Canine distemper (CD) is an extremely contagious virus that is considered always fatal. Being strict indoor pets does not ... In ferrets, the virus affects the immune system (causing it to produce non-neutralizing antibodies) and many internal organs, ... A ferret with partial immunity to distemper can be exposed to canine distemper and go through an incubation period of up to six ... The distemper virus is very short-lived in hot, dry weather, but may persist on hands or surfaces for much longer in cool, damp ...

... and distemper virus experimental challenges". Vet Ther. 5 (3): 173-86. PMID 15578450. Canine antibody diagnosis tests. ... Infectious canine hepatitis is an acute liver infection in dogs caused by canine adenovirus type-1 (CAV-1). CAV-1 also causes ... A rising antibody titer to CAV-1 is also seen. The disease can be confused with canine parvovirus because both will cause a low ... The virus is spread in the faeces, urine, blood, saliva, and nasal discharge of infected dogs. It is contracted through the ...

Canine distemper virus is closely related to measles virus and is the most important viral disease of dogs. The disease (which ... Invertebrates do not produce antibodies by the lymphocyte-based adaptive immune system that is central to vertebrate immunity, ... Animal viruses are viruses that infect animals. Viruses infect all cellular life and although viruses infect every animal, ... Chen, Y. P.; Siede, R. (2007). "Honey Bee Viruses". Advances in Virus Research Volume 70. Advances in Virus Research. 70. pp. ...

This was later identified as a strain of the closely related canine distemper virus (CDV) and was probably transmitted to the ... Antibodies to PDV and CDV have been found in a number of carnivorous mammal species in Canada, including polar bears, ... Phocine distemper virus (PDV) is a paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus that is pathogenic for pinniped species, ... indicating the potential for the viruses to spread to new species. The suddenness of the emergence of PDV and related viruses ...

Where rabies occurs, rabies vaccination of dogs may be required by law. Other canine vaccines include canine distemper, canine ... Van Oirschot JT, Gielkens AL, Moormann RJ, Berns AJ (1990). "Marker vaccines, virus protein-specific antibody assays and the ... parvovirus, infectious canine hepatitis, adenovirus-2, leptospirosis, bordatella, canine parainfluenza virus, and Lyme disease ... "Differentiation of serum antibodies from pigs vaccinated or infected with Aujeszky's disease virus by a competitive enzyme ...

Dogs who catch Parvovirus usually die from the dehydration it causes or secondary infection rather than the virus itself. Dogs ... ISBN 0-8151-6351-7. Lobetti, Remo (2003). "Canine Parvovirus and Distemper". Proceedings of the 28th World Congress of the ... "One-Step Immunochromatography Assay Kit for Detecting Antibodies to Canine Parvovirus". Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 13 (4): 520-4. ... Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV2, colloquially parvo) is a contagious virus mainly affecting dogs, and thought to originate in ...

"Experimental Adaptation of Wild-Type Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) to the Human Entry Receptor CD150". plosone.org. PLoS One. ... "Neutralizing Antibodies against Feline Herpesvirus Type 1 in Captive Wild Felids of Brazil". Journal of Zoo and Wildlife ... This research may lead to new ways to combat deadly viruses such as the Ebola virus and HIV. Research using wild-type mutations ... "Ebola Virus Pathogenesis: Implications for Vaccines and Therapies". jvi.asm.org. Journal of Virology. Retrieved 2014-11-14. ...

... a close relative of canine parvovirus. It is not related to canine distemper. Panleukopenia is highly contagious and can be ... Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), more commonly known as feline distemper, is caused by the feline parvovirus, ... This is because core vaccines show an excellent correlation between the presence of antibody and protective immunity to a ... However, the viruses differ in many ways. Although many of the diseases caused by FeLV and FIV are similar, the specific ways ...

... canine distemper), CAV-2 (canine hepatitis virus or adenovirus-2) and CPV-2 (canine parvovirus). Non-core vaccines are those ... This is because core vaccines show an excellent correlation between the presence of antibody and protective immunity to a ... Programs supporting regular vaccination of dogs have contributed both to the health of dogs and to the public health. In ... "2011 AAHA Canine Vaccination Guidelines" (PDF). American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) Canine Vaccination Task Force. 2011 ...

The group includes measles virus, which infects humans and primates; canine distemper virus, which infects many animals ... Barrett, p. 24 Chen J, Deng YM (2009). "Influenza virus antigenic variation, host antibody production and new approach to ... One way that viruses have been able to spread is with the evolution of virus transmission. The virus can find a new host ... Many viruses (for example, influenza A virus) can "shuffle" their genes with other viruses when two similar strains infect the ...

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is known to cause apoptosis in central nervous system and lymphoid tissue of infected dogs in vivo ... these mice demonstrated a deficiency in the maturation of an antibody response; they were able to generate normal levels of IgM ... "Canine distemper virus induces apoptosis in cervical tumor derived cell lines". Virol. J. 8 (1): 334. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-8- ... Canine Distemper Virus) is able to induce apoptosis despite the presence of these inhibitory proteins. This is an important ...

Other canine vaccines include canine distemper, canine parvovirus, infectious canine hepatitis, adenovirus-2, leptospirosis, ... van Oirschot JT, Gielkens AL, Moormann RJ, Berns AJ (June 1990). "Marker vaccines, virus protein-specific antibody assays and ... bordatella, canine parainfluenza virus, and Lyme disease, among others. Cases of veterinary vaccines used in humans have been ... "Differentiation of serum antibodies from pigs vaccinated or infected with Aujeszky's disease virus by a competitive enzyme ...

Canine distemper is an often fatal infectious disease that mainly has respiratory and neurologic signs. Canine influenza is a ... Canine minute virus is an infectious disease that can cause respiratory and gastrointestinal signs in young puppies. ... Antibodies are present on the cell surface, leading to lysis and severe anemia. Other causes of hemolytic lesion include ... Please see the article dog health for information on this disease in dogs. Canine parvovirus is a sometimes fatal ...

"Canine distemper virus induces apoptosis in cervical tumor derived cell lines". Virol. J. 8 (1): 334. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-8- ... The tubulin antibody shows the distribution of microtubules and the Ki-67 antibody is expressed in cells about to divide. ... HeLa cells have also been used to study canine distemper virus' ability to induce apoptosis in cancer cell lines,[28] which ... dogs, and cats.[25] These cells have also been used to study viruses such as the oropouche virus (OROV). OROV causes the ...

Other viruses cats may be exposed to include: Chlamydophila felis Feline leukemia virus (FeLV), a retrovirus not a cancer. ... The U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine has come out against vegetarian cat and dog food for ... Similar to Crohn's disease in humans, a cat's intestinal antibodies view food as the enemy and attack nutritional absorption as ... Feline panleukopenia (FPV) more commonly known as feline distemper. Rabies, a fatal disease transmitted by the bite of an ...

The close similarities between measles virus, canine distemper virus and rinderpest virus have given rise to speculation that ... This acquired immunity is only passed down to offspring temporarily, by antibodies in breast milk and other antibodies that ... There are numerous causes, including viruses - particularly hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus. ... yellow fever virus, dengue virus and Pappataci fever virus. More than 100 of such viruses are now known to cause human diseases ...

When the adaptive immune system of a vertebrate encounters a virus, it produces specific antibodies that bind to the virus and ... In 1988 and 2002, thousands of harbour seals were killed in Europe by phocine distemper virus. Many other viruses, including ... Canine parvovirus is caused by a small DNA virus and infections are often fatal in pups. Like all invertebrates, the honey bee ... A virus has either a DNA or an RNA genome and is called a DNA virus or an RNA virus, respectively. The vast majority of viruses ...

"For his work on diseases due to viruses, including that on the cause and prevention of distemper in dogs.". ... "for his pioneering work in protein engineering and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, and his contributions as an inventor and ... His studies and discoveries in the mechanisms by which influenza virus binds to the host cell, and in virus-cell membrane ... "For his distinguished work on bacteriophages, viruses and immunity; and for his contributions to the study of infectious ...

Dogs can also be vaccinated against many other diseases, including canine distemper, canine parvovirus, infectious canine ... canine parainfluenza virus, and Lyme disease. Several trends in vaccine development[change , change source]. *Nowadays, ... This means that their immune systems just do not create antibodies to fight off a disease, even after they are vaccinated ... It gives immunity to an infectious disease caused by a particular germ (bacteria or virus). For example, the flu vaccine makes ...

... and canine morbillivirus (previously known as canine distemper virus). The disease is highly contagious, and can have an 80-100 ... The virus can be detected in acute cases from various swabs and blood samples, using PCR and ELISA. Antibodies can also be ... which is related to but distinct from Rinderpest virus. Four genotypes (lineages) of the virus are described.[8] Their ... This virus appears to have evolved at the start of the 20th century in Nigeria.[14] The extant genotypes subsequently appeared ...

When the adaptive immune system of a vertebrate encounters a virus, it produces specific antibodies that bind to the virus and ... In 1988 and 2002, thousands of harbour seals were killed in Europe by phocine distemper virus.[236] Many other viruses, ... Canine parvovirus is caused by a small DNA virus and infections are often fatal in pups.[210] Like all invertebrates, the honey ... I: dsDNA viruses. II: ssDNA viruses. III: dsRNA viruses. IV: (+)ssRNA viruses. V: (−)ssRNA viruses. VI: ssRNA-RT viruses. VII: ...

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is known to cause apoptosis in central nervous system and lymphoid tissue of infected dogs in vivo and in vitro.[90] Apoptosis caused by CDV is typically induced via the extrinsic pathway, which activates caspases that disrupt cellular function and eventually leads to the cells death.[74] In normal cells, CDV activates caspase-8 first, which works as the initiator protein followed by the executioner protein caspase-3.[74] However, apoptosis induced by CDV in HeLa cells does not involve the initiator protein caspase-8. HeLa cell apoptosis caused by CDV follows a different mechanism than that in vero cell lines.[74] This change in the caspase cascade suggests CDV induces apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway, excluding the need for the initiator caspase-8. The executioner protein is instead activated by the internal stimuli caused by viral infection not a caspase cascade.[74]. The Oropouche ...

... (GME) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) of dogs and, rarely, cats. It is a form of meningoencephalitis. GME is likely second only to encephalitis caused by canine distemper virus as the most common cause of inflammatory disease of the canine CNS. The disease is more common in female toy dogs of young and middle age. It has a rapid onset. The lesions of GME exist mainly in the white matter of the cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord. The cause is only known to be noninfectious and is considered at this time to be idiopathic. Because lesions resemble those seen in allergic meningoencephalitis, GME is thought to have an immune-mediated cause, but it is also thought that the disease may be based on an abnormal response to an infectious agent. One study searched for viral DNA from canine herpesvirus, ...

... , formerly Phocine distemper virus (PDV), is a paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus that is pathogenic for pinniped species, particularly seals.[2] Clinical signs include laboured breathing, fever and nervous symptoms. PDV was first identified in 1988 as the cause of death of 18,000 harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and 300 grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) along the northern European coast.[3] In 2002, an epidemic of PDV along the North Sea coast resulted in the deaths of 21,700 seals, estimated to be 51% of the population. Antibodies to PDV have been found in a number of carnivorous mammal species in the Western North Atlantic, including polar bears, and the Atlantic walrus.[3] The suddenness of the emergence of PDV and related viruses in aquatic mammals has implicated environmental changes as the cause. Pollutants have been posited as contributors by interfering with the ability of ...

... , formerly Phocine distemper virus (PDV), is a paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus that is pathogenic for pinniped species, particularly seals.[2] Clinical signs include laboured breathing, fever and nervous symptoms. PDV was first identified in 1988 as the cause of death of 18,000 harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and 300 grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) along the northern European coast.[3] In 2002, an epidemic of PDV along the North Sea coast resulted in the deaths of 21,700 seals, estimated to be 51% of the population. Antibodies to PDV have been found in a number of carnivorous mammal species in the Western North Atlantic, including polar bears, and the Atlantic walrus.[3] The suddenness of the emergence of PDV and related viruses in aquatic mammals has implicated environmental changes as the cause. Pollutants have been posited as contributors by interfering with the ability of ...

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is known to cause apoptosis in central nervous system and lymphoid tissue of infected dogs in vivo and in vitro.[90] Apoptosis caused by CDV is typically induced via the extrinsic pathway, which activates caspases that disrupt cellular function and eventually leads to the cells death.[74] In normal cells, CDV activates caspase-8 first, which works as the initiator protein followed by the executioner protein caspase-3.[74] However, apoptosis induced by CDV in HeLa cells does not involve the initiator protein caspase-8. HeLa cell apoptosis caused by CDV follows a different mechanism than that in vero cell lines.[74] This change in the caspase cascade suggests CDV induces apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway, excluding the need for the initiator caspase-8. The executioner protein is instead activated by the internal stimuli caused by viral infection not a caspase cascade.[74]. The Oropouche ...

... (GME) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) of dogs and, rarely, cats. It is a form of meningoencephalitis. GME is likely second only to encephalitis caused by canine distemper virus as the most common cause of inflammatory disease of the canine CNS. The disease is more common in female toy dogs of young and middle age. It has a rapid onset. The lesions of GME exist mainly in the white matter of the cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord. The cause is only known to be noninfectious and is considered at this time to be idiopathic. Because lesions resemble those seen in allergic meningoencephalitis, GME is thought to have an immune-mediated cause, but it is also thought that the disease may be based on an abnormal response to an infectious agent. One study searched for viral DNA from canine herpesvirus, ...

... (equine distemper) is a contagious upper respiratory tract infection of horses and other equines caused by a gram-positive bacterium, Streptococcus equi. As a result, the lymph nodes swell, compressing the pharynx, larynx and trachea and can cause airway obstruction leading to death, hence the name Strangles. Strangles is enzootic in domesticated horses worldwide. The contagious nature of the infection has at times led to limitations on sporting events. The disease is spread by an infected horse when nasal discharge or pus from the draining lymph nodes contaminate pastures, feed troughs, brushes, bedding, tack etc. Equines of any age may contract the disease, although younger and elderly equines are more susceptible. Young equines may lack immunity to the disease because they have not had prior exposure. Geriatric equines may have a weaker immune system. A horse with strangles will typically develop abscesses in the lymph nodes of the head and neck causing coughing fits ...

... , formerly Phocine distemper virus (PDV), is a paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus that is pathogenic for pinniped species, particularly seals.[2] Clinical signs include laboured breathing, fever and nervous symptoms. PDV was first identified in 1988 as the cause of death of 18,000 harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and 300 grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) along the northern European coast.[3] In 2002, an epidemic of PDV along the North Sea coast resulted in the deaths of 21,700 seals, estimated to be 51% of the population. Antibodies to PDV have been found in a number of carnivorous mammal species in the Western North Atlantic, including polar bears, and the Atlantic walrus.[3] The suddenness of the emergence of PDV and related viruses in aquatic mammals has implicated environmental changes as the cause. Pollutants have been posited as contributors by interfering with the ability of ...

... s are solitary, but are gregarious when hauled out and during the breeding season, though they do not form groups as large as some other seals. When not actively feeding, they haul to rest. They tend to be coastal, not venturing more than 20 km offshore. The mating system is not known, but thought to be polygamous. Females give birth once per year, with a gestation period around nine months. Females have a mean age at sexual maturity of 3.72 years and a mean age at first parturition of 4.64.[9] Both courtship and mating occur under water.[10][9] Pregnancy rate of females was 92% from age 3 to age 36, with lowered reproductive success after the age of 25 years.[9]. Birthing of pups occurs annually on shore. The timing of the pupping season varies with location,[11] occurring in February for populations in lower latitudes, and as late as July in the subarctic zone. The mothers are the sole providers of care, with lactation lasting 24 days.[12] Researchers have found males gather under ...

... s are solitary, but are gregarious when hauled out and during the breeding season, though they do not form groups as large as some other seals. When not actively feeding, they haul to rest. They tend to be coastal, not venturing more than 20 km offshore. Both courtship and mating occur under water. The mating system is not known, but thought to be polygamous. Females give birth once per year, with a gestation period around nine months. Females have a mean age at sexual maturity of 3.72 years and a mean age at first parturition of 4.64.[9] Pregnancy rate of females was 92% from age 3 to age 36, with lowered reproductive success after the age of 25 years.[9]. Birthing of pups occurs annually on shore. The timing of the pupping season varies with location,[10] occurring in February for populations in lower latitudes, and as late as July in the subarctic zone. The mothers are the sole providers of care, with lactation lasting 24 days.[11] Researchers have found males gather under water, ...

... s are dogs belonging to two breeds of the spaniel dog type: the American Cocker Spaniel and the English Cocker Spaniel, both of which are commonly called simply Cocker Spaniel in their countries of origin. In the early 20th century, Cocker Spaniels also included small hunting Spaniels. Cocker Spaniels were originally bred as hunting dogs in the United Kingdom, with the term cocker deriving from their use to hunt the Eurasian woodcock. When the breed was brought to the United States, it was bred to a different standard, which enabled it to specialize in hunting the American woodcock. Further physical changes were bred into the cocker in the United States during the early part of the 20th century. Spaniels were first mentioned in the 14th century by Gaston III of Foix-Béarn in his work the Livre de Chasse. The "cocking" or "cocker spaniel" was a type of field or land spaniel in the 19th century. Prior to 1901, Cocker Spaniels were only separated from Field Spaniels and Springer ...

In the eighteenth century in Britain, only two types of terriers were recognized, long- and short-legged.[4] Today, terriers are often informally categorized by size or by function. Hunting-types are still used to find, track, or trail quarry, especially underground, and sometimes to bolt the quarry. Modern examples include the Jack Russell Terrier, Rat Terrier and the Patterdale Terrier. There are also the short-legged terriers such as the Cairn Terrier, Scottish Terrier, and West Highland White Terrier which were also used to kill small vermin. The original hunting terriers include the fell terrier-breeds developed in northern England to assist in the killing of foxes-and the hunt terrier-breeds developed in southern England to locate, kill or bolt foxes during a traditional mounted fox hunt. The various combinations of bulldog and terrier that were used for bull-baiting and dog-fighting in the late nineteenth century, were later refined into separate breeds that combined both terrier and ...

The dog leukocyte antigen (DLA) is a part of the major hisocompatability complex (MHC) in dogs, encoding genes in the MHC. The DLA and MHC system are interchangeable terms in canines. The MHC plays a critical role in the immune response system and consists of three regions: class I, class II and class III. DLA genes belong to the first two classes, which are involved in the regulation of antigens in the immune system. The class II genes are highly polymorphic, with many different alleles/haplotypes that have been linked to diseases, allergies, and autoimmune conditions such as diabetes, polyarthritus, and hypothyroidism in canines. There are likely hundreds of immunologically relevant genes making up the DLA region in the canine genome; as of the present date the complete characteristics of the gene is unknown. MHC genes represent candidates for disease susceptibility in ...