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DronabinolReceptors, CannabinoidReceptor, Cannabinoid, CB1Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2BenzoxazinesCannabidiolCannabinoid Receptor AgonistsNaphthalenesCannabisCannabinoid Receptor ModulatorsEndocannabinoidsCyclohexanolsMorpholinesPolyunsaturated AlkamidesPyrazolesCannabinoid Receptor AntagonistsCannabinolPiperidinesArachidonic AcidsReceptors, DrugDesigner DrugsBornanesSubstance Abuse DetectionGlyceridesMonoacylglycerol LipasesMarijuana SmokingStreet DrugsAnalgesicsPsychotropic DrugsEnzyme Multiplied Immunoassay TechniqueHallucinogensForensic ToxicologyGas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryMarijuana AbuseDose-Response Relationship, DrugTRPV Cation ChannelsAnalgesics, Non-NarcoticAmidohydrolasesCatalepsyHypothermiaRats, Sprague-DawleyControlled SubstancesFluorescence Polarization ImmunoassayBenzodioxolesLimit of DetectionDrug ToleranceAppetite StimulantsIndolesShrewsSynaptic TransmissionPeriaqueductal GrayDrug and Narcotic ControlRats, WistarPainBehavior, AnimalNeuronsMononeuropathiesCalcium Channel BlockersDrug InteractionsLegislation, DrugResorcinolsNeural InhibitionVomitingAntiemeticsCarbamatesHippocampusCapsaicinMice, Inbred ICRBody TemperatureMotor ActivityGlyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (Phosphorylating)Analgesics, OpioidNarcoticsSubstance-Related DisordersPatch-Clamp TechniquesCeramidesMice, Inbred C57BLReceptors, Opioid, muMice, KnockoutSolid Phase ExtractionExcitatory Postsynaptic PotentialsMicrogliaInhibitory Postsynaptic PotentialsMeconiumPsychoses, Substance-InducedNeuralgiagamma-Aminobutyric AcidAnalgesiaPain MeasurementSalivaPresynaptic TerminalsBrainPyransSignal TransductionReceptors, GABA-BCA3 Region, HippocampalHyperalgesiaNauseaTransient Receptor Potential ChannelsCells, CulturedCardiovascular SystemAnilidesTime FactorsNociceptorsNeuroprotective AgentsPlant ExtractsSynapsesPyramidal CellsElectric StimulationGlutamic AcidRats, Long-EvansReceptors, OpioidPurkinje CellsCholinergic AgonistsInjections, IntraventricularGliomaSubstance Withdrawal SyndromeChronic PainMorphineGastrointestinal MotilityAcetonitrilesDisease Models, AnimalNeuronal PlasticityPalmitic AcidsAmphetaminesReceptors, G-Protein-CoupledProtective AgentsMuscle TonusNeurotransmitter AgentsLigandsEthanolaminesReinforcement (Psychology)Receptors, GlycineCorpus StriatumAnti-Anxiety AgentsImmunoassayBenzodiazepinesPlant OilsAnalysis of VarianceReceptors, Metabotropic GlutamateConditioning, OperantHypothalamusInflammationDiscrimination LearningCentral Nervous SystemPertussis ToxinAction PotentialsAmygdalaMicroinjectionsMultiple SclerosisInterneuronsElectrophysiologyGlucuronidesPain ThresholdSelf AdministrationTandem Mass SpectrometryReference StandardsInjections, IntraperitonealAdenylate KinaseSpinal CordExcitatory Amino Acid AntagonistsCerebellumCA1 Region, HippocampalAnticonvulsantsApoptosisGuanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)CalciumRNA, MessengerHEK293 CellsCell Line, TumorPeroxisome Proliferator-Activated ReceptorsFalse Negative ReactionsAmphetamineImmunohistochemistryChromatography, LiquidGhrelinCalibrationEpilepsyDrug SynergismInjections, IntravenousAnxietyReproducibility of ResultsGanglia, SpinalOrgan Culture TechniquesBenzamidesVasodilationMesenteric ArteriesReceptors, GlutamateCell SurvivalCell LineAnti-Inflammatory AgentsMitogen-Activated Protein KinasesMembrane PotentialsAnti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-SteroidalRadioligand AssayMolecular StructureStereoisomerismTetrodotoxinChromatography, High Pressure LiquidCHO CellsMaze Learning
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.Receptors, Cannabinoid: A class of G-protein-coupled receptors that are specific for CANNABINOIDS such as those derived from CANNABIS. They also bind a structurally distinct class of endogenous factors referred to as ENDOCANNABINOIDS. The receptor class may play a role in modulating the release of signaling molecules such as NEUROTRANSMITTERS and CYTOKINES.Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1: A subclass of cannabinoid receptor found primarily on central and peripheral NEURONS where it may play a role modulating NEUROTRANSMITTER release.Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2: A subclass of cannabinoid receptor found primarily on immune cells where it may play a role modulating release of CYTOKINES.Benzoxazines: OXAZINES with a fused BENZENE ring.Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists: Compounds that interact with and stimulate the activity of CANNABINOID RECEPTORS.Naphthalenes: Two-ring crystalline hydrocarbons isolated from coal tar. They are used as intermediates in chemical synthesis, as insect repellents, fungicides, lubricants, preservatives, and, formerly, as topical antiseptics.Cannabis: The plant genus in the Cannabaceae plant family, Urticales order, Hamamelidae subclass. The flowering tops are called many slang terms including pot, marijuana, hashish, bhang, and ganja. The stem is an important source of hemp fiber.Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators: Compounds that interact with and modulate the activity of CANNABINOID RECEPTORS.Endocannabinoids: Fatty acid derivatives that have specificity for CANNABINOID RECEPTORS. They are structurally distinct from CANNABINOIDS and were originally discovered as a group of endogenous CANNABINOID RECEPTOR AGONISTS.Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.MorpholinesPolyunsaturated Alkamides: Amides composed of unsaturated aliphatic FATTY ACIDS linked with AMINES by an amide bond. They are most prominent in ASTERACEAE; PIPERACEAE; and RUTACEAE; and also found in ARISTOLOCHIACEAE; BRASSICACEAE; CONVOLVULACEAE; EUPHORBIACEAE; MENISPERMACEAE; POACEAE; and SOLANACEAE. They are recognized by their pungent taste and for causing numbing and salivation.Pyrazoles: Azoles of two nitrogens at the 1,2 positions, next to each other, in contrast with IMIDAZOLES in which they are at the 1,3 positions.Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists: Compounds that inhibit or block the activity of CANNABINOID RECEPTORS.Cannabinol: A physiologically inactive constituent of Cannabis sativa L.Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.Arachidonic AcidsReceptors, Drug: Proteins that bind specific drugs with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Drug receptors are generally thought to be receptors for some endogenous substance not otherwise specified.Designer Drugs: Drugs designed and synthesized, often for illegal street use, by modification of existing drug structures (e.g., amphetamines). Of special interest are MPTP (a reverse ester of meperidine), MDA (3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine), and MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine). Many drugs act on the aminergic system, the physiologically active biogenic amines.BornanesSubstance Abuse Detection: Detection of drugs that have been abused, overused, or misused, including legal and illegal drugs. Urine screening is the usual method of detection.Glycerides: GLYCEROL esterified with FATTY ACIDS.Monoacylglycerol Lipases: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glycerol monoesters of long-chain fatty acids EC 3.1.1.23.Marijuana Smoking: Inhaling and exhaling the smoke from CANNABIS.Street Drugs: Drugs obtained and often manufactured illegally for the subjective effects they are said to produce. They are often distributed in urban areas, but are also available in suburban and rural areas, and tend to be grossly impure and may cause unexpected toxicity.Analgesics: Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.Psychotropic Drugs: A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function. Here the psychotropic agents include the antidepressive agents, hallucinogens, and tranquilizing agents (including the antipsychotics and anti-anxiety agents).Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique: An immunoenzyme test for the presence of drugs and other substances in urine and blood. The test uses enzyme linked antibodies that react only with the particular drug for which the sample is being tested.Hallucinogens: Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations, and other alterations of mood and thinking. Despite the name, the feature that distinguishes these agents from other classes of drugs is their capacity to induce states of altered perception, thought, and feeling that are not experienced otherwise.Forensic Toxicology: The application of TOXICOLOGY knowledge to questions of law.Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.Marijuana Abuse: The excessive use of marijuana with associated psychological symptoms and impairment in social or occupational functioning.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.TRPV Cation Channels: A subgroup of TRP cation channels named after vanilloid receptor. They are very sensitive to TEMPERATURE and hot spicy food and CAPSAICIN. They have the TRP domain and ANKYRIN repeats. Selectivity for CALCIUM over SODIUM ranges from 3 to 100 fold.Analgesics, Non-Narcotic: A subclass of analgesic agents that typically do not bind to OPIOID RECEPTORS and are not addictive. Many non-narcotic analgesics are offered as NONPRESCRIPTION DRUGS.AmidohydrolasesCatalepsy: A condition characterized by inactivity, decreased responsiveness to stimuli, and a tendency to maintain an immobile posture. The limbs tend to remain in whatever position they are placed (waxy flexibility). Catalepsy may be associated with PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA, CATATONIC), nervous system drug toxicity, and other conditions.Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Controlled Substances: Drugs or chemical agents whose manufacture, possession, or use are regulated by government. This may include narcotics and prescription medications.Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay: Fluoroimmunoassay where detection of the hapten-antibody reaction is based on measurement of the increased polarization of fluorescence-labeled hapten when it is combined with antibody. The assay is very useful for the measurement of small haptenic antigens such as drugs at low concentrations.Benzodioxoles: Compounds based on benzene fused to oxole. They can be formed from methylated CATECHOLS such as EUGENOL.Limit of Detection: Concentration or quantity that is derived from the smallest measure that can be detected with reasonable certainty for a given analytical procedure.Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from DRUG RESISTANCE wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from MAXIMUM TOLERATED DOSE and NO-OBSERVED-ADVERSE-EFFECT LEVEL.Appetite Stimulants: Agents that are used to stimulate appetite. These drugs are frequently used to treat anorexia associated with cancer and AIDS.Indoles: Benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number one carbon adjacent to the benzyl portion, in contrast to ISOINDOLES which have the nitrogen away from the six-membered ring.ShrewsSynaptic Transmission: The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.Periaqueductal Gray: Central gray matter surrounding the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT in the MESENCEPHALON. Physiologically it is probably involved in RAGE reactions, the LORDOSIS REFLEX; FEEDING responses, bladder tonus, and pain.Drug and Narcotic Control: Control of drug and narcotic use by international agreement, or by institutional systems for handling prescribed drugs. This includes regulations concerned with the manufacturing, dispensing, approval (DRUG APPROVAL), and marketing of drugs.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Pain: An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.Behavior, Animal: The observable response an animal makes to any situation.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Mononeuropathies: Disease or trauma involving a single peripheral nerve in isolation, or out of proportion to evidence of diffuse peripheral nerve dysfunction. Mononeuropathy multiplex refers to a condition characterized by multiple isolated nerve injuries. Mononeuropathies may result from a wide variety of causes, including ISCHEMIA; traumatic injury; compression; CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS; and other conditions.Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cellular membranes.Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.Legislation, Drug: Laws concerned with manufacturing, dispensing, and marketing of drugs.ResorcinolsNeural Inhibition: The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.Vomiting: The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.Antiemetics: Drugs used to prevent NAUSEA or VOMITING.Carbamates: Derivatives of carbamic acid, H2NC(=O)OH. Included under this heading are N-substituted and O-substituted carbamic acids. In general carbamate esters are referred to as urethanes, and polymers that include repeating units of carbamate are referred to as POLYURETHANES. Note however that polyurethanes are derived from the polymerization of ISOCYANATES and the singular term URETHANE refers to the ethyl ester of carbamic acid.Hippocampus: A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.Capsaicin: An alkylamide found in CAPSICUM that acts at TRPV CATION CHANNELS.Mice, Inbred ICRBody Temperature: The measure of the level of heat of a human or animal.Motor Activity: The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (Phosphorylating): An NAD-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase found in the cytosol of eucaryotes. It catalyses the dehydrogenation and phosphorylation of GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-PHOSPHATE to 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate, which is an important step in the GLYCOLYSIS pathway.Analgesics, Opioid: Compounds with activity like OPIATE ALKALOIDS, acting at OPIOID RECEPTORS. Properties include induction of ANALGESIA or NARCOSIS.Narcotics: Agents that induce NARCOSIS. Narcotics include agents that cause somnolence or induced sleep (STUPOR); natural or synthetic derivatives of OPIUM or MORPHINE or any substance that has such effects. They are potent inducers of ANALGESIA and OPIOID-RELATED DISORDERS.Substance-Related Disorders: Disorders related to substance abuse.Patch-Clamp Techniques: An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.Ceramides: Members of the class of neutral glycosphingolipids. They are the basic units of SPHINGOLIPIDS. They are sphingoids attached via their amino groups to a long chain fatty acyl group. They abnormally accumulate in FABRY DISEASE.Mice, Inbred C57BLReceptors, Opioid, mu: A class of opioid receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. Mu opioid receptors bind, in decreasing order of affinity, endorphins, dynorphins, met-enkephalin, and leu-enkephalin. They have also been shown to be molecular receptors for morphine.Mice, Knockout: Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.Solid Phase Extraction: An extraction method that separates analytes using a solid phase and a liquid phase. It is used for preparative sample cleanup before analysis by CHROMATOGRAPHY and other analytical methods.Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials: Depolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during neurotransmission. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials can singly or in summation reach the trigger threshold for ACTION POTENTIALS.Microglia: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling.Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials: Hyperpolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during NEUROTRANSMISSION. They are local changes which diminish responsiveness to excitatory signals.Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.Psychoses, Substance-Induced: Psychotic organic mental disorders resulting from the toxic effect of drugs and chemicals or other harmful substance.Neuralgia: Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.Analgesia: Methods of PAIN relief that may be used with or in place of ANALGESICS.Pain Measurement: Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the SALIVARY GLANDS and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains MUCINS, water, organic salts, and ptylin.Presynaptic Terminals: The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.PyransSignal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Receptors, GABA-B: A subset of GABA RECEPTORS that signal through their interaction with HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS.CA3 Region, Hippocampal: A subsection of the hippocampus, described by Lorente de No, that is located between the HIPPOCAMPUS CA2 FIELD and the DENTATE GYRUS.Hyperalgesia: An increased sensation of pain or discomfort produced by mimimally noxious stimuli due to damage to soft tissue containing NOCICEPTORS or injury to a peripheral nerve.Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.Transient Receptor Potential Channels: A broad group of eukaryotic six-transmembrane cation channels that are classified by sequence homology because their functional involvement with SENSATION is varied. They have only weak voltage sensitivity and ion selectivity. They are named after a DROSOPHILA mutant that displayed transient receptor potentials in response to light. A 25-amino-acid motif containing a TRP box (EWKFAR) just C-terminal to S6 is found in TRPC, TRPV and TRPM subgroups. ANKYRIN repeats are found in TRPC, TRPV & TRPN subgroups. Some are functionally associated with TYROSINE KINASE or TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Cardiovascular System: The HEART and the BLOOD VESSELS by which BLOOD is pumped and circulated through the body.AnilidesTime Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Nociceptors: Peripheral AFFERENT NEURONS which are sensitive to injuries or pain, usually caused by extreme thermal exposures, mechanical forces, or other noxious stimuli. Their cell bodies reside in the DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. Their peripheral terminals (NERVE ENDINGS) innervate target tissues and transduce noxious stimuli via axons to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Neuroprotective Agents: Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.Plant Extracts: Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.Pyramidal Cells: Projection neurons in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and the HIPPOCAMPUS. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region.Electric Stimulation: Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Rats, Long-Evans: An outbred strain of rats developed in 1915 by crossing several Wistar Institute white females with a wild gray male. Inbred strains have been derived from this original outbred strain, including Long-Evans cinnamon rats (RATS, INBRED LEC) and Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty rats (RATS, INBRED OLETF), which are models for Wilson's disease and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, respectively.Receptors, Opioid: Cell membrane proteins that bind opioids and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The endogenous ligands for opioid receptors in mammals include three families of peptides, the enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins. The receptor classes include mu, delta, and kappa receptors. Sigma receptors bind several psychoactive substances, including certain opioids, but their endogenous ligands are not known.Purkinje Cells: The output neurons of the cerebellar cortex.Cholinergic Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate cholinergic receptors.Injections, Intraventricular: Injections into the cerebral ventricles.Glioma: Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)Substance Withdrawal Syndrome: Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.Chronic Pain: Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle.Gastrointestinal Motility: The motor activity of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.Acetonitriles: Compounds in which a methyl group is attached to the cyano moiety.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Neuronal Plasticity: The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.Palmitic Acids: A group of 16-carbon fatty acids that contain no double bonds.Amphetamines: Analogs or derivatives of AMPHETAMINE. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopressin, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation.Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled: The largest family of cell surface receptors involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They share a common structure and signal through HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS.Protective Agents: Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent.Muscle Tonus: The state of activity or tension of a muscle beyond that related to its physical properties, that is, its active resistance to stretch. In skeletal muscle, tonus is dependent upon efferent innervation. (Stedman, 25th ed)Neurotransmitter Agents: Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.Ligands: A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)Ethanolamines: AMINO ALCOHOLS containing the ETHANOLAMINE; (-NH2CH2CHOH) group and its derivatives.Reinforcement (Psychology): The strengthening of a conditioned response.Receptors, Glycine: Cell surface receptors that bind GLYCINE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glycine receptors in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM have an intrinsic chloride channel and are usually inhibitory.Corpus Striatum: Striped GRAY MATTER and WHITE MATTER consisting of the NEOSTRIATUM and paleostriatum (GLOBUS PALLIDUS). It is located in front of and lateral to the THALAMUS in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and PUTAMEN). The WHITE MATTER is the INTERNAL CAPSULE.Anti-Anxiety Agents: Agents that alleviate ANXIETY, tension, and ANXIETY DISORDERS, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS are commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety but are not included here.Immunoassay: A technique using antibodies for identifying or quantifying a substance. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance.Benzodiazepines: A group of two-ring heterocyclic compounds consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring.Plant Oils: Oils derived from plants or plant products.Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate: Cell surface proteins that bind glutamate and act through G-proteins to influence second messenger systems. Several types of metabotropic glutamate receptors have been cloned. They differ in pharmacology, distribution, and mechanisms of action.Conditioning, Operant: Learning situations in which the sequence responses of the subject are instrumental in producing reinforcement. When the correct response occurs, which involves the selection from among a repertoire of responses, the subject is immediately reinforced.Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the DIENCEPHALON extending from the region of the OPTIC CHIASM to the caudal border of the MAMMILLARY BODIES and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE.Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.Discrimination Learning: Learning that is manifested in the ability to respond differentially to various stimuli.Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.Pertussis Toxin: One of the virulence factors produced by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS. It is a multimeric protein composed of five subunits S1 - S5. S1 contains mono ADPribose transferase activity.Action Potentials: Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the INFERIOR HORN OF THE LATERAL VENTRICLE of the TEMPORAL LOBE. The amygdala is part of the limbic system.Microinjections: The injection of very small amounts of fluid, often with the aid of a microscope and microsyringes.Multiple Sclerosis: An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)Interneurons: Most generally any NEURONS which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection neurons, which have axons projecting to other brain regions.Electrophysiology: The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.Glucuronides: Glycosides of GLUCURONIC ACID formed by the reaction of URIDINE DIPHOSPHATE GLUCURONIC ACID with certain endogenous and exogenous substances. Their formation is important for the detoxification of drugs, steroid excretion and BILIRUBIN metabolism to a more water-soluble compound that can be eliminated in the URINE and BILE.Pain Threshold: Amount of stimulation required before the sensation of pain is experienced.Self Administration: Administration of a drug or chemical by the individual under the direction of a physician. It includes administration clinically or experimentally, by human or animal.Tandem Mass Spectrometry: A mass spectrometry technique using two (MS/MS) or more mass analyzers. With two in tandem, the precursor ions are mass-selected by a first mass analyzer, and focused into a collision region where they are then fragmented into product ions which are then characterized by a second mass analyzer. A variety of techniques are used to separate the compounds, ionize them, and introduce them to the first mass analyzer. For example, for in GC-MS/MS, GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY is involved in separating relatively small compounds by GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY prior to injecting them into an ionization chamber for the mass selection.Reference Standards: A basis of value established for the measure of quantity, weight, extent or quality, e.g. weight standards, standard solutions, methods, techniques, and procedures used in diagnosis and therapy.Injections, Intraperitoneal: Forceful administration into the peritoneal cavity of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the abdominal wall.Adenylate Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of AMP to ADP in the presence of ATP or inorganic triphosphate. EC 2.7.4.3.Spinal Cord: A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate excitatory amino acid receptors, thereby blocking the actions of agonists.Cerebellum: The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.CA1 Region, Hippocampal: One of four subsections of the hippocampus described by Lorente de No, located furthest from the DENTATE GYRUS.Anticonvulsants: Drugs used to prevent SEIZURES or reduce their severity.Apoptosis: One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.HEK293 Cells: A cell line generated from human embryonic kidney cells that were transformed with human adenovirus type 5.Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors: TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS that are activated by ligands and heterodimerize with RETINOID X RECEPTORS and bind to peroxisome proliferator response elements in the promoter regions of target genes.False Negative Reactions: Negative test results in subjects who possess the attribute for which the test is conducted. The labeling of diseased persons as healthy when screening in the detection of disease. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Chromatography, Liquid: Chromatographic techniques in which the mobile phase is a liquid.Ghrelin: A 28-amino acid, acylated, orexigenic peptide that is a ligand for GROWTH HORMONE SECRETAGOGUE RECEPTORS. Ghrelin is widely expressed but primarily in the stomach in the adults. Ghrelin acts centrally to stimulate growth hormone secretion and food intake, and peripherally to regulate energy homeostasis. Its large precursor protein, known as appetite-regulating hormone or motilin-related peptide, contains ghrelin and obestatin.Calibration: Determination, by measurement or comparison with a standard, of the correct value of each scale reading on a meter or other measuring instrument; or determination of the settings of a control device that correspond to particular values of voltage, current, frequency or other output.Epilepsy: A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)Drug Synergism: The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.Injections, Intravenous: Injections made into a vein for therapeutic or experimental purposes.Anxiety: Feeling or emotion of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.Reproducibility of Results: The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.Ganglia, Spinal: Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.Organ Culture Techniques: A technique for maintenance or growth of animal organs in vitro. It refers to three-dimensional cultures of undisaggregated tissue retaining some or all of the histological features of the tissue in vivo. (Freshney, Culture of Animal Cells, 3d ed, p1)Benzamides: BENZOIC ACID amides.Vasodilation: The physiological widening of BLOOD VESSELS by relaxing the underlying VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.Mesenteric Arteries: Arteries which arise from the abdominal aorta and distribute to most of the intestines.Receptors, Glutamate: Cell-surface proteins that bind glutamate and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors include ionotropic receptors (AMPA, kainate, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors), which directly control ion channels, and metabotropic receptors which act through second messenger systems. Glutamate receptors are the most common mediators of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. They have also been implicated in the mechanisms of memory and of many diseases.Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress INFLAMMATION.Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases: A superfamily of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES).Membrane Potentials: The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal: Anti-inflammatory agents that are non-steroidal in nature. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions.They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects.Radioligand Assay: Quantitative determination of receptor (binding) proteins in body fluids or tissue using radioactively labeled binding reagents (e.g., antibodies, intracellular receptors, plasma binders).Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.Stereoisomerism: The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.CHO Cells: CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.Maze Learning: Learning the correct route through a maze to obtain reinforcement. It is used for human or animal populations. (Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 6th ed)

Solid-phase microextraction for cannabinoids analysis in hair and its possible application to other drugs. (1/1123)

This paper describes the application of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) to cannabis testing in hair. Fifty milligrams of hair was washed with petroleum ether, hydrolyzed with NaOH, neutralized, deuterated internal standard was added and directly submitted to SPME. The SPME was analyzed by GC-MS. The limit of detection was 0.1 ng/mg for cannabinol (CBN) and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and 0.2 ng/mg for cannabidiol (CBD). THC was detected in a range spanning from 0.1 to 0.7 ng/mg. CBD concentrations ranged from 0.7 to 14.1 ng/mg, and CBN concentrations ranged from 0.4 to 0.7 ng/mg. The effectiveness of different decontamination procedures was also studied on passively contaminated hair. The proposed method is also suitable for the analysis of methadone in hair; cocaine and cocaethylene can be detected in hair with SPME extraction after enzymatic hydrolysis.  (+info)

Toxicological findings in a fatal ingestion of methamphetamine. (2/1123)

This paper presents the case history of a fatality caused by the complications brought about by the presence of methamphetamine and ethanol. Drug concentrations are reported from samples obtained approximately 15 min after the subject was last observed to be chewing what was then believed to be gum, 3 h after the initial toxic symptoms were displayed, 6, 11, and 22 h later. The subjects conditions deteriorated over the course of this time, and he was declared dead 33 h after the initial display of toxic symptoms. The toxicological findings and concentration levels of the reported biological specimens concurred with the expected findings in a case of methamphetamine toxicity.  (+info)

The central cannabinoid receptor (CB1) mediates inhibition of nitric oxide production by rat microglial cells. (3/1123)

Upon activation, brain microglial cells release proinflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO), which may play an important role in the central nervous system antibacterial, antiviral, and antitumor activities. However, excessive release of NO has been postulated to elicit immune-mediated neurodegenerative inflammatory processes and to cause brain injury. In the present study, the effect of cannabinoids on the release of NO from endotoxin/cytokine-activated rat cortical microglial cells was evaluated. A drug dose-dependent (0.1 microM-8 microM) inhibition of NO release from rat microglial cells was exerted by the cannabinoid receptor high-affinity binding enantiomer (-)-CP55940. In contrast, a minimal inhibitory effect was exerted by the lower affinity binding paired enantiomer (+)-CP56667. Pretreatment of microglial cells with the Galphai/Galphao protein inactivator pertussis toxin, cyclic AMP reconstitution with the cell-permeable analog dibutyryl-cAMP, or treatment of cells with the Galphas activator cholera toxin, resulted in reversal of the (-)-CP55940-mediated inhibition of NO release. A similar reversal in (-)-CP55940-mediated inhibition of NO release was effected when microglial cells were pretreated with the central cannabinoid receptor (CB1) selective antagonist SR141716A. Mutagenic reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western immunoblot assay using a CB1 receptor amine terminal domain-specific antibody, and cellular colocalization of CB1 and the microglial marker Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4 confirmed the expression of the CB1 receptor in rat microglial cells. Collectively, these results indicate a functional linkage between the CB1 receptor and cannabinoid-mediated inhibition of NO production by rat microglial cells.  (+info)

Cannabinoid suppression of noxious heat-evoked activity in wide dynamic range neurons in the lumbar dorsal horn of the rat. (4/1123)

The effects of cannabinoid agonists on noxious heat-evoked firing of 62 spinal wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons were examined in urethan-anesthetized rats (1 cell/animal). Noxious thermal stimulation was applied with a Peltier device to the receptive fields in the ipsilateral hindpaw of isolated WDR neurons. To assess the site of action, cannabinoids were administered systemically in intact and spinally transected rats and intraventricularly. Both the aminoalkylindole cannabinoid WIN55,212-2 (125 microg/kg iv) and the bicyclic cannabinoid CP55,940 (125 microg/kg iv) suppressed noxious heat-evoked activity. Responses evoked by mild pressure in nonnociceptive neurons were not altered by CP55,940 (125 microg/kg iv), consistent with previous observations with another cannabinoid agonist, WIN55,212-2. The cannabinoid induced-suppression of noxious heat-evoked activity was blocked by pretreatment with SR141716A (1 mg/kg iv), a competitive antagonist for central cannabinoid CB1 receptors. By contrast, intravenous administration of either vehicle or the receptor-inactive enantiomer WIN55,212-3 (125 microg/kg) failed to alter noxious heat-evoked activity. The suppression of noxious heat-evoked activity induced by WIN55,212-2 in the lumbar dorsal horn of intact animals was markedly attenuated in spinal rats. Moreover, intraventricular administration of WIN55,212-2 suppressed noxious heat-evoked activity in spinal WDR neurons. By contrast, both vehicle and enantiomer were inactive. These findings suggest that cannabinoids selectively modulate the activity of nociceptive neurons in the spinal dorsal horn by actions at CB1 receptors. This modulation represents a suppression of pain neurotransmission because the inhibitory effects are selective for pain-sensitive neurons and are observed with different modalities of noxious stimulation. The data also provide converging lines of evidence for a role for descending antinociceptive mechanisms in cannabinoid modulation of spinal nociceptive processing.  (+info)

Effect of the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55212-2 on sympathetic cardiovascular regulation. (5/1123)

1. The aim of the present study was to analyse the cardiovascular actions of the synthetic CB1/CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55212-2, and specifically to determine its sites of action on sympathetic cardiovascular regulation. 2. Pithed rabbits in which the sympathetic outflow was continuously stimulated electrically or which received a pressor infusion of noradrenaline were used to study peripheral prejunctional and direct vascular effects, respectively. For studying effects on brain stem cardiovascular regulatory centres, drugs were administered into the cisterna cerebellomedullaris in conscious rabbits. Overall cardiovascular effects of the cannabinoid were studied in conscious rabbits with intravenous drug administration. 3. In pithed rabbits in which the sympathetic outflow was continuously electrically stimulated, intravenous injection of WIN55212-2 (5, 50 and 500 microg kg(-1)) markedly reduced blood pressure, the spillover of noradrenaline into plasma and the plasma noradrenaline concentration, and these effects were antagonized by the CB1 cannabinoid receptor-selective antagonist SR141716A. The hypotensive and the sympathoinhibitory effect of WIN55212-2 was shared by CP55940, another mixed CB1/CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonist, but not by WIN55212-3, the enantiomer of WIN55212-2, which lacks affinity for cannabinoid binding sites. WIN55212-2 had no effect on vascular tone established by infusion of noradrenaline in pithed rabbits. 4. Intracisternal application of WIN55212-2 (0.1, 1 and 10 microg kg(-1)) in conscious rabbits increased blood pressure and the plasma noradrenaline concentration and elicited bradycardia; this latter effect was antagonized by atropine. 5. In conscious animals, intravenous injection of WIN55212-2 (5 and 50 microg kg(-1)) caused bradycardia, slight hypotension, no change in the plasma noradrenaline concentration, and an increase in renal sympathetic nerve firing. The highest dose of WIN55212-2 (500 microg kg(-1)) elicited hypotension and tachycardia, and sympathetic nerve activity and the plasma noradrenaline concentration declined. 6. The results obtained in pithed rabbits indicate that activation of CB1 cannabinoid receptors leads to marked peripheral prejunctional inhibition of noradrenaline release from postganglionic sympathetic axons. Intracisternal application of WIN55212-2 uncovered two effects on brain stem cardiovascular centres: sympathoexcitation and activation of cardiac vagal fibres. The highest dose of systemically administered WIN55212-2 produced central sympathoinhibition; the primary site of this action is not known.  (+info)

Stage-specific excitation of cannabinoid receptor exhibits differential effects on mouse embryonic development. (6/1123)

Anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine), an arachidonic acid derivative, is an endogenous ligand for both the brain-type (CB1-R) and spleen-type (CB2-R) cannabinoid receptors. We have previously demonstrated that preimplantation mouse embryos express mRNA for these receptors and that the periimplantation uterus contains the highest level of anandamide yet discovered in a mammalian tissue. We further demonstrated that 2-cell mouse embryos exposed to low levels of anandamide (7 nM) or other known cannabinoid agonists in culture exhibit markedly compromised embryonic development to blastocysts and that this effect is mediated by CB1-R. In contrast, the present study demonstrates that blastocysts exposed in culture to the same low levels of cannabinoid agonists exhibited accelerated trophoblast differentiation with respect to fibronectin-binding activity and trophoblast outgrowth. Again, these effects resulted from activation of embryonic CB1-R. There was a differential concentration-dependent effect of cannabinoids on the trophoblast, with an observed inhibition of differentiation at higher doses. These results provide evidence for the first time that cannabinoid effects are differentially executed depending on the embryonic stage and cannabinoid levels in the environment. Since uterine anandamide levels are lowest at the sites of implantation and highest at the interimplantation sites, the new findings imply that site-specific levels of anandamide and/or other endogenous ligands in the uterus may regulate implantation spatially by promoting trophoblast differentiation at the sites of blastocyst implantation.  (+info)

A role for N-arachidonylethanolamine (anandamide) as the mediator of sensory nerve-dependent Ca2+-induced relaxation. (7/1123)

We tested the hypothesis that an endogenous cannabinoid (CB) receptor agonist, such as N-arachidonylethanolamine (anandamide), is the transmitter that mediates perivascular sensory nerve-dependent Ca2+-induced relaxation. Rat mesenteric branch arteries were studied using wire myography; relaxation was determined after inducing contraction with norepinephrine. Cumulative addition of Ca2+ caused dose-dependent relaxation (ED50 = 2.2 +/- 0.09 mM). The relaxation was inhibited by 10 mM TEA and 100 nM iberiotoxin, a blocker of large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels, but not by 5 microM glibenclamide, 1 mM 4-aminopyridine, or 30 nM apamin. Ca2+-induced relaxation was also blocked by the selective CB receptor antagonist SR141716A and was enhanced by pretreatment with 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride (pefabloc; 30 microM), an inhibitor of anandamide metabolism. Anandamide also caused dose-dependent relaxation (ED50 =.72 +/- 0.3 microM). The relaxation was not inhibited by endothelial denudation, 10 microM indomethacin, or 1 microM miconazole, but was blocked by 3 microM SR141716A, 10 mM TEA, precontraction with 100 mM K+, and 100 nM iberiotoxin, and was enhanced by treatment with 30 microM pefabloc. Mesenteric branch arteries were 200-fold more sensitive to the relaxing action of anandamide than arachidonic acid (ED50 = 160 +/- 7 microM). These data show that: 1) Ca2+ and anandamide cause hyperpolarization-mediated relaxation of mesenteric branch arteries, which is dependent on an iberiotoxin-sensitive Ca2+-activated K+ channel, 2) relaxation induced by both Ca2+ and anandamide is inhibited by CB receptor blockade, and 3) relaxation induced by anandamide is not dependent on its breakdown to arachidonic acid and subsequent metabolism. These findings support the hypothesis that anandamide, or a similar cannabinoid receptor agonist, mediates nerve-dependent Ca2+-induced relaxation in the rat.  (+info)

Agonist-inverse agonist characterization at CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors of L759633, L759656, and AM630. (8/1123)

We have tested our prediction that AM630 is a CB2 cannabinoid receptor ligand and also investigated whether L759633 and L759656, are CB2 receptor agonists. Binding assays with membranes from CHO cells stably transfected with human CB1 or CB2 receptors using [3H]-CP55940, confirmed the CB2-selectivity of L759633 and L759656 (CB2/CB1 affinity ratios = 163 and 414 respectively) and showed AM630 to have a Ki at CB2 receptors of 31.2 nM and a CB2/CB1 affinity ratio of 165. In CB2-transfected cells, L759633 and L759656 were potent inhibitors of forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP production, with EC50 values of 8.1 and 3.1 nM respectively and CB1/CB2 EC50 ratios of > 1000 and > 3000 respectively. AM630 inhibited [35S]-GTPgammaS binding to CB2 receptor membranes (EC50 = 76.6 nM), enhanced forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP production in CB2-transfected cells (5.2 fold by 1 microM), and antagonized the inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP production in this cell line induced by CP55940. In CB1-transfected cells, forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP production was significantly inhibited by AM630 (22.6% at 1 microM and 45.9% at 10 microM) and by L759633 at 10 microM (48%) but not 1 microM. L759656 (10 microM) was not inhibitory. AM630 also produced a slight decrease in the mean inhibitory effect of CP55940 on cyclic AMP production which was not statistically significant. We conclude that AM630 is a CB2-selective ligand that behaves as an inverse agonist at CB2 receptors and as a weak partial agonist at CB1 receptors. L759633 and L759656 are both potent CB2-selective agonists.  (+info)

OWCP and mediq Collaborate to Introduce Cannabinoid-based Psoriasis Cream in Germany - BioNewsFeedsOWCP and mediq Collaborate to Introduce Cannabinoid-based Psoriasis Cream in Germany - BioNewsFeeds
One World Cannabis Pharmaceutical Research (OWCP) and mediq Innovation Experts have partnered to introduce OWCPs cannabinoid-based topical psoriasis cream in Germany.. Germany-based mediq has extensive experience in assisting companies based in Israel enter European markets. Under the new agreement, mediq will support OWCP with both a scientific collaboration and in marketing its active cannabinoid-based topical psoriasis cream in Germany.. OWCP recently reported the initial results from a clinical trial evaluating the cannabinoid-based topical cream for the treatment of psoriasis. According to the results, the cream led to a 70 percent improvement in psoriasis-related inflammation parameters. Based on the promising study data, the company said it will expand the size and scope of its clinical trial.. In April, the company said it will provide more details of the study upon availability of final data, and completion of what it calls the full "Bio-Data IP Protection.". "Were looking forward to ...
Chronic treatment with a synthetic cannabinoid CP-55,940 alters G-protein expression in the rat central nervous system. |...Chronic treatment with a synthetic cannabinoid CP-55,940 alters G-protein expression in the rat central nervous system. |...
Prolonged exposure of rats to the synthetic cannabinoid receptor ligand, CP-55,940 (0.4 mg/kg, i.p. for 11 days), induced tolerance to analgesia, to the reduction in spontaneous locomotor activity and the incidence of splayed hind limbs. One hour after the last injection on day 11, the rats were killed and in situ hybridization was used to investigate the effect of treatment on G-protein alpha-subunit expression throughout the brain. Chronic cannabinoid exposure markedly reduced G alpha(s), G alpha(i) and G alpha(o) mRNA levels. The message for the alpha(s)-subunit was decreased in all the brain areas containing the basal autoradiographic signal; the decrease ranging from 25% in the thalamus to 45% in the mesencephalon. Also the basal G alpha(i) expression was reduced in tolerant rats showing the greatest decrease in the forebrain (63%) in the cerebellum (58%) and in the mesencephalon (38%). The reduction in G alpha(o) expression (25%) was more localized, being present only in the rostral portion of the
The influence of cannabinoids on generic traits of neurodegenerationThe influence of cannabinoids on generic traits of neurodegeneration
In an increasingly ageing population, the incidence of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease and Huntingtons disease are rising. While the aetiologies of these disorders are different, a number of common mechanisms that underlie their neurodegenerative components have been elucidated; namely neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction and reduced trophic support. Current therapies focus on treatment of the symptoms and attempt to delay the progression of these diseases but there is currently no cure. Modulation of the endogenous cannabinoid system is emerging as a potentially viable option in the treatment of neurodegeneration. Endocannabinoid signalling has been found to be altered in many neurodegenerative disorders. To this end, pharmacological manipulation of the endogenous cannabinoid system, as well as application of phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids have been investigated. Signalling from the CB1 and CB2 receptors are ...
Labs Make New, Dangerous Synthetic Cannabinoid Drugs Faster Than We Can Ban ThemLabs Make New, Dangerous Synthetic Cannabinoid Drugs Faster Than We Can Ban Them
Synthetic cannabinoids - drugs that mimic the psychoactive effect of cannabis - have been linked to injuries and deaths. When one is banned, another rises to take its place.
Cannabis, cannabinoids and cancer - the evidence so far - Cancer Research UK - Science blogCannabis, cannabinoids and cancer - the evidence so far - Cancer Research UK - Science blog
All these effects are thought to be caused by cannabinoids locking onto the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors. It also looks like cannabinoids can exert effects on cancer cells that dont involve cannabinoid receptors, although it isnt yet clear exactly whats going on there.. So far, the best results in the lab or animal models have come from using a combination of highly purified THC and cannabidiol (CBD), a cannabinoid found in cannabis plants that counteracts the psychoactive effects of THC. But researchers have also found positive results using synthetic cannabinoids, such as a molecule called JWH-133.. Its not all good news though, as theres also evidence that cannabinoids may also have undesirable effects on cancer.. For example, some researchers have found that although high doses of THC can kill cancer cells, they also harm crucial blood vessel cells, although this may help their anti-cancer effect by preventing blood vessels growing into a tumour. And under some circumstances, ...
Cannabinoid drugs reduce perceived unpleasantness of painful stimuli and increase toleranceCannabinoid drugs reduce perceived unpleasantness of painful stimuli and increase tolerance
Researchers in the College of Arts and Sciences have determined that cannabinoid drugs do not appear to reduce the intensity of experimental pain, but, instead, may make pain feel less unpleasant and more tolerable.
Cannabinoid compounds may inhibit growth of colon cancer cells | EurekAlert! Science NewsCannabinoid compounds may inhibit growth of colon cancer cells | EurekAlert! Science News
Medical marijuana has gained attention in recent years for its potential to relieve pain and short-term anxiety and depression. Now, Penn State College of Medicine researchers say some cannabinoid compounds may actually inhibit the growth of colon cancer cells in the lab.
3 Different Cannabinoid-Based Medicines Approved by FDA3 Different Cannabinoid-Based Medicines Approved by FDA
The FDA has not yet approved a drug made from the whole cannabis plant. It has, however, approved 3 synthetic cannabis products: Marinol, Syndros, and
Cannabinoid Modulation of Emotion, Memory, and Motivation by Patrizia Campolongo, Liana Fattore | WaterstonesCannabinoid Modulation of Emotion, Memory, and Motivation by Patrizia Campolongo, Liana Fattore | Waterstones
Buy Cannabinoid Modulation of Emotion, Memory, and Motivation by Patrizia Campolongo, Liana Fattore from Waterstones today! Click and Collect from your local Waterstones or get FREE UK delivery on orders over £20.
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor - Proteopedia, life in 3DBeta-2 adrenergic receptor - Proteopedia, life in 3D
First emergent in Europe in 2004, an herbal incense product known as Spice or K2 was quickly utilized all over the world as a synthetic form of marijuana. Although sold legally in many areas as a "natural incense" that is "not for human consumption", K2 is a plant-based material with traces of astoundingly potent synthetic cannabinoids, a fact that many users and retailers alike do not fail to recognize. Synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) are chemically derived forms of the naturally-occurring psychotropic cannabinoid, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), found in marijuana [1][2]. Cannabinoids bind and activate cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, which are found throughout the body [1]. CB1 is primarily found in the cerebellum as well as the hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, striatum and brainstem; all vital areas of the central nervous system [1]. Although SCBs are chemically similar to THCs, which exhibit relatively mild side effects when used recreationally, the use of K2 has been linked to many ...
Strengthening Cannabinoid Modulation With Terpenes - CAT ScientificStrengthening Cannabinoid Modulation With Terpenes - CAT Scientific
How Terpenoids Boost Cannabinoid Efficiency, terpenes may play an integral part in how the human body experiences other cannabinoids.
Tetra Bio-Pharma Announces Drug Candidate as Potential Therapy for Managing Cytokine Release Syndrome - Tetra Bio-PharmaTetra Bio-Pharma Announces Drug Candidate as Potential Therapy for Managing Cytokine Release Syndrome - Tetra Bio-Pharma
Panag Pharmas (Panag), a subsidiary of Tetra, PPP003 is a synthetic cannabinoid drug that selectively acts at the type 2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R). "Panags scientific team and academic collaborators have been studying the role of the CB2R in acute immune responses for over a decade. The active molecule in PPP003 can reduce inflammation and dampen pro-inflammatory cytokine release, therefore, PPP003 should be carefully examined as a candidate drug to help reduce symptoms of acute lung inflammation and immune system dysregulation in those SARS-CoV-2 patients at risk", states Tetras CSO, Dr. Melanie Kelly, Ph.D.. Guy Chamberland, CEO & CRO of Tetra commented, "It is a time for all pharmaceutical companies to contribute to the management of COVID-19 patients. We agree with our Canadian political leaders this is a time of national emergency. Our Panag team has been performing research on the prevention and management of severe systemic immune dysregulation such as sepsis since the early 2000s. ...
A Secret Weapon For Cannabinoids based therapy Parkinsons DiseaseA Secret Weapon For Cannabinoids based therapy Parkinsons Disease
Cannabinoid-based medicines are proposed as clinically promising therapies in Parkinsons disease (PD), provided the prominent modulatory operate performed by the cannabinoid signaling program from the basal ganglia. Supporting this pharmacological potential, the cannabinoid signaling program activities a biphasic sample of changes through the progression of PD. As a result, early and presymptomatic phases, characterised by neuronal malfunctioning but very little proof of neuronal Demise, are linked to desensitization/downregulation of CB1 receptors. It had been proposed that these losses may very well be A part of the pathogenesis itself, because theyre able to aggravate distinct cytotoxic insults that happen to be controlled in part by cannabinoid alerts, mainly excitotoxicity but will also oxidative worry and glial activation. In contrast, intermediate and, specifically, Superior phases of parkinsonism characterized by a profound nigral degeneration and prevalence of significant parkinsonian ...
Dr. Mechoulam Unveils Synthetic Cannabinoid Acids Discovery | GanjapreneurDr. Mechoulam Unveils Synthetic Cannabinoid Acids Discovery | Ganjapreneur
DISCLAIMER: Ganjapreneur.com is intended as an educational resource for law-abiding professionals and those who are curious about entrepreneurial and/or investment opportunities in emerging markets. We do not offer investment advice, and we encourage all visitors and readers to do their own due dilligence before investing in any of the companies or markets that we write about. Be advised that possessing, using, distributing and selling cannabis are all federal crimes in the United States of America and the articles, pages, links, and other types of information on this site are not intended to assist you in violating federal law. Ganjapreneur.com and all associated entities and individuals are not responsible for third party content and/or links published on this website. ...
Synthetic cannabinoid use in psychiatric patients and relationship to hospitalisation - Research Portal, Kings College, LondonSynthetic cannabinoid use in psychiatric patients and relationship to hospitalisation - Research Portal, King's College, London
Stone, J. M., Morrison, P. D., Brugger, S., Nottage, J., Bhattacharyya, S., Sumich, A., Wilson, D., Tunstall, N., Feilding, A., Brenneisen, R., McGuire, P., Murray, R. M. & Ffytche, D. H., Jun 2012, In : Molecular Psychiatry. 17, 6, p. 568-569 2 p.. Research output: Contribution to journal › Article ...
Prominent Researcher Says Cannabinoids Can Help Heal Brain Trauma · High TimesProminent Researcher Says Cannabinoids Can Help Heal Brain Trauma · High Times
Yes. And access in general.. What is your advice for lawmakers?. Regulators should be aware that compared to opiates, this is a much more benign family of compounds. Its very potent. Its involved in health and disease in every organ. The body tries to tell us something. Look at the body, look at the distribution of the receptors, look at the organs where you find the receptors of this system. You cannot ignore it. You cannot just behave as if its not there. Be more educated about what this system is about and realize that it should be prioritized in research and for translation to medical use.. You visited a medical cannabis dispensary here in California, where we just legalized recreational use. What are your impressions of our medical access? The trip to the dispensary was a bit disappointing. I found the place quite efficient, but not very friendly and inviting, with a somewhat cold atmosphere. As an outsider I didnt feel this place was very welcoming-yet Im sure that those that visit on ...
CBD Oil And Addiction, What The Dalai Lama Can Teach You About CannabinoidCBD Oil And Addiction, What The Dalai Lama Can Teach You About Cannabinoid
The very first usage of THC-like cannabidoids was to minimize nausea, pain and enhance appetite in cancer clients after chemotherapy. Synthetic cannabinoids are still used for this function. Just recently have scientists acquired more information on natural cannabinoids such as CBD and their capability to eliminate various kinds of cancer. It ended up that CBD is a completely safe compound, disappointing psychoactive impacts and having a strong anti-cancer effect. It can be used to improve the efficiency of basic treatments or possibly as the cancer compound itself. According to research, CBD prevents the growth of cancer cells and ruins those already existing in cervical cancer, leukemia, lung thyroid, cancer and colon. It likewise minimizes the growth and intrusion of glioma cells - a very unsafe brain cancer. CBD likewise has promising effects in the fight against breast and prostate cancer, due to the fact that it straight lowers growths, eases discomfort and can improve the efficiency of ...
CBD Oil Master The Art Of Cannabinoid With These 9 TipsCBD Oil Master The Art Of Cannabinoid With These 9 Tips
The very first usage of THC-like cannabidoids was to decrease nausea, discomfort and improve appetite in cancer clients after chemotherapy. Synthetic cannabinoids are still utilized for this function. Only recently have researchers obtained more info on natural cannabinoids such as CBD and their capability to fight different kinds of cancer. It ended up that CBD is a totally safe substance, disappointing psychedelic impacts and having a strong anti-cancer impact. It can be used to enhance the efficiency of standard treatments or potentially as the cancer substance itself. According to research study, CBD prevents the development of cancer cells and damages those currently existing in cervical cancer, leukemia, lung colon, cancer and thyroid. It also reduces the development and invasion of glioma cells - a really hazardous brain cancer. CBD also has appealing results in the battle against breast and prostate cancer, because it directly lowers growths, eliminates pain and can improve the ...
Biotica Pharmaceuticals - CannaFundraiseBiotica Pharmaceuticals - CannaFundraise
Biotica Pharmaceuticals is an early-stage biotech founded by a group of pioneers in the cannabis technology landscape. Biotica Pharmaceuticals, a biopharmaceutical company, together with its subsidiaries, will engage in discovering, developing, and commercializing cannabinoid-based medicines. It will operate through three segments: 1) Commercial, 2) Drug delivery systems and methods, 3) Cannabinoids Research and Development for Neuropathic pain, Cancer, Alzheimers, Parkinson, Esophagitis, and Immune Enhancement.. ...
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Health Risk Behaviors With Synthetic Cannabinoids Versus Marijuana | Articles | PediatricsHealth Risk Behaviors With Synthetic Cannabinoids Versus Marijuana | Articles | Pediatrics
To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the association between ever use of synthetic cannabinoids and health risk behaviors in domains such as injury/violence, mental health, and sexual health among a nationally representative sample of US high school students. Furthermore, this study contributes new evidence on how behavioral correlates differ by type of marijuana use. Overall, we observed that ever use of synthetic cannabinoids was associated with the majority of health risk behaviors included in our study and that those associations tended to be more pronounced for ever use of synthetic cannabinoids than for ever use of marijuana only, particularly for substance use behaviors and sexual risk behaviors.. Given that synthetic cannabinoids are a relatively recent issue in the United States, high school students use of the drug was not monitored in national surveillance systems until the 2011 MTF study cycle1 and the 2015 YRBS cycle.21 As a result, much of the available literature ...
The endogenous cannabinoid system and its role in nociceptive behaviorThe endogenous cannabinoid system and its role in nociceptive behavior
The analgesic properties of exogenous cannabinoids have been recognized for many years and suggest a regulatory role for the endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) system in mammalian nociceptive pathways. The endocannabinoid system includes: (1) at least two families of lipid signaling molecule …
Sickle Cell Crisis Complicated by Synthetic Cannabinoid Abuse: A Case Report<...Sickle Cell Crisis Complicated by Synthetic Cannabinoid Abuse: A Case Report<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Sickle Cell Crisis Complicated by Synthetic Cannabinoid Abuse. T2 - A Case Report. AU - Zheng, Crystal Y.. AU - Minniti, Caterina P.. AU - Chaitowitz, Mark H.. PY - 2016/3/4. Y1 - 2016/3/4. N2 - We describe a case of delirium occurring in a hospitalized sickle cell patient. Following admission for a typical pain crisis, the patient continued to report unrelieved pain with marked agitation for several days, despite escalating doses of opioid analgesia, and ultimately required intubation following development of acute chest syndrome (ACS). After some delay, it was discovered that he had been using a synthetic cannabinoid (K2) which may have precipitated his pain crisis and, with hindsight, explained his prolonged period of delirium. Delayed recognition was due to multiple factors, notably the absence of an index of suspicion for this novel drug, the presence of alternate explanations for the patients altered mental status, and the fact that reliable laboratory screening for ...
Synthetic cannabinoid, JWH-030, induces QT prolongation through hERG channel inhibition - Toxicology Research (RSC Publishing)Synthetic cannabinoid, JWH-030, induces QT prolongation through hERG channel inhibition - Toxicology Research (RSC Publishing)
The problem of new psychoactive substance (NPS) abuse, which includes synthetic cannabinoids, is emerging globally, and the cardiotoxicity of these synthetic cannabinoids has not yet been evaluated extensively. In the present study, we investigated the effects of synthetic cannabinoids on the cytotoxicity, h
The effect of synthetic cannabinoids on wound healing of chondrocytes monolayers and pseudo 3D cartilage tissue. Effect of...The effect of synthetic cannabinoids on wound healing of chondrocytes monolayers and pseudo 3D cartilage tissue. Effect of...
Studies have been conducted to highlight the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties of cannabinoids and also their potentials for cartilage repair and regeneration. Various wound healing techniques can be used to investigate the mechanisms of chondrocyte repair in monolayers or three dimensional tissue constructs. The effect of different concentrations of the synthetic cannabinoids WIN55, 212-2 (WIN-2), URB602 and HU-308 with and without their antagonists on the wound healing of chondrocyte monolayers was investigated using a simple scratch assay model. The three cannabinoids were found to increase wound healing of chondrocyte monolayers, but at different rates. WIN55, 212-2 at a concentration of 1μM had the highest effect of increasing both migration and proliferation of chondrocytes cultured in a chondrogenic media, which increased the rate of wound closure. It was also found that treating the cells with 2μM of any of the cannabinoids lead to a decrease in cell proliferation and ...
Acetaminophen is a synthetic cannabinoid - Research ChemicalsAcetaminophen is a synthetic cannabinoid - Research Chemicals
Tylenol/Acetaminophen is a synthetic cannabinoid Its in reality a cannabinoid prodrug. After a few metabolic steps, it reaches the talent and combines with arachidonic acid to shape AM404. Now AM404 is surely a hell of a cannabinoid, and is idea to be responsible for most, if not all of the…
Cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive cannabinoid compound, inhibits proliferation and invasion in U87-MG and T98G glioma cells...Cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive cannabinoid compound, inhibits proliferation and invasion in U87-MG and T98G glioma cells...
DISCLAIMER: Ganjapreneur.com is intended as an educational resource for law-abiding professionals and those who are curious about entrepreneurial and/or investment opportunities in emerging markets. We do not offer investment advice, and we encourage all visitors and readers to do their own due dilligence before investing in any of the companies or markets that we write about. Be advised that possessing, using, distributing and selling cannabis are all federal crimes in the United States of America and the articles, pages, links, and other types of information on this site are not intended to assist you in violating federal law. Ganjapreneur.com and all associated entities and individuals are not responsible for third party content and/or links published on this website. ...
Cannabinoids Can Treat Acute Lung Injury, According to New Study - TheJointBlogCannabinoids Can Treat Acute Lung Injury, According to New Study - TheJointBlog
A new study published by the National Institute of Health has found that cannabinoids can be an effective treatment for acute lung injury.
Immunology] Re: Endogenous and Exogenous Cannabinoids Modulate InflammationImmunology] Re: Endogenous and Exogenous Cannabinoids Modulate Inflammation
CB 2 agonists demonstrate remarkable anti inflammatory properties but , your , idea of receptor attraction has some merit, at least with respect to the , CB , 1 receptor. I recall an old study wherein they found that cannabis , tolerance , was proportional to the level of receptor retraction from the cell , surface. I wonder if, as with mu opioid tolerance, this effect is mediated by a PKC. Would inhibiting that PKC result in elevation of cannabinoid receptor levels? Also, B-cell proliferation appears to be partly under the regulation of a CB, although the research hasnt clarified it well yet. Ive always wondered if the way loss of gut bacteria knocks out the mu opioid and cannabinoid receptors of the gut wasnt also kicking antibody/B-cell production into needless overdrive (hence the use of B-cell depletion agents in autoimmune condition). , This does raise some worrying questions with respect to the chronic , ingestion of the same but the studies tend to find little ill effects. , ...
Adolescent brain maturation, the endogenous cannabinoid system and the neurobiology of cannabis-induced schizophreniaAdolescent brain maturation, the endogenous cannabinoid system and the neurobiology of cannabis-induced schizophrenia
Cannabis use during adolescence increases the risk of developing psychotic disorders later in life. However, the neurobiological processes underlying this relationship are unknown. This review reports the results of a literature search comprising various neurobiological disciplines, ultimately conve …
Synthetic Cannabinoids: Growing Side Effects Make Now a Great Time to Stay Away | LeaflySynthetic Cannabinoids: Growing Side Effects Make Now a Great Time to Stay Away | Leafly
Learn about the differences between synthetic cannabinoids vs real cannabis, and find out why synthetic is so dangerous and can even cause death.
Immunology] Re: Endogenous and Exogenous Cannabinoids Modulate InflammationImmunology] Re: Endogenous and Exogenous Cannabinoids Modulate Inflammation
Thanks Kofi, interesting stuff. CB 2 agonists demonstrate remarkable anti inflammatory properties but your idea of receptor attraction has some merit, at least with respect to the CB 1 receptor. I recall an old study wherein they found that cannabis tolerance was proportional to the level of receptor retraction from the cell surface. This does raise some worrying questions with respect to the chronic ingestion of the same but the studies tend to find little ill effects. Cannabidol, the non-psychoactive form, strikes me as an excellent target for therapeutic potential. A recent news release about some research indicated that topical application of THC, which does ligand to the CB 2, had strong anti-allergic effects, sufficient to warrant clinical trials. This is entirely concordant with other studies showing that CB 2 activation down regulates excessive inflamation being driven by innate immune responses. Thanks, John. Kofi ,kofi from anon.un, wrote in message news:kofi-59A74F.20025514062007 ...
Endocannabinoid turnover and function - Nottingham ePrintsEndocannabinoid turnover and function - Nottingham ePrints
The use of synthetic cannabinoid receptor (CBR) ligands for therapeutic use has provided problems regarding the natural endogenous regulatory tone of the eCBs, which in turn has resulted in unwanted side effects. Part of the reason of this is due to synthetic agonists producing the well documented psychotropic effects at CB t receptors. Alternative targets for the manipulation of the eCB system for therapeutic benefits have been explored. One remains to be the use of FAAH inhibitors, which in turn potentially increase levels of eCBs in the system, hence potentiating their effects at the CBRs, or at other receptor sites. Therefore we have developed two HTS assays for the identification of potential inhibitors of FAAH and MAGL. They prove to be robust, cheap and facile and provide a clear indication of inhibitable levels of FAAH and MAGL activity. The FAAH assay can be further used to establish concentration-response curves of initial `hit compounds. Yet, the HTS MAGL assay requires further ...
admin, Author at Use CBD for Painadmin, Author at Use CBD for Pain
CBD For Back Pain For thousands of years, the cannabis plant has been used to alleviate different types of pain that affect the body. After the discovery of CBD, the cannabinoid present in the cannabis plant, we have understood that CBD and other cannabinoids in the cannabis plant are responsible for its pain-relieving effects. CBD is ...
Other than THC and CBD, how much is known about cannabinoid treatments? | Naked Science ForumOther than THC and CBD, how much is known about cannabinoid treatments? | Naked Science Forum
Hi, I am learning about how cannabinoids work and different effects they may have on humans and animals. I know THC and, to a lesser extent, CBD have been...
L-759,656 - WikipediaL-759,656 - Wikipedia
L-759,656 is an analgesic drug that is a cannabinoid agonist. It is a highly selective agonist for the CB2 receptor, with selectivity of 414x for CB2 over CB1,[1] although it is still not as selective as newer agents such as HU-308. It produces some similar effects to other cannabinoid agonists such as analgesia, but with little or no sedative or psychoactive effects due to its weak CB1 activity, and a relatively strong antiinflammatory effect due to its strong activity at CB2.[2][3] ...
Phytocannabinoid Drops 1200 - SatiMed Online StorePhytocannabinoid Drops 1200 - SatiMed Online Store
SatiMed Phytocannabinoid Plus Formula - Hemp Oil Paste 1200 mg CBD - 4% CBD - Full Spectrum phytocannabinoids. High quality and scientifically tested Hemp Oil.
L-759,633 - WikipediaL-759,633 - Wikipedia
L-759,633 is an analgesic drug that is a cannabinoid agonist. It is a fairly selective agonist for the CB2 receptor, with selectivity of 163x for CB2 over CB1.[1] It produces some similar effects to other cannabinoid agonists such as analgesia, but with little or no sedative or psychoactive effects due to its weak CB1 activity, and a relatively strong antiinflammatory effect due to its strong activity at CB2.[2][3] ...
Researchers photograph active ingredient in cannabis plants - Healthcanal.com : Healthcanal.comResearchers photograph active ingredient in cannabis plants - Healthcanal.com : Healthcanal.com
Researchers from the University of Twentes MESA+ and MIRA research institutes have succeeded in visualizing THC, the active ingredient of cannabis, in intact plant structures. The substance is mainly found in trichomes (fine outgrowths) and in the small leaves around the flowers of the cannabis plant. Little or no THC is present in the stems and flowers. While these findings are not new, the study carried out by these researchers has shown their method (hyperspectral CARS Microscopy) to be a powerful tool for investigating the medicinal properties of plants. An article describing this research was published today in a scientific journal, the Journal of Biomedical Optics.. Plants have developed a range of mechanisms for synthesizing substances that happen to have medicinal properties. These mechanisms are often better or more efficient than those available to us in the lab. If we can find out how and where plants produce the requisite materials, we may be able to imitate nature. Using ...
Topical Applications for Cannabinoids On the Rise - Thats Natural!Topical Applications for Cannabinoids On the Rise - That's Natural!
One of the most exciting applications for cannabinoids from the non-psychoactive hemp/cannabis plant are those that are topical. Shown to have anti-inflammatory effects - topical lotions, salves, and patches are hitting the marketplace - providing pain relief to people who want to try natural plant-based alternatives. From chiroeco.com -
Scientists Develop Cannabis Plant That Does Not Leave Users StonedScientists Develop Cannabis Plant That Does Not Leave Users Stoned
Medical marijuana could be set for a revolution after scientists claimed that they have managed to develop a cannabis plant that does not leave the users stoned .
Your Cannabis Plant Nutrient Deficiency Guide | LeaflyYour Cannabis Plant Nutrient Deficiency Guide | Leafly
Learn about nutrient deficiency in cannabis plants including what essential nutrients can prevent it, symptoms associated with their absence, and more.
Browsing Research Institutes and Centres by Author Roche, MichelleBrowsing Research Institutes and Centres by Author "Roche, Michelle"
The endogenous cannabinoid system plays an important role in regulating the immune system. Modulation of endogenous cannabinoids represents an attractive alternative for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. This study ...
Browsing Research Institutes and Centres by Author Kelly, John P.Browsing Research Institutes and Centres by Author "Kelly, John P."
The endogenous cannabinoid system plays an important role in regulating the immune system. Modulation of endogenous cannabinoids represents an attractive alternative for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. This study ...
Prenatal cannabinoid exposure induces significant vasoconstriction in the fetal brain - posted by Biophotonics.World at...Prenatal cannabinoid exposure induces significant vasoconstriction in the fetal brain - posted by Biophotonics.World at...
Tags: pregnancy, marijuana, medicinal, recreational, legalization, easy access, abuse, thc, fetoplacental barrier, brain development.
fatty acid Archives - BTV Newsfatty acid Archives - BTV News
FSD Pharma is a specialty biotech pharmaceutical research and development company. Theyre focusing on building synthetic cannabinoid compounds that target the endocannabinoid system of ...
Pharmacokinetic properties of the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and of its metabolites in serum after inhalation. - PubMed -...Pharmacokinetic properties of the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and of its metabolites in serum after inhalation. - PubMed -...
PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
The Dose Makes The Poison: May 2014The Dose Makes The Poison: May 2014
No analytical confirmation of synthetic cannabinoids have been presented to the media or published elsewhere for these cases, but I would expect that they are diligently working on this behind the scenes. Of course this is just speculation, but I wouldnt be surprised that this is the work of one of the newer generation synthetic cannabinoids such as AB-PINACA, AB-CHMINACA, or maybe even a PB-22 derivative such as FDU-PB-22. I only know of a lab or two that routinely tests for some of these newer compounds in blood, let alone urine specimens. Also, considering the cat-and-mouse games that are played with these drugs, there may be (and probably is) a new cannabinoid on the scene which we arent even aware. We must always remember that we know very little (if anything) about the chemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of these compounds used in herbal incese/potpourri blends. ...
The Dose Makes The Poison: 2013The Dose Makes The Poison: 2013
An interesting feature of these newer synthetic cannabinoids is the ester or amide linkages. These linkages were not included in the earlier waves of cannabinoid compounds (i.e. JWH-018 → AM-2201 → UR-144...) as they contained the simple ketone linkage. The ester linkage is seen in the quinolinyl carboxylate derivative compounds such as PB-22, 5F-PB-22 and BB-22, while the amide linkage is seen the many of these newer substances such as the various ADBs, PINACAs, and FUBINACAs. Regarding these amide-containing cannabinoids (structures referenced in the figure above in red-color and in a previous blog post here), the amide linkage can be very susceptible to hydrolysis reactions. In the case of the two compounds related to the Colorado cases, possible in vivo amide hydrolysis would lead to formation of a carboxylic acid and an amine. Could this amine be active in the body? Possibly. ...
Testicular Translocator Protein Expression is Differentially Altered by Synthetic Cannabinoid HU210 in Adult and Adolescent...Testicular Translocator Protein Expression is Differentially Altered by Synthetic Cannabinoid HU210 in Adult and Adolescent...
Objective: The translocator protein (TSPO) has been implicated in numerous functions including steroid production and regulation of stress and anxiety. Cannabinoids have ..
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GWs Sativex shines in neuropathic pain trial - PharmaTimesGW's Sativex shines in neuropathic pain trial - PharmaTimes
It was good news for GW Pharmaceuticals yesterday, after The International Association of the Study of Pain published the results of a study showing that its cannabinoid-based drug Sativex is effective in treating patients with peripheral neuropathic pain. - News - PharmaTimes
Food and Medicine Freedom - What This Means - Thats Natural!Food and Medicine Freedom - What This Means - That's Natural!
At Thats Natural, we believe it is your natural and constitutional right to use natural, plant-based medicines. Non-psychoactive cannabinoids, like CBD (stands for Cannabidiol) have been studied in the past two decades, and the research is showing many potential positive applications. From The Huffington Post: Cannabidiol is a cannabis compound without the psychoactive effects of THC.…
Concerned about detecting synthetic cannabinoids? You will need to expand your drug testing. | United States Drug Testing...Concerned about detecting synthetic cannabinoids? You will need to expand your drug testing. | United States Drug Testing...
A Forensic Drug Testing Laboratory Accredited by The College of American Pathologists.. © 2020 United States Drug Testing Laboratories, Inc. All Rights Reserved. ...
Plus itPlus it
The four main findings of this study are as follows: (1) the cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212-2 induced conditioned place aversion; (2) WIN 55,212-2 suppressed spontaneous locomotor activity given at doses of 2.0 and 10.0 mg/kg; (3) animals experienced a significant weight loss during treatment with the doses of 2.0 and 10.0 mg/kg of the cannabinoid agonist and during the following 14 d; and (4) rats with an extended background of EtOH self-administration and treated with WIN 55,212-2 during alcohol deprivation showed a long-lasting increase in their responding for alcohol. In contrast, when the animals passed periods of abstinence only from alcohol, they only showed a temporary increase in their EtOH consumption. This last finding is in agreement with most studies (Heyser et al., 1998, 2003; Rodd-Henricks et al., 2000; Samson et al., 2001; Serra et al., 2002; Cowen et al., 2003; Vengeliene et al., 2003).. In our study, like others (McGregor et al., 1996; Sañudo-Peña et al., 1997; Chaperon et ...
India Globalization Capital, Inc. (NYSE: IGC) Growth Potential Fueled by Phytocannabinoid Treatments - CannabisNewsWireIndia Globalization Capital, Inc. (NYSE: IGC) Growth Potential Fueled by Phytocannabinoid Treatments - CannabisNewsWire
Hyalolex for Alzheimers and other cannabis-based drugs for pain, epilepsy, and more are raising the market valuation growth potential for IGC Phytocannabinoids target protein receptors in the brain, peripheral nervous system and other parts of the body, including the lungs, liver, and other organs Cannabidiol makes up as much as 40 percent of cannabis-plant extract…
BRID | Top Stocks For 2018BRID | Top Stocks For 2018
By James E. Brumley] In mid-September, Vitality Biopharma Inc (OTCMKTS:VBIO) announced it was going to take aim at the development of an alternative to opioids as a means of treating pain. At the time, there was little doubt that the companys cannabinoid science was capable of doing so. What wasnt clear to VBIO shareholders was exactly how that might happen…. meaning what sort of drug might Vitality Biopharma come up with. We got the first of what will likely be several answers to the question today. Per todays press release, Vitality Biopharma intends to come up with a treatment for narcotic bowel syndrome, which is a severe form of (ironically enough) opiate-induced abdominal pain.. As a refresher, Vitality Biopharma was the name we introduced to you back on August 8th, pointing out it had developed a whole new way of making cannabinoid-based medicines. Their versions offer all the upsides of cannabinoids, but without the psychotropic ("getting high) effects, and without some of the ...
Cannabis Science and Free Spirit Organics Native American Corporation (FSO NAC) Begin Harvesting Approximately 60 Acres of its...Cannabis Science and Free Spirit Organics Native American Corporation (FSO NAC) Begin Harvesting Approximately 60 Acres of its...
Cannabis Science, Inc. (OTC PINK: CBIS), a U.S. company specializing in the development of cannabinoid-based medicines, and Free Spirit Organics Native American
American Medical Association reverses - supports removing marijuana from Schedule 1 « Drug WarRantAmerican Medical Association reverses - supports removing marijuana from Schedule 1 « Drug WarRant
Nick, this could also be seen as payback.. The DEA has been terrorizing pain doctors for over a decade now. Im quite sure that it has crossed the awareness of the AMA that by doing this, they have set in motion the machinery that could, in essence, destroy the DEA. For as everyone with three brain cells to click together knows, cannabis prohibition is the lynch-pin of drug prohibition en toto, and if that lynch-pin is removed, the entire train will come to a screeching halt.. This can only go in one direction, now. "…facilitating the conduct of clinical research and development of cannabinoid-based medicines,…". Despite its disclaimer, the AMA, by doing this, has thrown the gauntlet. The AMAs demand for this kind of research is a sword aimed directly at the ONDCPs and the DEAs necks, for its as clear a challenge as can be made to the political power of the DEA by demanding that science instead of politics play a role in determining policy, which is exactly what Prez Obama said he ...
Pharmacogenetics of Cannabinoids | SpringerLinkPharmacogenetics of Cannabinoids | SpringerLink
Although the application of medical marijuana and cannabinoid drugs is controversial, it is a part of modern-day medicine. The list of diseases in which cannabinoids are promoted as a treatment is...
Therapix Biosciences Ltd. Announces Full Exercise of Underwriters Over-Allotment OptionTherapix Biosciences Ltd. Announces Full Exercise of Underwriters' Over-Allotment Option
Therapix Biosciences Ltd. (NASDAQ: TRPX, TASE: TRPX) , a specialty clinical-stage pharmaceutical company specializing in the development of cannabinoid-based drugs, today announced
Cannabidiol NEWS - Buy CBD Oil | The CBD StoreCannabidiol NEWS - Buy CBD Oil | The CBD Store
Buy CBD from The CBD Store. CBD Oil for Health and Wellness The CBD Store allows you to buy CBD online. Buy CBD Oil to be delivered in All 50 United States. CBD is an acronym for Cannabidiol. Cannabidiol is one of 85 Cannabinoids that interact with your Cannabinoid System.
4-Methyl-1-naphthalenyl)(2-methyl-1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone | C26H27NO - PubChem4-Methyl-1-naphthalenyl)(2-methyl-1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone | C26H27NO - PubChem
(4-Methyl-1-naphthalenyl)(2-methyl-1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone | C26H27NO | CID 45267820 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more.
DART Technology for Cannabinoid Screening | Lab ManagerDART Technology for Cannabinoid Screening | Lab Manager
Rapid Identification of Synthetic Cannabinoids in Herbal Samples via Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry- R. A. Musah, M. A. Domin
Drugs Archive - Partnership to End Addiction | Where Families Find Answers - Partnership to End Addiction | Where Families Find...Drugs Archive - Partnership to End Addiction | Where Families Find Answers - Partnership to End Addiction | Where Families Find...
Hashish is made from the resin (a secreted gum) of the cannabis plant. It is rich in THC, the main mind-altering substance found in the cannabis plant ...
FAQs - RheumaFAQ's - Rheuma
What is CBD oil & how does it work? What is CBD? Cannabidiol, also known as CBD, is one of over 60+ naturally occurring cannabinoid compounds found in Cannabis, an annual herbaceous flowering plant. CBD oil is derived from an organic substance formed in the plants secretions. Both marijuana and hemp are forms of
What are Cannabies Terpenes? Health Benefits of Terpenes and How They Compare to CBDWhat are Cannabies Terpenes? Health Benefits of Terpenes and How They Compare to CBD
Most of what people know so far about cannabis and its effects has to do with its principle cannabinoids: THC and CBD. Cannabinoids are naturally occurring compounds that may have significant health benefits, studies are slowly confirming. However, there is much more to the cannabis plant than cannabinoids. Cannabis, like all plants, have what are called terpenes, which may be beneficial to humans as well.
Posttraumatic stress disorderPosttraumatic stress disorder
Angiogenesis inhibitorAngiogenesis inhibitor
Effects of cannabisEffects of cannabis
HU-210HU-210
Posttraumatic stress disorderPosttraumatic stress disorder
Neuropathic painNeuropathic pain
Stimulus controlStimulus control
Treatment of bipolar disorderTreatment of bipolar disorder
Cannabinoid receptor type 2Cannabinoid receptor type 2
JWH-176JWH-176
11-Nor-9-carboxy-THC11-Nor-9-carboxy-THC
O-1871O-1871
AM-938AM-938
TetrahydrocannabinolTetrahydrocannabinol
CP 47,497CP 47,497
AminoalkylindoleAminoalkylindole
XLR-12XLR-12
ErgolineErgoline
JWH-398JWH-398
25I-NBOH25I-NBOH
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-propylamphetamine2,5-Dimethoxy-4-propylamphetamine
LBP-1 (drug)LBP-1 (drug)
NMP-7NMP-7
5-Bromo-DMT5-Bromo-DMT
MDA-19MDA-19
EA-3443EA-3443
2C-T-22C-T-2
AM-905AM-905
HU-243HU-243
2C-E2C-E
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaHealth Care
DronabinolReceptors, CannabinoidReceptor, Cannabinoid, CB1Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2BenzoxazinesCannabidiolCannabinoid Receptor AgonistsNaphthalenesCannabisCannabinoid Receptor ModulatorsEndocannabinoidsCyclohexanolsMorpholinesPolyunsaturated AlkamidesPyrazolesCannabinoid Receptor AntagonistsCannabinolPiperidinesArachidonic AcidsReceptors, DrugDesigner DrugsBornanesSubstance Abuse DetectionGlyceridesMonoacylglycerol LipasesMarijuana SmokingStreet DrugsAnalgesicsPsychotropic DrugsEnzyme Multiplied Immunoassay TechniqueHallucinogensForensic ToxicologyGas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryMarijuana AbuseDose-Response Relationship, DrugTRPV Cation ChannelsAnalgesics, Non-NarcoticAmidohydrolasesCatalepsyHypothermiaRats, Sprague-DawleyControlled SubstancesFluorescence Polarization ImmunoassayBenzodioxolesLimit of DetectionDrug ToleranceAppetite StimulantsIndolesShrewsSynaptic TransmissionPeriaqueductal GrayDrug and Narcotic ControlRats, WistarPainBehavior, AnimalNeuronsMononeuropathiesCalcium Channel BlockersDrug InteractionsLegislation, DrugResorcinolsNeural InhibitionVomitingAntiemeticsCarbamatesHippocampusCapsaicinMice, Inbred ICRBody TemperatureMotor ActivityGlyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (Phosphorylating)Analgesics, OpioidNarcoticsSubstance-Related DisordersPatch-Clamp TechniquesCeramidesMice, Inbred C57BLReceptors, Opioid, muMice, KnockoutSolid Phase ExtractionExcitatory Postsynaptic PotentialsMicrogliaInhibitory Postsynaptic PotentialsMeconiumPsychoses, Substance-InducedNeuralgiagamma-Aminobutyric AcidAnalgesiaPain MeasurementSalivaPresynaptic TerminalsBrainPyransSignal TransductionReceptors, GABA-BCA3 Region, HippocampalHyperalgesiaNauseaTransient Receptor Potential ChannelsCells, CulturedCardiovascular SystemAnilidesTime FactorsNociceptorsNeuroprotective AgentsPlant ExtractsSynapsesPyramidal CellsElectric StimulationGlutamic AcidRats, Long-EvansReceptors, OpioidPurkinje CellsCholinergic AgonistsInjections, IntraventricularGliomaSubstance Withdrawal SyndromeChronic PainMorphineGastrointestinal MotilityAcetonitrilesDisease Models, AnimalNeuronal PlasticityPalmitic AcidsAmphetaminesReceptors, G-Protein-CoupledProtective AgentsMuscle TonusNeurotransmitter AgentsLigandsEthanolaminesReinforcement (Psychology)Receptors, GlycineCorpus StriatumAnti-Anxiety AgentsImmunoassayBenzodiazepinesPlant OilsAnalysis of VarianceReceptors, Metabotropic GlutamateConditioning, OperantHypothalamusInflammationDiscrimination LearningCentral Nervous SystemPertussis ToxinAction PotentialsAmygdalaMicroinjectionsMultiple SclerosisInterneuronsElectrophysiologyGlucuronidesPain ThresholdSelf AdministrationTandem Mass SpectrometryReference StandardsInjections, IntraperitonealAdenylate KinaseSpinal CordExcitatory Amino Acid AntagonistsCerebellumCA1 Region, HippocampalAnticonvulsantsApoptosisGuanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)CalciumRNA, MessengerHEK293 CellsCell Line, TumorPeroxisome Proliferator-Activated ReceptorsFalse Negative ReactionsAmphetamineImmunohistochemistryChromatography, LiquidGhrelinCalibrationEpilepsyDrug SynergismInjections, IntravenousAnxietyReproducibility of ResultsGanglia, SpinalOrgan Culture TechniquesBenzamidesVasodilationMesenteric ArteriesReceptors, GlutamateCell SurvivalCell LineAnti-Inflammatory AgentsMitogen-Activated Protein KinasesMembrane PotentialsAnti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-SteroidalRadioligand AssayMolecular StructureStereoisomerismTetrodotoxinChromatography, High Pressure LiquidCHO CellsMaze Learning
Prominent Researcher Says Cannabinoids Can Help Heal Brain Trauma · High TimesProminent Researcher Says Cannabinoids Can Help Heal Brain Trauma · High Times
Cannabinoid Modulation of Emotion, Memory, and Motivation by Patrizia Campolongo, Liana Fattore | WaterstonesCannabinoid Modulation of Emotion, Memory, and Motivation by Patrizia Campolongo, Liana Fattore | Waterstones
Labs Make New, Dangerous Synthetic Cannabinoid Drugs Faster Than We Can Ban ThemLabs Make New, Dangerous Synthetic Cannabinoid Drugs Faster Than We Can Ban Them
A Secret Weapon For Cannabinoids based therapy Parkinsons DiseaseA Secret Weapon For Cannabinoids based therapy Parkinsons Disease
The influence of cannabinoids on generic traits of neurodegenerationThe influence of cannabinoids on generic traits of neurodegeneration
Synthetic cannabinoid use in psychiatric patients and relationship to hospitalisation - Research Portal, Kings College, LondonSynthetic cannabinoid use in psychiatric patients and relationship to hospitalisation - Research Portal, King's College, London
Strengthening Cannabinoid Modulation With Terpenes - CAT ScientificStrengthening Cannabinoid Modulation With Terpenes - CAT Scientific
Dr. Mechoulam Unveils Synthetic Cannabinoid Acids Discovery | GanjapreneurDr. Mechoulam Unveils Synthetic Cannabinoid Acids Discovery | Ganjapreneur
CBD Oil Master The Art Of Cannabinoid With These 9 TipsCBD Oil Master The Art Of Cannabinoid With These 9 Tips
OWCP and mediq Collaborate to Introduce Cannabinoid-based Psoriasis Cream in Germany - BioNewsFeedsOWCP and mediq Collaborate to Introduce Cannabinoid-based Psoriasis Cream in Germany - BioNewsFeeds
CBD Oil And Addiction, What The Dalai Lama Can Teach You About CannabinoidCBD Oil And Addiction, What The Dalai Lama Can Teach You About Cannabinoid
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor - Proteopedia, life in 3DBeta-2 adrenergic receptor - Proteopedia, life in 3D
Changes in cannabinoid CB(1) receptor functionality in the female rat prefrontal cortex following a high fat diet.Changes in cannabinoid CB(1) receptor functionality in the female rat prefrontal cortex following a high fat diet.
About synthetic cannabinoidsAbout synthetic cannabinoids
MCR Labs - Cannabinoids - Google SheetsMCR Labs - Cannabinoids - Google Sheets
List of JWH cannabinoids - WikipediaList of JWH cannabinoids - Wikipedia
Synthetic Cannabinoids: What CDC is doingSynthetic Cannabinoids: What CDC is doing
Cannabinoids and atherosclerosis. - PubMed - NCBICannabinoids and atherosclerosis. - PubMed - NCBI
Erowid Cannabinoids VaultErowid Cannabinoids Vault
Anticancer mechanisms of cannabinoids. - PubMed - NCBIAnticancer mechanisms of cannabinoids. - PubMed - NCBI
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Cannabinoids | SpringerLinkPharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Cannabinoids | SpringerLink
Marijuana or Synthetic Cannabinoids for HeadacheMarijuana or Synthetic Cannabinoids for Headache
Natures (Legal) Cannabinoids - NORMLNature's (Legal) Cannabinoids - NORML
Pharmacogenetics of Cannabinoids | SpringerLinkPharmacogenetics of Cannabinoids | SpringerLink
Cannabinoid Hyperemesis SyndromeCannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome
Endogenous cannabinoid signalingEndogenous cannabinoid signaling
Cannabinoid receptor type 2 - WikipediaCannabinoid receptor type 2 - Wikipedia
How might cannabinoids influence sexual behavior? | PNASHow might cannabinoids influence sexual behavior? | PNAS
The More Cannabinoids the BetterThe More Cannabinoids the Better
Body May Use Cannabinoids to Make Placebos Work | WIREDBody May Use Cannabinoids to Make Placebos Work | WIRED
Cannabinoid-Rezeptor 1 - WikipediaCannabinoid-Rezeptor 1 - Wikipedia
cannabinoid | Benzingacannabinoid | Benzinga
cannabinoids : Biofuels Digestcannabinoids : Biofuels Digest
List of CP cannabinoids - WikipediaList of CP cannabinoids - Wikipedia
List of AM cannabinoids - WikipediaList of AM cannabinoids - Wikipedia
Marijuana and the Cannabinoids | Mahmoud A. ElSohly | SpringerMarijuana and the Cannabinoids | Mahmoud A. ElSohly | Springer
Cannabinoids and chemotherapy in combination kill cancer cellsCannabinoids and chemotherapy in combination kill cancer cells
Cannabinoids and chemotherapy in combination kill cancer cellsCannabinoids and chemotherapy in combination kill cancer cells
Clinical use of cannabinoids: Ingenta ConnectClinical use of cannabinoids: Ingenta Connect
K2 and the Synthetic Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Effects and Chemical… - EnglishK2 and the Synthetic Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Effects and Chemical… - English
The Cannabinoids: Chemical, Pharmacologic, and Therapeutic Aspects - 1st EditionThe Cannabinoids: Chemical, Pharmacologic, and Therapeutic Aspects - 1st Edition
Novel Pharmacological Targets for Cannabinoids: Ingenta ConnectNovel Pharmacological Targets for Cannabinoids: Ingenta Connect
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaHealth Care
DronabinolReceptors, CannabinoidReceptor, Cannabinoid, CB1Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2BenzoxazinesCannabidiolCannabinoid Receptor AgonistsNaphthalenesCannabisCannabinoid Receptor ModulatorsEndocannabinoidsCyclohexanolsMorpholinesPolyunsaturated AlkamidesPyrazolesCannabinoid Receptor AntagonistsCannabinolPiperidinesArachidonic AcidsReceptors, DrugDesigner DrugsBornanesSubstance Abuse DetectionGlyceridesMonoacylglycerol LipasesMarijuana SmokingStreet DrugsAnalgesicsPsychotropic DrugsEnzyme Multiplied Immunoassay TechniqueHallucinogensForensic ToxicologyGas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryMarijuana AbuseDose-Response Relationship, DrugTRPV Cation ChannelsAnalgesics, Non-NarcoticAmidohydrolasesCatalepsyHypothermiaRats, Sprague-DawleyControlled SubstancesFluorescence Polarization ImmunoassayBenzodioxolesLimit of DetectionDrug ToleranceAppetite StimulantsIndolesShrewsSynaptic TransmissionPeriaqueductal GrayDrug and Narcotic ControlRats, WistarPainBehavior, AnimalNeuronsMononeuropathiesCalcium Channel BlockersDrug InteractionsLegislation, DrugResorcinolsNeural InhibitionVomitingAntiemeticsCarbamatesHippocampusCapsaicinMice, Inbred ICRBody TemperatureMotor ActivityGlyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (Phosphorylating)Analgesics, OpioidNarcoticsSubstance-Related DisordersPatch-Clamp TechniquesCeramidesMice, Inbred C57BLReceptors, Opioid, muMice, KnockoutSolid Phase ExtractionExcitatory Postsynaptic PotentialsMicrogliaInhibitory Postsynaptic PotentialsMeconiumPsychoses, Substance-InducedNeuralgiagamma-Aminobutyric AcidAnalgesiaPain MeasurementSalivaPresynaptic TerminalsBrainPyransSignal TransductionReceptors, GABA-BCA3 Region, HippocampalHyperalgesiaNauseaTransient Receptor Potential ChannelsCells, CulturedCardiovascular SystemAnilidesTime FactorsNociceptorsNeuroprotective AgentsPlant ExtractsSynapsesPyramidal CellsElectric StimulationGlutamic AcidRats, Long-EvansReceptors, OpioidPurkinje CellsCholinergic AgonistsInjections, IntraventricularGliomaSubstance Withdrawal SyndromeChronic PainMorphineGastrointestinal MotilityAcetonitrilesDisease Models, AnimalNeuronal PlasticityPalmitic AcidsAmphetaminesReceptors, G-Protein-CoupledProtective AgentsMuscle TonusNeurotransmitter AgentsLigandsEthanolaminesReinforcement (Psychology)Receptors, GlycineCorpus StriatumAnti-Anxiety AgentsImmunoassayBenzodiazepinesPlant OilsAnalysis of VarianceReceptors, Metabotropic GlutamateConditioning, OperantHypothalamusInflammationDiscrimination LearningCentral Nervous SystemPertussis ToxinAction PotentialsAmygdalaMicroinjectionsMultiple SclerosisInterneuronsElectrophysiologyGlucuronidesPain ThresholdSelf AdministrationTandem Mass SpectrometryReference StandardsInjections, IntraperitonealAdenylate KinaseSpinal CordExcitatory Amino Acid AntagonistsCerebellumCA1 Region, HippocampalAnticonvulsantsApoptosisGuanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)CalciumRNA, MessengerHEK293 CellsCell Line, TumorPeroxisome Proliferator-Activated ReceptorsFalse Negative ReactionsAmphetamineImmunohistochemistryChromatography, LiquidGhrelinCalibrationEpilepsyDrug SynergismInjections, IntravenousAnxietyReproducibility of ResultsGanglia, SpinalOrgan Culture TechniquesBenzamidesVasodilationMesenteric ArteriesReceptors, GlutamateCell SurvivalCell LineAnti-Inflammatory AgentsMitogen-Activated Protein KinasesMembrane PotentialsAnti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-SteroidalRadioligand AssayMolecular StructureStereoisomerismTetrodotoxinChromatography, High Pressure LiquidCHO CellsMaze Learning
ReceptorsEndogenousSynthetic cannabinoidCompoundsMinor cannabinoidsMoleculesResearchersPotentMechoulamResearchClinicalEndocannabinoid systemReceptors in the brainAnandamideTerpenesAgonistsDronabinolDifferent cannabinoidsTetrahydrocannabinolNabiloneBenefits of cannabinoidsEffectiveness of cannabinoidsPhytocannabinoidsRole of the cannabinoid systemSubstancesChemicalsClassical cannabinoidsSynthetic cannabinoids are similarTypes of cannabinoid receptorsClinical trialsDrugsHumansMechanismsSpecific cannabinoid receptorsAgonist2019EfficacyBrain2018Type of cannabinoidSpicePharmacologicEndo cannabinoidBenefit of cannabinoidsCannabis and cannabinoidPotential for cannabinoidsEvaluation of cannabinoidsPharmacology of CannabinoidsNauseaCompounds calledPsychoactive cannabinoidEvidenceActivateMarinolPlant cannabinoidsSingle cannabinoidsHerbal cannabinoidsHyperemesis syndromeContain cannabinoidsNatural cannabinoids
Receptors1
Endogenous1
Synthetic cannabinoid1
Compounds1
Minor cannabinoids2
Molecules1
  • For the first time ever, pharmaceutical companies will have access to a wide variety of patent protected, stable cannabinoid molecules synthesized to provide stability and consistency for use in developing new medicines, with numerous potential therapeutic applications," Reshef Swisa, the chief executive officer for EPM, said in a press release. (ganjapreneur.com)
Researchers1
Potent1
  • The development is critical because cannabinoid acids are significantly more potent than typical cannabinoids (CBDA is about a thousand times more potent than CBD , for example), but the plant's naturally occurring acids are very unstable and had so far eluded chemical synthesis. (ganjapreneur.com)
Mechoulam1
Research3
Clinical1
Endocannabinoid system7
Receptors in the brain6
Anandamide8
Terpenes4
Agonists14
Dronabinol7
Different cannabinoids5
Tetrahydrocannabinol9
Nabilone2
Benefits of cannabinoids3
Effectiveness of cannabinoids4
Phytocannabinoids1
Role of the cannabinoid system2
Substances7
  • The patient's response to cannabinoid treatment may have a genetic background, which depends on genes polymorphism involved in the action, metabolism, and the transport of these substances in the organism. (springer.com)
  • Cannabis is also home to its share of unique compounds, however, and these substances are called "cannabinoids" since they are only found in Cannabis sativa. (selfgrowth.com)
  • Missouri has become the latest state to ban products containing synthetic cannabinoids, with Gov. Jay Nixon signing into law this week a bill making them and products containing them controlled substances in the state. (stopthedrugwar.org)
  • The Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is issuing this final order to temporarily place five synthetic cannabinoids into the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) pursuant to the temporary scheduling provisions. (usdoj.gov)
  • As a result of this order, the full effect of the CSA and its implementing regulations including criminal, civil and administrative penalties, sanctions and regulatory controls of Schedule I substances will be imposed on the manufacture, distribution, possession, importation, and exportation of these synthetic cannabinoids. (usdoj.gov)
  • The Deputy Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is issuing this notice of intent to temporarily schedule three synthetic cannabinoids into the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) pursuant to the temporary scheduling provisions of 21 U.S.C. 811 (h). (usdoj.gov)
  • Any final order will impose the administrative, civil, and criminal sanctions and regulatory controls of Schedule I substances under the CSA on the manufacture, distribution, possession, importation, and exportation of these synthetic cannabinoids. (usdoj.gov)
Chemicals13
Classical cannabinoids4
  • These are the classical cannabinoids (THC and HU-210), as well as the non-classical cannabinoid (CP55940) and certain aminoalkylindoles. (news-medical.net)
  • The classical cannabinoids are concentrated in a viscous resin produced in structures known as glandular trichomes . (wikipedia.org)
  • The classical cannabinoids are derived from their respective 2- carboxylic acids (2-COOH) by decarboxylation (catalyzed by heat, light, or alkaline conditions). (wikipedia.org)
  • Natural cannabinoids, also called herbal cannabinoids and classical cannabinoids , are nearly insoluble in water but soluble in lipids , alcohols , and other non-polar organic solvents . (wikidoc.org)
Synthetic cannabinoids are similar1
Types of cannabinoid receptors2
Clinical trials8
  • Although three clinical trials studied cannabinoids for the treatment of Parkinson's Disease , these studies "did not provide a clear answer whether cannabinoids modify the progression or the outcome of the disease," wrote Bilkei-Gorzo. (time.com)
  • Some clinical trials showed that cannabinoids help reduce pain in some people. (cancer.ca)
  • CNAB ) progress in initiating clinical trials to study its proprietary Prana Bio Medicinals cannabinoid compounds. (yahoo.com)
  • In order to do so, the company must undertake extensive clinical trials designed to prove both the safety and efficacy of cannabinoid-based compounds given that only a handful of synthetic compounds have been approved by government regulatory bodies thus far. (yahoo.com)
  • Advise patients that larger clinical trials would be necessary before cannabinoid activators could be used widely for conditions of the lower colon. (medpagetoday.com)
  • There is an urgent need for rigorous clinical trials to research the use of cannabinoids in pediatric patients. (cmaj.ca)
  • 3 , 5 The use of cannabinoids to treat some pediatric conditions has become so common that recruiting cannabinoid-naive children for clinical trials has become challenging. (cmaj.ca)
  • To guide the development of more clinical trials of cannabinoids in children with neurologic disorders, several aspects of study design must be considered. (cmaj.ca)
Drugs12
Humans6
Mechanisms4
Specific cannabinoid receptors1
Agonist11
20191
  • Retrieved on July 19, 2019 from https://www.news-medical.net/news/20190619/Metabolic-engineering-of-cannabinoids-are-we-there-yet.aspx. (news-medical.net)
Efficacy3
  • There are conflicting interpretations of the evidence regarding the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of cannabinoids in pain management and palliative medicine. (nih.gov)
  • Some medical professionals and patients argue that cannabinoids have marked analgesic properties, while other physicians, who cite the still relatively scant literature supporting their use, are skeptical about their efficacy, especially in comparison with other currently available analgesics. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • Although no cannabinoids are currently FDA-approved as analgesics, there is ongoing research on their efficacy. (psychiatrictimes.com)
Brain11
  • Synthetic cannabinoids can affect brain function. (cdc.gov)
  • Discovery of endogenous cannabinoids and studies of the physiological functions of the cannabinoid system in the brain and body are producing a number of important findings about the role of membrane lipids and fatty acids. (nih.gov)
  • Determination and characterization of a cannabinoid receptor in rat brain. (springer.com)
  • Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. (springer.com)
  • Cannabinoids are active in areas of the brain known to be involved in migraine pathophysiology, including areas suspected of being involved in the generation of migraine. (medscape.com)
  • Cannabinoid receptors have been found in several areas of the brain identified as potential migraine generators. (medscape.com)
  • The latest review, published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, suggests that activating the brain's cannabinoid system may trigger a sort of anti-oxidant cleanse, removing damaged cells and improving the efficiency of the mitochrondria, the energy source that powers cells, ultimately leading to a more robustly functioning brain. (time.com)
  • Previous studies have linked cannabinoids to increased amounts of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a substance that protects brain cells and promotes the growth of new ones. (time.com)
  • Andras Bilkei-Gorzo of the Institute of Molecular Psychiatry at the University of Bonn in Germany and an author of the study, is encouraged by the expanding knowledge of the brain's cannabinoid system and its potential for leading to new understanding of aging in the brain. (time.com)
  • Some cannabinoids are psychoactive (acting on the brain and changing mood or consciousness) (see Question 1 ). (cancer.gov)
  • The human brain has more cannabinoid receptors than any other G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) type. (wikipedia.org)
20181
  • However, with the passage of the 2018 Farm Bill, which made hemp-derived cannabinoids legal, it is expected that research restrictions will no longer inhibit progress and JC Pharma Inc. will be able to share their formulation within the scientific community. (prnewswire.com)
Type of cannabinoid2
Spice5
Pharmacologic1
Endo cannabinoid1
Benefit of cannabinoids1
  • Those observations have already contributed to the foundation for the development of the first clinical studies that will analyze the safety and potential clinical benefit of cannabinoids as anticancer agents. (nih.gov)
Cannabis and cannabinoid2
Potential for cannabinoids2
  • These findings highlight the potential for cannabinoids to provide a dual function by acting as anti-inflammatory agents as well as regulators of MSC biology in order to enhance tissue engineering strategies aimed at cartilage repair. (mdpi.com)
  • Nevertheless, the results suggest that "the potential for cannabinoids to modulate colonic motor function in disease deserves further study," the investigators concluded. (medpagetoday.com)
Evaluation of cannabinoids2
  • And for the most common form of dementia, "Despite the promising preclinical results, the detailed clinical evaluation of cannabinoids in [Alzheimer's] patients is missing," he said in the paper. (time.com)
  • In addition, we are interested in the evaluation of cannabinoids as anticancer agents, which can exhibit synergistic potential with conventional therapies. (up.pt)
Pharmacology of Cannabinoids1
Nausea5
Compounds called1
Psychoactive cannabinoid1
Evidence10
  • Now, evidence has emerged that suggests an additional effect results from the cannabinoid pathway, according to a publication in Nature Medicine . (wired.com)
  • They found there was only moderate-quality evidence to suggest cannabinoids may alleviate chronic neuropathic or cancer pain and muscle contractions or involuntary movements due to multiple sclerosis. (bristol.ac.uk)
  • There was very low-quality evidence to indicate patients treated with cannabinoids showed improvement in anxiety, psychosis and depression. (bristol.ac.uk)
  • Current evidence for the existence of these new molecular targets for cannabinoids is summarized in this review. (ingentaconnect.com)
  • The use of cannabinoids to treat mental health conditions cannot be justified based on current evidence, according to new analysis published in The Lancet Psychiatry . (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • In countries where medicinal cannabinoids are already legal, doctors and patients must be aware of the limitations of existing evidence and the risks of cannabinoids," says lead author Louisa Degenhardt, from the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC) at Australia's University of NSW. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • We provide experimental evidence to show that activation of the cannabinoid system enhances the survival, migration and chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs, which are three major tenets behind the success of a cell-based tissue-engineered cartilage repair strategy. (mdpi.com)
  • Based upon prior evidence showing how specific cannabinoids attach to different chemical configurations, researchers were able predict how these cannabinoids would fit into the three-dimensional CB1 model. (eurekalert.org)
  • 2 - 5 Without licensed products supported by high-quality evidence, unregulated use of cannabinoids in children will continue, particularly given the impending legalization of cannabis in Canada and parents' desperation for effective treatments. (cmaj.ca)
  • It is time to move away from the "era of the anecdote" and toward evidence-informed selection and dosing of cannabinoids in children. (cmaj.ca)
Activate1
Marinol1
  • Marinol is a prescribed cannabinoid from my doctor - and I am going to test it against the herbal cannabinoids I have been baking into my brownies for five years now. (norml.org)
Plant cannabinoids1
  • T]he '911 patent claims are novel and inventive because they are directed to never before made liquid formulations of highly enriched extracts of plant cannabinoids. (ipwatchdog.com)
Single cannabinoids1
  • If even a single piece is removed from this cannabinoid puzzle, the benefits of the remaining cannabinoids are reduced, and isolating single cannabinoids may considerably reduce their effectiveness. (selfgrowth.com)
Herbal cannabinoids3
  • One thing is for sure: synthetic cannabinoids do not look anything like herbal cannabinoids - the ones from the plant itself. (norml.org)
  • I have been self-medicating with herbal cannabinoids for five years to provide relief from MS, which I have had for 23 years. (norml.org)
  • There are today seventy known herbal cannabinoids. (wikidoc.org)
Hyperemesis syndrome3
Contain cannabinoids2
  • And while it contributes to everything from pain relief to building material , did you know that there are other plants that contain cannabinoids that are also extremely useful? (davidwolfe.com)
  • Can you think of any other helpful plants that contain cannabinoids? (davidwolfe.com)
Natural cannabinoids2
  • Natural cannabinoids are only known to occur naturally in the cannabis plant, and are concentrated in a viscous resin that is produced in glandular structures known as trichomes . (wikidoc.org)
  • To the right the main classes of natural cannabinoids are shown. (wikidoc.org)
Cannabinoid compounds may inhibit growth of colon cancer cells | EurekAlert! Science News
Cannabinoid compounds may inhibit growth of colon cancer cells | EurekAlert! Science News (eurekalert.org)
Cannabinoid Modulation of Emotion, Memory, and Motivation by Patrizia Campolongo, Liana Fattore | Waterstones
Cannabinoid Modulation of Emotion, Memory, and Motivation by Patrizia Campolongo, Liana Fattore | Waterstones (waterstones.com)
Prominent Researcher Says Cannabinoids Can Help Heal Brain Trauma · High Times
Prominent Researcher Says Cannabinoids Can Help Heal Brain Trauma · High Times (hightimes.com)
Cannabinoid drugs reduce perceived unpleasantness of painful stimuli and increase tolerance
Cannabinoid drugs reduce perceived unpleasantness of painful stimuli and increase tolerance (news-medical.net)
Spatial distribution of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) in normal canine central and peripheral nervous system
Spatial distribution of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) in normal canine central and peripheral nervous system (journals.plos.org)
Cannabics Pharmaceuticals Submits Protocol For An Ex Vivo Clinical Study On Biopsies And Cannabinoids - Barchart.com
Cannabics Pharmaceuticals Submits Protocol For An Ex Vivo Clinical Study On Biopsies And Cannabinoids - Barchart.com (barchart.com)
Neuropathic pain - Wikipedia
Neuropathic pain - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
Marijuana and the Cannabinoids | Mahmoud A. ElSohly | Springer
Marijuana and the Cannabinoids | Mahmoud A. ElSohly | Springer (springer.com)
New Psychoactive Substances | Effects and Risks | FRANK
New Psychoactive Substances | Effects and Risks | FRANK (talktofrank.com)
Plus it
Plus it (cmaj.ca)
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Cannabinoids | SpringerLink
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Cannabinoids | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Cannabinoids + Terpenes 101 November Workshop Tickets, Fri, Nov 15, 2019 at 6:00 PM | Eventbrite
Cannabinoids + Terpenes 101 November Workshop Tickets, Fri, Nov 15, 2019 at 6:00 PM | Eventbrite (eventbrite.com)
Nature's (Legal) Cannabinoids - NORML
Nature's (Legal) Cannabinoids - NORML (norml.org)
Pharmacogenetics of Cannabinoids | SpringerLink
Pharmacogenetics of Cannabinoids | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Cannabinoid receptor type 2 - Wikipedia
Cannabinoid receptor type 2 - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
Cannabinoids, Neuroscience Intelligence Unit by Vincenzo di Marzo | 9780306482281 | Booktopia
Cannabinoids, Neuroscience Intelligence Unit by Vincenzo di Marzo | 9780306482281 | Booktopia (booktopia.com.au)
Substances | Health.mil
Substances | Health.mil (health.mil)
Exploring Terpenes and the Other Cannabinoids Tickets, Tue, Nov 13, 2018 at 9:00 AM | Eventbrite
Exploring Terpenes and the Other Cannabinoids Tickets, Tue, Nov 13, 2018 at 9:00 AM | Eventbrite (eventbrite.com)
Does CBD Help With Nausea? Here's What Experts Have to Say
Does CBD Help With Nausea? Here's What Experts Have to Say (uk.news.yahoo.com)
Appetite | Psychology Today International
Appetite | Psychology Today International (psychologytoday.com)
Life Science White Papers - Page 4
Life Science White Papers - Page 4 (news-medical.net)
Cannabinoid | Benzinga
Cannabinoid | Benzinga (benzinga.com)
Public Hearing - December 5, 2017 | United States Sentencing Commission
Public Hearing - December 5, 2017 | United States Sentencing Commission (ussc.gov)
Recalling Positive Memories May Reduce Risk of Depression | Psychology Today Canada
Recalling Positive Memories May Reduce Risk of Depression | Psychology Today Canada (psychologytoday.com)
Cannabinoids in Models of Chronic Inflammatory Conditions | SpringerLink
Cannabinoids in Models of Chronic Inflammatory Conditions | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
What Is the Function of Endocannabinoids?
What Is the Function of Endocannabinoids? (medicinenet.com)
Drug Facts. | Drug Policy Alliance
Drug Facts. | Drug Policy Alliance (drugpolicy.org)
Molecules | Free Full-Text | Medically Useful Plant Terpenoids: Biosynthesis, Occurrence, and Mechanism of Action | HTML
Molecules | Free Full-Text | Medically Useful Plant Terpenoids: Biosynthesis, Occurrence, and Mechanism of Action | HTML (mdpi.com)
The protocol for the Cannabidiol in children with refractory epileptic encephalopathy (CARE-E) study: a phase 1 dosage...
The protocol for the Cannabidiol in children with refractory epileptic encephalopathy (CARE-E) study: a phase 1 dosage... (link.springer.com)
German biodiesel exports hit record level, 3.7 million tons, a 20% increase over previous year : Biofuels Digest
German biodiesel exports hit record level, 3.7 million tons, a 20% increase over previous year : Biofuels Digest (biofuelsdigest.com)
CBD food and drink in the EU: The newest hot commodity or a regulatory headache?
CBD food and drink in the EU: The newest hot commodity or a regulatory headache? (foodnavigator.com)
Active Ingredients in Marijuana - FV KASA
Active Ingredients in Marijuana - FV KASA (fvkasa.org)
Curcumin can help stop acute and chronic pain
Curcumin can help stop acute and chronic pain (chiroeco.com)
Cannabinoids and chemotherapy in combination kill cancer cells
Cannabinoids and chemotherapy in combination kill cancer cells (medicalnewstoday.com)