lymph. Each lymphatic capillary carries lymph ...
The capillary fringe is the subsurface layer in which groundwater seeps up from a water table by capillary action to fill pores ... This saturated portion of the capillary fringe is less than the total capillary rise because of the presence of a mix in pore ... The capillary fringe is the zone immediately above the water table in which all or some of the interstices are filled with ... Capillary action supports a vadose zone above the saturated base, within which water content decreases with distance above the ...
Look up capillary in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A capillary is a small blood vessel or any small diameter tube. Capillary ... may also refer to: Capillary length, a characteristic length scale in fluid mechanics Capillary action, the drawing of liquid ... the separation of charged species by voltage applied to a small tube Capillary wave, is a liquid surface wave (ripples), whose ... are dominated by the effects of surface tension This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Capillary. If ...
... (sometimes called capillarity, capillary motion, capillary rise, capillary effect, or wicking) is the process ... Capillary fringe - Subsurface layer in which groundwater seeps up from a water table by capillary action Capillary pressure - ... While capillary is usually used as a noun, the word also is used as an adjective, as in "capillary action," in which a liquid ... Capillary action is observed in thin layer chromatography, in which a solvent moves vertically up a plate via capillary action ...
... s are common in nature, and are often referred to as ripples. The wavelength of capillary waves on water is ... and gravity-capillary waves which are also affected by gravity. The dispersion relation for capillary waves is ω 2 = σ ρ + ρ ... Capillary action Dispersion (water waves) Fluid pipe Ocean surface wave Thermal capillary wave Two-phase flow Wave-formed ... When capillary waves are also affected substantially by gravity, they are called gravity-capillary waves. Their dispersion ...
... the capillary length. If the bond number is set to 1, then the characteristic length is the capillary length The capillary ... The capillary length or capillary constant, is a length scaling factor that relates gravity and surface tension. It is a ... Using the same premises of capillary rise, one can find the capillary length as a function of the volume increase, and wetting ... which is a traditional experiment measuring the height of a liquid in a capillary tube. When a capillary tube is inserted into ...
... are flesh-colored solitary lesions, resembling an intradermal nevus, which may suddenly grow larger and ...
... flow in porous media is dominated by capillary forces, whereas for high capillary numbers the capillary forces are negligible ... The capillary number plays a role in the dynamics of capillary flow; in particular, it governs the dynamic contact angle of a ... The capillary number is defined as: C a = μ V σ {\displaystyle \mathrm {Ca} ={\frac {\mu V}{\sigma }}} where μ {\displaystyle \ ... The Capillary number in multiphase flow has the same definition as the single flow formulation, the ratio of viscous to surface ...
Capillary pressure Surface energy Surface tension Capillary bridges Robert Finn (1999). "Capillary Surface Interfaces" (PDF). ... where both flow and static configuration are often dominated by capillary effects. The defining equation for a capillary ... In particular, static capillary surfaces with gravity absent have constant mean curvature, so that a minimal surface is a ... In a capillary tube, for example, implementing the contact angle boundary condition will yield a unique solution for exactly ...
A capillary bridge is a minimized surface of liquid or membrane created between two rigid bodies of arbitrary shape. Capillary ... divided by a capillary surface Pγ=ΔP i.e. capillary pressure between two phases is balanced by their adjacent pressure ... Capillary bridges have been studied for over 200 years. The question was raised for the first time by Josef Louis Lagrange in ... 3) Capillary bridges and their properties may also be influenced by Earth gravity and by properties of the bridged surfaces. ...
Other capillaries including Teflon capillaries also exhibit electroosmotic flow. The EOF of these capillaries is probably the ... Sample is introduced into the capillary via capillary action, pressure, siphoning, or electrokinetically, and the capillary is ... Detection occurs via fluorescence through a window etched in the capillary. Both single-capillary and capillary-array ... Such capillary array electrophoresis (CAE) instruments with 16 or 96 capillaries are used for medium- to high-throughput ...
... time is also used in veterinary medicine. An animal should have a capillary refill time of less than 1 to 1 3/ ... Capillary refill time (CRT) is defined as the time taken for color to return to an external capillary bed after pressure is ... Because animals have fur, the gums are typically used to test capillary refill time. Capillary refill time is a quick and cheap ... The upper normal limit for capillary refill in newborns is 3 seconds. Capillary refill time can also be assessed in animals by ...
... , or vascular leak syndrome, is characterized by the escape of blood plasma through capillary walls, ... Systemic capillary leak syndrome (SCLS), also called Clarkson's disease, or primary capillary leak syndrome, is a rare, grave ... can also cause capillary leaks. These conditions and factors are sources of secondary capillary leak syndrome. ... It is characterized by self-reversing episodes during which the endothelial cells which line the capillaries, usually of the ...
... or KCE is capillary electrophoresis of molecules that interact during electrophoresis. KCE ... the way interacting molecules enter and exit the capillary. Several KCE methods were described: non-equilibrium capillary ... Petrov A, Okhonin V, Berezovski M, Krylov SN (Dec 2005). "Kinetic capillary electrophoresis (KCE): a conceptual platform for ... Okhonin V, Berezovski M, Krylov SN (Jun 2004). "Sweeping capillary electrophoresis: a non-stopped-flow method for measuring ...
Capillary wave theory (CWT) is a classic account of how thermal fluctuations distort an interface. It starts from some ... Thermal motion is able to produce capillary waves at the molecular scale. At this scale, gravity and hydrodynamics can be ... 2). J.S. Rowlinson and B. Widom "Molecular theory of capillarity" 2002 Capillary wave v t e (Statistical mechanics, Waves, All ...
Capillary Action was an American avant-rock/experimental music group formed at Oberlin College in 2004 by Philadelphia native ... In 2009, Boston Phoenix named Capillary Action the Best New Band from New York, likening the group to "Both Elvises in a ... Capillary Action's self-described "confrontational cubist-pop" was characterized by an unusual blend of acoustic timbres; ... So Embarrassing - 2008 (US), 2009 on Discorporate (EU) Capsized - 2011 "Interview with Capillary Action". Retrieved 10 May 2010 ...
... and with lower capillary density overall. This reduction in capillaries and their misplacement away from the alveolar surface ... Alveolar capillary dysplasia (ACD) is a rare, congenital diffuse lung disease characterized by abnormal blood vessels in the ... In ACD, the interstitium of alveoli is thickened, with few to no capillaries located at the alveolar surface to perform gas ... Janney, CG; Askin, FB; Kuhn C, 3rd (November 1981). "Congenital alveolar capillary dysplasia--an unusual cause of respiratory ...
In January 2012, a paper proposed new names for the syndrome: megalencephaly-capillary malformation or megalencephaly-capillary ... Macrocephaly-capillary malformation (M-CM) is a multiple malformation syndrome causing abnormal body and head overgrowth and ... A new name, macrocephaly-capillary malformation, abbreviated M-CM, was recommended in 2007. This new name was chosen to more ... Sep 2009). "Tetralogy of Fallot associated with macrocephaly-capillary malformation syndrome: a case report and review of the ...
... (PCH) is a disease affecting the blood vessels of the lungs, where abnormal capillary ... Case Rep Cardiol 2016:9384126 Ma L, Bao R (2015) Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis: a focus on the EIF2AK4 mutation in onset ... Masur Y, Remberger K, Hoefer M (1996). "Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis as a rare cause of pulmonary hypertension". Pathol ... Arch Argent Pediatr 115(1):e17-e20 Wagenvoort CA, Beetstra A, Spijker J (1978) Capillary haemangiomatosis of the lungs. ...
The CaBER (Capillary Breakup Extensional Rheometer) was the only commercially available instrument based on capillary breakup. ... The thinning of the capillary bridge is purely governed by the interplay of inertial, viscous, elastic and capillary forces. ... At present, the unique commercially available device based on capillary breakup technique is the CaBER. Capillary breakup ... Capillary breakup rheometry is based on the observation of breakup dynamics of a thin fluid thread, governed by the interplay ...
metal cassette ceiling with capillary tube mats as cooling ceiling plaster cooling ceiling with capillary tube mats Capillary ... A capillary tube mat is a flat composite structure of thin tubes (capillaries) with a distributor tube and a collector tube. ... The typical capillary tube mat has capillary tubes with an external diameter of less than 5 mm. This makes the construction ... In addition to plaster cooling ceilings with capillary tube mats, which require a plaster layer of less than 15 mm, capillary ...
In capillary flow porometry an inert gas is used to displace a liquid, which is in the pores. The pressure required to empty ... Capillary flow porometry, also known as porometry, is a characterization technique based on the displacement of a wetting ... In order to measure the pore size by capillary flow porometry it is necessary to impregnate the samples with a wetting liquid. ... In capillary flow porometry, in opposition to mercury intrusion porosimetry, the wetting liquid enters spontaneously the pores ...
This technique uses a stainless steel tee to mix separation electrolyte from CE capillary with make up liquid. The CE capillary ... In the first CE-MS interface a stainless steel capillary sheath around the separation capillary terminus was used instead of ... The terminus of separation capillary was protruded from the tapered sheath-flow capillary. Because of thin wall of the ... An electrical contact of stainless steel capillary with background electrolyte flowing out from the separation capillary was ...
Capillaries are tiny blood vessels near the surface of the skin. ... A capillary sample is a blood sample collected by pricking the ... A capillary sample is a blood sample collected by pricking the skin. Capillaries are tiny blood vessels near the surface of the ... Capillary blood sampling has several advantages over drawing blood from a vein:. *It is easy to obtain (it can be difficult to ... Capillary blood sampling may result in inaccurate results, such as falsely elevated sugar, electrolyte, and blood count values ...
Peritubular capillaries surround the cortical parts of the proximal and distal tubules, while the vasa recta go into the ... The ions that need to be excreted as waste are secreted from the capillaries into the nephron to be sent towards the bladder ... Essentially, the peritubular capillaries reabsorb useful substances such as glucose and amino acids and secrete certain mineral ... About one-fifth of the blood plasma is filtered into Bowmans capsule as the blood passes through the glomerular capillaries; ...
Capillary hemangiomas are one of the most common benign orbital tumors of infancy. They are benign endothelial cell neoplasms ... encoded search term (Capillary Hemangioma) and Capillary Hemangioma What to Read Next on Medscape ... Capillary hemangiomas are one of the most common benign orbital tumors of infancy. [1] They are benign endothelial cell ... Capillary haemangioma of the eyelids and orbit: a clinical review of the safety and efficacy of intralesional steroid. Acta ...
The site navigation utilizes arrow, enter, escape, and space bar key commands. Left and right arrows move across top level links and expand / close menus in sub levels. Up and Down arrows will open main level menus and toggle through sub tier links. Enter and space open menus and escape closes them as well. Tab will move on to the next part of the site rather than go through menu items.. ...
"As this concept matures," he says, "I believe that the designs will look more and more like a capillary network from the human ... Blood and Silicon: New Electronics-Cooling System Mimics Human Capillaries. Microchannels strategically carved in chips could ... transforming into capillaries, in certain areas of the body," Matioli says. The experiments-some of which had to be done in a ...
... and learn more about Capillary Training. Download Capillary Training and enjoy it on your iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch. ... Capillary Training includes everything youll need to make the most out of your Capillary app. ... Capillary utilizes the proven benefits of mobile learning to train the modern workforce, so its no surprise we built our own ... mobile app to train users on how to create, publish, and deliver effective training content using Capillary. From creating and ...
... Med Thorac. 1962;19:215-9. doi: 10.1159/000192221. ...
Standard Test Method for Viscosity of Asphalts by Vacuum Capillary Viscometer. Standard Test Method for Viscosity of Asphalts ... by Vacuum Capillary Viscometer D2171-07 ASTM,D2171-07,en-US Standard Test Method for Viscosity of Asphalts by Vacuum Capillary ... 1.1 This test method covers procedures for the determination of viscosity of asphalt binder (bitumen) by vacuum capillary ... Viscometer Standard D2171 Standard Test Method for Viscosity of Asphalts by Vacuum Capillary Viscometer> new BOS Vol. 04.03 ...
The ICD-9 code range DISEASES OF ARTERIES, ARTERIOLES, AND CAPILLARIES for 440-449 is medical classification list by the World ... DISEASES OF ARTERIES, ARTERIOLES, AND CAPILLARIES ICD-9 Code range 440-449. ...
The worlds highest temperature WAX capillary column (300 °C) ... SGE GC Capillary Columns. BP1 BPX1 BPX5 BP5 HT5 HT8 BP10 BPX35 ... Gas Chromatography Supplies, Capillary Columns, Tubing, Gas Regulators for Sale. Columns Fused Silica Tubing Instrument Tubing ... GC Capillary Column, SGE, SOLGEL-WAX(TM), Temp Range (C)=30 to 280/300. ...
Timeline for Protein Capillary morphogenesis protein 2 domain from c.62.1.1: Integrin A (or I) domain: *Protein Capillary ... Lineage for Protein: Capillary morphogenesis protein 2 domain. *Root: SCOPe 2.08 *. Class c: Alpha and beta proteins (a/b) [ ... Protein Capillary morphogenesis protein 2 domain from c.62.1.1: Integrin A (or I) domain appears in SCOPe 2.07. ... Protein Capillary morphogenesis protein 2 domain [102543] (1 species). Anthrax toxin receptor 2. ...
Monitoring myoglobin by capillary zone electrophoresis with end-column amperometric detection. Download Prime PubMed App to ... Monitoring myoglobin by capillary zone electrophoresis with end-column amperometric detection.. Electrophoresis. 2000 May; 21(8 ... Capillary zone electrophoresis was employed for the determination of myoglobin in human urine using end-column amperometric ... "Monitoring Myoglobin By Capillary Zone Electrophoresis With End-column Amperometric Detection." Electrophoresis, vol. 21, no. 8 ...
FragranceNet.com offers a variety of Sothys Clarity Cleansing Milk - For Skin With Fragile Capillaries , With Witch Hazel ... Home / Skincare / Sothys / Sothys / Clarity Cleansing Milk - For Skin With Fragile Capillaries , With Witch Hazel Extract ... Clarity Cleansing Milk - For Skin With Fragile Capillaries , With Witch Hazel Extract. by Sothys (View All) ... clarity cleansing milk - for skin with fragile capillaries , with witch hazel extract 200ml/6.76ozclarity cleansing milk - for ...
Capillary Pressure: The Key To Producible Porosity Wm. Scott Dodge, Sr.; Wm. Scott Dodge, Sr. ... "Capillary Pressure: The Key To Producible Porosity." Paper presented at the SPWLA 37th Annual Logging Symposium, New Orleans, ... has been computed from log measurements by modelling capillary pressure irreducible water saturation as a function of ... has been also measured directly by NMR when the T2 relaxation time distribution cut-off is calibrated to the maximum capillary ...
capillary length Length of capillary a little long to stuff in our electrical box with switch and overload breaker ... ":"Thermostat 1\/4D Bulb - 36 Capillary","public_title":null,"options":["Default Title"],"price":4295,"weight":136,"compare ... capillary and SPST 2 pole configuration. 275-3124-00, IAC275312400, 610029, 9135-03AD ...
The Vortical Structure of Parasitic Capillary Waves: Convergence and Validation Studies by Rebecca C. Y. Mui & Douglas G. ... JFE: The Vortical Structure of Parasitic Capillary Waves: Convergence and Validation Studies. ...
... Posted: June 30th, 2008, by Simon Minter Capillary Actions ... An outfit like Capillary Action are always going to be too downright bizarre to be of mass interest - but thats what they have ... Capillary Action use modern sounds and styles to further some kind of compositional dream. Its almost too relentless in its ...
... dc.contributor.advisor. Chen, Chuan-Hua. ... In this thesis, we analyze two different colloidal catapult systems with different geometries and develop a capillary-inertial ...
Find out detailed share holding pattern of Mardia Samyoung Capillary Tubes Company Ltd . Analyze promoter and non promoter ... QuickLinks for Mardia Samyoung Capillary Tubes Company Ltd.. Mardia Samyoung Information. *. Mardia Samyoung Share Price. ...
Market Research Future has Discovered that the Global Capillary Blood Collection Devices Market is on track to witness growth ... However, due to capillary blood collection being the most preferred method of blood collection by both patients and medical ... The Global Capillary Blood Collection Devices Market has been segmented by material, type of devices, end-user, and region. ... Capillary Blood Collection Devices Market to Value USD 778.38 till 2023 , with Abbot Laboratories, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, ...
CAPILLARYS 3 OCTA offers the enhanced throughput of a 8 capillaries system with a broad assay menu. ... Capillary Electrophoresis The worldwide leader in Capillary Electrophoresis with fully automated protein separation at high ... With 8 capillaries, the CAPILLARYS 3 OCTA reduces hands-on-time and offers a large loading capacity with 120 samples (15 racks ... Serum Protein by Capillary Electrophoresis High throughput Serum Protein Electrophoresis, with high resolution results. ...
Evaluation of capillary blood glucose versus a high-risk questionnaire for screening for undiagnosed diabetes mellitus in ... Capillary blood glucose (CBG) screening for type 2 DM, using a reflectance blood glucose meter, is less costly than other ... Capillary blood samples were taken and whole blood glucose concentration was measured using a uniform portable glucometer with ... Evaluation of capillary blood glucose versus a high-risk questionnaire for screening for undiagnosed diabetes mellitus in ...
The researchers isolated lymphatic capillary cells from the human dermis. Together with the blood capillaries that were also ... In preclinical trials both the human lymphatic capillaries and the blood capillaries engineered in the laboratory connected ... Blood and lymphatic capillaries grown for the first time in the lab. Every year around 11 million people suffer severe burns. ... Fully functional lymphatic capillaries generated for the first time. Tissue fluid is excreted from a wound which accumulates in ...
... , ... GC Fused Silica Capillary Columns /. Stabilwax GC Capillary ... Stabilwax GC Capillary Column, 2 m, 0.18 mm ID, 0.18 um. Catalog No. 15118 ... Stabilwax GC Capillary Column, 2 m, 0.18 mm ID, 0.18 um. .RCPDP_ProductPrice{padding-bottom:2.5rem}.RCPDP_ProductPrice span{ ...
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Capillary, 550F replacement part at Parts Town with fast same day shipping on all in-stock orders until 9pm ET. ... APW Wyott 56540 Themostat, 72" Capillary, 550F. Obsolete APW56540 has been replaced by: BKPAS-M1110A ...
Capillary rise is capable of demonstrating the mechanism involved in groundwater evaporation, where the evaporation from ... This was because capillary water rose under both the capillary action and gravity, so the capillary force was far larger than ... The capillary rise rate was signified as the height per unit time. The variation of the capillary rise rate during the first 30 ... The rate of capillary rise obtained a decreasing trend, with a sharp decrease at the initial stage. The capillary action played ...
  • Capillary zone electrophoresis was employed for the determination of myoglobin in human urine using end-column amperometric detection with a carbon fiber microelectrode at a constant potential of 1.80 V vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCF). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The CAPILLARYS 3 OCTA is the most recent Sebia automated capillary electrophoresis system. (sebia.com)
  • Sharing the same technical platform and reagent line, laboratories can mix the different CAPILLARYS 3 platforms to meet their individual needs in production capacity, in addition to the large automated capillary electrophoresis menu. (sebia.com)
  • To date, the development of a chiral L-His-ZIF-67 coated capillary column for capillary electrophoresis had not been reported in the field. (chromatographyonline.com)
  • In the renal system, peritubular capillaries are tiny blood vessels, supplied by the efferent arteriole, that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron. (wikipedia.org)
  • Capillaries are tiny blood vessels near the surface of the skin. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Capillary malformations and other vascular malformations are the result of abnormal morphogenesis. (medscape.com)
  • Up to now these complex skin grafts didn't contain any blood or lymphatic capillaries, pigmentation, sebaceous glands, hair follicles or nerves. (medizin-aspekte.de)
  • We were able to isolate all the necessary skin cells from a human skin sample and to engineer a skin graft similar to full-thickness skin that contains for the first time blood and lymphatic capillaries too", says Martin Meuli, Head of the Surgical Clinic at the University Children's Hospital Zurich. (medizin-aspekte.de)
  • The researchers isolated lymphatic capillary cells from the human dermis. (medizin-aspekte.de)
  • The individual lymphatic cells spontaneously arranged themselves into lymphatic capillaries with all the characteristics of lymphatic vessels. (medizin-aspekte.de)
  • In preclinical trials both the human lymphatic capillaries and the blood capillaries engineered in the laboratory connected with those of the laboratory animals. (medizin-aspekte.de)
  • They will not, however, contain any blood or lymphatic capillaries as approval has still to be obtained. (medizin-aspekte.de)
  • Bioengineering Dermo-Epidermal Skin Grafts with Blood and Lymphatic Capillaries. (medizin-aspekte.de)
  • Producible porosity, defined as the pore volume available to hydrocarbon emplacement, has been computed from log measurements by modelling capillary pressure irreducible water saturation as a function of permeability and maximum hydrocarbon column height. (onepetro.org)
  • The total dissolved solids (TDS) of the groundwater that was dissolved with KCl or NaCl affected the capillary water gravity more than soil pore structure. (iwaponline.com)
  • The TDS of the groundwater that was dissolved with CaCl 2 or MgCl 2 affected both the capillary water gravity and the soil pore structure. (iwaponline.com)
  • Capillary hemangiomas are believed to be hamartomatous proliferations of vascular endothelial cells. (medscape.com)
  • Capillary malformation, usually referred to as a port-wine stain or nevus flammeus, is the most common type of vascular malformation. (medscape.com)
  • Immunohistochemical studies of capillary malformations reveal a significantly decreased density of perivascular nervous tissue in lesional skin, suggesting that inadequate innervation may be in part responsible for decreased vascular tone and progressive vascular dilatation. (medscape.com)
  • The potent endothelial cell mitogen vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and its most active receptor VEGF-R2 expression are significantly increased in capillary malformation skin tissue compared with control skin. (medscape.com)
  • Port-wine stains are capillary vascular malformations that are present at birth and that manifest. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Market Research Future has Discovered that the Global Capillary Blood Collection Devices Market is on track to witness growth at a striking CAGR of 7.54% during the review period from 2019 to 2023. (medgadget.com)
  • MRFR thoroughly examines the global capillary blood collection devices market in its report and has estimated evaluation of USD 778.38 million by 2023. (medgadget.com)
  • In this thesis, we analyze two different colloidal catapult systems with different geometries and develop a capillary-inertial scaling law that closely matches the jumping behavior of the systems. (duke.edu)
  • The capillaries/confined geometries are known to influence the phase diagram of polymer solutions where condensation of bulk solutions may occur close to the surfaces. (lu.se)
  • The ICD-9 code range DISEASES OF ARTERIES, ARTERIOLES, AND CAPILLARIES for 440-449 is medical classification list by the World Health Organization (WHO). (aapc.com)
  • With 8 capillaries, the CAPILLARYS 3 OCTA reduces hands-on-time and offers a large loading capacity with 120 samples (15 racks). (sebia.com)
  • Morphological changes in capillaries are one of major clinical signs in diabetic retinopathy (DR). In this study, we quantified the dilated deep capillaries on optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images. (bvsalud.org)
  • Central 3 × 3 mm en face images were obtained using a swept source OCTA device in 105 eyes of 99 patients with DR. Capillaries with a greater diameter in the deep layers were defined as the dilated deep capillaries , using stepwise image processing. (bvsalud.org)
  • Most eyes with DR had string-like or dot-like dilated deep capillaries in the OCTA images, which appeared to be dilated capillary segments or microaneurysms histologically. (bvsalud.org)
  • Capillary malformations are characterized by ectatic papillary dermal capillaries and postcapillary venules in the upper reticular dermis, with some evidence of increased vessel density and no apparent proliferation of vessels. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] While this notion has merit, the accepted nomenclature is that capillary malformation be reserved for a patch of red-colored skin, historically referred to as a port-wine stain or a nevus flammeus. (medscape.com)
  • In 2008, Happle argued that the term capillary malformation should be used as a more generalized designation for several congenital disorders of dilated capillaries (eg, angiokeratomas , nevus anemicus , cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita ). (medscape.com)
  • Movement of water into the peritubular capillaries is due to the loss of water from the glomerulus during filtration, which increases the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood. (wikipedia.org)
  • This blood leaves the glomerulus via the efferent arteriole, which supplies the peritubular capillaries. (wikipedia.org)
  • The higher osmolarity of the blood in the peritubular capillaries creates an osmotic pressure which causes the uptake of water. (wikipedia.org)
  • Water is also driven into the peritubular capillaries due to the higher fluid pressure of the interstitium, driven by reabsorption of fluid and electrolytes via active transport, and the low fluid pressure of blood entering the peritubular capillaries due to the narrowness of the efferent arteriole. (wikipedia.org)
  • A capillary sample is a blood sample collected by pricking the skin. (medlineplus.gov)
  • For example, persons with diabetes must check their blood sugar several times a day using capillary blood sampling. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Capillary blood sampling may result in inaccurate results, such as falsely elevated sugar, electrolyte, and blood count values. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It's like the human circulatory system, which is made of larger blood vessels that only get thinner, transforming into capillaries, in certain areas of the body," Matioli says. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Capillary blood collection is one of the most minimally invasive methods to draw blood for medical purposes. (medgadget.com)
  • However, due to capillary blood collection being the most preferred method of blood collection by both patients and medical professionals, this challenge is unlikely to restrain market growth. (medgadget.com)
  • The Global Capillary Blood Collection Devices Market has been segmented by material, type of devices, end-user, and region. (medgadget.com)
  • In-vitro diagnostics such as capillary blood collection allows patients in the region to monitor diseases. (medgadget.com)
  • The Asia-Pacific is predicted to be the fastest growing region in the global capillary blood collection devices market. (medgadget.com)
  • There is also a strong demand for minimally invasive capillary blood collection devices which makes this region high promising. (medgadget.com)
  • Together with the blood capillaries that were also engineered, this guarantees rapid, efficient vesicular supply of the skin graft. (medizin-aspekte.de)
  • Of 15 082 individuals screened, 65.8% were positive by the American Diabetes Association risk-score questionnaire and 71.3% by determination of capillary blood glucose (CBG) using a portable glucometer. (who.int)
  • [ 2 ] Confocal microscopic studies demonstrate an inverse correlation between nerve density and blood vessel diameter and evidence that capillary malformations with the lowest nerve density exhibit the highest blood vessel density and the poorest response to laser intervention. (medscape.com)
  • The relative areas of automatically selected capillaries with a great diameter were calculated as the index of the dilated deep capillaries . (bvsalud.org)
  • From creating and publishing content to tracking custom analytics to delivering course material and certifications, Capillary Training includes everything you'll need to make the most out of your Capillary app. (apple.com)
  • To indirectly quantify the release of oxygen after intracoronary chemical reaction, by axial displacement of fluid in glass capillaries arranged in dental crowns. (bvsalud.org)
  • Diagnosis of capillary malformations is made clinically. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Conversely, one report describes expansion of a biopsy-proven capillary malformation following partial surgical excision in an adult in whom the newly expanded capillary malformation expressed marked elevations of both tyrosine kinase receptor (Tie2) and its ligand angiopoietin-1 and no increase in VEGF. (medscape.com)
  • 1.1 This test method covers procedures for the determination of viscosity of asphalt binder (bitumen) by vacuum capillary viscometers at 60 ° C (140 ° F). It is applicable to materials having viscosities in the range from 0.0036 to over 20 000 Pa · s (0.036 to over 200 000 P). (astm.org)
  • The majority of exchange through the peritubular capillaries occurs because of chemical gradients osmosis and hydrostatic pressure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Essentially, the peritubular capillaries reabsorb useful substances such as glucose and amino acids and secrete certain mineral ions and excess water into the tubule. (wikipedia.org)
  • The next phase of this work is devoted to the study on capillary induce phase transitions with an experimental focus on polymer solutions containing PNIPAM at the presence of hydrophobic surfaces (mesoporous silica) as a function of pH, temperature and chain length. (lu.se)
  • This work is performed using a combination of experiments and theories where a shift to the LCST (lower critical separation temperature) is presumed to occur, resulting in a capillary-induced decrease in the LCST. (lu.se)
  • In situ SANS data for shale at elevated relative humidity conditions suggest that the decrease in the scattering contrast between rock solid matrix and pores can be attributed to water capillary condensation. (cdc.gov)
  • Of all the patients who eventually develop capillary hemangiomas, 30% of them have evidence of their presence at birth, whereas 100% have manifest them by age 6 months. (medscape.com)
  • Capillary utilizes the proven benefits of mobile learning to train the modern workforce, so it's no surprise we built our own mobile app to train users on how to create, publish, and deliver effective training content using Capillary. (apple.com)
  • Capillary hemangiomas are present in approximately 1-2% of neonates. (medscape.com)
  • capillary malformations remain present for life and have no tendency toward involution. (medscape.com)
  • Capillary malformations are present at birth and appear as flat, pink, red, or purplish lesions. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Capillary Action use modern sounds and styles to further some kind of compositional dream. (diskant.net)
  • An outfit like Capillary Action are always going to be too downright bizarre to be of mass interest - but that's what they have going for them. (diskant.net)
  • The results demonstrated that the capillary action played a dominant role only within a very short period of time at the beginning of evaporation (i.e. within 2 min). (iwaponline.com)
  • Evidence supports a neural role in both the development and progression of capillary malformations. (medscape.com)
  • The utilization of the chiral MOF, L-His-ZIF-67, as a chiral stationary phase provides a novel avenue for achieving high-resolution enantioseparation in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography. (chromatographyonline.com)
  • Yingxiang Du, the lead author of the study, highlighted the significance of their research, stating that the work showcases the successful synthesis and application of a chiral metal-organic framework for enantioseparation in capillary electrochromatography. (chromatographyonline.com)
  • One study demonstrated a mean vessel depth of 0.46 mm in capillary malformations, suggesting that most of the vessels are superficial. (medscape.com)
  • Ions and minerals that need to be saved in the body are reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries through active transport, secondary active transport, or transcytosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The ions that need to be excreted as waste are secreted from the capillaries into the nephron to be sent towards the bladder and out of the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • As many as 50% of systemic capillary hemangiomas can occur in the head and neck region. (medscape.com)
  • Producible porosity has been also measured directly by NMR when the T2 relaxation time distribution cut-off is calibrated to the maximum capillary pressure in the reservoir. (onepetro.org)
  • 59%. The capillary condensation continuously takes place in larger pores as the relative humidity increases to approx. (cdc.gov)