AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaHealth Care
DronabinolReceptors, CannabinoidReceptor, Cannabinoid, CB1Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2BenzoxazinesCannabidiolCannabinoid Receptor AgonistsNaphthalenesCannabisCannabinoid Receptor ModulatorsEndocannabinoidsCyclohexanolsMorpholinesPolyunsaturated AlkamidesPyrazolesCannabinoid Receptor AntagonistsCannabinolPiperidinesArachidonic AcidsReceptors, DrugDesigner DrugsBornanesSubstance Abuse DetectionGlyceridesMonoacylglycerol LipasesMarijuana SmokingStreet DrugsAnalgesicsPsychotropic DrugsEnzyme Multiplied Immunoassay TechniqueHallucinogensForensic ToxicologyGas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryMarijuana AbuseDose-Response Relationship, DrugTRPV Cation ChannelsAnalgesics, Non-NarcoticAmidohydrolasesCatalepsyHypothermiaRats, Sprague-DawleyControlled SubstancesFluorescence Polarization ImmunoassayBenzodioxolesLimit of DetectionDrug ToleranceAppetite StimulantsIndolesShrewsSynaptic TransmissionPeriaqueductal GrayDrug and Narcotic ControlRats, WistarPainBehavior, AnimalNeuronsMononeuropathiesCalcium Channel BlockersDrug InteractionsLegislation, DrugResorcinolsNeural InhibitionVomitingAntiemeticsCarbamatesHippocampusCapsaicinMice, Inbred ICRBody TemperatureMotor ActivityGlyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (Phosphorylating)Analgesics, OpioidNarcoticsSubstance-Related DisordersPatch-Clamp TechniquesCeramidesMice, Inbred C57BLReceptors, Opioid, muMice, KnockoutSolid Phase ExtractionExcitatory Postsynaptic PotentialsMicrogliaInhibitory Postsynaptic PotentialsMeconiumPsychoses, Substance-InducedNeuralgiagamma-Aminobutyric AcidAnalgesiaPain MeasurementSalivaPresynaptic TerminalsBrainPyransSignal TransductionReceptors, GABA-BCA3 Region, HippocampalHyperalgesiaNauseaTransient Receptor Potential ChannelsCells, Cultured
Dronabinol
A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.
Receptors, Cannabinoid
A class of G-protein-coupled receptors that are specific for CANNABINOIDS such as those derived from CANNABIS. They also bind a structurally distinct class of endogenous factors referred to as ENDOCANNABINOIDS. The receptor class may play a role in modulating the release of signaling molecules such as NEUROTRANSMITTERS and CYTOKINES.
Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1
A subclass of cannabinoid receptor found primarily on central and peripheral NEURONS where it may play a role modulating NEUROTRANSMITTER release.
Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2
A subclass of cannabinoid receptor found primarily on immune cells where it may play a role modulating release of CYTOKINES.
Benzoxazines
OXAZINES with a fused BENZENE ring.
Cannabidiol
Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.
Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists
Compounds that interact with and stimulate the activity of CANNABINOID RECEPTORS.
Naphthalenes
Two-ring crystalline hydrocarbons isolated from coal tar. They are used as intermediates in chemical synthesis, as insect repellents, fungicides, lubricants, preservatives, and, formerly, as topical antiseptics.
Cannabis
The plant genus in the Cannabaceae plant family, Urticales order, Hamamelidae subclass. The flowering tops are called many slang terms including pot, marijuana, hashish, bhang, and ganja. The stem is an important source of hemp fiber.
Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators
Compounds that interact with and modulate the activity of CANNABINOID RECEPTORS.
Endocannabinoids
Fatty acid derivatives that have specificity for CANNABINOID RECEPTORS. They are structurally distinct from CANNABINOIDS and were originally discovered as a group of endogenous CANNABINOID RECEPTOR AGONISTS.
Cyclohexanols
Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.
Morpholines
Polyunsaturated Alkamides
Amides composed of unsaturated aliphatic FATTY ACIDS linked with AMINES by an amide bond. They are most prominent in ASTERACEAE; PIPERACEAE; and RUTACEAE; and also found in ARISTOLOCHIACEAE; BRASSICACEAE; CONVOLVULACEAE; EUPHORBIACEAE; MENISPERMACEAE; POACEAE; and SOLANACEAE. They are recognized by their pungent taste and for causing numbing and salivation.
Pyrazoles
Azoles of two nitrogens at the 1,2 positions, next to each other, in contrast with IMIDAZOLES in which they are at the 1,3 positions.
Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists
Compounds that inhibit or block the activity of CANNABINOID RECEPTORS.
Cannabinol
A physiologically inactive constituent of Cannabis sativa L.
Piperidines
A family of hexahydropyridines.
Arachidonic Acids
Receptors, Drug
Proteins that bind specific drugs with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Drug receptors are generally thought to be receptors for some endogenous substance not otherwise specified.
Designer Drugs
Drugs designed and synthesized, often for illegal street use, by modification of existing drug structures (e.g., amphetamines). Of special interest are MPTP (a reverse ester of meperidine), MDA (3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine), and MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine). Many drugs act on the aminergic system, the physiologically active biogenic amines.
Bornanes
Substance Abuse Detection
Detection of drugs that have been abused, overused, or misused, including legal and illegal drugs. Urine screening is the usual method of detection.
Glycerides
GLYCEROL esterified with FATTY ACIDS.
Monoacylglycerol Lipases
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glycerol monoesters of long-chain fatty acids EC 3.1.1.23.
Marijuana Smoking
Inhaling and exhaling the smoke from CANNABIS.
Street Drugs
Drugs obtained and often manufactured illegally for the subjective effects they are said to produce. They are often distributed in urban areas, but are also available in suburban and rural areas, and tend to be grossly impure and may cause unexpected toxicity.
Analgesics
Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.
Psychotropic Drugs
A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function. Here the psychotropic agents include the antidepressive agents, hallucinogens, and tranquilizing agents (including the antipsychotics and anti-anxiety agents).
Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique
An immunoenzyme test for the presence of drugs and other substances in urine and blood. The test uses enzyme linked antibodies that react only with the particular drug for which the sample is being tested.
Hallucinogens
Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations, and other alterations of mood and thinking. Despite the name, the feature that distinguishes these agents from other classes of drugs is their capacity to induce states of altered perception, thought, and feeling that are not experienced otherwise.
Forensic Toxicology
The application of TOXICOLOGY knowledge to questions of law.
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.
Marijuana Abuse
The excessive use of marijuana with associated psychological symptoms and impairment in social or occupational functioning.
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
TRPV Cation Channels
A subgroup of TRP cation channels named after vanilloid receptor. They are very sensitive to TEMPERATURE and hot spicy food and CAPSAICIN. They have the TRP domain and ANKYRIN repeats. Selectivity for CALCIUM over SODIUM ranges from 3 to 100 fold.
Analgesics, Non-Narcotic
A subclass of analgesic agents that typically do not bind to OPIOID RECEPTORS and are not addictive. Many non-narcotic analgesics are offered as NONPRESCRIPTION DRUGS.
Amidohydrolases
Catalepsy
A condition characterized by inactivity, decreased responsiveness to stimuli, and a tendency to maintain an immobile posture. The limbs tend to remain in whatever position they are placed (waxy flexibility). Catalepsy may be associated with PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA, CATATONIC), nervous system drug toxicity, and other conditions.
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Controlled Substances
Drugs or chemical agents whose manufacture, possession, or use are regulated by government. This may include narcotics and prescription medications.
Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay
Fluoroimmunoassay where detection of the hapten-antibody reaction is based on measurement of the increased polarization of fluorescence-labeled hapten when it is combined with antibody. The assay is very useful for the measurement of small haptenic antigens such as drugs at low concentrations.
Benzodioxoles
Compounds based on benzene fused to oxole. They can be formed from methylated CATECHOLS such as EUGENOL.
Limit of Detection
Concentration or quantity that is derived from the smallest measure that can be detected with reasonable certainty for a given analytical procedure.
Drug Tolerance
Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from DRUG RESISTANCE wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from MAXIMUM TOLERATED DOSE and NO-OBSERVED-ADVERSE-EFFECT LEVEL.
Appetite Stimulants
Agents that are used to stimulate appetite. These drugs are frequently used to treat anorexia associated with cancer and AIDS.
Indoles
Benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number one carbon adjacent to the benzyl portion, in contrast to ISOINDOLES which have the nitrogen away from the six-membered ring.
Shrews
Synaptic Transmission
The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.
Periaqueductal Gray
Central gray matter surrounding the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT in the MESENCEPHALON. Physiologically it is probably involved in RAGE reactions, the LORDOSIS REFLEX; FEEDING responses, bladder tonus, and pain.
Drug and Narcotic Control
Control of drug and narcotic use by international agreement, or by institutional systems for handling prescribed drugs. This includes regulations concerned with the manufacturing, dispensing, approval (DRUG APPROVAL), and marketing of drugs.
Rats, Wistar
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.
Behavior, Animal
The observable response an animal makes to any situation.
Neurons
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Mononeuropathies
Disease or trauma involving a single peripheral nerve in isolation, or out of proportion to evidence of diffuse peripheral nerve dysfunction. Mononeuropathy multiplex refers to a condition characterized by multiple isolated nerve injuries. Mononeuropathies may result from a wide variety of causes, including ISCHEMIA; traumatic injury; compression; CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS; and other conditions.
Calcium Channel Blockers
A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cellular membranes.
Drug Interactions
The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.
Legislation, Drug
Laws concerned with manufacturing, dispensing, and marketing of drugs.
Resorcinols
Neural Inhibition
The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.
Antiemetics
Drugs used to prevent NAUSEA or VOMITING.
Carbamates
Derivatives of carbamic acid, H2NC(=O)OH. Included under this heading are N-substituted and O-substituted carbamic acids. In general carbamate esters are referred to as urethanes, and polymers that include repeating units of carbamate are referred to as POLYURETHANES. Note however that polyurethanes are derived from the polymerization of ISOCYANATES and the singular term URETHANE refers to the ethyl ester of carbamic acid.
Hippocampus
A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.
Capsaicin
An alkylamide found in CAPSICUM that acts at TRPV CATION CHANNELS.
Mice, Inbred ICR
Body Temperature
The measure of the level of heat of a human or animal.
Motor Activity
The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (Phosphorylating)
An NAD-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase found in the cytosol of eucaryotes. It catalyses the dehydrogenation and phosphorylation of GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-PHOSPHATE to 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate, which is an important step in the GLYCOLYSIS pathway.
Analgesics, Opioid
Compounds with activity like OPIATE ALKALOIDS, acting at OPIOID RECEPTORS. Properties include induction of ANALGESIA or NARCOSIS.
Narcotics
Agents that induce NARCOSIS. Narcotics include agents that cause somnolence or induced sleep (STUPOR); natural or synthetic derivatives of OPIUM or MORPHINE or any substance that has such effects. They are potent inducers of ANALGESIA and OPIOID-RELATED DISORDERS.
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance abuse.
Patch-Clamp Techniques
An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.
Ceramides
Members of the class of neutral glycosphingolipids. They are the basic units of SPHINGOLIPIDS. They are sphingoids attached via their amino groups to a long chain fatty acyl group. They abnormally accumulate in FABRY DISEASE.
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Receptors, Opioid, mu
A class of opioid receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. Mu opioid receptors bind, in decreasing order of affinity, endorphins, dynorphins, met-enkephalin, and leu-enkephalin. They have also been shown to be molecular receptors for morphine.
Mice, Knockout
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
Solid Phase Extraction
An extraction method that separates analytes using a solid phase and a liquid phase. It is used for preparative sample cleanup before analysis by CHROMATOGRAPHY and other analytical methods.
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials
Depolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during neurotransmission. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials can singly or in summation reach the trigger threshold for ACTION POTENTIALS.
Microglia
The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling.
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials
Hyperpolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during NEUROTRANSMISSION. They are local changes which diminish responsiveness to excitatory signals.
Meconium
The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.
Psychoses, Substance-Induced
Psychotic organic mental disorders resulting from the toxic effect of drugs and chemicals or other harmful substance.
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
Analgesia
Methods of PAIN relief that may be used with or in place of ANALGESICS.
Pain Measurement
Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.
Saliva
The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the SALIVARY GLANDS and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains MUCINS, water, organic salts, and ptylin.
Presynaptic Terminals
The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included.
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Pyrans
Signal Transduction
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Receptors, GABA-B
A subset of GABA RECEPTORS that signal through their interaction with HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS.
CA3 Region, Hippocampal
A subsection of the hippocampus, described by Lorente de No, that is located between the HIPPOCAMPUS CA2 FIELD and the DENTATE GYRUS.
Hyperalgesia
An increased sensation of pain or discomfort produced by mimimally noxious stimuli due to damage to soft tissue containing NOCICEPTORS or injury to a peripheral nerve.
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.
Transient Receptor Potential Channels
A broad group of eukaryotic six-transmembrane cation channels that are classified by sequence homology because their functional involvement with SENSATION is varied. They have only weak voltage sensitivity and ion selectivity. They are named after a DROSOPHILA mutant that displayed transient receptor potentials in response to light. A 25-amino-acid motif containing a TRP box (EWKFAR) just C-terminal to S6 is found in TRPC, TRPV and TRPM subgroups. ANKYRIN repeats are found in TRPC, TRPV & TRPN subgroups. Some are functionally associated with TYROSINE KINASE or TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES.
Cells, Cultured
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Cardiovascular System
The HEART and the BLOOD VESSELS by which BLOOD is pumped and circulated through the body.
Anilides
Time Factors
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Nociceptors
Peripheral AFFERENT NEURONS which are sensitive to injuries or pain, usually caused by extreme thermal exposures, mechanical forces, or other noxious stimuli. Their cell bodies reside in the DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. Their peripheral terminals (NERVE ENDINGS) innervate target tissues and transduce noxious stimuli via axons to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Neuroprotective Agents
Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.
Plant Extracts
Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.
Synapses
Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.
Pyramidal Cells
Projection neurons in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and the HIPPOCAMPUS. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region.
Electric Stimulation
Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.
Glutamic Acid
A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Rats, Long-Evans
An outbred strain of rats developed in 1915 by crossing several Wistar Institute white females with a wild gray male. Inbred strains have been derived from this original outbred strain, including Long-Evans cinnamon rats (RATS, INBRED LEC) and Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty rats (RATS, INBRED OLETF), which are models for Wilson's disease and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, respectively.
Receptors, Opioid
Cell membrane proteins that bind opioids and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The endogenous ligands for opioid receptors in mammals include three families of peptides, the enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins. The receptor classes include mu, delta, and kappa receptors. Sigma receptors bind several psychoactive substances, including certain opioids, but their endogenous ligands are not known.
Purkinje Cells
The output neurons of the cerebellar cortex.
Cholinergic Agonists
Drugs that bind to and activate cholinergic receptors.
Injections, Intraventricular
Injections into the cerebral ventricles.
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.
Chronic Pain
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.
Morphine
The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle.
Gastrointestinal Motility
The motor activity of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
Acetonitriles
Compounds in which a methyl group is attached to the cyano moiety.
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Neuronal Plasticity
The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.
Palmitic Acids
A group of 16-carbon fatty acids that contain no double bonds.
Amphetamines
Analogs or derivatives of AMPHETAMINE. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopressin, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation.
Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
The largest family of cell surface receptors involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They share a common structure and signal through HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS.
Protective Agents
Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent.
Muscle Tonus
The state of activity or tension of a muscle beyond that related to its physical properties, that is, its active resistance to stretch. In skeletal muscle, tonus is dependent upon efferent innervation. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Neurotransmitter Agents
Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.
Ligands
A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Ethanolamines
AMINO ALCOHOLS containing the ETHANOLAMINE; (-NH2CH2CHOH) group and its derivatives.
Reinforcement (Psychology)
The strengthening of a conditioned response.
Receptors, Glycine
Cell surface receptors that bind GLYCINE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glycine receptors in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM have an intrinsic chloride channel and are usually inhibitory.
Corpus Striatum
Striped GRAY MATTER and WHITE MATTER consisting of the NEOSTRIATUM and paleostriatum (GLOBUS PALLIDUS). It is located in front of and lateral to the THALAMUS in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and PUTAMEN). The WHITE MATTER is the INTERNAL CAPSULE.
Anti-Anxiety Agents
Agents that alleviate ANXIETY, tension, and ANXIETY DISORDERS, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS are commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety but are not included here.
Immunoassay
A technique using antibodies for identifying or quantifying a substance. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance.
Benzodiazepines
A group of two-ring heterocyclic compounds consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring.
Plant Oils
Oils derived from plants or plant products.
Analysis of Variance
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate
Cell surface proteins that bind glutamate and act through G-proteins to influence second messenger systems. Several types of metabotropic glutamate receptors have been cloned. They differ in pharmacology, distribution, and mechanisms of action.
Conditioning, Operant
Learning situations in which the sequence responses of the subject are instrumental in producing reinforcement. When the correct response occurs, which involves the selection from among a repertoire of responses, the subject is immediately reinforced.
Hypothalamus
Ventral part of the DIENCEPHALON extending from the region of the OPTIC CHIASM to the caudal border of the MAMMILLARY BODIES and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE.
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.
Discrimination Learning
Learning that is manifested in the ability to respond differentially to various stimuli.
Central Nervous System
The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.
Pertussis Toxin
One of the virulence factors produced by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS. It is a multimeric protein composed of five subunits S1 - S5. S1 contains mono ADPribose transferase activity.
Action Potentials
Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.
Amygdala
Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the INFERIOR HORN OF THE LATERAL VENTRICLE of the TEMPORAL LOBE. The amygdala is part of the limbic system.
Microinjections
The injection of very small amounts of fluid, often with the aid of a microscope and microsyringes.
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)
Interneurons
Most generally any NEURONS which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection neurons, which have axons projecting to other brain regions.
Electrophysiology
The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.
Glucuronides
Glycosides of GLUCURONIC ACID formed by the reaction of URIDINE DIPHOSPHATE GLUCURONIC ACID with certain endogenous and exogenous substances. Their formation is important for the detoxification of drugs, steroid excretion and BILIRUBIN metabolism to a more water-soluble compound that can be eliminated in the URINE and BILE.
Pain Threshold
Amount of stimulation required before the sensation of pain is experienced.
Self Administration
Administration of a drug or chemical by the individual under the direction of a physician. It includes administration clinically or experimentally, by human or animal.
Tandem Mass Spectrometry
A mass spectrometry technique using two (MS/MS) or more mass analyzers. With two in tandem, the precursor ions are mass-selected by a first mass analyzer, and focused into a collision region where they are then fragmented into product ions which are then characterized by a second mass analyzer. A variety of techniques are used to separate the compounds, ionize them, and introduce them to the first mass analyzer. For example, for in GC-MS/MS, GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY is involved in separating relatively small compounds by GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY prior to injecting them into an ionization chamber for the mass selection.
Reference Standards
A basis of value established for the measure of quantity, weight, extent or quality, e.g. weight standards, standard solutions, methods, techniques, and procedures used in diagnosis and therapy.
Injections, Intraperitoneal
Forceful administration into the peritoneal cavity of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the abdominal wall.
Adenylate Kinase
An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of AMP to ADP in the presence of ATP or inorganic triphosphate. EC 2.7.4.3.
Spinal Cord
A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.
Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists
Drugs that bind to but do not activate excitatory amino acid receptors, thereby blocking the actions of agonists.
Cerebellum
The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.
CA1 Region, Hippocampal
One of four subsections of the hippocampus described by Lorente de No, located furthest from the DENTATE GYRUS.
Anticonvulsants
Drugs used to prevent SEIZURES or reduce their severity.
Apoptosis
One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.
Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)
Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.
Calcium
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
HEK293 Cells
A cell line generated from human embryonic kidney cells that were transformed with human adenovirus type 5.
Cell Line, Tumor
A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS that are activated by ligands and heterodimerize with RETINOID X RECEPTORS and bind to peroxisome proliferator response elements in the promoter regions of target genes.
False Negative Reactions
Negative test results in subjects who possess the attribute for which the test is conducted. The labeling of diseased persons as healthy when screening in the detection of disease. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Amphetamine
A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.
Immunohistochemistry
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
Chromatography, Liquid
Chromatographic techniques in which the mobile phase is a liquid.
Ghrelin
A 28-amino acid, acylated, orexigenic peptide that is a ligand for GROWTH HORMONE SECRETAGOGUE RECEPTORS. Ghrelin is widely expressed but primarily in the stomach in the adults. Ghrelin acts centrally to stimulate growth hormone secretion and food intake, and peripherally to regulate energy homeostasis. Its large precursor protein, known as appetite-regulating hormone or motilin-related peptide, contains ghrelin and obestatin.
Calibration
Determination, by measurement or comparison with a standard, of the correct value of each scale reading on a meter or other measuring instrument; or determination of the settings of a control device that correspond to particular values of voltage, current, frequency or other output.
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)
Drug Synergism
The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.
Injections, Intravenous
Injections made into a vein for therapeutic or experimental purposes.
Anxiety
Feeling or emotion of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.
Reproducibility of Results
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
Ganglia, Spinal
Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.
Organ Culture Techniques
A technique for maintenance or growth of animal organs in vitro. It refers to three-dimensional cultures of undisaggregated tissue retaining some or all of the histological features of the tissue in vivo. (Freshney, Culture of Animal Cells, 3d ed, p1)
Benzamides
BENZOIC ACID amides.
Vasodilation
The physiological widening of BLOOD VESSELS by relaxing the underlying VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.
Mesenteric Arteries
Arteries which arise from the abdominal aorta and distribute to most of the intestines.
Receptors, Glutamate
Cell-surface proteins that bind glutamate and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors include ionotropic receptors (AMPA, kainate, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors), which directly control ion channels, and metabotropic receptors which act through second messenger systems. Glutamate receptors are the most common mediators of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. They have also been implicated in the mechanisms of memory and of many diseases.
Cell Survival
The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.
Cell Line
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
Anti-Inflammatory Agents
Substances that reduce or suppress INFLAMMATION.
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
A superfamily of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES).
Membrane Potentials
The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal
Anti-inflammatory agents that are non-steroidal in nature. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions.They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects.
Radioligand Assay
Quantitative determination of receptor (binding) proteins in body fluids or tissue using radioactively labeled binding reagents (e.g., antibodies, intracellular receptors, plasma binders).
Molecular Structure
The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.
Stereoisomerism
The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
Tetrodotoxin
An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.
CHO Cells
CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.
Maze Learning
Learning the correct route through a maze to obtain reinforcement. It is used for human or animal populations. (Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 6th ed)
Enzyme Inhibitors
Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

Solid-phase microextraction for cannabinoids analysis in hair and its possible application to other drugs. (1/1123)

This paper describes the application of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) to cannabis testing in hair. Fifty milligrams of hair was washed with petroleum ether, hydrolyzed with NaOH, neutralized, deuterated internal standard was added and directly submitted to SPME. The SPME was analyzed by GC-MS. The limit of detection was 0.1 ng/mg for cannabinol (CBN) and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and 0.2 ng/mg for cannabidiol (CBD). THC was detected in a range spanning from 0.1 to 0.7 ng/mg. CBD concentrations ranged from 0.7 to 14.1 ng/mg, and CBN concentrations ranged from 0.4 to 0.7 ng/mg. The effectiveness of different decontamination procedures was also studied on passively contaminated hair. The proposed method is also suitable for the analysis of methadone in hair; cocaine and cocaethylene can be detected in hair with SPME extraction after enzymatic hydrolysis.  (+info)

Toxicological findings in a fatal ingestion of methamphetamine. (2/1123)

This paper presents the case history of a fatality caused by the complications brought about by the presence of methamphetamine and ethanol. Drug concentrations are reported from samples obtained approximately 15 min after the subject was last observed to be chewing what was then believed to be gum, 3 h after the initial toxic symptoms were displayed, 6, 11, and 22 h later. The subjects conditions deteriorated over the course of this time, and he was declared dead 33 h after the initial display of toxic symptoms. The toxicological findings and concentration levels of the reported biological specimens concurred with the expected findings in a case of methamphetamine toxicity.  (+info)

The central cannabinoid receptor (CB1) mediates inhibition of nitric oxide production by rat microglial cells. (3/1123)

Upon activation, brain microglial cells release proinflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO), which may play an important role in the central nervous system antibacterial, antiviral, and antitumor activities. However, excessive release of NO has been postulated to elicit immune-mediated neurodegenerative inflammatory processes and to cause brain injury. In the present study, the effect of cannabinoids on the release of NO from endotoxin/cytokine-activated rat cortical microglial cells was evaluated. A drug dose-dependent (0.1 microM-8 microM) inhibition of NO release from rat microglial cells was exerted by the cannabinoid receptor high-affinity binding enantiomer (-)-CP55940. In contrast, a minimal inhibitory effect was exerted by the lower affinity binding paired enantiomer (+)-CP56667. Pretreatment of microglial cells with the Galphai/Galphao protein inactivator pertussis toxin, cyclic AMP reconstitution with the cell-permeable analog dibutyryl-cAMP, or treatment of cells with the Galphas activator cholera toxin, resulted in reversal of the (-)-CP55940-mediated inhibition of NO release. A similar reversal in (-)-CP55940-mediated inhibition of NO release was effected when microglial cells were pretreated with the central cannabinoid receptor (CB1) selective antagonist SR141716A. Mutagenic reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western immunoblot assay using a CB1 receptor amine terminal domain-specific antibody, and cellular colocalization of CB1 and the microglial marker Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4 confirmed the expression of the CB1 receptor in rat microglial cells. Collectively, these results indicate a functional linkage between the CB1 receptor and cannabinoid-mediated inhibition of NO production by rat microglial cells.  (+info)

Cannabinoid suppression of noxious heat-evoked activity in wide dynamic range neurons in the lumbar dorsal horn of the rat. (4/1123)

The effects of cannabinoid agonists on noxious heat-evoked firing of 62 spinal wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons were examined in urethan-anesthetized rats (1 cell/animal). Noxious thermal stimulation was applied with a Peltier device to the receptive fields in the ipsilateral hindpaw of isolated WDR neurons. To assess the site of action, cannabinoids were administered systemically in intact and spinally transected rats and intraventricularly. Both the aminoalkylindole cannabinoid WIN55,212-2 (125 microg/kg iv) and the bicyclic cannabinoid CP55,940 (125 microg/kg iv) suppressed noxious heat-evoked activity. Responses evoked by mild pressure in nonnociceptive neurons were not altered by CP55,940 (125 microg/kg iv), consistent with previous observations with another cannabinoid agonist, WIN55,212-2. The cannabinoid induced-suppression of noxious heat-evoked activity was blocked by pretreatment with SR141716A (1 mg/kg iv), a competitive antagonist for central cannabinoid CB1 receptors. By contrast, intravenous administration of either vehicle or the receptor-inactive enantiomer WIN55,212-3 (125 microg/kg) failed to alter noxious heat-evoked activity. The suppression of noxious heat-evoked activity induced by WIN55,212-2 in the lumbar dorsal horn of intact animals was markedly attenuated in spinal rats. Moreover, intraventricular administration of WIN55,212-2 suppressed noxious heat-evoked activity in spinal WDR neurons. By contrast, both vehicle and enantiomer were inactive. These findings suggest that cannabinoids selectively modulate the activity of nociceptive neurons in the spinal dorsal horn by actions at CB1 receptors. This modulation represents a suppression of pain neurotransmission because the inhibitory effects are selective for pain-sensitive neurons and are observed with different modalities of noxious stimulation. The data also provide converging lines of evidence for a role for descending antinociceptive mechanisms in cannabinoid modulation of spinal nociceptive processing.  (+info)

Effect of the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55212-2 on sympathetic cardiovascular regulation. (5/1123)

1. The aim of the present study was to analyse the cardiovascular actions of the synthetic CB1/CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55212-2, and specifically to determine its sites of action on sympathetic cardiovascular regulation. 2. Pithed rabbits in which the sympathetic outflow was continuously stimulated electrically or which received a pressor infusion of noradrenaline were used to study peripheral prejunctional and direct vascular effects, respectively. For studying effects on brain stem cardiovascular regulatory centres, drugs were administered into the cisterna cerebellomedullaris in conscious rabbits. Overall cardiovascular effects of the cannabinoid were studied in conscious rabbits with intravenous drug administration. 3. In pithed rabbits in which the sympathetic outflow was continuously electrically stimulated, intravenous injection of WIN55212-2 (5, 50 and 500 microg kg(-1)) markedly reduced blood pressure, the spillover of noradrenaline into plasma and the plasma noradrenaline concentration, and these effects were antagonized by the CB1 cannabinoid receptor-selective antagonist SR141716A. The hypotensive and the sympathoinhibitory effect of WIN55212-2 was shared by CP55940, another mixed CB1/CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonist, but not by WIN55212-3, the enantiomer of WIN55212-2, which lacks affinity for cannabinoid binding sites. WIN55212-2 had no effect on vascular tone established by infusion of noradrenaline in pithed rabbits. 4. Intracisternal application of WIN55212-2 (0.1, 1 and 10 microg kg(-1)) in conscious rabbits increased blood pressure and the plasma noradrenaline concentration and elicited bradycardia; this latter effect was antagonized by atropine. 5. In conscious animals, intravenous injection of WIN55212-2 (5 and 50 microg kg(-1)) caused bradycardia, slight hypotension, no change in the plasma noradrenaline concentration, and an increase in renal sympathetic nerve firing. The highest dose of WIN55212-2 (500 microg kg(-1)) elicited hypotension and tachycardia, and sympathetic nerve activity and the plasma noradrenaline concentration declined. 6. The results obtained in pithed rabbits indicate that activation of CB1 cannabinoid receptors leads to marked peripheral prejunctional inhibition of noradrenaline release from postganglionic sympathetic axons. Intracisternal application of WIN55212-2 uncovered two effects on brain stem cardiovascular centres: sympathoexcitation and activation of cardiac vagal fibres. The highest dose of systemically administered WIN55212-2 produced central sympathoinhibition; the primary site of this action is not known.  (+info)

Stage-specific excitation of cannabinoid receptor exhibits differential effects on mouse embryonic development. (6/1123)

Anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine), an arachidonic acid derivative, is an endogenous ligand for both the brain-type (CB1-R) and spleen-type (CB2-R) cannabinoid receptors. We have previously demonstrated that preimplantation mouse embryos express mRNA for these receptors and that the periimplantation uterus contains the highest level of anandamide yet discovered in a mammalian tissue. We further demonstrated that 2-cell mouse embryos exposed to low levels of anandamide (7 nM) or other known cannabinoid agonists in culture exhibit markedly compromised embryonic development to blastocysts and that this effect is mediated by CB1-R. In contrast, the present study demonstrates that blastocysts exposed in culture to the same low levels of cannabinoid agonists exhibited accelerated trophoblast differentiation with respect to fibronectin-binding activity and trophoblast outgrowth. Again, these effects resulted from activation of embryonic CB1-R. There was a differential concentration-dependent effect of cannabinoids on the trophoblast, with an observed inhibition of differentiation at higher doses. These results provide evidence for the first time that cannabinoid effects are differentially executed depending on the embryonic stage and cannabinoid levels in the environment. Since uterine anandamide levels are lowest at the sites of implantation and highest at the interimplantation sites, the new findings imply that site-specific levels of anandamide and/or other endogenous ligands in the uterus may regulate implantation spatially by promoting trophoblast differentiation at the sites of blastocyst implantation.  (+info)

A role for N-arachidonylethanolamine (anandamide) as the mediator of sensory nerve-dependent Ca2+-induced relaxation. (7/1123)

We tested the hypothesis that an endogenous cannabinoid (CB) receptor agonist, such as N-arachidonylethanolamine (anandamide), is the transmitter that mediates perivascular sensory nerve-dependent Ca2+-induced relaxation. Rat mesenteric branch arteries were studied using wire myography; relaxation was determined after inducing contraction with norepinephrine. Cumulative addition of Ca2+ caused dose-dependent relaxation (ED50 = 2.2 +/- 0.09 mM). The relaxation was inhibited by 10 mM TEA and 100 nM iberiotoxin, a blocker of large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels, but not by 5 microM glibenclamide, 1 mM 4-aminopyridine, or 30 nM apamin. Ca2+-induced relaxation was also blocked by the selective CB receptor antagonist SR141716A and was enhanced by pretreatment with 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride (pefabloc; 30 microM), an inhibitor of anandamide metabolism. Anandamide also caused dose-dependent relaxation (ED50 =.72 +/- 0.3 microM). The relaxation was not inhibited by endothelial denudation, 10 microM indomethacin, or 1 microM miconazole, but was blocked by 3 microM SR141716A, 10 mM TEA, precontraction with 100 mM K+, and 100 nM iberiotoxin, and was enhanced by treatment with 30 microM pefabloc. Mesenteric branch arteries were 200-fold more sensitive to the relaxing action of anandamide than arachidonic acid (ED50 = 160 +/- 7 microM). These data show that: 1) Ca2+ and anandamide cause hyperpolarization-mediated relaxation of mesenteric branch arteries, which is dependent on an iberiotoxin-sensitive Ca2+-activated K+ channel, 2) relaxation induced by both Ca2+ and anandamide is inhibited by CB receptor blockade, and 3) relaxation induced by anandamide is not dependent on its breakdown to arachidonic acid and subsequent metabolism. These findings support the hypothesis that anandamide, or a similar cannabinoid receptor agonist, mediates nerve-dependent Ca2+-induced relaxation in the rat.  (+info)

Agonist-inverse agonist characterization at CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors of L759633, L759656, and AM630. (8/1123)

We have tested our prediction that AM630 is a CB2 cannabinoid receptor ligand and also investigated whether L759633 and L759656, are CB2 receptor agonists. Binding assays with membranes from CHO cells stably transfected with human CB1 or CB2 receptors using [3H]-CP55940, confirmed the CB2-selectivity of L759633 and L759656 (CB2/CB1 affinity ratios = 163 and 414 respectively) and showed AM630 to have a Ki at CB2 receptors of 31.2 nM and a CB2/CB1 affinity ratio of 165. In CB2-transfected cells, L759633 and L759656 were potent inhibitors of forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP production, with EC50 values of 8.1 and 3.1 nM respectively and CB1/CB2 EC50 ratios of > 1000 and > 3000 respectively. AM630 inhibited [35S]-GTPgammaS binding to CB2 receptor membranes (EC50 = 76.6 nM), enhanced forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP production in CB2-transfected cells (5.2 fold by 1 microM), and antagonized the inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP production in this cell line induced by CP55940. In CB1-transfected cells, forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP production was significantly inhibited by AM630 (22.6% at 1 microM and 45.9% at 10 microM) and by L759633 at 10 microM (48%) but not 1 microM. L759656 (10 microM) was not inhibitory. AM630 also produced a slight decrease in the mean inhibitory effect of CP55940 on cyclic AMP production which was not statistically significant. We conclude that AM630 is a CB2-selective ligand that behaves as an inverse agonist at CB2 receptors and as a weak partial agonist at CB1 receptors. L759633 and L759656 are both potent CB2-selective agonists.  (+info)

OWCP and mediq Collaborate to Introduce Cannabinoid-based Psoriasis Cream in Germany - BioNewsFeedsOWCP and mediq Collaborate to Introduce Cannabinoid-based Psoriasis Cream in Germany - BioNewsFeeds
One World Cannabis Pharmaceutical Research (OWCP) and mediq Innovation Experts have partnered to introduce OWCPs cannabinoid-based topical psoriasis cream in Germany.. Germany-based mediq has extensive experience in assisting companies based in Israel enter European markets. Under the new agreement, mediq will support OWCP with both a scientific collaboration and in marketing its active cannabinoid-based topical psoriasis cream in Germany.. OWCP recently reported the initial results from a clinical trial evaluating the cannabinoid-based topical cream for the treatment of psoriasis. According to the results, the cream led to a 70 percent improvement in psoriasis-related inflammation parameters. Based on the promising study data, the company said it will expand the size and scope of its clinical trial.. In April, the company said it will provide more details of the study upon availability of final data, and completion of what it calls the full Bio-Data IP Protection.. Were looking forward to ...
https://bionewsfeeds.com/2017/06/01/owcp-and-mediq-collaborate-to-introduce-cannabinoid-based-psoriasis-cream-in-germany/
Chronic treatment with a synthetic cannabinoid CP-55,940 alters G-protein expression in the rat central nervous system. |...Chronic treatment with a synthetic cannabinoid CP-55,940 alters G-protein expression in the rat central nervous system. |...
Prolonged exposure of rats to the synthetic cannabinoid receptor ligand, CP-55,940 (0.4 mg/kg, i.p. for 11 days), induced tolerance to analgesia, to the reduction in spontaneous locomotor activity and the incidence of splayed hind limbs. One hour after the last injection on day 11, the rats were killed and in situ hybridization was used to investigate the effect of treatment on G-protein alpha-subunit expression throughout the brain. Chronic cannabinoid exposure markedly reduced G alpha(s), G alpha(i) and G alpha(o) mRNA levels. The message for the alpha(s)-subunit was decreased in all the brain areas containing the basal autoradiographic signal; the decrease ranging from 25% in the thalamus to 45% in the mesencephalon. Also the basal G alpha(i) expression was reduced in tolerant rats showing the greatest decrease in the forebrain (63%) in the cerebellum (58%) and in the mesencephalon (38%). The reduction in G alpha(o) expression (25%) was more localized, being present only in the rostral portion of the
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Chronic-treatment-with-a-synthetic-cannabinoid-in-Rubino-Patrini/572bde4f77ab3d107f700fb4ac96dd6132f287ec
The influence of cannabinoids on generic traits of neurodegenerationThe influence of cannabinoids on generic traits of neurodegeneration
In an increasingly ageing population, the incidence of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease and Huntingtons disease are rising. While the aetiologies of these disorders are different, a number of common mechanisms that underlie their neurodegenerative components have been elucidated; namely neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction and reduced trophic support. Current therapies focus on treatment of the symptoms and attempt to delay the progression of these diseases but there is currently no cure. Modulation of the endogenous cannabinoid system is emerging as a potentially viable option in the treatment of neurodegeneration. Endocannabinoid signalling has been found to be altered in many neurodegenerative disorders. To this end, pharmacological manipulation of the endogenous cannabinoid system, as well as application of phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids have been investigated. Signalling from the CB1 and CB2 receptors are ...
http://www.cannabismedicinal.com.ar/cannabis-medicinal/investigacion/parkinson/331-the-influence-of-cannabinoids-on-generic-traits-of-neurodegeneration
Labs Make New, Dangerous Synthetic Cannabinoid Drugs Faster Than We Can Ban ThemLabs Make New, Dangerous Synthetic Cannabinoid Drugs Faster Than We Can Ban Them
Synthetic cannabinoids - drugs that mimic the psychoactive effect of cannabis - have been linked to injuries and deaths. When one is banned, another rises to take its place.
http://www.medicaldaily.com/labs-make-new-dangerous-synthetic-cannabinoid-drugs-faster-we-can-ban-them-360600
Cannabis, cannabinoids and cancer - the evidence so far - Cancer Research UK - Science blogCannabis, cannabinoids and cancer - the evidence so far - Cancer Research UK - Science blog
All these effects are thought to be caused by cannabinoids locking onto the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors. It also looks like cannabinoids can exert effects on cancer cells that dont involve cannabinoid receptors, although it isnt yet clear exactly whats going on there.. So far, the best results in the lab or animal models have come from using a combination of highly purified THC and cannabidiol (CBD), a cannabinoid found in cannabis plants that counteracts the psychoactive effects of THC. But researchers have also found positive results using synthetic cannabinoids, such as a molecule called JWH-133.. Its not all good news though, as theres also evidence that cannabinoids may also have undesirable effects on cancer.. For example, some researchers have found that although high doses of THC can kill cancer cells, they also harm crucial blood vessel cells, although this may help their anti-cancer effect by preventing blood vessels growing into a tumour. And under some circumstances, ...
http://scienceblog.cancerresearchuk.org/2012/07/25/cannabis-cannabinoids-and-cancer-the-evidence-so-far/amp/
Cannabinoids in health and diseaseCannabinoids in health and disease
Cannabis sativa L. preparations have been used in medicine for millenia. However, concern over the dangers of abuse led to the banning of the medicinal use of marijuana in most countries in the 1930s. Only recently, marijuana and individual natural and synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists and ant …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18286801/
Cannabinoid drugs reduce perceived unpleasantness of painful stimuli and increase toleranceCannabinoid drugs reduce perceived unpleasantness of painful stimuli and increase tolerance
Researchers in the College of Arts and Sciences have determined that cannabinoid drugs do not appear to reduce the intensity of experimental pain, but, instead, may make pain feel less unpleasant and more tolerable.
https://www.news-medical.net/news/20180919/Cannabinoid-drugs-reduce-perceived-unpleasantness-of-painful-stimuli-and-increase-tolerance.aspx
Cannabinoid compounds may inhibit growth of colon cancer cells | EurekAlert! Science NewsCannabinoid compounds may inhibit growth of colon cancer cells | EurekAlert! Science News
Medical marijuana has gained attention in recent years for its potential to relieve pain and short-term anxiety and depression. Now, Penn State College of Medicine researchers say some cannabinoid compounds may actually inhibit the growth of colon cancer cells in the lab.
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-02/ps-ccm020519.php
MAPS Archives | Surviving MesotheliomaMAPS Archives | Surviving Mesothelioma
The first patient has been treated in the trial of a new drug that might help people suffering from mesothelioma-related weight loss. The drug is a synthetic cannabinoid called ART27.13. A cannabinoid is a compound that acts on the CB1 and CB2 receptors of the endocannabinoid system. There are a number of cannabinoid drugs on the market. But several of them have significant side effects, including effects on the brain. Preclinical data on ART27.13 suggest that it may stimulate the appetite and counter mesothelioma-related weight loss with fewer unwanted side effects. The Cancer Appetite Recovery Study (CAReS) is a Phase I trial to test it in people. The Danger of Mesothelioma-Related Weight Loss Over 60 percent of late-stage cancer patients … Continue reading Mesothelioma-Related Weight Loss: Synthetic Cannabinoid Might Help ». ...
https://survivingmesothelioma.com/tag/maps/
3 Different Cannabinoid-Based Medicines Approved by FDA3 Different Cannabinoid-Based Medicines Approved by FDA
The FDA has not yet approved a drug made from the whole cannabis plant. It has, however, approved 3 synthetic cannabis products: Marinol, Syndros, and
https://www.medicaljane.com/2017/05/01/the-3-cannabis-based-medicines-approved-by-the-fda/
Cannabinoid Modulation of Emotion, Memory, and Motivation by Patrizia Campolongo, Liana Fattore | WaterstonesCannabinoid Modulation of Emotion, Memory, and Motivation by Patrizia Campolongo, Liana Fattore | Waterstones
Buy Cannabinoid Modulation of Emotion, Memory, and Motivation by Patrizia Campolongo, Liana Fattore from Waterstones today! Click and Collect from your local Waterstones or get FREE UK delivery on orders over £20.
https://www.waterstones.com/book/cannabinoid-modulation-of-emotion-memory-and-motivation/patrizia-campolongo/liana-fattore/9781493948758
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor - Proteopedia, life in 3DBeta-2 adrenergic receptor - Proteopedia, life in 3D
First emergent in Europe in 2004, an herbal incense product known as Spice or K2 was quickly utilized all over the world as a synthetic form of marijuana. Although sold legally in many areas as a natural incense that is not for human consumption, K2 is a plant-based material with traces of astoundingly potent synthetic cannabinoids, a fact that many users and retailers alike do not fail to recognize. Synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) are chemically derived forms of the naturally-occurring psychotropic cannabinoid, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), found in marijuana [1][2]. Cannabinoids bind and activate cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, which are found throughout the body [1]. CB1 is primarily found in the cerebellum as well as the hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, striatum and brainstem; all vital areas of the central nervous system [1]. Although SCBs are chemically similar to THCs, which exhibit relatively mild side effects when used recreationally, the use of K2 has been linked to many ...
http://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/Beta-2_adrenergic_receptor
Strengthening Cannabinoid Modulation With Terpenes - CAT ScientificStrengthening Cannabinoid Modulation With Terpenes - CAT Scientific
How Terpenoids Boost Cannabinoid Efficiency, terpenes may play an integral part in how the human body experiences other cannabinoids.
http://www.catscientific.com/strengthening-cannabinoid-modulation-terpenes/
Tetra Bio-Pharma Announces Drug Candidate as Potential Therapy for Managing Cytokine Release Syndrome - Tetra Bio-PharmaTetra Bio-Pharma Announces Drug Candidate as Potential Therapy for Managing Cytokine Release Syndrome - Tetra Bio-Pharma
Panag Pharmas (Panag), a subsidiary of Tetra, PPP003 is a synthetic cannabinoid drug that selectively acts at the type 2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R). Panags scientific team and academic collaborators have been studying the role of the CB2R in acute immune responses for over a decade. The active molecule in PPP003 can reduce inflammation and dampen pro-inflammatory cytokine release, therefore, PPP003 should be carefully examined as a candidate drug to help reduce symptoms of acute lung inflammation and immune system dysregulation in those SARS-CoV-2 patients at risk, states Tetras CSO, Dr. Melanie Kelly, Ph.D.. Guy Chamberland, CEO & CRO of Tetra commented, It is a time for all pharmaceutical companies to contribute to the management of COVID-19 patients. We agree with our Canadian political leaders this is a time of national emergency. Our Panag team has been performing research on the prevention and management of severe systemic immune dysregulation such as sepsis since the early 2000s. ...
https://ir.tetrabiopharma.com/newsroom/press-releases/news-details/2020/Tetra-Bio-Pharma-Announces-Drug-Candidate-as-Potential-Therapy-for-Managing-Cytokine-Release-Syndrome/default.aspx
A Secret Weapon For Cannabinoids based therapy Parkinsons DiseaseA Secret Weapon For Cannabinoids based therapy Parkinsons Disease
Cannabinoid-based medicines are proposed as clinically promising therapies in Parkinsons disease (PD), provided the prominent modulatory operate performed by the cannabinoid signaling program from the basal ganglia. Supporting this pharmacological potential, the cannabinoid signaling program activities a biphasic sample of changes through the progression of PD. As a result, early and presymptomatic phases, characterised by neuronal malfunctioning but very little proof of neuronal Demise, are linked to desensitization/downregulation of CB1 receptors. It had been proposed that these losses may very well be A part of the pathogenesis itself, because theyre able to aggravate distinct cytotoxic insults that happen to be controlled in part by cannabinoid alerts, mainly excitotoxicity but will also oxidative worry and glial activation. In contrast, intermediate and, specifically, Superior phases of parkinsonism characterized by a profound nigral degeneration and prevalence of significant parkinsonian ...
http://cannabis-based-therapy-pa19580.diowebhost.com/7679114/a-secret-weapon-for-cannabinoids-based-therapy-parkinsons-disease
Dr. Mechoulam Unveils Synthetic Cannabinoid Acids Discovery | GanjapreneurDr. Mechoulam Unveils Synthetic Cannabinoid Acids Discovery | Ganjapreneur
DISCLAIMER: Ganjapreneur.com is intended as an educational resource for law-abiding professionals and those who are curious about entrepreneurial and/or investment opportunities in emerging markets. We do not offer investment advice, and we encourage all visitors and readers to do their own due dilligence before investing in any of the companies or markets that we write about. Be advised that possessing, using, distributing and selling cannabis are all federal crimes in the United States of America and the articles, pages, links, and other types of information on this site are not intended to assist you in violating federal law. Ganjapreneur.com and all associated entities and individuals are not responsible for third party content and/or links published on this website. ...
https://www.ganjapreneur.com/dr-mechoulam-unveils-synthetic-cannabinoid-acids-for-drug-production/
Synthetic cannabinoid use in psychiatric patients and relationship to hospitalisation - Research Portal, Kings College, LondonSynthetic cannabinoid use in psychiatric patients and relationship to hospitalisation - Research Portal, Kings College, London
Stone, J. M., Morrison, P. D., Brugger, S., Nottage, J., Bhattacharyya, S., Sumich, A., Wilson, D., Tunstall, N., Feilding, A., Brenneisen, R., McGuire, P., Murray, R. M. & Ffytche, D. H., Jun 2012, In : Molecular Psychiatry. 17, 6, p. 568-569 2 p.. Research output: Contribution to journal › Article ...
https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/synthetic-cannabinoid-use-in-psychiatric-patients-and-relationship-to-hospitalisation
Prominent Researcher Says Cannabinoids Can Help Heal Brain Trauma · High TimesProminent Researcher Says Cannabinoids Can Help Heal Brain Trauma · High Times
Yes. And access in general.. What is your advice for lawmakers?. Regulators should be aware that compared to opiates, this is a much more benign family of compounds. Its very potent. Its involved in health and disease in every organ. The body tries to tell us something. Look at the body, look at the distribution of the receptors, look at the organs where you find the receptors of this system. You cannot ignore it. You cannot just behave as if its not there. Be more educated about what this system is about and realize that it should be prioritized in research and for translation to medical use.. You visited a medical cannabis dispensary here in California, where we just legalized recreational use. What are your impressions of our medical access? The trip to the dispensary was a bit disappointing. I found the place quite efficient, but not very friendly and inviting, with a somewhat cold atmosphere. As an outsider I didnt feel this place was very welcoming-yet Im sure that those that visit on ...
https://hightimes.com/health/science/prominent-researcher-says-cannabinoids-can-help-heal-brain-trauma/
CBD Oil And Addiction, What The Dalai Lama Can Teach You About CannabinoidCBD Oil And Addiction, What The Dalai Lama Can Teach You About Cannabinoid
The very first usage of THC-like cannabidoids was to minimize nausea, pain and enhance appetite in cancer clients after chemotherapy. Synthetic cannabinoids are still used for this function. Just recently have scientists acquired more information on natural cannabinoids such as CBD and their capability to eliminate various kinds of cancer. It ended up that CBD is a completely safe compound, disappointing psychoactive impacts and having a strong anti-cancer effect. It can be used to improve the efficiency of basic treatments or possibly as the cancer compound itself. According to research, CBD prevents the growth of cancer cells and ruins those already existing in cervical cancer, leukemia, lung thyroid, cancer and colon. It likewise minimizes the growth and intrusion of glioma cells - a very unsafe brain cancer. CBD likewise has promising effects in the fight against breast and prostate cancer, due to the fact that it straight lowers growths, eases discomfort and can improve the efficiency of ...
http://erickereq92479.dsiblogger.com/21066537/cbd-oil-and-addiction-what-the-dalai-lama-can-teach-you-about-cannabinoid
CBD Oil Master The Art Of Cannabinoid With These 9 TipsCBD Oil Master The Art Of Cannabinoid With These 9 Tips
The very first usage of THC-like cannabidoids was to decrease nausea, discomfort and improve appetite in cancer clients after chemotherapy. Synthetic cannabinoids are still utilized for this function. Only recently have researchers obtained more info on natural cannabinoids such as CBD and their capability to fight different kinds of cancer. It ended up that CBD is a totally safe substance, disappointing psychedelic impacts and having a strong anti-cancer impact. It can be used to enhance the efficiency of standard treatments or potentially as the cancer substance itself. According to research study, CBD prevents the development of cancer cells and damages those currently existing in cervical cancer, leukemia, lung colon, cancer and thyroid. It also reduces the development and invasion of glioma cells - a really hazardous brain cancer. CBD also has appealing results in the battle against breast and prostate cancer, because it directly lowers growths, eliminates pain and can improve the ...
http://landenokff71482.full-design.com/CBD-Oil-Master-The-Art-Of-Cannabinoid-With-These-9-Tips-32757199
CBD Oil For ADHDn, Top 9 Lessons About Cannabinoid To Learn Before You Hit 30CBD Oil For ADHDn, Top 9 Lessons About Cannabinoid To Learn Before You Hit 30
The first usage of THC-like cannabidoids was to decrease queasiness, discomfort and enhance cravings in cancer patients after chemotherapy. Synthetic cannabinoids are still used for this function. Just recently have actually researchers gotten more info on natural cannabinoids such as CBD and their ability to combat various types of cancer. It ended up that CBD is a totally safe substance, not revealing psychoactive results and having a strong anti-cancer result. It can be utilized to improve the effectiveness of standard treatments or potentially as the cancer substance itself. According to research study, CBD avoids the development of cancer cells and destroys those already existing in cervical cancer, leukemia, lung cancer, thyroid and colon. It likewise reduces the growth and intrusion of glioma cells - an extremely harmful brain cancer. CBD likewise has promising effects in the fight versus breast and prostate cancer, since it directly lowers growths, alleviates pain and can improve the ...
http://kylerrftg58036.pages10.com/CBD-Oil-For-ADHDn-Top-9-Lessons-About-Cannabinoid-To-Learn-Before-You-Hit-30-31734850
Biotica Pharmaceuticals - CannaFundraiseBiotica Pharmaceuticals - CannaFundraise
Biotica Pharmaceuticals is an early-stage biotech founded by a group of pioneers in the cannabis technology landscape. Biotica Pharmaceuticals, a biopharmaceutical company, together with its subsidiaries, will engage in discovering, developing, and commercializing cannabinoid-based medicines. It will operate through three segments: 1) Commercial, 2) Drug delivery systems and methods, 3) Cannabinoids Research and Development for Neuropathic pain, Cancer, Alzheimers, Parkinson, Esophagitis, and Immune Enhancement.. ...
http://www.cannafundraise.com/projects/biotica-pharmaceuticals/
99% CBD Isolate Slabs (No Terpenes) - Pure CBD Dabs - Sale $15/G - ReferLocal99% CBD Isolate Slabs (No Terpenes) - Pure CBD Dabs - Sale $15/G - ReferLocal
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Health Risk Behaviors With Synthetic Cannabinoids Versus Marijuana | Articles | PediatricsHealth Risk Behaviors With Synthetic Cannabinoids Versus Marijuana | Articles | Pediatrics
To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the association between ever use of synthetic cannabinoids and health risk behaviors in domains such as injury/violence, mental health, and sexual health among a nationally representative sample of US high school students. Furthermore, this study contributes new evidence on how behavioral correlates differ by type of marijuana use. Overall, we observed that ever use of synthetic cannabinoids was associated with the majority of health risk behaviors included in our study and that those associations tended to be more pronounced for ever use of synthetic cannabinoids than for ever use of marijuana only, particularly for substance use behaviors and sexual risk behaviors.. Given that synthetic cannabinoids are a relatively recent issue in the United States, high school students use of the drug was not monitored in national surveillance systems until the 2011 MTF study cycle1 and the 2015 YRBS cycle.21 As a result, much of the available literature ...
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/139/4/e20162675
The endogenous cannabinoid system and its role in nociceptive behaviorThe endogenous cannabinoid system and its role in nociceptive behavior
The analgesic properties of exogenous cannabinoids have been recognized for many years and suggest a regulatory role for the endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) system in mammalian nociceptive pathways. The endocannabinoid system includes: (1) at least two families of lipid signaling molecule …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15362158/?dopt=Abstract
Sickle Cell Crisis Complicated by Synthetic Cannabinoid Abuse: A Case Report<...Sickle Cell Crisis Complicated by Synthetic Cannabinoid Abuse: A Case Report<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Sickle Cell Crisis Complicated by Synthetic Cannabinoid Abuse. T2 - A Case Report. AU - Zheng, Crystal Y.. AU - Minniti, Caterina P.. AU - Chaitowitz, Mark H.. PY - 2016/3/4. Y1 - 2016/3/4. N2 - We describe a case of delirium occurring in a hospitalized sickle cell patient. Following admission for a typical pain crisis, the patient continued to report unrelieved pain with marked agitation for several days, despite escalating doses of opioid analgesia, and ultimately required intubation following development of acute chest syndrome (ACS). After some delay, it was discovered that he had been using a synthetic cannabinoid (K2) which may have precipitated his pain crisis and, with hindsight, explained his prolonged period of delirium. Delayed recognition was due to multiple factors, notably the absence of an index of suspicion for this novel drug, the presence of alternate explanations for the patients altered mental status, and the fact that reliable laboratory screening for ...
https://einstein.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/sickle-cell-crisis-complicated-by-synthetic-cannabinoid-abuse-a-c
Synthetic cannabinoid, JWH-030, induces QT prolongation through hERG channel inhibition - Toxicology Research (RSC Publishing)Synthetic cannabinoid, JWH-030, induces QT prolongation through hERG channel inhibition - Toxicology Research (RSC Publishing)
The problem of new psychoactive substance (NPS) abuse, which includes synthetic cannabinoids, is emerging globally, and the cardiotoxicity of these synthetic cannabinoids has not yet been evaluated extensively. In the present study, we investigated the effects of synthetic cannabinoids on the cytotoxicity, h
http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2016/tx/c6tx00259e
The effect of synthetic cannabinoids on wound healing of chondrocytes monolayers and pseudo 3D cartilage tissue. Effect of...The effect of synthetic cannabinoids on wound healing of chondrocytes monolayers and pseudo 3D cartilage tissue. Effect of...
Studies have been conducted to highlight the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties of cannabinoids and also their potentials for cartilage repair and regeneration. Various wound healing techniques can be used to investigate the mechanisms of chondrocyte repair in monolayers or three dimensional tissue constructs. The effect of different concentrations of the synthetic cannabinoids WIN55, 212-2 (WIN-2), URB602 and HU-308 with and without their antagonists on the wound healing of chondrocyte monolayers was investigated using a simple scratch assay model. The three cannabinoids were found to increase wound healing of chondrocyte monolayers, but at different rates. WIN55, 212-2 at a concentration of 1μM had the highest effect of increasing both migration and proliferation of chondrocytes cultured in a chondrogenic media, which increased the rate of wound closure. It was also found that treating the cells with 2μM of any of the cannabinoids lead to a decrease in cell proliferation and ...
https://bradscholars.brad.ac.uk/handle/10454/6316
Acetaminophen is a synthetic cannabinoid - Research ChemicalsAcetaminophen is a synthetic cannabinoid - Research Chemicals
Tylenol/Acetaminophen is a synthetic cannabinoid Its in reality a cannabinoid prodrug. After a few metabolic steps, it reaches the talent and combines with arachidonic acid to shape AM404. Now AM404 is surely a hell of a cannabinoid, and is idea to be responsible for most, if not all of the…
http://www.inquirychemical.com/acetaminophen-is-a-synthetic-cannabinoid/
Cannabinoid actions at TRPV channels: effects on TRPV3 and TRPV4 and their potential relevance to gastrointestinal inflammation...Cannabinoid actions at TRPV channels: effects on TRPV3 and TRPV4 and their potential relevance to gastrointestinal inflammation...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Cannabinoid actions at TRPV channels. T2 - effects on TRPV3 and TRPV4 and their potential relevance to gastrointestinal inflammation. AU - De Petrocellis, L. AU - Orlando, P. AU - Moriello, A Schiano. AU - Aviello, G. AU - Stott, C. AU - Izzo, A A. AU - Di Marzo, V. N1 - © 2011 The Authors. Acta Physiologica © 2011 Scandinavian Physiological Society.. PY - 2012/2. Y1 - 2012/2. N2 - AIM: Plant cannabinoids, like Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), activate/desensitize thermosensitive transient receptor potential (TRP) channels of vanilloid type-1 or -2 (TRPV1 or TRPV2). We investigated whether cannabinoids also activate/desensitize two other thermo-TRPs, the TRP channels of vanilloid type-3 or -4 (TRPV3 or TRPV4), and if the TRPV-inactive cannabichromene (CBC) modifies the expression of TRPV1-4 channels in the gastrointestinal tract.METHODS: TRP activity was assessed by evaluating elevation of [Ca(2+)](i) in rat recombinant TRPV3- and TRPV4-expressing ...
https://abdn.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/cannabinoid-actions-at-trpv-channels-effects-on-trpv3-and-trpv4-a
Cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive cannabinoid compound, inhibits proliferation and invasion in U87-MG and T98G glioma cells...Cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive cannabinoid compound, inhibits proliferation and invasion in U87-MG and T98G glioma cells...
DISCLAIMER: Ganjapreneur.com is intended as an educational resource for law-abiding professionals and those who are curious about entrepreneurial and/or investment opportunities in emerging markets. We do not offer investment advice, and we encourage all visitors and readers to do their own due dilligence before investing in any of the companies or markets that we write about. Be advised that possessing, using, distributing and selling cannabis are all federal crimes in the United States of America and the articles, pages, links, and other types of information on this site are not intended to assist you in violating federal law. Ganjapreneur.com and all associated entities and individuals are not responsible for third party content and/or links published on this website. ...
https://www.ganjapreneur.com/studies/cannabidiol-a-non-psychoactive-cannabinoid-compound-inhibits-proliferation-and-invasion-in-u87-mg-and-t98g-glioma-cells-through-a-multitarget-effect/
Cannabinoids Can Treat Acute Lung Injury, According to New Study - TheJointBlogCannabinoids Can Treat Acute Lung Injury, According to New Study - TheJointBlog
A new study published by the National Institute of Health has found that cannabinoids can be an effective treatment for acute lung injury.
https://thejointblog.com/cannabinoids-can-treat-acute-lung-injury-according-new-study/
Immunology] Re: Endogenous and Exogenous Cannabinoids Modulate InflammationImmunology] Re: Endogenous and Exogenous Cannabinoids Modulate Inflammation
CB 2 agonists demonstrate remarkable anti inflammatory properties but , your , idea of receptor attraction has some merit, at least with respect to the , CB , 1 receptor. I recall an old study wherein they found that cannabis , tolerance , was proportional to the level of receptor retraction from the cell , surface. I wonder if, as with mu opioid tolerance, this effect is mediated by a PKC. Would inhibiting that PKC result in elevation of cannabinoid receptor levels? Also, B-cell proliferation appears to be partly under the regulation of a CB, although the research hasnt clarified it well yet. Ive always wondered if the way loss of gut bacteria knocks out the mu opioid and cannabinoid receptors of the gut wasnt also kicking antibody/B-cell production into needless overdrive (hence the use of B-cell depletion agents in autoimmune condition). , This does raise some worrying questions with respect to the chronic , ingestion of the same but the studies tend to find little ill effects. , ...
http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/immuno/2007-June/018001.html
Synthetic Cannabinoids: Growing Side Effects Make Now a Great Time to Stay Away | LeaflySynthetic Cannabinoids: Growing Side Effects Make Now a Great Time to Stay Away | Leafly
Learn about the differences between synthetic cannabinoids vs real cannabis, and find out why synthetic is so dangerous and can even cause death.
https://www.leafly.com/news/health/legal-synthetic-cannabinoids-side-effects-deaths/print
Immunology] Re: Endogenous and Exogenous Cannabinoids Modulate InflammationImmunology] Re: Endogenous and Exogenous Cannabinoids Modulate Inflammation
Thanks Kofi, interesting stuff. CB 2 agonists demonstrate remarkable anti inflammatory properties but your idea of receptor attraction has some merit, at least with respect to the CB 1 receptor. I recall an old study wherein they found that cannabis tolerance was proportional to the level of receptor retraction from the cell surface. This does raise some worrying questions with respect to the chronic ingestion of the same but the studies tend to find little ill effects. Cannabidol, the non-psychoactive form, strikes me as an excellent target for therapeutic potential. A recent news release about some research indicated that topical application of THC, which does ligand to the CB 2, had strong anti-allergic effects, sufficient to warrant clinical trials. This is entirely concordant with other studies showing that CB 2 activation down regulates excessive inflamation being driven by innate immune responses. Thanks, John. Kofi ,kofi from anon.un, wrote in message news:kofi-59A74F.20025514062007 ...
http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/immuno/2007-June/018000.html
Endocannabinoid turnover and function - Nottingham ePrintsEndocannabinoid turnover and function - Nottingham ePrints
The use of synthetic cannabinoid receptor (CBR) ligands for therapeutic use has provided problems regarding the natural endogenous regulatory tone of the eCBs, which in turn has resulted in unwanted side effects. Part of the reason of this is due to synthetic agonists producing the well documented psychotropic effects at CB t receptors. Alternative targets for the manipulation of the eCB system for therapeutic benefits have been explored. One remains to be the use of FAAH inhibitors, which in turn potentially increase levels of eCBs in the system, hence potentiating their effects at the CBRs, or at other receptor sites. Therefore we have developed two HTS assays for the identification of potential inhibitors of FAAH and MAGL. They prove to be robust, cheap and facile and provide a clear indication of inhibitable levels of FAAH and MAGL activity. The FAAH assay can be further used to establish concentration-response curves of initial `hit compounds. Yet, the HTS MAGL assay requires further ...
http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12625/
Some Terpene facts you might have missed out - Rare TerpenesSome Terpene facts you might have missed out - Rare Terpenes
The term Terpene is not new in the market. Still, very few people are aware of its existence. Terpenes are organic compounds found in cannabis plants that give them flavor and fragrance. Now its easier to understand why every cannabis plant has a unique flavor and aroma. Youll be surprised to know that over 100 different Terpenes strains have already been identified in the cannabis plant and have their unique composition. Some strains produce a citrusy aroma, some smell like lavender, while others can smell more earthy and pungent.. Cannabis has a unique smell. Most people find it calming and enjoyable. This is all because of the Terpene strains that are packed in the sticky glands of the cannabis plant. They are the reason that cannabis plants get such a distinctive smell. This substance has two primary roles in every plants life: to protect the flowers from predators and to produce resin. The terpenes are a good fit for medical and beauty products. When we study the term organic terpenes, ...
https://rareterpenes.com/some-terpene-facts-you-might-have-missed-out/
schizophrenia | CED Foundationschizophrenia | CED Foundation
Comparing dopaminergic dynamics in the dorsolateral striatum between adolescent and adult rats- Effect of an acute dose of WIN55212-2. Brief summary: A recent study has exposed an age-dependent mechanism within the dopaminergic system that relies on cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1). Adult and adolescent dopamine levels were examined in the presence of a CB1 agonist and increased levels of extracellular dopamine were found in adolescents. This study reveals the different effects cannabis-based medicine has depended on the age of the patient and warrants future research to ensure cannabis has the desired therapeutic effect on patients. Dr Caplan Discussion Points:. This adds a helpful layer of insight to the way an animal model of dopamine changes over time, as well as its interaction with exogenous cannabinoids. This sheds light on the natural evolution of the dopamine control system (irrespective of how it interacts with endocannabinoids), and it also points to how cannabinoids may be ...
http://www.cedfoundation.com/tag/schizophrenia/
admin, Author at Use CBD for Painadmin, Author at Use CBD for Pain
CBD For Back Pain For thousands of years, the cannabis plant has been used to alleviate different types of pain that affect the body. After the discovery of CBD, the cannabinoid present in the cannabis plant, we have understood that CBD and other cannabinoids in the cannabis plant are responsible for its pain-relieving effects. CBD is ...
https://usecbdforpain.com/author/admin/
Other than THC and CBD, how much is known about cannabinoid treatments? | Naked Science ForumOther than THC and CBD, how much is known about cannabinoid treatments? | Naked Science Forum
Hi, I am learning about how cannabinoids work and different effects they may have on humans and animals. I know THC and, to a lesser extent, CBD have been...
https://www.thenakedscientists.com/forum/index.php?topic=74980.msg555536
L-759,656 - WikipediaL-759,656 - Wikipedia
L-759,656 is an analgesic drug that is a cannabinoid agonist. It is a highly selective agonist for the CB2 receptor, with selectivity of 414x for CB2 over CB1,[1] although it is still not as selective as newer agents such as HU-308. It produces some similar effects to other cannabinoid agonists such as analgesia, but with little or no sedative or psychoactive effects due to its weak CB1 activity, and a relatively strong antiinflammatory effect due to its strong activity at CB2.[2][3] ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-759,656
Phytocannabinoid Drops 1200 - SatiMed Online StorePhytocannabinoid Drops 1200 - SatiMed Online Store
SatiMed Phytocannabinoid Plus Formula - Hemp Oil Paste 1200 mg CBD - 4% CBD - Full Spectrum phytocannabinoids. High quality and scientifically tested Hemp Oil.
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L-759,633 - WikipediaL-759,633 - Wikipedia
L-759,633 is an analgesic drug that is a cannabinoid agonist. It is a fairly selective agonist for the CB2 receptor, with selectivity of 163x for CB2 over CB1.[1] It produces some similar effects to other cannabinoid agonists such as analgesia, but with little or no sedative or psychoactive effects due to its weak CB1 activity, and a relatively strong antiinflammatory effect due to its strong activity at CB2.[2][3] ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-759,633
Researchers photograph active ingredient in cannabis plants - Healthcanal.com : Healthcanal.comResearchers photograph active ingredient in cannabis plants - Healthcanal.com : Healthcanal.com
Researchers from the University of Twentes MESA+ and MIRA research institutes have succeeded in visualizing THC, the active ingredient of cannabis, in intact plant structures. The substance is mainly found in trichomes (fine outgrowths) and in the small leaves around the flowers of the cannabis plant. Little or no THC is present in the stems and flowers. While these findings are not new, the study carried out by these researchers has shown their method (hyperspectral CARS Microscopy) to be a powerful tool for investigating the medicinal properties of plants. An article describing this research was published today in a scientific journal, the Journal of Biomedical Optics.. Plants have developed a range of mechanisms for synthesizing substances that happen to have medicinal properties. These mechanisms are often better or more efficient than those available to us in the lab. If we can find out how and where plants produce the requisite materials, we may be able to imitate nature. Using ...
https://www.healthcanal.com/substance-abuse/37842-researchers-photograph-active-ingredient-in-cannabis-plants.html
Topical Applications for Cannabinoids On the Rise - Thats Natural!Topical Applications for Cannabinoids On the Rise - Thats Natural!
One of the most exciting applications for cannabinoids from the non-psychoactive hemp/cannabis plant are those that are topical. Shown to have anti-inflammatory effects - topical lotions, salves, and patches are hitting the marketplace - providing pain relief to people who want to try natural plant-based alternatives. From chiroeco.com -
https://thatsnatural.info/2016/07/27/topical-applications-for-cannabinoids-on-the-rise/
Scientists Develop Cannabis Plant That Does Not Leave Users StonedScientists Develop Cannabis Plant That Does Not Leave Users Stoned
Medical marijuana could be set for a revolution after scientists claimed that they have managed to develop a cannabis plant that does not leave the users stoned .
http://www.medindia.net/news/scientists-develop-cannabis-plant-that-does-not-leave-users-stoned-102156-1.htm
The overview of existing knowledge on medical cannabis plants growing | Plant, Soil and EnvironmentThe overview of existing knowledge on medical cannabis plants growing | Plant, Soil and Environment
The overview of existing knowledge on medical cannabis plants growing | Matěj Malík, Jiří Velechovský, Pavel Tlustoš | Agricultural Journals
https://www.agriculturejournals.cz/web/pse.htm?type=article&id=96_2021-PSE
Your Cannabis Plant Nutrient Deficiency Guide | LeaflyYour Cannabis Plant Nutrient Deficiency Guide | Leafly
Learn about nutrient deficiency in cannabis plants including what essential nutrients can prevent it, symptoms associated with their absence, and more.
https://www.leafly.com/news/cannabis-101/sick-cannabis-plant-nutrient-deficiencies
Browsing Research Institutes and Centres by Author Kelly, John P.Browsing Research Institutes and Centres by Author Kelly, John P.
The endogenous cannabinoid system plays an important role in regulating the immune system. Modulation of endogenous cannabinoids represents an attractive alternative for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. This study ...
https://aran.library.nuigalway.ie/xmlui/handle/10379/23/browse?value=Kelly%2C+John+P.&type=author
Browsing Research Institutes and Centres by Author Roche, MichelleBrowsing Research Institutes and Centres by Author Roche, Michelle
The endogenous cannabinoid system plays an important role in regulating the immune system. Modulation of endogenous cannabinoids represents an attractive alternative for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. This study ...
https://aran.library.nuigalway.ie/xmlui/handle/10379/23/browse?value=Roche%2C+Michelle&type=author
Prenatal cannabinoid exposure induces significant vasoconstriction in the fetal brain - posted by Biophotonics.World at...Prenatal cannabinoid exposure induces significant vasoconstriction in the fetal brain - posted by Biophotonics.World at...
Tags: pregnancy, marijuana, medicinal, recreational, legalization, easy access, abuse, thc, fetoplacental barrier, brain development.
https://www.biophotonics.world/magazine/article/839/prenatal-cannabinoid-exposure-induces-significant-vasoconstriction-in-the-fetal-brain
fatty acid Archives - BTV Newsfatty acid Archives - BTV News
FSD Pharma is a specialty biotech pharmaceutical research and development company. Theyre focusing on building synthetic cannabinoid compounds that target the endocannabinoid system of ...
https://www.b-tv.com/fatty-acid/
Pharmacokinetic properties of the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and of its metabolites in serum after inhalation. - PubMed -...Pharmacokinetic properties of the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and of its metabolites in serum after inhalation. - PubMed -...
PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28365515
Buy FUB-144Buy FUB-144
FUB-144 sold online at researchchemvendor.com has a full IUPAC name of (1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone which belongs to a class of synthetic cannabinoids research chemicals.. FUB-144 might be a potent cannabinoid agonist at the CB1 and CB2 receptors.. FUB-144 is ready to be shipped within 24 hours after payment has been confirmed.. ...
https://researchchemvendor.com/?attachment_id=567
The Dose Makes The Poison: May 2014The Dose Makes The Poison: May 2014
No analytical confirmation of synthetic cannabinoids have been presented to the media or published elsewhere for these cases, but I would expect that they are diligently working on this behind the scenes. Of course this is just speculation, but I wouldnt be surprised that this is the work of one of the newer generation synthetic cannabinoids such as AB-PINACA, AB-CHMINACA, or maybe even a PB-22 derivative such as FDU-PB-22. I only know of a lab or two that routinely tests for some of these newer compounds in blood, let alone urine specimens. Also, considering the cat-and-mouse games that are played with these drugs, there may be (and probably is) a new cannabinoid on the scene which we arent even aware. We must always remember that we know very little (if anything) about the chemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of these compounds used in herbal incese/potpourri blends. ...
http://dosemakespoison.blogspot.com/2014/05/
The Dose Makes The Poison: 2013The Dose Makes The Poison: 2013
An interesting feature of these newer synthetic cannabinoids is the ester or amide linkages. These linkages were not included in the earlier waves of cannabinoid compounds (i.e. JWH-018 → AM-2201 → UR-144...) as they contained the simple ketone linkage. The ester linkage is seen in the quinolinyl carboxylate derivative compounds such as PB-22, 5F-PB-22 and BB-22, while the amide linkage is seen the many of these newer substances such as the various ADBs, PINACAs, and FUBINACAs. Regarding these amide-containing cannabinoids (structures referenced in the figure above in red-color and in a previous blog post here), the amide linkage can be very susceptible to hydrolysis reactions. In the case of the two compounds related to the Colorado cases, possible in vivo amide hydrolysis would lead to formation of a carboxylic acid and an amine. Could this amine be active in the body? Possibly. ...
http://dosemakespoison.blogspot.com/2013/
Testicular Translocator Protein Expression is Differentially Altered by Synthetic Cannabinoid HU210 in Adult and Adolescent...Testicular Translocator Protein Expression is Differentially Altered by Synthetic Cannabinoid HU210 in Adult and Adolescent...
Objective: The translocator protein (TSPO) has been implicated in numerous functions including steroid production and regulation of stress and anxiety. Cannabinoids have ..
https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/testicular-translocator-protein-expression-in-adult-and-adolescent-rats-2155-6105-5-198.php?aid=32288
how to get your paystubs online from cracker barrel | Max amount oxycodone script deahow to get your paystubs online from cracker barrel | Max amount oxycodone script dea
11 Jan 2011. Crackerbarrel pay stubs Labcorp k 2 synthetic cannabinoid drug test , Success low beta. Mcafee web gateway wccp. Ritalin... Blog.cz - Stačí otevřít a budeš v obraze.
http://tfrt.blog.cz/1111/how-to-get-your-paystubs-online-from-cracker-barrel
GWs Sativex shines in neuropathic pain trial - PharmaTimesGWs Sativex shines in neuropathic pain trial - PharmaTimes
It was good news for GW Pharmaceuticals yesterday, after The International Association of the Study of Pain published the results of a study showing that its cannabinoid-based drug Sativex is effective in treating patients with peripheral neuropathic pain. - News - PharmaTimes
http://www.pharmatimes.com/news/gws_sativex_shines_in_neuropathic_pain_trial_991352
Food and Medicine Freedom - What This Means - Thats Natural!Food and Medicine Freedom - What This Means - Thats Natural!
At Thats Natural, we believe it is your natural and constitutional right to use natural, plant-based medicines. Non-psychoactive cannabinoids, like CBD (stands for Cannabidiol) have been studied in the past two decades, and the research is showing many potential positive applications. From The Huffington Post: Cannabidiol is a cannabis compound without the psychoactive effects of THC.…
https://thatsnatural.info/2016/07/21/food-and-medicine-freedom-what-this-means/
Concerned about detecting synthetic cannabinoids? You will need to expand your drug testing. | United States Drug Testing...Concerned about detecting synthetic cannabinoids? You will need to expand your drug testing. | United States Drug Testing...
A Forensic Drug Testing Laboratory Accredited by The College of American Pathologists.. © 2020 United States Drug Testing Laboratories, Inc. All Rights Reserved. ...
https://www.usdtl.com/blog/concerned-about-detecting-synthetic-cannabinoids-you-will-need-to-expand-your-drug-testing
Plus itPlus it
The four main findings of this study are as follows: (1) the cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212-2 induced conditioned place aversion; (2) WIN 55,212-2 suppressed spontaneous locomotor activity given at doses of 2.0 and 10.0 mg/kg; (3) animals experienced a significant weight loss during treatment with the doses of 2.0 and 10.0 mg/kg of the cannabinoid agonist and during the following 14 d; and (4) rats with an extended background of EtOH self-administration and treated with WIN 55,212-2 during alcohol deprivation showed a long-lasting increase in their responding for alcohol. In contrast, when the animals passed periods of abstinence only from alcohol, they only showed a temporary increase in their EtOH consumption. This last finding is in agreement with most studies (Heyser et al., 1998, 2003; Rodd-Henricks et al., 2000; Samson et al., 2001; Serra et al., 2002; Cowen et al., 2003; Vengeliene et al., 2003).. In our study, like others (McGregor et al., 1996; Sañudo-Peña et al., 1997; Chaperon et ...
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/24/38/8245
India Globalization Capital, Inc. (NYSE: IGC) Growth Potential Fueled by Phytocannabinoid Treatments - CannabisNewsWireIndia Globalization Capital, Inc. (NYSE: IGC) Growth Potential Fueled by Phytocannabinoid Treatments - CannabisNewsWire
Hyalolex for Alzheimers and other cannabis-based drugs for pain, epilepsy, and more are raising the market valuation growth potential for IGC Phytocannabinoids target protein receptors in the brain, peripheral nervous system and other parts of the body, including the lungs, liver, and other organs Cannabidiol makes up as much as 40 percent of cannabis-plant extract…
https://cannabisnewswire.news/2017/08/31/india-globalization-capital-inc-nyse-igc-growth-potential-fueled-by-phytocannabinoid-treatments/
BRID | Top Stocks For 2018BRID | Top Stocks For 2018
By James E. Brumley] In mid-September, Vitality Biopharma Inc (OTCMKTS:VBIO) announced it was going to take aim at the development of an alternative to opioids as a means of treating pain. At the time, there was little doubt that the companys cannabinoid science was capable of doing so. What wasnt clear to VBIO shareholders was exactly how that might happen…. meaning what sort of drug might Vitality Biopharma come up with. We got the first of what will likely be several answers to the question today. Per todays press release, Vitality Biopharma intends to come up with a treatment for narcotic bowel syndrome, which is a severe form of (ironically enough) opiate-induced abdominal pain.. As a refresher, Vitality Biopharma was the name we introduced to you back on August 8th, pointing out it had developed a whole new way of making cannabinoid-based medicines. Their versions offer all the upsides of cannabinoids, but without the psychotropic (getting high) effects, and without some of the ...
http://beststocks2016.com/tag/brid/
Cannabis Science and Free Spirit Organics Native American Corporation (FSO NAC) Begin Harvesting Approximately 60 Acres of its...Cannabis Science and Free Spirit Organics Native American Corporation (FSO NAC) Begin Harvesting Approximately 60 Acres of its...
Cannabis Science, Inc. (OTC PINK: CBIS), a U.S. company specializing in the development of cannabinoid-based medicines, and Free Spirit Organics Native American
http://www.einpresswire.com/article/398475340/cannabis-science-and-free-spirit-organics-native-american-corporation-fso-nac-begin-harvesting-approximately-60-acres-of-its-250-acre-industrial
American Medical Association reverses - supports removing marijuana from Schedule 1 « Drug WarRantAmerican Medical Association reverses - supports removing marijuana from Schedule 1 « Drug WarRant
Nick, this could also be seen as payback.. The DEA has been terrorizing pain doctors for over a decade now. Im quite sure that it has crossed the awareness of the AMA that by doing this, they have set in motion the machinery that could, in essence, destroy the DEA. For as everyone with three brain cells to click together knows, cannabis prohibition is the lynch-pin of drug prohibition en toto, and if that lynch-pin is removed, the entire train will come to a screeching halt.. This can only go in one direction, now. …facilitating the conduct of clinical research and development of cannabinoid-based medicines,…. Despite its disclaimer, the AMA, by doing this, has thrown the gauntlet. The AMAs demand for this kind of research is a sword aimed directly at the ONDCPs and the DEAs necks, for its as clear a challenge as can be made to the political power of the DEA by demanding that science instead of politics play a role in determining policy, which is exactly what Prez Obama said he ...
http://www.drugwarrant.com/2009/11/ama-supports-schedule-change/
Pharmacogenetics of Cannabinoids | SpringerLinkPharmacogenetics of Cannabinoids | SpringerLink
Although the application of medical marijuana and cannabinoid drugs is controversial, it is a part of modern-day medicine. The list of diseases in which cannabinoids are promoted as a treatment is...
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13318-017-0416-z
FAQ - CannovexFAQ - Cannovex
F.A.Q. Frequently asked questions Cannabis, medicinal cannabis, cannabis-based medicine, cannabinoids, cannabinoid-based medicine,… terminology may lead to confusion. Cannovex aims to bring more clarity on this matter and has developed concise answers to a number of frequently asked questions.Cannovex has made an exhaustive inventory and an in-depth analysis of scientific articles published in international journals on…
https://cannovex.com/faq/
Therapix Biosciences Ltd. Announces Full Exercise of Underwriters Over-Allotment OptionTherapix Biosciences Ltd. Announces Full Exercise of Underwriters Over-Allotment Option
Therapix Biosciences Ltd. (NASDAQ: TRPX, TASE: TRPX) , a specialty clinical-stage pharmaceutical company specializing in the development of cannabinoid-based drugs, today announced
http://www.medindia.net/health-press-release/Therapix-Biosciences-Ltd-Announces-Full-Exercise-of-Underwriters-Over-Allotment-Option-322541-1.htm
IMLFF:OTCQX Archives - BTV NewsIMLFF:OTCQX Archives - BTV News
InMed Pharmaceuticals is a biopharmaceutical company. They specialize in the discovery and development of novel, cannabinoid-based therapeutics for the treatment of ...
https://b-tv.com/imlffotcqx/
Posttraumatic stress disorderPosttraumatic stress disorder
Cannabinoids. Evidence as of 2017 is insufficient to determine if medical cannabis is useful for PTSD.[189] However, use of ... The cannabinoid nabilone is sometimes used off-label for nightmares in PTSD. Although some short-term benefit was shown, ... Betthauser K, Pilz J, Vollmer LE (August 2015). "Use and effects of cannabinoids in military veterans with posttraumatic stress ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder
Angiogenesis inhibitorAngiogenesis inhibitor
Cannabinoids[edit]. According to a study published in the August 15, 2004 issue of the journal Cancer Research, cannabinoids, ... "Cannabinoids Inhibit the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Pathway in Gliomas". Cancer Research. 64 (16): 5617-5623. doi: ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiogenesis_inhibitor
Posttraumatic stress disorderPosttraumatic stress disorder
Cannabinoids. As of 2019 cannabis is specifically not recommended as a treatment.[192][193] However, use of cannabis or derived ... The cannabinoid nabilone is sometimes used for nightmares in PTSD. Although some short-term benefit was shown, adverse effects ... Betthauser K, Pilz J, Vollmer LE (August 2015). "Use and effects of cannabinoids in military veterans with posttraumatic stress ... "Cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and symptoms of mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis". ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder
Neuropathic painNeuropathic pain
Cannabinoids[edit]. Evidence for the use of Cannabis based medicines is limited, low-moderate quality evidence suggests a ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropathic_pain
Stimulus controlStimulus control
Cannabinoids[edit]. Psychoactive cannabinoids from the marijuana plant (phytocannabinoids), from the body (endocannabinoids), ... and Synthetic Cannabinoids". Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. doi:10.1007/7854_2016_24. ISSN 1866-3370. PMID ... and from the research lab (synthetic cannabinoids) produce their discriminative stimulus effects by stimulation of CB1 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus_control
Effects of cannabisEffects of cannabis
Cannabinoids and cannabinoid receptors[edit]. The most prevalent psychoactive substances in cannabis are cannabinoids, most ... For example, nonpsychotropic cannabinoids can be used as a very effective anti-inflammatory.[18] The affinity of cannabinoids ... Cannabinoids and Feeding: The Role of the Endogenous Cannabinoid System as a Trigger for Newborn Suckling Women and Cannabis: ... The binding of cannabinoids to cannabinoid receptors decrease adenylyl cyclase activity, inhibit calcium N channels, and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_issues_and_the_effects_of_cannabis
HU-210HU-210
Cannabimimetic Agents means, collectively, any chemical that is a cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) or cannabinoid receptor ... HU-210 is a synthetic cannabinoid that was first synthesized in 1988 from (1R,5S)-myrtenol[1] by a group led by Raphael ... HU-210, the (-) enantiomer of 11-OH-D8-THC-DMH, has almost all of the cannabinoid activity, while the (+) enantiomer, known as ... 1992). "A novel probe for the cannabinoid receptor". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 35 (11): 2065-2069. doi:10.1021/ ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HU-210
Treatment of bipolar disorderTreatment of bipolar disorder
The role of cannabinoids[edit]. Acute cannabis intoxication transiently produces perceptual distortions, psychotic symptoms and ... Ranganathan, Mohini; d'Souza, Deepak Cyril (2006). "The acute effects of cannabinoids on memory in humans: A review". ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_of_bipolar_disorder
Cannabinoid receptor type 2Cannabinoid receptor type 2
The cannabinoid receptor type 2, abbreviated as CB2, is a G protein-coupled receptor from the cannabinoid receptor family that ... CNR2, CB-2, CB2, CX5, Cannabinoid receptor type 2, cannabinoid receptor 2. ... "Entrez Gene: CNR2 cannabinoid receptor 2 (macrophage)".. *^ a b Elphick MR, Egertová M (Mar 2001). "The neurobiology and ... cannabinoid receptor activity. Cellular component. • integral component of membrane. • perikaryon. • cell projection. • ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CB2_receptor
Effects of cannabisEffects of cannabis
Cannabinoids and Feeding: The Role of the Endogenous Cannabinoid System as a Trigger for Newborn Suckling Women and Cannabis: ... Cannabinoids produce a "marked depression of motor activity" via activation of neuronal cannabinoid receptors belonging to the ... The binding of cannabinoids to cannabinoid receptors decrease adenylyl cyclase activity, inhibit calcium N channels, and ... It is possible that "cannabinoid receptors in our body interact with the cannabinoids in milk to stimulate a suckling response ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis
JWH-176JWH-176
... is an analgesic drug which acts as a cannabinoid receptor agonist. Its binding affinity at the CB1 receptor is 26.0 nM ... "Cannabinoids". Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. 168. Springer. p. 269. ISBN 3-540-22565-X. Huffman JW, Padgett LW (10 ... This demonstrates that reasonably high-affinity cannabinoid binding and agonist effects can be produced by compounds with no ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JWH-176
11-Nor-9-carboxy-THC11-Nor-9-carboxy-THC
A review of the literature" (PDF). Cannabinoids. 9 (1): 1-8. Burstein S, Hunter SA, Latham V, Renzulli L (April 1987). "A major ... Huestis MA, Henningfield JE, Cone EJ (1992). "Blood cannabinoids. II. Models for the prediction of time of marijuana exposure ... Burstein SH, Hull K, Hunter SA, Latham V (November 1988). "Cannabinoids and pain responses: a possible role for prostaglandins ... 2005). "Assessment of driving capability through the use of clinical and psychomotor tests in relation to blood cannabinoids ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11-Nor-9-carboxy-THC
TetrahydrocannabinolTetrahydrocannabinol
... a novel synthetic cannabinoid analog (neocannabinoid) HU-210, WIN 55,212-2, JWH-133, synthetic cannabinoid agonists ( ... Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of the Plant Cannabinoids, Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, Cannabidiol and Cannabinol. Cannabinoids. ... The actions of THC result from its partial agonist activity at the cannabinoid receptor CB1 (Ki = 10 nM), located mainly in the ... THC is also limited in its efficacy compared to other cannabinoids due to its partial agonistic activity, as THC appears to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol
Delta-3-TetrahydrocannabinolDelta-3-Tetrahydrocannabinol
Srebnik M, Lander N, Breuer A, Mechoulam R (1984). "Base-catalysed double-bond isomerizations of cannabinoids: structural and ... "Cannabinoids. 1. 1-Amino- and 1-mercapto-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6H-dibenzo [b,d]pyrans". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 20 (1): ... behavioral activity studies of cannabinoids". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 25 (5): 596-9. doi:10.1021/jm00347a021. PMID ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta-3-Tetrahydrocannabinol
CP 47,497CP 47,497
... or (C7)-CP 47,497 is a cannabinoid receptor agonist drug, developed by Pfizer in the 1980s. It has analgesic effects ... Cannabinoids. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology Volume 168. Springer. ISBN 3-540-22565-X Little PJ, Compton DR, Johnson MR ... Uchiyama N, Kikura-Hanajiri R, Matsumoto N, Huang ZL, Goda Y, Urade Y (February 2012). "Effects of synthetic cannabinoids on ... Uchiyama N, Kikura-Hanajiri R, Ogata J, Goda Y (May 2010). "Chemical analysis of synthetic cannabinoids as designer drugs in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP_47,497
Lester GrinspoonLester Grinspoon
CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) "Sensiblewashington.org Domain Acquired By Global Cannabinoid". Global Cannabinoids , ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Grinspoon
Glossary of cannabis termsGlossary of cannabis terms
Two types of cannabinoid receptors have been discovered, including cannabinoid receptor type 1 and cannabinoid receptor type 2 ... See cannabinoids.] cannabinoid receptors Parts of the endocannabinoid system located in cells throughout the body that are ... See cannabinoids.] Thai stick A variety of cannabis flowers from Thailand tied together around a stick. [See cannabis strains ... See cannabinoids.] Cannabis Latin, or scientific name for the entire plant hemp, legally named marijuana, marihuana, ganja or ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_cannabis_terms
Beckley FoundationBeckley Foundation
Studies focusing on the use of cannabinoids for the treatment of opioid addiction and cancer pain will be conducted in Europe, ... Beckley Canopy Therapeutics, based in Oxford, England has raised £7.4 million for the purposes of cannabinoid research and drug ... The two formed Beckley Canopy Therapeutics in Oxford, to raise funds from investors for cannabinoid research and drug ... "Cannabis/Cannabinoids". 11 April 2017. "LSD Home". 12 April 2017. "Psilocybin". 6 April 2017. "Hallucinogenic Amazonian ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckley_Foundation
AminoalkylindoleAminoalkylindole
... s (AAIs) are a family of cannabinergic compound that act as a cannabinoid receptor agonist. They were invented ... Emmanuel S. Onaivi (2006). Marijuana and Cannabinoid Research: Methods and Protocols. Springer. pp. 128-. ISBN 978-1-59259-999- ... 8. "Synthetic Cannabinoids". American Association for Clinical Chemistry. 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2013-11-17. CS1 maint: ... discouraged parameter (link) "Schedules of Controlled Substances: Temporary Placement of Five Synthetic Cannabinoids Into ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoalkylindole
Cannabis in IndiaCannabis in India
Ethan Russo (2006). Raphael Mechoulam (ed.). Cannabis in India: ancient lore and modern medicine (PDF). Cannabinoids as ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_India
Schizoaffective disorderSchizoaffective disorder
A 2009 Yale review stated that in individuals with an established psychotic disorder, cannabinoids can exacerbate symptoms, ... Sewell RA, Ranganathan M, D'Souza DC (April 2009). "Cannabinoids and psychosis". International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizoaffective_disorder
DronabinolDronabinol
... a novel synthetic cannabinoid analog (neocannabinoid) HU-308, a highly potent synthetic cannabinoid CB2 agonist "Can Dronabinol ... synthetic cannabinoid agonists (neocannabinoids) Medical cannabis (pharmaceutical cannabinoids) Epidiolex (prescription form of ... "Cannabis and Cannabinoids (PDQ)". Cancer Topics. National Cancer Institute, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2011- ... "Cannabis and Cannabinoids". National Cancer Institute. 2011-10-24. Retrieved 12 January 2014. Badowski ME (September 2017). "A ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dronabinol
NMDA receptorNMDA receptor
Sánchez-Blázquez, Pilar; Rodríguez-Muñoz, María; Vicente-Sánchez, Ana; Garzón, Javier (2013-11-20). "Cannabinoid Receptors ... Pop E (September 2000). "Nonpsychotropic synthetic cannabinoids". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 6 (13): 1347-1360. doi:10.2174 ... "Nonpsychotropic cannabinoid acts as a functional N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blocker". Proceedings of the National Academy of ... that is found to be prevented by cannabinoids, with requirement of a HINT1 protein to counteract the toxic effects of NMDAR- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptor
CannabidiolCannabidiol
"Cannabinoid Clinical , Cannabinoids Research, Effects, and Uses". CannabinoidClinical.com. Retrieved October 27, 2020. Fischer ... and additional cannabinoid and non-cannabinoid constituents from cannabis sativa plants, was approved by Health Canada in 2005 ... December 2019). "Cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and symptoms of mental disorders: a systematic review and ... "Cannabinoids, searched in the EU Novel food catalogue (v.1.1)". European Commission. January 1, 2019. Retrieved February 1, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabidiol
SeizureSeizure
Gloss, D; Vickrey, B (5 March 2014). "Cannabinoids for epilepsy". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 3 (3): CD009270 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure
PsychosisPsychosis
Sewell RA, Ranganathan M, D'Souza DC (April 2009). "Cannabinoids and psychosis". International Review of Psychiatry. 21 (2): ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis
PsychotomimeticPsychotomimetic
In: ElSohly MA (ed). Marijuana and the cannabinoids. Humana Press Inc: Totowa, New Jersey, 2007. Sagan, Carl. "Mr. X". ... Sewell R. A.; Ranganathan M.; D'Souza D. C. (2009). "Cannabinoids and psychosis". International Review of Psychiatry. 21 (2): ... There is evidence that cannabinoids are psychotomimetic, especially delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). D'Souza et al. (2004) ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotomimetic
DexanabinolDexanabinol
Unlike other cannabinoid derivatives, HU-211 does not act as a cannabinoid receptor agonist, but instead has NMDA antagonist ... Dexanabinol (HU-211 or ETS2101) is a synthetic cannabinoid derivative in development by e-Therapeutics plc. It is the " ... University of California, San Diego "Synthetic Cannabinoid May Be Used as Brain Cancer Treatment". (28 September 2012) ... Darlington CL (October 2003). "Dexanabinol: a novel cannabinoid with neuroprotective properties". IDrugs. 6 (10): 976-9. PMID ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexanabinol
Charlottes Web (cannabis)Charlotte's Web (cannabis)
In 2014, there was little evidence about the safety or efficacy of cannabinoids in the treatment of epilepsy. A 2014 Cochrane ... Robson PJ (2014). "Therapeutic potential of cannabinoid medicines". Drug Test Anal. 6 (1-2): 24-30. doi:10.1002/dta.1529. PMID ... The publicity surrounding anecdotal reports of successful treatment of intractable epilepsy with cannabinoids is likely to lead ... O'Connell, Brooke (May 1, 2017), "Cannabinoids in treatment-resistant epilepsy: A review.", Epilepsy Behav, Epilepsy & Behavior ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte's_Web_(cannabis)
List of unproven and disproven cancer treatmentsList of unproven and disproven cancer treatments
"Cannabis and Cannabinoids". National Cancer Institute. 2019-06-27. "Cancer Salves". American Cancer Society. 7 March 2011. ... Arney, Kat (25 July 2012). "Cannabis, cannabinoids and cancer - the evidence so far". Cancer Research UK. Archived from the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_and_disproven_cancer_treatments
Changes in cannabinoid CB(1) receptor functionality in the female rat prefrontal cortex following a high fat diet.Changes in cannabinoid CB(1) receptor functionality in the female rat prefrontal cortex following a high fat diet.
... Rojo, Maria ... cannabinoid (CB) receptors, high fat diet [S-35] GTP gamma S autoradiography, fatty acid amide hydrolase, monoacylglycerol ...
http://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:679921&language=sv
About synthetic cannabinoidsAbout synthetic cannabinoids
Many synthetic cannabinoids are illegal.. *The federal government has banned many specific synthetic cannabinoids. Many state ... Synthetic cannabinoids can harm your health.. Synthetic cannabinoids can cause severe illness and death.. Synthetic ... Synthetic cannabinoids are not one drug. Hundreds of different synthetic cannabinoid chemicals are manufactured and sold. New ... Synthetic cannabinoids are widely available.. Consumers can buy synthetic cannabinoids in convenience stores, from individual ...
https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/hsb/chemicals/sc/About.html
MCR Labs - Cannabinoids - Google SheetsMCR Labs - Cannabinoids - Google Sheets
These results are relevant to the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects of cannabinoids and Cannabis extracts.. ... Controlled trials of these cannabinoids as adjunctive medication in bipolar disorder are now indicated.. ... as have other cannabinoids such as Cannabichromene (CBC) and the propyl homologs of THC and CBD ... Pure synthetic cannabinoids, such as dronabinol and nabilone and specific plant extracts containing THC, CBD, or amixture of ...
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1LapNK-LrouNQ_1-geoxxbIrt7JhwoXMkfcZr0K4X9vY/edit?usp=sharing
List of JWH cannabinoids - WikipediaList of JWH cannabinoids - Wikipedia
List of miscellaneous designer cannabinoids. References[edit]. *^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ... The John W. Huffman research group at Clemson University synthesized over 450 cannabinoids. Some of those are: Cannabinoids and ... Classification of cannabinoid receptors". Pharmacological Reviews. 54 (2): 161-202. doi:10.1124/pr.54.2.161. PMID 12037135.. ... Marriott KS, Huffman JW (2008). "Recent advances in the development of selective ligands for the cannabinoid CB(2) receptor". ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_JWH_cannabinoids
Synthetic Cannabinoids: What CDC is doingSynthetic Cannabinoids: What CDC is doing
Synthetic cannabinoid products usually consist of various man-made chemicals. Users smoke these products, often as an ... HSB scientists also monitor poison center data for clusters of calls related to synthetic cannabinoid use across the country. ... More than 200 people sought care at several Colorado hospitals for synthetic cannabinoid-related illnesses over a four-week ... Read on for some examples of synthetic cannabinoid-related activities led by HSB scientists and about HSB-assisted ...
https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/hsb/chemicals/sc/What_CDC_is_Doing.html
Cannabinoids and atherosclerosis. - PubMed - NCBICannabinoids and atherosclerosis. - PubMed - NCBI
Discovery of endogenous cannabinoids and studies of the physiological functions of the cannabinoid system in the brain and body ... Cannabinoids and atherosclerosis.. Fisar Z1.. Author information. 1. Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine, ... The role of lipid membranes in the cannabinoid system follows from the fact that the source and supply of endogenous ... The study of molecules which influence the cannabinoid system in the brain and body is crucial in search of medical ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19591373
Erowid Cannabinoids VaultErowid Cannabinoids Vault
Information about natural and synthetic cannabinoids including basics, effects, dosage, history, legal status, photos, research ... Novel synthetic cannabinoids and cannabinoid receptor agonists gained popularity in the late 2000s when they began being sold ... The experience of using synthetic cannabinoids [...] - European Psychiatry, 2016. Death after Use of the Synthetic Cannabinoid ... Cannabinoids are a class of chemicals, with structure or activity similar to those found naturally in the cannabis plant. ...
https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/cannabinoids/cannabinoids.shtml
Anticancer mechanisms of cannabinoids. - PubMed - NCBIAnticancer mechanisms of cannabinoids. - PubMed - NCBI
CB1 = cannabinoid CB1 receptor; CB2 = cannabinoid CB2 receptor; SPT = serine palmitoyltransferase; elF2α = eukaryotic ... cannabinoid CB1 receptor; CB2 = cannabinoid CB2 receptor; AREG = amphiregulin; ER stress = endoplasmic reticular stress; ERK = ... Anticancer mechanisms of cannabinoids.. Velasco G1, Sánchez C2, Guzmán M3. ... In addition, cannabinoids inhibit angiogenesis and decrease metastasis in various tumour types in laboratory animals. In this ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27022311
Cannabinoids as Therapeutics | Raphael Mechoulam | SpringerCannabinoids as Therapeutics | Raphael Mechoulam | Springer
Most volumes published on cannabinoids so far concentrate on the biological activity, biochemistry and pharmacology, ... cannabis research has concentrated on the potential of cannabinoids as therapeutic substances, particularly in serious chronic ... Cannabinoids as Therapeutics. Editors. * Raphael Mechoulam Series Title. Milestones in Drug Therapy. Copyright. 2005. Publisher ... He published extensively on the pharmacological activities of cannabinoids. The volume is of interest to researchers and ...
https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783764370558?utm_campaign=bookpage_about_buyonpublisherssite&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=springerlink
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Cannabinoids | SpringerLinkPharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Cannabinoids | SpringerLink
Cannabinoids exert many effects through activation of G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors in the brain and peripheral ... Hampson A. Cannabinoids as neuroprotectants against ischemia. In: Grotenhermen F, Russo E, editors. Cannabis and cannabinoids: ... Hemodynamic effects of cannabinoids: coronary and cerebral vasodilation mediated by cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Eur J Pharmacol ... 2000 Symposium on the Cannabinoids. Burlington (VT): International Cannabinoid Research Society: 2000, 115Google Scholar ...
https://link.springer.com/article/10.2165/00003088-200342040-00003
Marijuana or Synthetic Cannabinoids for HeadacheMarijuana or Synthetic Cannabinoids for Headache
Novel compounds with cannabinoid-like mechanisms of action may hold promise for patients with headaches that are refractory to ... Table 1. Location and Characteristics of Cannabinoid Receptors in Humans. Cannabinoid Receptor. Location. Role. ... Cannabinoids may also exert an effect on headache through mechanisms that do not involve cannabinoid receptors, for example ... Cannabinoids are active in areas of the brain known to be involved in migraine pathophysiology, including areas suspected of ...
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/738529_2
Natures (Legal) Cannabinoids - NORMLNature's (Legal) Cannabinoids - NORML
Cannabinoids are clearly medicinal to our bodies. But there is a strange distinction between which cannabinoids are effective ... 2. Herbal cannabinoids, the kind found in the cannabis sativa plant. 3. Synthetic cannabinoids, produced and distributed by ... Marinol is a prescribed cannabinoid from my doctor - and I am going to test it against the herbal cannabinoids I have been ... One thing is for sure: synthetic cannabinoids do not look anything like herbal cannabinoids - the ones from the plant itself. ...
https://norml.org/blog/2010/02/21/natures-legal-cannabinoids/comment-page-2/
Pharmacogenetics of Cannabinoids | SpringerLinkPharmacogenetics of Cannabinoids | SpringerLink
The list of diseases in which cannabinoids are promoted as a treatment is... ... Although the application of medical marijuana and cannabinoid drugs is controversial, it is a part of modern-day medicine. ... 3.3 Cannabinoids Metabolism Genes. Cannabinoids metabolite formation is enzyme-depended, what was confirmed by simple ... The keywords: cannabinoids polymorphisms, cannabinoids candidate genes, cannabis, medical cannabis, and addiction were used. ...
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13318-017-0416-z
Cannabinoid Hyperemesis SyndromeCannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome
Learn more about this condition associated with cannabinoid overuse, and find out how to effectively manage these patients who ... Introduction: Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is an entity associated with cannabinoid overuse. CHS typically presents ... Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome. Public Health Implications and a Novel Model Treatment Guideline. ... Recurrent patient presentations for abdominal pain with nausea/vomiting associated with chronic cannabinoid use may represent ...
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/894818
Endogenous cannabinoid signalingEndogenous cannabinoid signaling
... Various drugs of abuse have effects on our brains because they resemble the neurotransmitters ... Endogenous cannabinoid signaling * 1. Endogenous Cannabinoid SignalingVarious drugs of abuse have effects on our brains because ... 3. CannabidiolCannabidiol is a component of marijuana that does not activate cannabinoid receptors, but inhibits thedegradation ... etc.The endogenous cannabinoid signaling (ECS) is a complex endogenous signaling system comprised ofCannabinoid receptors (CB1 ...
https://www.slideshare.net/adonissfera/endogenous-cannabinoid-signaling
Cannabinoid receptor type 2 - WikipediaCannabinoid receptor type 2 - Wikipedia
The cannabinoid receptor type 2, abbreviated as CB2, is a G protein-coupled receptor from the cannabinoid receptor family that ... CNR2, CB-2, CB2, CX5, Cannabinoid receptor type 2, cannabinoid receptor 2. ... "Entrez Gene: CNR2 cannabinoid receptor 2 (macrophage)".. *^ a b Elphick MR, Egertová M (Mar 2001). "The neurobiology and ... cannabinoid receptor activity. Cellular component. • integral component of membrane. • perikaryon. • cell projection. • ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CB2_receptor
How might cannabinoids influence sexual behavior? | PNASHow might cannabinoids influence sexual behavior? | PNAS
Two cannabinoid receptors have been identified at the molecular level, with a possible third cannabinoid receptor that has been ... used a high-affinity radioactive cannabinoid ligand, [3H]CP-55,940, to demonstrate the existence of a specific cannabinoid ... and under which circumstances are these endogenous cannabinoid ligands produced? Are there different endogenous cannabinoid ... The presence of cannabinoid receptors in different tissues, and the diversity of the biological effects produced by THC suggest ...
https://www.pnas.org/content/98/3/793.full
Drug interactions with cannabinoids | CMAJDrug interactions with cannabinoids | CMAJ
Drug interactions with cannabinoids. Tony Antoniou, Jack Bodkin and Joanne M.-W. Ho ... Cannabinoids can affect levels of other drugs. Cannabidiol inhibits CYP2C19, increasing levels of the active metabolite of ... Cannabinoid levels can be increased by other medications. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol are ... The pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018;84:2477-82. ...
https://www.cmaj.ca/content/192/9/E206
The More Cannabinoids the BetterThe More Cannabinoids the Better
... but should you use cannabinoids on their own or combine the benefits of these Cannabis ... ... Youve heard about the individual benefits of cannabinoids like CBD and THC, ... Dozens of different cannabinoids have been discovered, and most of them are copies or analogs of around eight core cannabinoids ... Do cannabinoids work better when you use them together?. For decades, cannabis scientists examined the benefits of cannabinoids ...
https://www.selfgrowth.com/articles/the-more-cannabinoids-the-better
Body May Use Cannabinoids to Make Placebos Work | WIREDBody May Use Cannabinoids to Make Placebos Work | WIRED
From this we can infer that blocking cannabinoid signaling through CB1 has no effect on the type of pain being measured. ... CB1 is activated in the body by a molecule called anandamide, and its also the same receptor that cannabinoids activate. ... This suggests that cannabinoids are playing an important role in nonopioid preconditioned placebo effects. ... Now, evidence has emerged that suggests an additional effect results from the cannabinoid pathway, according to a publication ...
https://www.wired.com/2011/10/cannabinoids-placebos-pain/
Cannabinoid-Rezeptor 1 - WikipediaCannabinoid-Rezeptor 1 - Wikipedia
Shim JY, Welsh WJ, Howlett AC: "Homology model of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor: sites critical for nonclassical cannabinoid ... Der Cannabinoid-Rezeptor 1 (oder offiziell kurz: CNR1, oder alternative abgekürzte Bezeichnungen: CB1, CNR, CB-R, CB1A, CANN6, ... a b C. S. Breivogel, G. Griffin, V. Di Marzo, B. R. Martin: Evidence for a new G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptor in mouse ... Cannabinoid-Rezeptor 2. Literatur[Bearbeiten , Quelltext bearbeiten]. * G. A. Thakur, S. P. Nikas, A. Makriyannis: CB1 ...
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid-Rezeptor_1
cannabinoid | Benzingacannabinoid | Benzinga
cannabinoid, Cannabis, Fragile X, News, ZYN002, ZYNE Zynerba Pops On Positive Phase 2 Data For ZYN002 In Fragile X Thursday, ... cannabinoid, Cannabis, Epidiolex, Government, GWPH, HMLSF Experts Weigh In On Medical Cannabis Products Now Available In The UK ... cannabinoid, Cannabis, CBIS, drugs, GWPH, healthcare 3 Pharma Companies Investing In Cannabis-Related Treatments Thursday, ... cannabinoid, Cannabis, epilepsy, GWPH, News, ZYN002 Zynerba Pharmaceuticals Volatile After Epilepsy Study Results Monday, ...
https://www.benzinga.com/topic/cannabinoid
cannabinoids : Biofuels Digestcannabinoids : Biofuels Digest
Tag: cannabinoids. Plants without the plant? A look at cannabinoids made with yeasts instead of plants. September 6, 2020 , ... Cannabinoid, meet biochem - Lygos acquires Librede to scale up and commercialize cannabinoid production. January 18, 2020 , ... While Cheech and Chong now say that marijuanas coolness is gone, cannabinoids on the other hand are taking off like crazy and ... Amyris seals $255 million development and commercialization deal for cannabinoids. February 6, 2019 , Meghan Sapp ...
https://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/tag/cannabinoids/
Marijuana and the Cannabinoids | Mahmoud A. ElSohly | SpringerMarijuana and the Cannabinoids | Mahmoud A. ElSohly | Springer
Human Cannabinoid Pharmacokinetics and Interpretation of Cannabinoid Concentrations in Biological Fluids and Tissues ... Marijuana and the Cannabinoids. Editors. * Mahmoud A. ElSohly Series Title. Forensic Science and Medicine. Copyright. 2007. ... The purpose of Marijuana and the Cannabinoids is to present in a single volume the comprehensive knowledge and experience of ... medical doctors who are prescribing or thinking of prescribing cannabinoids; and police officers who are giving expert ...
https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9781588294562
Cannabinoids and chemotherapy in combination kill cancer cellsCannabinoids and chemotherapy in combination kill cancer cells
Cannabinoids and leukemia. A number of cannabinoids have also been shown to successfully fight leukemia cells. Leukemia is a ... Cannabinoids may hold the key to effective leukemia treatment. Cannabinoids, also known as phytocannabinoids, act as ... For instance, cannabinoid delta-9-THC can damage or kill liver cancer cells. Similarly, cannabidiol is effective against ... Using cannabinoids could potentially allow clinicians to reduce the dose of chemotherapy while retaining its anti-cancer ...
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317798.php?iacp
Cannabinoids and chemotherapy in combination kill cancer cellsCannabinoids and chemotherapy in combination kill cancer cells
Cannabinoids and leukemia. A number of cannabinoids have also been shown to successfully fight leukemia cells. Leukemia is a ... Cannabinoids may hold the key to effective leukemia treatment. Cannabinoids, also known as phytocannabinoids, act as ... It is my hypothesis that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is the natural ligand of cannabinoid receptors. When cannabinoids occupy ... For instance, cannabinoid delta-9-THC can damage or kill liver cancer cells. Similarly, cannabidiol is effective against ...
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317798.php
Clinical use of cannabinoids: Ingenta ConnectClinical use of cannabinoids: Ingenta Connect
The use of cannabinoids is only indicated for chronic pain and not for acute pain. An important basic principle of therapy is ... Cannabinoids are an interesting possibility for pain therapy as add-on therapy, if no sufficient pain relief can be achieved ... With older patients the lowest dosage of cannabinoids should be initially used. Similar to opioids, the risks of misuse should ...
https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/govi/pmakon/2017/00000005/00000002/art00009
Cannabinoids and the Brain | IndieBound.orgCannabinoids and the Brain | IndieBound.org
A review of the scientific evidence on the effects of cannabinoids on brain and behavioral functioning, with an emphasis on ... In this book, Linda Parker offers a review of the scientific evidence on the effects of cannabinoids on brain and behavioral ... Parker reviews the evidence on cannabinoids and anxiety, depression, mood, sleep, schizophrenia, learning and memory, addiction ... and the further discovery of cannabinoid receptors in the brain. She explains that the brain produces chemicals similar to THC ...
https://www.indiebound.org/book/9780262536608
Synthetic cannabinoids - WikipediaSynthetic cannabinoids - Wikipedia
Because synthetic cannabinoid molecular structures differ from THC and other illegal cannabinoids, synthetic cannabinoids were ... Synthetic cannabinoids were made for cannabinoid research focusing on tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabinoid receptors, and ... There are five major categories for synthetic cannabinoids: classical cannabinoids, non-classical cannabinoids, hybrid ... making synthetic cannabinoids designer drugs. Most synthetic cannabinoids are agonists of the cannabinoid receptors. They have ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_cannabinoids
Global Cannabinoids - WikipediaGlobal Cannabinoids - Wikipedia
Global Cannabinoids is a bulk and wholesale B2B online distribution platform for USA grown hemp derived cannabinoid products. ... "Global Cannabinoids offering customization of rare cannabinoids". Store Brands. "Global Hemp Seed Extract Market 2020 Key ... "How to Overcome Business Growth Challenges". Global Cannabinoids. "Global Cannabinoids Retains Fortis Law Partners of Denver, ... The Global Cannabinoids database has over 70,000 customers and has developed a proprietary algorithm to analyze data across the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Cannabinoids
MarijuanaEndocannabinoid systemReceptors in the brainEndocannabinoidsCannabidiolPsychoactiveDifferent cannabinoids have been isolatedAgonistsEndogenous cannabDronabinolEfficacyPharmacologicalAnandamide2016TetrahydrocannabinolPhytocannabinoidsEffectsBenefits of cannabinoidsRole of the cannabinoid system2019MechanismsNabiloneLigandsClassical cannabinoidsTerpenesMedicinalDrugsBrainSynthetic cannabinoid JWH-018Products containing synthetic cLinked to synthetic cannabinoidsDiscovery of cannabinoid receptorsNauseaTypes of cannabinoidsAntagonistsHemp derived cannabinoidsPlant-derived cannabinoidsOptimizing cannabinoid-based2018ChemicalsType of cannabinoidApplication of CannabinoidsClinical trialsSubstancesTherapeutic potentialMultiple sclerosisHumansEndo cannabinoidLong each cannabinoidExposure to cannabinoidsCannabis or cannabinoidsSuggests that cannabinoidsPotential for cannabinoidsEvaluation of cannabinoidsPharmacology of CannabinoidsEffectiveness of cannabinoidsInflammationMoleculesReceptor typeCompounds calledSymptomsAgonist
Marijuana37
  • These chemicals are called cannabinoids because they act on the same brain cell receptors as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main active ingredient in marijuana . (cdc.gov)
  • In fact, synthetic cannabinoids may affect the brain in different and unpredictable ways compared to marijuana. (cdc.gov)
  • Although the application of medical marijuana and cannabinoid drugs is controversial, it is a part of modern-day medicine. (springer.com)
  • Knowledge based on proteins and molecules involved in the transport, action, and metabolism of cannabinoids in the human organism leads us to predict candidate genes which variations are responsible for the presence of the therapeutic and side effects of medical marijuana and cannabinoid-based drugs. (springer.com)
  • 3. CannabidiolCannabidiol is a component of marijuana that does not activate cannabinoid receptors, but inhibits thedegradation of the endo cannabinoid anandamide by inhibiting FAAH. (slideshare.net)
  • They have been designed to be similar to THC, the natural cannabinoid with the strongest binding affinity to the CB1 receptor, which is linked to the psychoactive effects or "high" of marijuana. (wikipedia.org)
  • The purpose of Marijuana and the Cannabinoids is to present in a single volume the comprehensive knowledge and experience of renowned researchers and scientists. (springer.com)
  • A large-scale review that evaluated the medical efficacy of cannabinoids - the active chemical compounds in marijuana - across a range of conditions found there is moderate evidence to support the use of cannabinoids for the treatment of chronic pain and spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis. (bristol.ac.uk)
  • The purpose of this study was to compare the behavioral risk correlates of synthetic cannabinoid use with those among marijuana users. (aappublications.org)
  • Students who ever used synthetic cannabinoids had a significantly greater likelihood of engaging in each of the behaviors in the substance use and sexual risk domains compared with students who ever used marijuana only. (aappublications.org)
  • Students who ever used synthetic cannabinoids were more likely than students who ever used marijuana only to have used marijuana before age 13 years, to have used marijuana ≥1 times during the past 30 days, and to have used marijuana ≥20 times during the past 30 days. (aappublications.org)
  • Several injury/violence behaviors were more prevalent among students who ever used synthetic cannabinoids compared with students who ever used marijuana only. (aappublications.org)
  • Health professionals and school-based substance use prevention programs should include strategies focused on the prevention of both synthetic cannabinoids and marijuana. (aappublications.org)
  • Although the effects of synthetic cannabinoids are similar to marijuana, synthetic cannabinoids can be more potent and may result in adverse health effects not commonly observed with marijuana. (aappublications.org)
  • Furthermore, this study shows that synthetic cannabinoid use is associated with a higher prevalence of health risk behaviors than observed with marijuana use alone. (aappublications.org)
  • 1 , 3 , 4 , 15 Users of synthetic cannabinoids have cited several motivations for use, such as an expectation that it may provide a more intense high than that experienced with marijuana, affordability, ease of access, to avoid detection from standard drug tests, and the belief that it is safe. (aappublications.org)
  • Since the mid 2000's researchers have been building an appreciation for the power of marijuana-like substances that make up the brain's cannabinoid systems. (time.com)
  • Still, Gary Wenk, professor of neuroscience, immunology and medical genetics at Ohio State University, who conducted some of the research Bilkei-Gorzo included in the review, is aware of the delicate nature of cannabinoid research, given the controversial nature of medical marijuana issues. (time.com)
  • Cannabinoids, the active components of marijuana and their derivatives, induce tumor regression in rodents (8). (nih.gov)
  • Marijuana, or cannabinoids, may be one such agent. (cochrane.org)
  • This review assessed the efficacy of marijuana, or cannabinoids, as a treatment for epilepsy. (cochrane.org)
  • Cannabis , also known as marijuana , is a plant grown in many parts of the world which produces a resin containing compounds called cannabinoids . (cancer.gov)
  • Vaporizer technology seeks to heat marijuana to a point where cannabinoid vapors form, but below the point of combustion. (norml.org)
  • Today, Meiri heads the Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research at The Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, where researchers focus on the effects of cannabinoids, the chemical compounds found in marijuana, on the movement and growth of cancer cells in the body. (cjnews.com)
  • Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary psychoactive substance, although the marijuana plant contains many related cannabinoid compounds. (healthy.net)
  • Scientists provided a detailed view of the primary molecule through which cannabinoids-the active compounds in marijuana-exert their effects on the brain. (nih.gov)
  • The Cannabis sativa plant, also known as marijuana, contains compounds called cannabinoids, which can act on the brain to affect mood or consciousness. (nih.gov)
  • Superimposed on the shadow of a marijuana leaf and artistic smoke, the molecular structure of the cannabinoid receptor CB1 is shown as a yellow ribbon with the bound stabilizing antagonist. (eurekalert.org)
  • These findings provide key insights into how natural and synthetic cannabinoids including tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)--a primary chemical in marijuana--bind at the CB1 receptor to produce their effects. (eurekalert.org)
  • There is considerable interest in the possible therapeutic uses of marijuana and its constituent cannabinoid compounds. (eurekalert.org)
  • A new study shows how increased coffee consumption interacts with the endocannabinoid system, which the body uses to process cannabinoids found in marijuana. (bigthink.com)
  • A study from researchers at Northwestern University showed that increased coffee consumption alters more metabolites than previously thought, and decreases those from the body's endocannabinoid system, which processes cannabinoids found in marijuana. (bigthink.com)
  • In the first prospective study of synthetic cannabinoids or SCs - the group of chemicals that mimic the effects of marijuana - researchers have found that symptoms of depression, drinking alcohol, or using marijuana were linked to an increased risk of SC use one year later. (medindia.net)
  • Synthetic cannabinoids are a large group of chemicals that are similar to THC, the active ingredient in marijuana that produces its hallmark effects. (medindia.net)
  • The researchers say that the most rapid way to develop an antidote would be to re-develop one of the slimming drugs, known as rimonabant, which also blocks the cannabinoid system on which marijuana acts. (medindia.net)
  • These Non-Marijuana Plants Contain Cannabinoids! (davidwolfe.com)
  • Synthetic cannabinoids are not actually substitutes for marijuana, though their name may imply that, Nelson told Live Science. (scientificamerican.com)
Endocannabinoid system7
  • [ 1 , 2 ] CB 1 and CB 2 receptors and naturally occurring cannabinoids are sometimes referred to as the "endocannabinoid system. (medscape.com)
  • By the late 1980s, science identified a new human system - the endocannabinoid system (ECS) - also referred to as the cannabinoid system. (norml.org)
  • Scientists believe that cannabinoids interact with a cluster of regulatory mechanisms in the body known as the endocannabinoid system, and each cannabinoid appears to interact with the endocannabinoid system in a different way. (selfgrowth.com)
  • Full-length descriptions of original research on cannabis, cannabinoids, and the endocannabinoid system. (liebertpub.com)
  • A cannabinoid is one of a class of diverse chemical compounds that acts on cannabinoid receptors , also known as the endocannabinoid system in cells that alter neurotransmitter release in the brain . (wikipedia.org)
  • The 21st century will witness the unprecedented marketing of therapeutic drugs developed from cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system. (booktopia.com.au)
  • Rather, they contain cannabinoids known as endocannabinoids due to their positive interaction with the endocannabinoid system. (davidwolfe.com)
Receptors in the brain7
  • Cannabinoids exert many effects through activation of G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors in the brain and peripheral tissues. (springer.com)
  • Cannabinoids, also known as phytocannabinoids, act as cannabinoid receptors in the brain. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Parker describes the discovery of tetrahydocannbinol (THC), the main psychoactive component of cannabis, and the further discovery of cannabinoid receptors in the brain. (indiebound.org)
  • Section V on neuropharmacologic aspects includes studies on the discriminative stimulus properties of THC and the effects of cannabinoids on neurotransmitter receptors in the brain. (elsevier.com)
  • In a story very similar to the discovery of opiate receptors in the brain, cannabinoid receptors have been discovered along with their endogenous cannabinoids, representing the largest neurotransmitter system in the brain and immune system. (opednews.com)
  • It seemed likely that something similar was happening with THC and the cannabinoid receptors in the brain and the immune system. (opednews.com)
  • Despite their structural differences, psychoactive synthetic cannabinoids bind with high affinity to CB1 receptors in the brain and, when tested, have been shown to activate these receptors and to produce a characteristic profile of effects, including suppression of locomotor activity, antinociception, hypothermia, and catalepsy, as well as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-like discriminative stimulus effects in mice. (rti.org)
Endocannabinoids11
  • Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research is the only peer-reviewed journal dedicated to the scientific, medical, and psychosocial exploration of clinical cannabis, cannabinoids, and the biochemical mechanisms of endocannabinoids. (liebertpub.com)
  • Furthermore, the existence of endogenous ligands that bind to these receptors (termed "endocannabinoids") has also been demonstrated, pointing towards the pharmacological and physiological importance of cannabinoid receptors. (news-medical.net)
  • The psychoactive cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L. and the arachidonic acid-derived endocannabinoids are nonselective natural ligands for cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB 1 ) and CB 2 receptors. (pnas.org)
  • The inaugural symposium, to be held in Medellín, Colombia , will provide the opportunity to medical practitioners to expand their knowledge about the therapeutic possibilities of cannabinoids, endocannabinoids, plants and synthetics in the treatment of various types of diseases. (prnewswire.com)
  • Synthetic cannabinoids encompass a variety of distinct chemical classes: the classical cannabinoids structurally related to THC, the nonclassical cannabinoids (cannabimimetics) including the aminoalkylindoles , 1,5-diarylpyrazoles, quinolines , and arylsulfonamides as well as eicosanoids related to endocannabinoids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Moreover, the antiinflammatory actions of P-gp-secreted endocannabinoids were mediated by peripheral cannabinoid receptor CB2 on neutrophils. (jci.org)
  • Whether elevated blood levels of plant-derived cannabinoids (resulting from cannabis use) offset the lower levels of endocannabinoids produced by the body naturally (in response to coffee) or vice versa is unknown but one can imagine this might impact the effects of either substance/beverage," Cornelis told ZME Science. (bigthink.com)
  • A cannabinoid receptor antagonist , also known simply as a cannabinoid antagonist or as an anticannabinoid , is a type of cannabinoidergic drug that binds to cannabinoid receptors (CBR) and prevents their activation by endocannabinoids . (wikipedia.org)
  • The endogenous cannabinoid system includes cannabinoid receptors, their endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids) and enzymes for their synthesis and degradation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Endocannabinoids are eicosanoids acting as agonists for cannabinoid receptors, and they occur naturally in the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • The chemical definition encompasses a variety of distinct chemical classes: the classical cannabinoids structurally related to THC, the nonclassical cannabinoids, the aminoalkylindoles , the eicosanoids related to the endocannabinoids, 1,5-diarylpyrazoles , quinolines and arylsulphonamides and additional compounds that do not fall into these standard classes but bind to cannabinoid receptors. (wikidoc.org)
Cannabidiol13
  • However, its acid metabolite THC-COOH, the non-psychotropic cannabidiol (CBD), several cannabinoid analogues and newly discovered modulators of the endogenous cannabinoid system are also promising candidates for clinical research and therapeutic uses. (springer.com)
  • Delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is intoxicating, is perhaps the most famous cannabinoid, and various non-intoxicating cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG), and cannabinol (CBN) are rapidly gaining popularity around the world. (selfgrowth.com)
  • Combining chemotherapy with cannabinoids provided better results than giving chemotherapy alone, or the combination of cannabidiol and THC. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • To date, over 120 different cannabinoids have been isolated, the most notably of which include tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) . (news-medical.net)
  • Another active cannabinoid is cannabidiol (CBD), which may relieve pain, lower inflammation , and decrease anxiety without causing the "high" of delta-9-THC (see Question 2). (oncolink.org)
  • Hemp oil or cannabidiol (CBD) are products made from extracts of industrial hemp, while hemp seed oil is an edible fatty oil that contains only scant or no cannabinoids. (oncolink.org)
  • Another active cannabinoid is cannabidiol (CBD). (oncolink.org)
  • The best studied cannabinoids include tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinol (CBN). (wikipedia.org)
  • Medicinal cannabinoids include medicinal cannabis and pharmaceutical cannabinoids, and their synthetic derivatives, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • Rather, these claims are of varying scope and recite specific numerical percentages directed to highly purified extracts containing terpenes, flavonoids, and other cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCa) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDa). (ipwatchdog.com)
  • [1] [2] Cannabidiol (CBD), a naturally occurring cannabinoid, is a non-competitive CB 1 /CB 2 receptor antagonist. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinol (CBN) are the most prevalent natural cannabinoids and have received the most study. (wikidoc.org)
  • This study aims to assess the safety, tolerability and efficacy of cannabinoids mix [cannabidiol (CBD), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in a 20:1 ratio, BOL Pharma, Israel] for behavioral problems in children and youth with ASD. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Psychoactive10
  • The major psychoactive compound in cannabis is Δ9-tetrayhydrocannabinol (THC), which has partial agonist activity at the 2 known cannabinoid receptors in humans - CB 1 and CB 2 . (medscape.com)
  • [5] [6] It is closely related to the cannabinoid receptor type 1 , which is largely responsible for the efficacy of endocannabinoid-mediated presynaptic-inhibition, the psychoactive properties of tetrahydrocannabinol , the active agent in cannabis , and other phytocannabinoids (plant cannabinoids). (wikipedia.org)
  • Synthetic cannabinoid components of 'Spice' (a non-exhaustive list): Most blends consist of synthetic cannabinoids sprayed onto inert vegetable matter, but some contain other psychoactive substances, including psychoactive herbs, e.g. (wikipedia.org)
  • The main psychoactive cannabinoid in Cannabis is delta-9-THC. (oncolink.org)
  • Some cannabinoids are psychoactive (affecting your mind or mood). (oncolink.org)
  • Some cannabinoids are psychoactive (acting on the brain and changing mood or consciousness) (see Question 1 ). (cancer.gov)
  • The most notable cannabinoid is the phytocannabinoid tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive compound in cannabis . (wikipedia.org)
  • Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (commonly referred to as 'synthetic cannabinoids') are a group of substances that mimic the effects of (-)- trans -Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is the substance that is primarily responsible for the major psychoactive effects of cannabis. (europa.eu)
  • Selective cannabinoid activators would likely not have the psychoactive side effects associated with Marinol or other non-selective cannabinoid activators. (medpagetoday.com)
  • There's a lot more to cannabinoids than their psychoactive effect. (davidwolfe.com)
Different cannabinoids have been isolated2
  • At least 113 different cannabinoids have been isolated from the Cannabis plant [4] To the right, the main classes of cannabinoids from Cannabis are shown [ citation needed ] . (wikipedia.org)
  • More than 60 different cannabinoids have been isolated from cannabis, the most prominent of which include THC and CBD. (cmaj.ca)
Agonists15
  • Cannabinoid agonists (Δ9-THC, HU-210) and the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor, URB-597, suppress conditioned gaping reactions (nausea) in rats as they suppress vomiting in emetic species. (google.com)
  • Novel synthetic cannabinoids and cannabinoid receptor agonists gained popularity in the late 2000s when they began being sold in herbal smoking blends as cannabis replacements. (erowid.org)
  • Most synthetic cannabinoids are agonists of the cannabinoid receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • NMS Labs has responded to the recent explosive growth in popularity of synthetic cannabinoid agonists in so-called "herbal blends" by developing new tests for the active chemicals in botanical material, and most recently for the parent drugs and their metabolites in blood and urine. (slideshare.net)
  • The drugs were developed in the 1980's and 1990's as potential cannabinoid agonists that might possess some of the advantageous effects of cannabis, appetite stimulation, and anti- nausea properties, blood pressure, and much flaunted as adjuncts in cancer pain therapy, without the euphoric intoxicating effects for which the drug was popular recreationally. (slideshare.net)
  • There is convincing evidence that mammalian tissues express at least two types of cannabinoid receptor, CB1 and CB2, and that the endogenous cannabinoid, anandamide, and certain other eicosanoid agonists for known cannabinoid receptors can also activate vanilloid (VR1) receptors. (ingentaconnect.com)
  • Endogenous agonists specific for cannabinoid receptors are all eicosanoids. (news-medical.net)
  • The cannabinoid receptor agonists that have been used extensively in pharmacological experiments show equal binding affinity for both CB1 and CB2 receptors, or show merely marginal CB1 or CB2 selectivity. (news-medical.net)
  • There is increasing evidence to suggest that cannabinoid drugs, i.e. cannabinoid receptor agonists, can also have anti-epileptic effects, at least in some cases and in some parts of the brain. (nih.gov)
  • This review explores the question of whether cannabinoid receptor agonists are likely to be pro- or anti-epileptic in the cochlear nucleus and therefore whether cannabinoids and Cannabis itself are likely to make tinnitus better or worse. (nih.gov)
  • Pertwee RG: Emerging strategies for exploiting cannabinoid receptor agonists as medicines. (aerzteblatt.de)
  • While the various cannabinoids have been examined in a variety of cancer models, recent studies have focused on the role of cannabinoid receptor agonists (both CB(1) and CB(2)) in the treatment of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • And Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), a naturally occurring cannabinoid, modulate the effects of THC via direct blockade of cannabinoid CB 1 receptors, thus behaving like first-generation CB 1 receptor inverse agonists, such as rimonabant . (wikipedia.org)
  • [1] [10] Once cannabinoid receptors had been discovered, it became important to establish whether their agonists occur naturally in the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • therapeutic uses of agonists and antagonists of cannabinoids receptors. (booktopia.com.au)
Endogenous cannab1
  • The endogenous cannabinoid system-named for the plant that led to its discovery-is one of the most important physiologic systems involved in establishing and maintaining human health. (dana.org)
Dronabinol6
  • THC and the synthetic cannabinoid drug dronabinol also are both active at the CB 1 and CB 2 receptors. (medscape.com)
  • At present, there are few published reports in the medical literature regarding the possible therapeutic benefits of naturally occurring cannabis or cannabinoid drugs such as dronabinol for the treatment of migraine, cluster headache, or other headache types. (medscape.com)
  • Two cannabinoid drugs ( dronabinol and nabilone ) are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the prevention or treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy (see Question 6 and Question 8). (oncolink.org)
  • Insys holds the license to use Senzer's device to deliver the cannabinoid, Dronabinol, in the US and the trial is part of its goal to achieve regulatory approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (newswire.ca)
  • 3 Dronabinol (Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol, one of the main ingredients in cannabis) and the synthetic cannabinoid compound nabilone are available by prescription in some countries. (bmj.com)
  • There are currently 2 cannabinoids available by prescription in the United States: dronabinol (Marinol) and nabilone (Cesamet). (psychiatrictimes.com)
Efficacy9
  • Robust genetic associations with cannabinoids efficacy and adverse effects have not yet been studied extensively. (springer.com)
  • Anandamide behaves as a partial agonist of cannabinoid receptors with slightly greater CB1 than CB2 affinity, but with much lower CB2 than CB1 efficacy . (news-medical.net)
  • No reliable conclusions can be drawn at present regarding the efficacy of cannabinoids as a treatment for epilepsy. (cochrane.org)
  • To assess the efficacy and safety of cannabinoids when used as monotherapy or add-on treatment for people with epilepsy. (cochrane.org)
  • The investigators' goal is to study the efficacy of cannabinoids as a potential treatment for TIPN. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • In order to do so, the company must undertake extensive clinical trials designed to prove both the safety and efficacy of cannabinoid-based compounds given that only a handful of synthetic compounds have been approved by government regulatory bodies thus far. (yahoo.com)
  • Although the blockade of cannabinoid type-1 receptor (CB1) had been suggested as a therapeutical means against CIAPS, the use of orthosteric CB1 receptor full antagonists is strongly limited by undesired side effects and low efficacy. (nature.com)
  • Some medical professionals and patients argue that cannabinoids have marked analgesic properties, while other physicians, who cite the still relatively scant literature supporting their use, are skeptical about their efficacy, especially in comparison with other currently available analgesics. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • Although no cannabinoids are currently FDA-approved as analgesics, there is ongoing research on their efficacy. (psychiatrictimes.com)
Pharmacological7
  • He published extensively on the pharmacological activities of cannabinoids. (springer.com)
  • CB 2 was cloned in 1993 by a research group from Cambridge looking for a second cannabinoid receptor that could explain the pharmacological properties of tetrahydrocannabinol . (wikipedia.org)
  • Evidence is now also emerging that in addition to these established receptors for cannabinoids, other pharmacological targets for eicosanoid and / or non-eicosanoid cannabinoids are present in neuronal or non-neuronal tissues that include brain, spinal cord, microglial cells, heart, certain arteries, small intestine, vas deferens and peritoneum. (ingentaconnect.com)
  • Since cannabinoids are characterized by low water and high lipid solubility, their pharmacological properties were classically ascribed to the perturbation of biological membranes and their phospholipid components. (news-medical.net)
  • The different pharmacological effects associated with the cannabinoids present within the cannabis plant, particularly THC and CBD, have led researchers to become increasingly interested in producing these products for commercial purposes. (news-medical.net)
  • [4] These findings raised further questions about the pharmacological and physiological role of the cannabinoid system. (wikipedia.org)
  • [1] The term cannabinoids also refers to a unique group of secondary metabolites found in the cannabis plant, which are responsible for the plant's peculiar pharmacological effects. (wikidoc.org)
Anandamide4
  • CB1 is activated in the body by a molecule called anandamide, and it's also the same receptor that cannabinoids activate. (wired.com)
  • and as far as cannabinoids recieving more attention, well if I can charm my head of my department, THC/anandamide-mediated neurotoxicity is hopefully what I'll do my masters on. (bio.net)
  • Mechoulam also discovered the first endogenous endo-cannabinoid in 1992, Anandamide, meaning bliss . (opednews.com)
  • This search led to the discovery of the first endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid), anandamide (arachidonoyl ethanolamide). (wikipedia.org)
20162
  • Cannabinoid drug developer GW Pharmaceuticals PLC- ADR (NASDAQ: GWPH) is ending an eventful 2016 on a high note. (benzinga.com)
  • and 11 in 2016 - with a total of 169 synthetic cannabinoids having been notified to the EMCDDA as of December 2016 ( 2 ). (europa.eu)
Tetrahydrocannabinol4
  • The same effect is observed in animals and in humans with the psychotropic plant cannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, which is an approved appetite-enhancing drug. (google.com)
  • Very little is known about the physiological and biochemical mechanisms involved in the effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and the cannabinoids in feeding and appetite. (google.com)
  • Cannabis sativa is a herbaceous plant that represents a source of more than sixty aromatic hydrocarbon compounds known as cannabinoids, and among them delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (usually abbreviated as THC) is the main psychotropic constituent. (news-medical.net)
  • Cannabinoids are a group of terpeno phenolic compounds present in Cannabis ( Cannabis sativa L). The broader definition of cannabinoids refer to a group of substances that are structurally related to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or that bind to cannabinoid receptors . (wikidoc.org)
Phytocannabinoids1
  • The study of molecules which influence the cannabinoid system in the brain and body is crucial in search of medical preparations with the therapeutic effects of the phytocannabinoids without the negative effects on cognitive function attributed to cannabis. (nih.gov)
Effects56
  • The long-term effects of long-term synthetic cannabinoid use are unknown. (cdc.gov)
  • possible therapeutic action of cannabinoids, effects on atherosclerosis specially, is described at the close. (nih.gov)
  • In addition to the well-known palliative effects of cannabinoids on some cancer-associated symptoms, a large body of evidence shows that these molecules can decrease tumour growth in animal models of cancer. (nih.gov)
  • Most volumes published on cannabinoids so far concentrate on the biological activity, biochemistry and pharmacology, whereas this volume concentrates on the diseases, the physiological effects and therapeutic use of cannabinoids. (springer.com)
  • [ 2 ] Cannabinoids may also exert an effect on headache through mechanisms that do not involve cannabinoid receptors, for example through effects on glutamatergic or other systems. (medscape.com)
  • Now I am ready to go - but not before my 'synthetic cannabinoid' dealer informs me of possible side effects. (norml.org)
  • From personal experience, I know that the herbal cannabinoids do not cause these side effects in my body. (norml.org)
  • However, the occurrence of side effects is still difficult to estimate, and the current knowledge of the therapeutic effects of cannabinoids is still insufficient. (springer.com)
  • Cannabinoids have many side effects and adverse drug reactions. (springer.com)
  • Based on the cannabinoid distribution and activity mechanism as well as proteins involved in their biotransformation, a set of candidate genes can be chosen which variants may determine the therapeutic effect and also the occurrence of possible side effects and adverse reactions. (springer.com)
  • 1. Endogenous Cannabinoid SignalingVarious drugs of abuse have effects on our brains because they resemble the neurotransmitters that ourbrains produce. (slideshare.net)
  • [8] The discovery of this receptor helped provide a molecular explanation for the established effects of cannabinoids on the immune system. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 2018, the United States Food and Drug Administration warned of significant health risks from synthetic cannabinoid products that contain the rat poison brodifacoum, which is added because it is thought to extend the duration of the drugs' effects. (wikipedia.org)
  • An important step forward in understanding the biological effects of cannabinoids was made in 1988 when Howlett and colleagues ( 11 ) used a high-affinity radioactive cannabinoid ligand, [ 3 H]CP-55,940, to demonstrate the existence of a specific cannabinoid binding site in cell membranes of rat brain. (pnas.org)
  • Patients should be advised about possible increased cannabinoid effects with concomitant CYP3A4 and 2C9 inhibitors (Appendix 1). (cmaj.ca)
  • The effects of CBD, for instance, appear to be stronger when this cannabinoid is accompanied by its entourage of minor cannabinoids. (selfgrowth.com)
  • This suggests that cannabinoids are playing an important role in nonopioid preconditioned placebo effects. (wired.com)
  • Each chapter is written independently by an expert in his/her field of endeavor, ranging from the botany, the constituents, the chemistry and pharmacokinetics, the effects and consequences of illicit use on the human body, to the therapeutic potential of the cannabinoids. (springer.com)
  • And, over recent years, the potential anti-cancer effects of cannabinoids have come into focus . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A review of the scientific evidence on the effects of cannabinoids on brain and behavioral functioning, with an emphasis on potential therapeutic use. (indiebound.org)
  • The meta-analysis, led by the University of Bristol and published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, analysed the results of 79 different randomised-controlled studies involving more than 6,400 patients to investigate the benefits and side effects of medical cannabinoids. (bristol.ac.uk)
  • The team did not find any clear evidence on the benefits or adverse effects from taking particular type of cannabinoids or its mode of administration. (bristol.ac.uk)
  • 1 , 4 , 6 - 11 The toxic effects of synthetic cannabinoids result from the type, mixture, and amount of product used. (aappublications.org)
  • With these promising therapeutic effects in mind, combined with the knowledge that has been gathered on how cannabinoids are naturally synthesized by the cannabis plant, various strategies have been made towards achieving the metabolic engineering of cannabinoids. (news-medical.net)
  • The effects of cannabinoids on the pharmacokinetics of indinavir and nelfinavir. (aerzteblatt.de)
  • Cannabinoids are chemicals in Cannabis that cause drug -like effects throughout the body, including the central nervous system and the immune system (see Question 2). (oncolink.org)
  • Cannabis and cannabinoids have been studied for relief of pain, nausea and vomiting , anxiety , and loss of appetite caused by cancer or the side effects of cancer therapies (see Question 6). (oncolink.org)
  • Research does show that some cannabinoids can help with some symptoms and side effects, and drugs containing cannabinoids have been developed to treat pain, nausea and vomiting. (cancer.ca)
  • Some people with cancer may find using cannabis or drugs that contain cannabinoids helps them cope with these symptoms and side effects. (cancer.ca)
  • Cannabis and cannabinoids may have benefits in treating the symptoms of cancer or the side effects of cancer therapies . (cancer.gov)
  • Cannabinoids may be useful in treating the side effects of cancer and cancer treatment. (cancer.gov)
  • Antiaversive Effects of Cannabinoids: Is the Periaqueductal Gray Involved? (hindawi.com)
  • These results, therefore, suggest that the PAG could be an important site for the antiaversive effects of cannabinoids. (hindawi.com)
  • Selective antagonists were developed, such as rimonabant and AM251, supporting the notion that the CB1 receptor is the major responsible for the behavioral effects of cannabinoids [ 11 , 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • [3] There are at least 113 different cannabinoids isolated from cannabis, exhibiting varied effects. (wikipedia.org)
  • Before the 1980s, it was often speculated that cannabinoids produced their physiological and behavioral effects via nonspecific interaction with cell membranes , instead of interacting with specific membrane-bound receptors . (wikipedia.org)
  • There are many chemicals (called cannabinoids) found in cannabis but two particular ones appear to have medicinal (therapeutic) effects. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • These cannabinoids appear to have mood, anxiety, and sedative effects as well as have antipsychotic and anticonvulsant properties. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • This study will try to find out if these cannabinoids can be of benefit as an add-on treatment in bipolar disorder and what effects it has on thinking power and memory. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • Cannabinoids exert their primary effects in the brain by binding the human cannabinoid (CB 1 ) receptor. (nih.gov)
  • These findings provide clues to the mechanisms by which different cannabinoids can exert somewhat differing effects. (nih.gov)
  • Cannabinoids, the active components of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa, along with their endogenous counterparts and synthetic derivatives, have elicited anti-cancer effects in many different in vitro and in vivo models of cancer. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • In addition, it appears that at least some of these substances have an effect on other physiological functions in the body beyond effects on the cannabinoid receptors. (europa.eu)
  • Despite internet rumours since the mid-2000s of 'herbal smoking mixtures' sold as 'legal highs' that could produce 'strong' cannabis-like effects, it wasn't until 2008 that forensic investigators in Germany and Austria first detected the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018, in a product sold under the brand name 'Spice' ( 1 ). (europa.eu)
  • Those who decide to proceed should be carefully monitored for positive and negative mental health effects of using medicinal cannabinoids. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • However, some synthetic cannabinoids such as K2 or Spice can produce severe and even deadly reactions, whereas other cannabinoids produce less serious side effects. (eurekalert.org)
  • The model was also used to calculate how long each cannabinoid bound to the CB1 receptor, thereby providing clues into mechanisms whereby some chemicals produce longer-lasting effects. (eurekalert.org)
  • Marinol is a non-selective cannabinoid activator, but the study suggests selective cannabinoid activators might have the same effects on the colon, Dr. Camilleri said. (medpagetoday.com)
  • [4] [9] Two types of cannabinoid receptors , CB 1 and CB 2 , responsible for the effects of THC were discovered and cloned in the early 1990s. (wikipedia.org)
  • Patients given cannabinoids were more likely to withdraw due to side effects 4.67 (3.07 to 7.09), NNT 11. (bmj.com)
  • Native cannabis and cannabinoid derivatives may have effects on symptoms such as nausea, cachexia-anorexia, neurologic and cancer-related pain, chemosensory alterations and anxiety. (cmaj.ca)
  • Consequently, while their intoxicant effects may be similar to those of THC, use of synthetic cannabinoids may be accompanied by unpredicted, and sometimes harmful, effects. (rti.org)
  • An antidote has been discovered can halt the intoxicating effects of cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids rapidly, reveals a new study. (medindia.net)
  • AM251 molecule blocks the action of the synthetic cannabinoid on one of the brain receptors and leads to loss of the cannabinoid-related behavioural effects. (medindia.net)
  • The study, published in the British Journal of Pharmacology, looked at mice that were experiencing the effects of synthetic cannabinoid intoxication, to see the effects of treating them with a molecule known as AM251. (medindia.net)
  • AM251 blocked the action of the synthetic cannabinoid on one of the brain receptors and led to a loss of the cannabinoid-related behavioural effects within a few minutes. (medindia.net)
Benefits of cannabinoids3
  • You've heard about the individual benefits of cannabinoids like CBD and THC, but should you use cannabinoids on their own or combine the benefits of these Cannabis sativa compounds? (selfgrowth.com)
  • For decades, cannabis scientists examined the benefits of cannabinoids individually and paid little attention to the potential interactions between these cannabis-specific compounds. (selfgrowth.com)
  • Investigating the medicinal benefits of cannabinoids has attracted top people and research money, he noted. (cjnews.com)
Role of the cannabinoid system1
  • This review discusses the role of the cannabinoid system in cartilage tissue and endeavors to establish if targeting the cannabinoid system has potential in mesenchymal stem cell based tissue-engineered cartilage repair strategies. (mdpi.com)
20191
  • Retrieved on July 19, 2019 from https://www.news-medical.net/news/20190619/Metabolic-engineering-of-cannabinoids-are-we-there-yet.aspx. (news-medical.net)
Mechanisms5
  • Anticancer mechanisms of cannabinoids. (nih.gov)
  • In this review, we discuss the current understanding of cannabinoids as antitumour agents, focusing on recent discoveries about their molecular mechanisms of action, including resistance mechanisms and opportunities for their use in combination therapy. (nih.gov)
  • In vitro and in vivo experiments show that at least two mechanisms may be involved in this cannabinoid action: the direct inhibition of vascular endothelial cell migration and survival as well as the decrease of the expression of proangiogenic factors (vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 in the tumors. (nih.gov)
  • This review will summarize the anti-cancer properties of the cannabinoids, discuss their potential mechanisms of action, as well as explore controversies surrounding the results. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • How cannabinoids offer pain relief is still unclear, but several possible mechanisms have been theorized. (psychiatrictimes.com)
Nabilone2
  • Nabilone (Cesamet) is a pill that has synthetic cannabinoids. (cancer.ca)
  • Nabilone is also a synthetic cannabinoid that is similar to THC but appears to be more potent. (psychiatrictimes.com)
Ligands3
  • CB1 cannabinoid receptor ligands. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cannabinoid receptors and their ligands: beyond CB1 and CB2. (aerzteblatt.de)
  • Design and synthesis of selective cannabinoid receptor ligands: Aminoalkylindole and other heterocyclic analogs (PhD Dissertation). (rug.nl)
Classical cannabinoids4
  • These are the classical cannabinoids (THC and HU-210), as well as the non-classical cannabinoid (CP55940) and certain aminoalkylindoles. (news-medical.net)
  • The classical cannabinoids are concentrated in a viscous resin produced in structures known as glandular trichomes . (wikipedia.org)
  • [13] The classical cannabinoids are derived from their respective 2- carboxylic acids (2-COOH) by decarboxylation (catalyzed by heat, light, or alkaline conditions). (wikipedia.org)
  • Natural cannabinoids, also called herbal cannabinoids and classical cannabinoids , are nearly insoluble in water but soluble in lipids , alcohols , and other non-polar organic solvents . (wikidoc.org)
Terpenes3
  • Using a patent-pending technology, the company infuses cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids without the use of any heat, solvents, or chemicals to produce 100% natural products. (yahoo.com)
  • The cannabis plant has phytochemicals, like terpenes and cannabinoids that interact at multiple intracellular and extracellular pathways in mammals. (prnewswire.com)
  • In addition to cannabinoids, the resin is rich in terpenes , which are largely responsible for the odour of the cannabis plant. (wikidoc.org)
Medicinal11
  • For example, in 2010, nine people died due to the combination of O-desmethyltramadol, a μ-opioid agonist and analgesic drug, and Kratom, an Asiatic medicinal plant containing mitragynine, another μ-opioid agonist, in a synthetic cannabinoid product called "Krypton. (wikipedia.org)
  • Guy G, Whittle BA, Robson PJ: Medicinal Uses of Cannabis and Cannabinoids. (aerzteblatt.de)
  • See the General Information section of the health professional version of the Cannabis and Cannabinoids summary for more information on medicinal Cannabis products. (oncolink.org)
  • I believe that the cannabinoids represent a medicinal treasure trove which waits to be discovered. (opednews.com)
  • Therefore, they can be considered as a promising application mode for the safe and efficient administration of medicinal cannabis and cannabinoids. (norml.org)
  • The hunger of the medical community for greater learning about the therapeutic contributions of medicinal cannabinoids is clearly evident in the 'sell out' of the symposium within days of announcement,' said Dr. Camilo Ospina , Vice President of Product Development for PharmaCielo, and founder of Ubiquo Telemedicina. (prnewswire.com)
  • In countries where medicinal cannabinoids are already legal, doctors and patients must be aware of the limitations of existing evidence and the risks of cannabinoids," says lead author Louisa Degenhardt, from the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC) at Australia's University of NSW. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • They also note that most studies are based on pharmaceutical cannabinoids, rather than medicinal cannabis. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • Plant products are most often used by those taking cannabinoids for medicinal purposes in the US. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • United Cannabis Corp.'s Prana Bio Medicinal products provide patients with a way to mix and match cannabinoids for their therapeutic purposes. (yahoo.com)
  • Jason Cranford is the founder of JC Pharma Inc., a startup dedicated to the medicinal use of plant-derived cannabinoid formulations. (prnewswire.com)
Drugs11
  • There are a number of reasons why naturally occurring cannabis or cannabinoid drugs might have a pharmacologic effect on headache. (medscape.com)
  • This review organizes the current knowledge in the context of cannabinoids pharmacogenetics according to individualized medicine and cannabinoid drugs therapy. (springer.com)
  • A large and complex variety of synthetic cannabinoids are designed in an attempt to avoid legal restrictions on cannabis, making synthetic cannabinoids designer drugs. (wikipedia.org)
  • From 2008 to 2014, 142 synthetic cannabinoids were reported to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). (wikipedia.org)
  • They also looked at the potential use of cannabinoids in conjunction with the existing chemotherapy drugs cytarabine and vincristine. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Studying cancer cells in the laboratory, the team tested various combinations of cannabinoids and chemotherapy drugs to find the most effective groupings. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • He was positive about developing cannabinoid drugs without going overboard. (time.com)
  • Using cannabis, drugs containing cannabinoids or both may help you relax and give you a sense of well-being. (cancer.ca)
  • Talk to your healthcare team if you are thinking about using cannabis for medical purposes or other drugs that contain cannabinoids. (cancer.ca)
  • LAS VEGAS, Oct. 31 -- Drugs that activate cannabinoid receptors in the colon might help treat lower GI conditions such as diarrhea or certain types of fecal incontinence, according to a proof-of-concept study presented here. (medpagetoday.com)
  • The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) has identified opiates, cocaine, cannabinoids, amphetamines, and phencyclidines (PCPs) as the most commonly abused illicit drugs. (thefreedictionary.com)
Brain12
  • Synthetic cannabinoids can affect brain function. (cdc.gov)
  • Discovery of endogenous cannabinoids and studies of the physiological functions of the cannabinoid system in the brain and body are producing a number of important findings about the role of membrane lipids and fatty acids. (nih.gov)
  • Determination and characterization of a cannabinoid receptor in rat brain. (springer.com)
  • Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. (springer.com)
  • Cannabinoids are active in areas of the brain known to be involved in migraine pathophysiology, including areas suspected of being involved in the generation of migraine. (medscape.com)
  • Cannabinoid receptors have been found in several areas of the brain identified as potential migraine generators. (medscape.com)
  • The latest review, published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, suggests that activating the brain's cannabinoid system may trigger a sort of anti-oxidant cleanse, removing damaged cells and improving the efficiency of the mitochrondria, the energy source that powers cells, ultimately leading to a more robustly functioning brain. (time.com)
  • Previous studies have linked cannabinoids to increased amounts of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a substance that protects brain cells and promotes the growth of new ones. (time.com)
  • Activation of cannabinoid receptors can also reduce brain inflammation in several different ways, which may in turn suppress some of the disease processes responsible for degenerative brain diseases such as Alzheimer's. (time.com)
  • Andras Bilkei-Gorzo of the Institute of Molecular Psychiatry at the University of Bonn in Germany and an author of the study, is encouraged by the expanding knowledge of the brain's cannabinoid system and its potential for leading to new understanding of aging in the brain. (time.com)
  • Cannabinoids play an important role in activity-dependent changes in synaptic activity and can interfere in several brain functions, including responses to aversive stimuli. (hindawi.com)
  • [8] The human brain has more cannabinoid receptors than any other G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) type. (wikipedia.org)
Synthetic cannabinoid JWH-0181
  • Products under names such as K2 and Spice contain the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018, synthesized by a Clemson University scientist more than a decade ago for research purposes. (stopthedrugwar.org)
Products containing synthetic c2
  • Legal high' products containing synthetic cannabinoids have been sold as 'herbal smoking mixtures' since the mid-2000s. (europa.eu)
  • Missouri has become the latest state to ban products containing synthetic cannabinoids, with Gov. Jay Nixon signing into law this week a bill making them and products containing them controlled substances in the state. (stopthedrugwar.org)
Linked to synthetic cannabinoids1
  • There have been several deaths linked to synthetic cannabinoids. (wikipedia.org)
Discovery of cannabinoid receptors1
  • The discovery of cannabinoid receptors also instigated a quest for selective CB1 and CB2 receptor antagonists, with varying degrees of success so far. (news-medical.net)
Nausea5
  • There is no specific antidote for synthetic cannabinoids, but health care professionals can provide supportive treatments, such as oxygen, intravenous fluids, and medications to control seizures, agitation, and nausea. (cdc.gov)
  • There was lower-quality evidence to suggest that cannabinoids alleviated the symptoms of nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy, weight gain in HIV, sleep disorders and Tourette syndrome. (bristol.ac.uk)
  • Several studies have shown that some cannabinoids can relieve nausea, vomiting or both. (cancer.ca)
  • Cannabis and cannabinoids have been studied in the laboratory and the clinic for relief of pain, nausea and vomiting , anxiety , and loss of appetite (see Question 6 and Question 7 ). (cancer.gov)
  • There is growing interest in treating children for symptoms such as nausea with Cannabis and cannabinoids, although studies are limited (see Question 7 ). (cancer.gov)
Types of cannabinoids1
  • There are many other types of cannabinoids in cannabis. (cancer.ca)
Antagonists3
  • Exogenous cannabinoids or receptor antagonists may influence many cellular and systemic host responses. (mdpi.com)
  • This review examines the effect(s) of cannabinoids and their antagonists in viral infections. (mdpi.com)
  • This revived the research on cannabinoid receptor antagonists which were expected to help answer these questions. (wikipedia.org)
Hemp derived cannabinoids1
  • However, with the passage of the 2018 Farm Bill, which made hemp-derived cannabinoids legal, it is expected that research restrictions will no longer inhibit progress and JC Pharma Inc. will be able to share their formulation within the scientific community. (prnewswire.com)
Plant-derived cannabinoids1
  • Cannabinoids are any compound, natural or synthetic, that can mimic the actions of plant-derived cannabinoids. (bristol.ac.uk)
Optimizing cannabinoid-based1
  • Possible strategies for optimizing cannabinoid-based therapies against gliomas. (nih.gov)
20185
  • Counterfeit hashish: From December 2018, different samples of hashish have been found to contain synthetic cannabinoids. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 2018, there was an outbreak of synthetic cannabinoids contaminated with anticoagulants, mainly brodifacoum, in at least 11 states in the US that caused coagulopathy (prolonged or excessive bleeding) and resulted in the treatment of over 300 people and at least eight deaths. (wikipedia.org)
  • Marlboro-maker Altria Group Inc. took a stake in Cronos Group in December 2018, a few months after the Canadian pot company made a deal with Ginkgo Bioworks to create cannabinoids from yeast. (thestar.com)
  • RIONEGRO, Colombia , April 26, 2018 /PRNewswire/ -- PharmaCielo Ltd. is pleased to announce its partnership with the Universidad CES, one of Colombia's leading educational and research institutions, to deliver a series of cannabinoid education symposiums to medical practitioners, resulting in academic accreditation. (prnewswire.com)
  • LONDON , Sept. 25, 2018 /CNW/ - The physical uptake of pharmaceutical cannabinoids when inhaled through Senzer's unique respiratory device is more than 50 times faster than oral delivery, at just a fraction of the dose, according to data released today under a clinical trial conducted in the US. (newswire.ca)
Chemicals14
  • Hundreds of different synthetic cannabinoid chemicals are manufactured and sold. (cdc.gov)
  • However, the hundreds of known synthetic cannabinoid chemicals and THC are different chemicals. (cdc.gov)
  • Recent federal and state laws targeting synthetic cannabinoids have banned general categories of ingredients, rather than specific chemicals. (cdc.gov)
  • There are no standards for making, packaging, or selling synthetic cannabinoid chemicals. (cdc.gov)
  • Synthetic cannabinoid products usually consist of various man-made chemicals. (cdc.gov)
  • Epidemiologists in CDC's Health Studies Branch (HSB), who investigate causes and outcomes of diseases caused by chemicals in the environment, respond to outbreaks of synthetic cannabinoid-related illness. (cdc.gov)
  • Cannabinoids are a class of chemicals, with structure or activity similar to those found naturally in the cannabis plant. (erowid.org)
  • A new study confirms that cannabinoids, which are a class of active chemicals in cannabis, can successfully kill leukemia cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Cannabinoids are chemicals that act on certain receptors on cells in our body, especially cells in the central nervous system . (cancer.ca)
  • The research takes a multi-pronged approach, looking at the individual chemicals involved, which diseases they are best suited to address, whether they are more effective if ingested as a pill or smoked and whether they work best in combinations with other cannabinoids, he said. (cjnews.com)
  • Understanding how these chemicals bind to the CB 1 receptor will help guide the design of new medications and provide insight into the therapeutic promise of the body's cannabinoid system. (nih.gov)
  • Cannabinoids can produce very different outcomes, depending on how they bind to the CB1 receptor," said NIDA Director Nora D. Volkow, M.D. "Understanding how these chemicals bind to the CB1 receptor will help guide the design of new medications and provide insight into the therapeutic promise of the body's cannabinoid system. (eurekalert.org)
  • March 23, 2020 -- Chemicals found in cannabis or cannabinoids may be more effective at reducing bacteria associated with dental plaque than well-established synthetic oral care products, according to a recent study published in the Cureus Journal of Medical Science . (drbicuspid.com)
  • One challenge in determining whether a person died because of synthetic cannabinoids is that the chemicals are constantly changing, Nelson said. (scientificamerican.com)
Type of cannabinoid2
  • With that said, every type of cannabinoid extract has its own beneficial attributes. (selfgrowth.com)
  • THC is a type of cannabinoid. (cancer.ca)
Application of Cannabinoids2
  • On completion of a series of 5 symposiums, representing approximately 100 hours of cannabinoid education, participants will receive a Diploma in Therapeutic Application of Cannabinoids from Universidad CES. (prnewswire.com)
  • Dr. Stahl has pending patents for application of cannabinoids in dental care, personalization, and treatments and has a financial interest in the oral care company CannIBite, which creates products made with cannabis extracts. (drbicuspid.com)
Clinical trials4
  • Although three clinical trials studied cannabinoids for the treatment of Parkinson's Disease , these studies "did not provide a clear answer whether cannabinoids modify the progression or the outcome of the disease," wrote Bilkei-Gorzo. (time.com)
  • Some clinical trials showed that cannabinoids help reduce pain in some people. (cancer.ca)
  • CNAB ) progress in initiating clinical trials to study its proprietary Prana Bio Medicinals cannabinoid compounds. (yahoo.com)
  • Advise patients that larger clinical trials would be necessary before cannabinoid activators could be used widely for conditions of the lower colon. (medpagetoday.com)
Substances7
  • In recent years, cannabis research has concentrated on the potential of cannabinoids as therapeutic substances, particularly in serious chronic illnesses such as multiple sclerosis. (springer.com)
  • The patient's response to cannabinoid treatment may have a genetic background, which depends on genes polymorphism involved in the action, metabolism, and the transport of these substances in the organism. (springer.com)
  • Cannabis is also home to its share of unique compounds, however, and these substances are called "cannabinoids" since they are only found in Cannabis sativa. (selfgrowth.com)
  • Synthetic cannabinoids represent the largest group of substances currently monitored in Europe by the EMCDDA through the EU Early Warning System. (europa.eu)
  • In the case of smoking mixtures containing synthetic cannabinoids, for example, there can be considerable variability both within and between different batches of the products, in terms of both the substances and the amount present. (europa.eu)
  • The Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration is issuing this final order to temporarily schedule three synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) into schedule I pursuant to the temporary scheduling provisions of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA). (usdoj.gov)
  • As a result of this order, the full effect of the CSA and its implementing regulations including criminal, civil and administrative penalties, sanctions and regulatory controls of Schedule I substances will be imposed on the manufacture, distribution, possession, importation, and exportation of these synthetic cannabinoids. (usdoj.gov)
Therapeutic potential2
  • Cannabis and cannabinoids: pharmacology, toxicology, and therapeutic potential. (springer.com)
  • The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids could be used in treating people suffering from cancer, epilepsy and diabetes, Meiri said. (cjnews.com)
Multiple sclerosis4
  • In a trial of a sublingual spray containing delta-9-THC alone or combined with cannabinol, Rog and colleagues reported a 41% reduction in pain, compared with a 22% reduction with placebo.18 Literature on cannabinoids for pain conditions other than multiple sclerosis is limited, although three recent randomized placebo-controlled trials of smoked cannabis found significant reductions in neuropathic pain. (google.com)
  • They found there was only moderate-quality evidence to suggest cannabinoids may alleviate chronic neuropathic or cancer pain and muscle contractions or involuntary movements due to multiple sclerosis. (bristol.ac.uk)
  • Cannabinoids for treatment of spasticity and other symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (CAMS study): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. (aerzteblatt.de)
  • In most RCTs examining depression and anxiety, the primary reason for cannabinoid use was for another medical condition such as chronic non-cancer pain or multiple sclerosis. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Humans5
  • Humans have endogenous (naturally occuring) cannabinoid receptors throughout our bodies and brains, which were discovered after those in the plant. (erowid.org)
  • The Table summarizes the location and characteristics of cannabinoid receptors in humans. (medscape.com)
  • There is a cannabinoid system present in all mammals - to include humans and 15,000 other species. (norml.org)
  • The cannabinoid receptor type 2 , abbreviated as CB 2 , is a G protein-coupled receptor from the cannabinoid receptor family that in humans is encoded by the CNR2 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • A non-selective cannabinoid agonist relaxes the colon and reduces post-prandial colonic contraction in humans. (medpagetoday.com)
Endo cannabinoid1
  • The health implications of the endo-cannabinoid system are staggering. (opednews.com)
Long each cannabinoid1
  • The model revealed insights into how long each cannabinoid might bind to the CB 1 receptor and how each might cause slightly different structural changes to the receptor. (nih.gov)
Exposure to cannabinoids1
  • Rubino T, Parolaro D . The impact of exposure to cannabinoids in adolescence: insights from animal models. (nature.com)
Cannabis or cannabinoids2
  • Medical cannabis refers to the use of cannabis or cannabinoids as medical therapy to treat disease or alleviate symptoms. (bristol.ac.uk)
  • The FDA has not approved Cannabis or cannabinoids for use as a cancer treatment (see Question 8). (oncolink.org)
Suggests that cannabinoids1
  • Some evidence suggests that cannabinoids might help to treat certain health conditions. (nih.gov)
Potential for cannabinoids2
  • These findings highlight the potential for cannabinoids to provide a dual function by acting as anti-inflammatory agents as well as regulators of MSC biology in order to enhance tissue engineering strategies aimed at cartilage repair. (mdpi.com)
  • Nevertheless, the results suggest that "the potential for cannabinoids to modulate colonic motor function in disease deserves further study," the investigators concluded. (medpagetoday.com)
Evaluation of cannabinoids2
  • And for the most common form of dementia, "Despite the promising preclinical results, the detailed clinical evaluation of cannabinoids in [Alzheimer's] patients is missing," he said in the paper. (time.com)
  • In addition, we are interested in the evaluation of cannabinoids as anticancer agents, which can exhibit synergistic potential with conventional therapies. (up.pt)
Pharmacology of Cannabinoids1
Effectiveness of cannabinoids2
  • It seems that the weight of evidence supporting the effectiveness of cannabinoids against cancer cells has tipped the balance. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • They draw their conclusions, they say, because of a lack of evidence for the effectiveness of cannabinoids and the risks attached to their use, including a "large body of evidence" indicating they can increase occurrences of depression, anxiety, and psychotic symptoms. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Inflammation2
  • Other studies covered in the review showed that mice bred to lack the cannabinoid receptors have better memories early in life but have more rapid cognitive decline as they age, including inflammation in the hippocampus, a key region for memory. (time.com)
  • Additionally, loss of CB2, the peripheral cannabinoid receptor, led to increased pathology and neutrophil influx in models of acute intestinal inflammation. (jci.org)
Molecules2
  • Synthetic cannabinoids are a class of molecules that bind to the same receptors to which cannabinoids (THC and CBD) in cannabis plants attach. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neurons for their part control astrocyte activity by means of molecules present in the astrocytes, which include type 1 (CB1) cannabinoid receptors. (eurekalert.org)
Receptor type1
  • [5] The receptor was identified among cDNAs based on its similarity in amino-acid sequence to the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB 1 ) receptor, discovered in 1990. (wikipedia.org)
Compounds called3
  • It makes a resin (thick substance) that contains compounds called cannabinoids (see Question 1). (oncolink.org)
  • The Cannabis plant makes a resin (thick substance) that contains compounds called cannabinoids . (oncolink.org)
  • The Cannabis plant produces a resin containing compounds called cannabinoids . (cancer.gov)
Symptoms6
  • Synthetic cannabinoids may be addictive, since some people have reported withdrawal symptoms after heavy use over a long time. (cdc.gov)
  • Experts think that the severity of these symptoms is related to how much synthetic cannabinoid is used and for how long. (cdc.gov)
  • Dr Penny Whiting, a senior research fellow at Bristol's School of Social and Community Medicine, said: "While we found that most studies indicated cannabinoids were associated with improvements in symptoms, these associations did not determine statistical significance in all studies which may be due to small sample sizes of many of the included studies. (bristol.ac.uk)
  • Patients can control the dosage of cannabinoids according to their symptoms by administering up to a maximum of 48 pump-controlled sprays per day. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • Many of the cannabinoids that have been detected in these products were first developed by scientists investigating how cannabinoids affect the body and to see if they could work as medicines to treat a number of diseases and their symptoms - such as neurodegenerative diseases, drug dependence, pain disorders and cancer. (europa.eu)
  • Symptoms of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome include frequent and debilitating bouts of vomiting sometimes accompanied by abdominal pain and weight loss . (rxlist.com)
Agonist4
  • [13] Together, these results support the emerging concept of agonist-directed trafficking at the cannabinoid receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • This article is about the cannabinoid agonist. (rug.nl)
  • AM-679 (part of the AM cannabinoid series ) is a drug that acts as a moderately potent agonist for the cannabinoid receptors , with a K i of 13.5 nM at CB 1 and 49.5 nM at CB 2 . (rug.nl)
  • [10] The use of the cannabinoid agonist, THC, in its many preparations to enhance appetite is a well known fact. (wikipedia.org)
CBD and Coffee: What's the Point of Mixing Caffeine and Cannabinoids? | Westword
CBD and Coffee: What's the Point of Mixing Caffeine and Cannabinoids? | Westword (westword.com)
Spatial distribution of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) in normal canine central and peripheral nervous system
Spatial distribution of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) in normal canine central and peripheral nervous system (journals.plos.org)
Cannabics Pharmaceuticals Submits Protocol For An Ex Vivo Clinical Study On Biopsies And Cannabinoids - Barchart.com
Cannabics Pharmaceuticals Submits Protocol For An Ex Vivo Clinical Study On Biopsies And Cannabinoids - Barchart.com (barchart.com)
Neuropathic pain - Wikipedia
Neuropathic pain - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
Cannabinoids as Therapeutics | Raphael Mechoulam | Springer
Cannabinoids as Therapeutics | Raphael Mechoulam | Springer (springer.com)
Marijuana and the Cannabinoids | Mahmoud A. ElSohly | Springer
Marijuana and the Cannabinoids | Mahmoud A. ElSohly | Springer (springer.com)
New Psychoactive Substances | Effects and Risks | FRANK
New Psychoactive Substances | Effects and Risks | FRANK (talktofrank.com)
Plus it
Plus it (cmaj.ca)
Drug vaping applied to cannabis: Is Cannavaping a therapeutic alternative to marijuana? | Scientific Reports
Drug vaping applied to cannabis: Is "Cannavaping" a therapeutic alternative to marijuana? | Scientific Reports (nature.com)
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Cannabinoids | SpringerLink
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Cannabinoids | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Testing breast milk for cannabinoids | EurekAlert! Science News
Testing breast milk for cannabinoids | EurekAlert! Science News (eurekalert.org)
Cannabinoids + Terpenes 101 November Workshop Tickets, Fri, Nov 15, 2019 at 6:00 PM | Eventbrite
Cannabinoids + Terpenes 101 November Workshop Tickets, Fri, Nov 15, 2019 at 6:00 PM | Eventbrite (eventbrite.com)
Medical Cannabis for Breast Cancer Symptoms and Treatment Side Effects
Medical Cannabis for Breast Cancer Symptoms and Treatment Side Effects (breastcancer.org)
Nature's (Legal) Cannabinoids - NORML
Nature's (Legal) Cannabinoids - NORML (norml.org)
Pharmacogenetics of Cannabinoids | SpringerLink
Pharmacogenetics of Cannabinoids | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Cannabinoids and Alzheimer's disease treatment | Alzheimer's Disease
Cannabinoids and Alzheimer's disease treatment | Alzheimer's Disease (alzheimerdisease.tv)
Cannabinoid receptor type 2 - Wikipedia
Cannabinoid receptor type 2 - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
Cannabinoids, Neuroscience Intelligence Unit by Vincenzo di Marzo | 9780306482281 | Booktopia
Cannabinoids, Neuroscience Intelligence Unit by Vincenzo di Marzo | 9780306482281 | Booktopia (booktopia.com.au)
Substances | Health.mil
Substances | Health.mil (health.mil)
Exploring Terpenes and the Other Cannabinoids Tickets, Tue, Nov 13, 2018 at 9:00 AM | Eventbrite
Exploring Terpenes and the Other Cannabinoids Tickets, Tue, Nov 13, 2018 at 9:00 AM | Eventbrite (eventbrite.com)
Does CBD Help With Nausea? Here's What Experts Have to Say
Does CBD Help With Nausea? Here's What Experts Have to Say (uk.news.yahoo.com)
Appetite | Psychology Today International
Appetite | Psychology Today International (psychologytoday.com)
Drug interactions with cannabinoids | CMAJ
Drug interactions with cannabinoids | CMAJ (cmaj.ca)
Cannabinoids and the Brain | IndieBound.org
Cannabinoids and the Brain | IndieBound.org (indiebound.org)
Improved Open-Access NMR for the Synthetic and Analytical Chemistry Laboratories
Improved Open-Access NMR for the Synthetic and Analytical Chemistry Laboratories (news-medical.net)
Best CBD Oil - Rating the Top Hemp CBD Oil Tincture Products | HeraldNet.com
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Cannabinoid | Benzinga
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