Calorimetry differential scanning. Medical search

Differential thermal analysis in which the sample compartment of the apparatus is a differential calorimeter, allowing an exact measure of the heat of transition independent of the specific heat, thermal conductivity, and other variables of the sample.

The measurement of the quantity of heat involved in various processes, such as chemical reactions, changes of state, and formations of solutions, or in the determination of the heat capacities of substances. The fundamental unit of measurement is the joule or the calorie (4.184 joules). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Calculation of the energy expenditure in the form of heat production of the whole body or individual organs based on respiratory gas exchange.

A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.

Heat production, or its measurement, of an organism at the lowest level of cell chemistry in an inactive, awake, fasting state. It may be determined directly by means of a calorimeter or indirectly by calculating the heat production from an analysis of the end products of oxidation within the organism or from the amount of oxygen utilized.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

The determination of the concentration of a given component in solution (the analyte) by addition of a liquid reagent of known strength (the titrant) until an equivalence point is reached (when the reactants are present in stoichiometric proportions). Often an indicator is added to make the equivalence point visible (e.g., a change in color).

Disruption of the non-covalent bonds and/or disulfide bonds responsible for maintaining the three-dimensional shape and activity of the native protein.

The scattering of x-rays by matter, especially crystals, with accompanying variation in intensity due to interference effects. Analysis of the crystal structure of materials is performed by passing x-rays through them and registering the diffraction image of the rays (CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, X-RAY). (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

A spectroscopic technique in which a range of wavelengths is presented simultaneously with an interferometer and the spectrum is mathematically derived from the pattern thus obtained.

A change of a substance from one form or state to another.

Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.

Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes.

The temperature at which a substance changes from one state or conformation of matter to another.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

The application of scientific knowledge or technology to pharmacy and the pharmaceutical industry. It includes methods, techniques, and instrumentation in the manufacture, preparation, compounding, dispensing, packaging, and storing of drugs and other preparations used in diagnostic and determinative procedures, and in the treatment of patients.

Method of using a polycrystalline powder and Rietveld refinement (LEAST SQUARES ANALYSIS) of X-RAY DIFFRACTION or NEUTRON DIFFRACTION. It circumvents the difficulties of producing single large crystals.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Chemistry dealing with the composition and preparation of agents having PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS or diagnostic use.

The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers for the study of biological membranes.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.

Technique whereby the weight of a sample can be followed over a period of time while its temperature is being changed (usually increased at a constant rate).

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.

Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a choline moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and choline and 2 moles of fatty acids.

The preparation, mixing, and assembling of a drug. (From Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19th ed, p1814)

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

The measure of that part of the heat or energy of a system which is not available to perform work. Entropy increases in all natural (spontaneous and irreversible) processes. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The chemical and physical integrity of a pharmaceutical product.

Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form. These include binders, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc.

Relating to the size of solids.

Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins.

The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percentage of body fat.

The processes of heating and cooling that an organism uses to control its temperature.

Forms to which substances are incorporated to improve the delivery and the effectiveness of drugs. Drug carriers are used in drug-delivery systems such as the controlled-release technology to prolong in vivo drug actions, decrease drug metabolism, and reduce drug toxicity. Carriers are also used in designs to increase the effectiveness of drug delivery to the target sites of pharmacological actions. Liposomes, albumin microspheres, soluble synthetic polymers, DNA complexes, protein-drug conjugates, and carrier erythrocytes among others have been employed as biodegradable drug carriers.

The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence.

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to an ethanolamine moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and ethanolamine and 2 moles of fatty acids.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

NMR spectroscopy on small- to medium-size biological macromolecules. This is often used for structural investigation of proteins and nucleic acids, and often involves more than one isotope.

Substances made up of an aggregation of small particles, as that obtained by grinding or trituration of a solid drug. In pharmacy it is a form in which substances are administered. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes.

Freedom from activity.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

The physical characteristics and processes of biological systems.

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

Artificially produced membranes, such as semipermeable membranes used in artificial kidney dialysis (RENAL DIALYSIS), monomolecular and bimolecular membranes used as models to simulate biological CELL MEMBRANES. These membranes are also used in the process of GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION.

The study of PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and PHYSICAL PROCESSES as applied to living things.

A nitrogen-free class of lipids present in animal and particularly plant tissues and composed of one mole of glycerol and 1 or 2 moles of phosphatidic acid. Members of this group differ from one another in the nature of the fatty acids released on hydrolysis.

Determination of the spectra of ultraviolet absorption by specific molecules in gases or liquids, for example Cl2, SO2, NO2, CS2, ozone, mercury vapor, and various unsaturated compounds. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.

The diversion of RADIATION (thermal, electromagnetic, or nuclear) from its original path as a result of interactions or collisions with atoms, molecules, or larger particles in the atmosphere or other media. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A cytosolic carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme found widely distributed in cells of almost all tissues. Deficiencies of carbonic anhydrase II produce a syndrome characterized by OSTEOPETROSIS, renal tubular acidosis (ACIDOSIS, RENAL TUBULAR) and cerebral calcification. EC 4.2.1.-

The motion of phospholipid molecules within the lipid bilayer, dependent on the classes of phospholipids present, their fatty acid composition and degree of unsaturation of the acyl chains, the cholesterol concentration, and temperature.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The formation of crystalline substances from solutions or melts. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A polyvinyl polymer of variable molecular weight; used as suspending and dispersing agent and vehicle for pharmaceuticals; also used as blood volume expander.

Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.

Method of tissue preparation in which the tissue specimen is frozen and then dehydrated at low temperature in a high vacuum. This method is also used for dehydrating pharmaceutical and food products.

Cellular processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of CARBOHYDRATES.

Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Spectrophotometry in the infrared region, usually for the purpose of chemical analysis through measurement of absorption spectra associated with rotational and vibrational energy levels of molecules. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A biosensing technique in which biomolecules capable of binding to specific analytes or ligands are first immobilized on one side of a metallic film. Light is then focused on the opposite side of the film to excite the surface plasmons, that is, the oscillations of free electrons propagating along the film's surface. The refractive index of light reflecting off this surface is measured. When the immobilized biomolecules are bound by their ligands, an alteration in surface plasmons on the opposite side of the film is created which is directly proportional to the change in bound, or adsorbed, mass. Binding is measured by changes in the refractive index. The technique is used to study biomolecular interactions, such as antigen-antibody binding.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Particles consisting of aggregates of molecules held loosely together by secondary bonds. The surface of micelles are usually comprised of amphiphatic compounds that are oriented in a way that minimizes the energy of interaction between the micelle and its environment. Liquids that contain large numbers of suspended micelles are referred to as EMULSIONS.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

The thermodynamic interaction between a substance and WATER.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

The physical phenomena describing the structure and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

The study of CHEMICAL PHENOMENA and processes in terms of the underlying PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and processes.

Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquefies; the resulting colloid is called a sol.

A class of sphingolipids found largely in the brain and other nervous tissue. They contain phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine as their polar head group so therefore are the only sphingolipids classified as PHOSPHOLIPIDS.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

The ability of a protein to retain its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to physical or chemical manipulations.

Measurement of the polarization of fluorescent light from solutions or microscopic specimens. It is used to provide information concerning molecular size, shape, and conformation, molecular anisotropy, electronic energy transfer, molecular interaction, including dye and coenzyme binding, and the antigen-antibody reaction.

A nonionic polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block co-polymer with the general formula HO(C2H4O)a(-C3H6O)b(C2H4O)aH. It is available in different grades which vary from liquids to solids. It is used as an emulsifying agent, solubilizing agent, surfactant, and wetting agent for antibiotics. Poloxamer is also used in ointment and suppository bases and as a tablet binder or coater. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)

Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system.

Dosage forms of a drug that act over a period of time by controlled-release processes or technology.

The homogeneous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), from which the dissolved substances can be recovered by physical processes. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A homologous group of cyclic GLUCANS consisting of alpha-1,4 bound glucose units obtained by the action of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase on starch or similar substrates. The enzyme is produced by certain species of Bacillus. Cyclodextrins form inclusion complexes with a wide variety of substances.

Agents that modify interfacial tension of water; usually substances that have one lipophilic and one hydrophilic group in the molecule; includes soaps, detergents, emulsifiers, dispersing and wetting agents, and several groups of antiseptics.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape and arrangement of multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

The glyceryl esters of a fatty acid, or of a mixture of fatty acids. They are generally odorless, colorless, and tasteless if pure, but they may be flavored according to origin. Fats are insoluble in water, soluble in most organic solvents. They occur in animal and vegetable tissue and are generally obtained by boiling or by extraction under pressure. They are important in the diet (DIETARY FATS) as a source of energy. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Physiological processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of LIPIDS.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.

The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.

Characteristics or attributes of the outer boundaries of objects, including molecules.

FATTY ACIDS found in the plasma that are complexed with SERUM ALBUMIN for transport. These fatty acids are not in glycerol ester form.

Disruption of the secondary structure of nucleic acids by heat, extreme pH or chemical treatment. Double strand DNA is "melted" by dissociation of the non-covalent hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Denatured DNA appears to be a single-stranded flexible structure. The effects of denaturation on RNA are similar though less pronounced and largely reversible.

A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds.

The accumulation of an electric charge on a object

A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.

Nanometer-sized, hollow, spherically-shaped objects that can be utilized to encapsulate small amounts of pharmaceuticals, enzymes, or other catalysts (Glossary of Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology, 4th ed).

Deacetylated CHITIN, a linear polysaccharide of deacetylated beta-1,4-D-glucosamine. It is used in HYDROGEL and to treat WOUNDS.

Liquids transforming into solids by the removal of heat.

Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., BIOPOLYMERS; PLASTICS).

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

A class of organic compounds which contain an anilino (phenylamino) group linked to a salt or ester of naphthalenesulfonic acid. They are frequently used as fluorescent dyes and sulfhydryl reagents.

Centrifugation with a centrifuge that develops centrifugal fields of more than 100,000 times gravity. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Nanometer-sized particles that are nanoscale in three dimensions. They include nanocrystaline materials; NANOCAPSULES; METAL NANOPARTICLES; DENDRIMERS, and QUANTUM DOTS. The uses of nanoparticles include DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS and cancer targeting and imaging.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).

The assembly of the QUATERNARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE of multimeric proteins (MULTIPROTEIN COMPLEXES) from their composite PROTEIN SUBUNITS.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

Colloids formed by the combination of two immiscible liquids such as oil and water. Lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion. Water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. The formation of emulsions may be aided by amphiphatic molecules that surround one component of the system to form MICELLES.

Solid dosage forms, of varying weight, size, and shape, which may be molded or compressed, and which contain a medicinal substance in pure or diluted form. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Liquids that dissolve other substances (solutes), generally solids, without any change in chemical composition, as, water containing sugar. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

Conformational transitions of the shape of a protein to various unfolded states.

A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).

The generation of heat in order to maintain body temperature. The uncoupled oxidation of fatty acids contained within brown adipose tissue and SHIVERING are examples of thermogenesis in MAMMALS.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Glucose in blood.

Carbohydrates present in food comprising digestible sugars and starches and indigestible cellulose and other dietary fibers. The former are the major source of energy. The sugars are in beet and cane sugar, fruits, honey, sweet corn, corn syrup, milk and milk products, etc.; the starches are in cereal grains, legumes (FABACEAE), tubers, etc. (From Claudio & Lagua, Nutrition and Diet Therapy Dictionary, 3d ed, p32, p277)

A plant genus of the family ASCLEPIADACEAE.

The exchange of OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood that occurs across the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER.

Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.

A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.

The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Specialized connective tissue composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It is the site of stored FATS, usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES. In mammals, there are two types of adipose tissue, the WHITE FAT and the BROWN FAT. Their relative distributions vary in different species with most adipose tissue being white.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.

Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.

A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Removal of moisture from a substance (chemical, food, tissue, etc.).

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.

The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. Osmolality is expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

Systems for the delivery of drugs to target sites of pharmacological actions. Technologies employed include those concerning drug preparation, route of administration, site targeting, metabolism, and toxicity.

Substances produced from the reaction between acids and bases; compounds consisting of a metal (positive) and nonmetal (negative) radical. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent.

Materials in intermediate state between solid and liquid.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.

A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.

An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.

Microscopy using polarized light in which phenomena due to the preferential orientation of optical properties with respect to the vibration plane of the polarized light are made visible and correlated parameters are made measurable.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

An absence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably below an accustomed norm.

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

The deductive study of shape, quantity, and dependence. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.

The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

A genus of the family Heteromyidae which contains 22 species. Their physiology is adapted for the conservation of water, and they seldom drink water. They are found in arid or desert habitats and travel by hopping on their hind limbs.

Single membrane vesicles, generally made of PHOSPHOLIPIDS.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.

Any of a group of polysaccharides of the general formula (C6-H10-O5)n, composed of a long-chain polymer of glucose in the form of amylose and amylopectin. It is the chief storage form of energy reserve (carbohydrates) in plants.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

The amounts of various substances in food needed by an organism to sustain healthy life.

Calorimetric studies on the stability of the ribosome-inactivating protein abrin II: effects of pH and ligand binding. (1/2195)

The effects of pH and ligand binding on the stability of abrin II, a heterodimeric ribosome-inactivating protein, and its subunits have been studied using high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry. At pH7.2, the calorimetric scan consists of two transitions, which correspond to the B-subunit [transition temperature (Tm) 319.2K] and the A-subunit (Tm 324.6K) of abrin II, as also confirmed by studies on the isolated A-subunit. The calorimetric enthalpy of the isolated A-subunit of abrin II is similar to that of the higher-temperature transition. However, its Tm is 2.4K lower than that of the higher-temperature peak of intact abrin II. This indicates that there is some interaction between the two subunits. Abrin II displays increased stability as the pH is decreased to 4.5. Lactose increases the Tm values as well as the enthalpies of both transitions. This effect is more pronounced at pH7.2 than at pH4.5. This suggests that ligand binding stabilizes the native conformation of abrin II. Analysis of the B-subunit transition temperature as a function of lactose concentration suggests that two lactose molecules bind to one molecule of abrin II at pH7.2. The presence of two binding sites for lactose on the abrin II molecule is also indicated by isothermal titration calorimetry. Plotting DeltaHm (the molar transition enthalpy at Tm) against Tm yielded values for DeltaCp (change in excess heat capacity) of 27+/-2 kJ.mol-1.K-1 for the B-subunit and 20+/-1 kJ.mol-1.K-1 for the A-subunit. These values have been used to calculate the thermal stability of abrin II and to surmise the mechanism of its transmembrane translocation. (+info)

Expression and characterization of the intact N-terminal domain of streptokinase. (2/2195)

Proteolytic studies have enabled two of the three putative domains of the fibrinolytic protein streptokinase to be isolated and characterized (Conejero-Lara F et al., 1996, Protein Sci 5:2583-2591). The N-terminal domain, however, could not be isolated in these experiments because of its susceptibility to proteolytic cleavage. To complete the biophysical characterization of the domain structure of streptokinase we have overexpressed, purified, and characterized the N-terminal region of the protein, residues 1-146. The results show this is cooperatively folded with secondary structure content and overall stability closely similar to those of the equivalent region in the intact protein. (+info)

The effects of hydrostatic pressure on ribosome conformation in Escherichia coli: and in vivo study using differential scanning calorimetry. (3/2195)

Differential scanning calorimetry of whole Escherichia coil cells allowed the detection in vivo of changes in ribosome conformation. This enabled for the first time an analysis of the effects of high hydrostatic pressures on ribosomes in living cells. A correlation was observed between loss of cell viability and decrease in ribosome-associated enthalpy in cells subjected to pressures of 50-250 MPa for 20 min. Cell death and ribosome damage were therefore closely related phenomena. In pressure-treated cells, the thermogram peak temperatures decreased, suggesting that the remaining ribosomes had adopted a less stable conformation. During subsequent incubation of the cultures at 37 degrees C, peak temperatures and enthalpies gradually increased over a period of 5 h. This change in ribosome conformation had no apparent effect on cell survival, as viability continued to decrease. The addition of 5 mM MgCl2 before pressure treatment of cells prevented the reduction in stability of surviving ribosomes but had no effect on the initial loss of enthalpy or on cell viability. (+info)

Glycosylation of asparagine-28 of recombinant staphylokinase with high-mannose-type oligosaccharides results in a protein with highly attenuated plasminogen activator activity. (4/2195)

The properties of recombinant staphylokinase (SakSTAR) expressed in Pichia pastoris cells have been determined. The single consensus N-linked oligosaccharide linkage site in SakSTAR (at Asn28 of the mature protein) was occupied in approximately 50% of the expressed protein with high-mannose-type oligosaccharides. The majority of these glycans ranged in polymerization state from Man8GlcNAc2 to Man14GlcNAc2, with the predominant species being Man10GlcNAc2 and Man11GlcNAc2. Glycosylated SakSTAR (SakSTARg) did not differ from its aglycosyl form in its aggregation state in solution, its thermal denaturation properties, its ability to form a complex with human plasmin (hPm), the amidolytic properties of the respective SakSTAR-hPm complexes, or its ability to liberate the amino-terminal decapeptide required for formation of a functional SakSTAR-hPm plasminogen activator complex. However, this latter complex with SakSTARg showed a greatly reduced ability to activate human plasminogen (hPg) as compared with the same complex with the aglycosyl form of SakSTAR. We conclude that glycosylation at Asn28 does not affect the structural properties of SakSTAR or its ability to participate in the formation of an active enzymatic complex with hPm, but it is detrimental to the ability of the SakSTAR-hPm complex to serve as a hPg activator. This is likely due to restricted access of hPg to the active site of the SakSTARg-hPm complex. (+info)

Hydrocarbon chain packing and the effect of ethanol on the thermotropic phase behavior of mixed-chain phosphatidylglycerols. (5/2195)

Previous studies in this laboratory have delineated the relationship between the acyl chain asymmetry of mixed-chain phosphatidylcholines and the effect of ethanol concentration ([EtOH]) on their melting behavior (Li et al., Biophys J., 70 (1996) 2784-2794). This present investigation extends these findings to another phospholipid family by using high-resolution differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to characterize the effect of ethanol concentration on the main phase transition temperature (Tm) of five molecular species of mixed-chain phosphatidylglycerol (PG). For C(14):C(18)PG, C(15):C(17)PG, C(16):C(16)PG, and C(17):C(15)PG, a biphasic profile in the Tm versus [EtOH] plot was observed, and the minimum in the plot for each PG occurred at 33, 15, 19, and 36 mg/ml, respectively. This biphasic behavior is typical of phospholipids whose acyl chain asymmetry is fairly small. For C(18):C(14)PG, only a linear decrease in the Tm was observed as a function of ethanol concentration; this effect is characteristic of highly asymmetric phospholipids. Our DSC results obtained with mixed-chain PG in the presence of ethanol demonstrate that the acyl chain asymmetry of the five lipids studied can be ranked as follows: C(15):C(17)PG+info)

Thermotropic phase behavior of mixed-chain phosphatidylglycerols: implications for acyl chain packing in fully hydrated bilayers. (6/2195)

In this communication we report the first systematic investigation of the thermodynamic properties of fully hydrated mixed-chain phosphatidylglycerols (PG) using high-resolution differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The crystal structure of dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol shows an acyl chain conformation that is nearly opposite to that of phosphatidylcholine (PC). In PC, the sn-1 chain is straight while the sn-2 chain contains a bend; for PG, the sn-1 contains a bend while the sn-2 chain is in the all-trans conformation (R.H. Pearson, I. Pascher, The molecular structure of lecithin dihydrate, Nature, 281 (1978) 499-501; I. Pascher, S. Sundell, K. Harlos, H. Eibl, Conformational and packing properties of membrane lipids: the crystal structure of sodium dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 896 (1987) 77-88). If the structure of PG found in the single crystal can be extrapolated to that in the fully hydrated gel-state bilayer, the observed difference in acyl chain conformations implies that modulation of the acyl chain asymmetry will have an opposite effect on the thermotropic phase behavior of PG and PC. For example, it is expected, based on the crystal structures, that C(15):C(13)PG should have a higher main phase transition temperature (Tm) than C(14):C(14)PG, and C(13):C(15)PG should have a lower Tm than C(14):C(14)PG. However, our DSC studies show clearly that the expectation is not borne out by experimental data. Rather, the Tm values of C(15):C(13)PG, C(14):C(14)PG, and C(13):C(15)PG are 18.2 degrees C, 23.1 degrees C, and 24.4 degrees C, respectively. Several other PGs, each with a unique acyl chain composition, have also been studied in this laboratory using high-resolution DSC. It is shown that the acyl chain conformation of fully hydrated PG in general is nearly opposite to that seen in the PG crystal structure. (+info)

An ordered metastable phase in hydrated phosphatidylethanolamine: the Y-transition. (7/2195)

By using time-resolved X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and scanning densitometry, we observed rapid formation at low temperature of a metastable ordered phase, termed LR1 phase, in fully hydrated dihexadecylphosphatidylethanolamine (DHPE). The LR1 phase has the same lamellar repeat period as the gel Lbeta phase but differs from the latter in its more ordered, orthorhombic hydrocarbon chain arrangement. It forms at about 12 degrees C upon cooling and manifests itself as splitting of the sharp, symmetric wide-angle X-ray peak of the DHPE gel phase into two reflections. This transition, designated the 'Y-transition', is readily reversible and proceeds with almost no hysteresis between cooling and heating scans. Calorimetrically, the LR1-->Lbeta transition is recorded as a low-enthalpy (0.2 kcal/mol) endothermic event. The formation of the LR1 phase from the gel phase is associated with a small, about 2 microl/g, decrease of the lipid partial specific volume recorded by scanning densitometry, in agreement with a volume calculation based on the X-ray data. The formation of the equilibrium Lc phase was found to take place from within the LR1 phase. This appears to be the only observable pathway for crystallisation of DHPE upon low-temperature incubation. Once formed, the Lc phase of this lipid converts directly into Lbeta phase at 50 degrees C, skipping the LR1 phase. Thus, the LR1 phase of DHPE can only be entered by cooling of the gel Lbeta phase. The data disclose certain similarities between the low-temperature polymorphism of DHPE and that of long-chain normal alkanes. (+info)

Thermodynamics of the reconstitution of tuna cytochrome c from two peptide fragments. (8/2195)

Two peptide fragments from tuna cytochrome c (cyt c), N-fragment (residues 1-44 containing the heme) and C-fragment (residues 45-103), combine to form a 1:1 fragment complex. This was clearly proved by ion-spray mass spectrometry. It was found from CD and NMR spectra that the structure of the fragment complex formed is similar to that of an intact cyt c, although each isolated fragment itself is unstructured. Binding constants and enthalpies upon the complex formation were directly observed by isothermal titration calorimetry. Thermodynamic parameters (deltaG(o)b, deltaHb, deltaS(o)b, and deltaC(b)p)) associated with the complex formation were determined at various pHs and temperatures. DeltaHb was found to be almost independent of pH values. The change in heat capacity accompanying the complex formation (deltaC(b)p) was directly determined from the temperature dependence of deltaHb. In addition, the change in heat capacity and enthalpy upon tuna cyt c unfolding were determined by differential scanning calorimetry. Thermodynamic parameters for the unfolding/dissociation process of the fragment complex were compared with those for cyt c unfolding at pH 3.9 and 303 K. In a comparison of two unfolding processes, the heat capacity change of each was very close to the other, while both the unfolding enthalpy and entropy of the fragment complex were larger than those of tuna cyt c. These thermodynamic data suggest that the internal interactions between polar groups (hydrogen bonding) and nonpolar groups (van der Waals interactions) are preserved in the fragment complex as well as in the native state of cyt c. (+info)

... Springer-Verlag. pp. 17 ff. ISBN 978-3-540-00467-7. Schick C, Mathot V (2016). Fast Scanning ... Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermoanalytical technique in which the difference in the amount of heat required ... Differential scanning calorimetry can be used to measure a number of characteristic properties of a sample. Using this ... Using differential scanning calorimetry to study the stability to oxidation of samples generally requires an airtight sample ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_scanning_calorimetry

Differential scanning calorimetry". Retrieved 17 April 2017. Chupka, É. I.; Rykova, T. M. (1983). "Electrical properties of ... as determined as inflection point of the heat capacity-temperature curve recorded by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). ... The phosphitylated sample is then scanned using liquide state 31P-NMR spectroscopy and the hydroxyl groups are quantified by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin_characterization

Differential scanning calorimetry, viscosity measurements, light scattering). Because of their amphiphilic structures, the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloxamer

Thermogravimetry Differential thermal analysis Differential scanning calorimetry Danish, Muhammad; Ahmad, Nazir; Zahara, Nayab ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermokinetics

... differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis; Electrophoresis; Field flow fractionation; X-ray diffraction; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microanalysis

"Detection of coating waxes on apples by differential scanning calorimetry". European Food Research and Technology 212.5 (2000) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_waxing

Verification by Differential Scanning Calorimetry with an All-Inclusive Microcell". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 9 (2): ... "In Situ Scanning Electron Microscopy Detection of Carbide Nature of Dendrites in Li-Polymer Batteries". Nano Letters. 18 (12): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_battery

To measure the heat flow differential scanning calorimetry can be used. Assuming that each bond formed during the crosslinking ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curing_(chemistry)

"Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry for Biosimilarity and Batch-to-Batch Comparability". News Medical Net. 21 April 2017. " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvern_Panalytical

Its existence has only recently been confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry. Okamoto H; Journal of Phase Equilibria, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thallium(I)_telluride

This technique uses differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to detect the phase changes. The signal detection relies on ... of the melting can be done by sensing the transient heat flows during phase transitions using differential scanning calorimetry ... Scanning curves and loops have been used to show that cryoporometry melting curves are prone to pore-pore cooperative effects ... "Studies of freezing-melting hysteresis in cryoporometry scanning loop experiments using NMR diffusometry and relaxometry", Chem ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoporometry_and_cryoporometry

The crystallinity of the polymer can be measured through differential scanning calorimetry. For amorphous and semicrystalline ... A true workhorse for polymer characterization is thermal analysis, particularly Differential scanning calorimetry. Changes in ... Transmission Electron Microscopy in combination with staining techniques, but also Scanning Electron Microscopy, Scanning probe ... Crazes can be seen with transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and are typically engineered into a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_characterization

I. Study of curing by differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,4-Epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3',4'-epoxycyclohexane_carboxylate

Differential scanning calorimetry Isothermal microcalorimetry Isothermal titration calorimetry Sorption calorimetry Lin, Lung- ... is a technique closely related to isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In brief ... Zhai, Yong; Okoro, Linus; Cooper, Alan; Winter, Roland (2011-06-01). "Applications of pressure perturbation calorimetry in ... Heerklotz, Heiko; Seelig, Joachim (2002-03-01). "Application of pressure perturbation calorimetry to lipid bilayers". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_perturbation_calorimetry

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is used to determine the thermal properties of polyanhydrides. Glass transition ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyanhydride

The thermal stability can be measured by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Polyesters are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-refractive-index_polymer

Differential scanning calorimetry gives information on melting point together with its enthalpy of fusion. A basic melting ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point

She combines several spectroscopic and structural probes, including circular dichroism and differential scanning calorimetry. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzana_Straus

Differential scanning calorimetry is a workhorse technique in many fields, particularly in polymer characterization. A ... In a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), heat flow into a sample-usually contained in a small aluminium capsule or 'pan'- ... Differential scanning calorimeters, isothermal micro calorimeters, titration calorimeters and accelerated rate calorimeters are ... Constant flux calorimetry (or COFLUX as it is often termed) is derived from heat balance calorimetry and uses specialized ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorimeter

"Quantitative Description of Temperature Induced Self-Aggregation Thermograms Determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry" ( ... equation can be exploited for the extraction of aggregation numbers of self-assembled micelles from differential scanning ... by isothermal titration calorimetry. Comparison with the Van 't Hoff value". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 5 (12): 2625- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_'t_Hoff_equation

The study of epoxy curing is usually caried out by using Differential scanning calorimetry. In general, uncured epoxy resins ... December 20, 1990 Barton, John M. (1985), "The application of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to the study of epoxy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy

... with water could experience complex multiphase transitions during differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) temperature ... scanning. For starch with excess water, a single gelatinisation endotherm can be usually observed in the low temperature range ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starch

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is another method industries use to examine properties of gelatinized starch. As water ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starch_gelatinization

Differential scanning calorimetry has shown that high temperature (69 °C) is required to unfold it. Phytic acid is the primary ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermomyces_lanuginosus

Assays to detect adulteration with HFCS use differential scanning calorimetry and other advanced testing methods. In the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-fructose_corn_syrup

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is an analytical technique used to examine thermodynamic properties of molecules. It ... differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), nuclear magnetic resonance which include 2HNMR and 31PNMR, thin layer chromatography ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol-induced_non-lamellar_phases_in_phospholipids

Differential scanning calorimetry can be used to quantify enthalpy change due to molecular structural relaxation. The term " ... Let the homogeneous differential equation: m d 2 y d t 2 + γ d y d t + k y = 0 {\displaystyle m{\frac {d^{2}y}{dt^{2}}}+\gamma ... which becomes the separable differential equation d [ A ] − ( k + k ′ ) [ A ] + k ′ [ A ] 0 = d t {\displaystyle {\frac {d{\ce ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxation_(physics)

The sf-TM experiments duplicate experiments that can be performed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A limitation ... A second cooling scan followed by a third heating scan can be performed to check on the reliability of the prior scans. ... The second heating scan will differ from the first heating scan because of thermal relaxation during the first scan and the ... used to be consistent with modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry (mt-DSC) and other situations when a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermomechanical_analysis

The phase transition detected by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is reversible; de-insertion of ... Scanning tunneling microscopy shows the presence of local regions where oxygen atoms are arranged in a rectangular pattern with ... Graphite oxide itself is an insulator, almost a semiconductor, with differential conductivity between 1 and 5×10−3 S/cm at a ... Pandey, D.; Reifenberger, R.; Piner, R. (2008). "Scanning probe microscopy study of exfoliated oxidized graphene sheets". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite_oxide

... (DTA) is a thermoanalytic technique that is similar to differential scanning calorimetry. In DTA ... This differential temperature is then plotted against time, or against temperature (DTA curve, or thermogram). Changes in the ... Differential thermal analysis". University of Cambridge, Material Science and Metallurgy. www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phase-trans/2002/ ... Berger K.G., Akehurst E.E. "Some applications of differential thermal analysis to oils and fats". International Journal of Food ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_thermal_analysis

The second method, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), allows for more precise determination of phase transitions and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal

H-2 Nuclear Magnetic-Resonance and Differential Scanning Calorimetry." Biochemistry 29(2):451-464. v t e (Membrane biology, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_ordered_phase

... differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance (2H NMR). Additionally, negative staining ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_polymorphism

The typical temperature is 190-220 °C. Oxidation-induction time can be known with the use of Differential Scanning Calorimetry ... Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) - Part 6: Determination of oxidation induction time (isothermal OIT) and oxidation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative-induction_time

X-ray scattering and differential scanning calorimetry". J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 92 (17): 3173-3182. doi:10.1039/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_ether

Differential thermal analysis) (DTA) and (differential scanning calorimetry) (DSC): Analyzing the heating effect of polymer ... Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 67 (2002) 295~303 (Polymer chemistry, Corrosion, Forensic phenomena, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_degradation_of_polymers

... or coffee cup calorimeter Differential Scanning Calorimeter Reaction calorimeter See also Calorimeter or Calorimetry Entropy is ... Scanning acoustic microscope Scanning probe microscope Atomic force microscope (AFM) Scanning tunneling microscope (STM) Focus ... Dilatometer Strain gauge Differential Scanning Calorimeter gives melting point and enthalpy of fusion. Kofler bench Thiele tube ... Electron microscope Scanning electron microscope Transmission electron microscope Optical microscope uses reflectiveness or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument

Differential scanning calorimetry is a thermoanalytical technique used to determine the thermal events of the copolymer as a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copolymer

Calorimetric methods, such as differential scanning calorimetry, use induce phase transitions in order to quantify the ... Microscopic methods, such as optical, electron, field ion, and scanning tunneling microscopy, can be used to visualize the ... scanning probe microscopic techniques enable visualization of two dimensional assemblies. Polymorphism, the phenomenon wherein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_engineering

Attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. In 2011 she was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Petit

Differential scanning calorimetry is used to characterize the thermal properties of polymers, such as the glass-transition ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer

... quenched HCl-doped ice VI to 77 K at different pressures between 1.0 and 1.8 GPa to collect differential scanning calorimetry ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_XIX

Allotropy Autocatalytic reactions and order creation Crystal growth Abnormal grain growth Differential scanning calorimetry ... sudden change at the glass transition temperature which enables accurate detection using differential scanning calorimetry ... crystalline phase transition temperature of biological membranes can be determined by many techniques including calorimetry, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_transition

... and thus it gives rise to a well-defined differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) peak. This makes DSC curves difficult to ... Figure 4: Free energy, strain, and calorimetry curves typical of the asymmetric Austenite-R-Martensite transformation, in which ... and calorimetry curves typical of the symmetric Austenite-R-Martensite transformation, in which R-phase is found during both ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-Phase

"Predicting gelatinization temperature of starch/sweetener system for cake formulation by differential scanning calorimetry I. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructose

Isothermal Titration Calorimetry, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Circular Dichroism, SPR, NMR, FTIR, Dynamic Light ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Centre_for_Biotechnology

19 Test Method for Oxidation Induction Time of Lubricating Oils by Pressure Differential Scanning Calorimetry (PDSC) D6188 - 17 ... Practice for Glass Transition Temperatures of Hydrocarbon Resins by Differential Scanning Calorimetry D6605 - 06(2020) Practice ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ASTM_International_standards_(D6001-7000)

Although other techniques like differential scanning calorimetry are capable of measuring these transition temperatures, IGC ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_gas_chromatography

... differential scanning calorimetry and circular dichroism studies". Thermochimica Acta. 389 (1-2): 141-151. doi:10.1016/S0040- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_serum_albumin

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) - Part 3: Determination of temperature and enthalpy of melting and crystallization ... Plastics - Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) - Part 3: Determination of temperature and enthalpy of melting and ...

https://www.iso.org/standard/72460.html

In this investigation the properties of 3% w/v mannitol solutions were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry ( ... In this investigation the properties of 3% w/v mannitol solutions were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry ( ... In this investigation the properties of 3% w/v mannitol solutions were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry ( ... In this investigation the properties of 3% w/v mannitol solutions were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry ( ...

https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/an-investigation-into-the-subambient-behavior-of-aqueous-mannitol

Here we show quantitatively, through the novel use of calorimetry, terahertz (THz) spectroscopy and neutron scattering, how ... Differential scanning calorimetry. The isobaric heat capacity (Cp) data for both G338 and the GIC sample subjected to the 62 h ... heat capacity Cp of both G338 and GIC samples as a function of temperature determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC ... SANS, which measures differential density at the nano-level, is dominated here (∼0.5 Å-1) by Porod scattering from interfaces42 ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms9631?error=cookies_not_supported

Differential scanning calorimetry Definition. The term "differential scanning calorimetry" describes an instrument that ... Differential scanning calorimetry Equipment. The equipment used for this technique is called differential scanning calorimeter ... Differential scanning calorimetry Analysis. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) is an alternative technique that is quite ... Differential scanning calorimetry History. DSC was developed for the first time by E.S. Watson and M.J. ONeill in 1962. It was ...

https://www.chemistrylearner.com/differential-scanning-calorimetry.html

Analysis of foodborne bacteria by differential scanning calorimetry. Calorimetry in Food Processing. ... ANALYSIS OF FOODBORNE BACTERIA BY DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY - (Abstract Only) Tunick, M.H., Bayles, D.O., Novak, J.S. ... Analysis of foodborne bacteria by differential scanning calorimetry - (Book / Chapter) Tunick, M.H., Novak, J.S., Bayles, D.O ... Analysis of foodborne bacteria by differential scanning calorimetry. (abstract). IFT Annual Mtg. Paper No. 74-2. Available: ...

https://www.ars.usda.gov/people-locations/person/?person-id=40343

2.3.2. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Differential scanning calorimetery (Mettler Toledo SC 821, Mettler-Toledo Ltd ... 2.3.5. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The morphology of all the drug loaded filaments was observed using scanning electron ... Goyanes, A.; Det-Amornrat, U.; Wang, J.; Basit, A.W.; Gaisford, S. 3D scanning and 3D printing as innovative technologies for ... XRD scans of different grades of HPMC filaments showed no peaks and scattering of x-rays was also not observed, highlighting ...

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/11/7/1095

Differential Scanning Calorimetry: Basics and Applications. $110.00. Select options. Sort by popularity. Sort by latest. Sort ...

https://novapublishers.com/product-tag/9781536133356/

AccueilDepartementOrganic Materials (DMO)Instruments of dmoDifferential Scanning Calorimetry. Differential Scanning Calorimetry ...

https://www.ipcms.fr/en/departement/organic-materials-dmo/instruments-of-dmo/differential-scanning-calorimetry/

Abstract Modulated DSCTM (MDSC) is a new, patent-pending extension to conventional DSC which provides information about the reversing and nonreversing characteristics of thermal events, as well as the ability to directly measure heat capacity. This additional information aids interpretation and allows unique insights into the structure and behaviour of materials., A number of examples of its use are described.

https://akjournals.com/abstract/journals/10973/40/3/article-p931.xml?rskey=VtIyXR&result=5

Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Chapter. *May 2018. *. Nathan Zaccai. *. Igor N. Serdyuk. *. Joseph Zaccai ...

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nathan-Zaccai-2

DSC: Determination of the Relative Oxidative Stability of Polyethylene Bottle Tops by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) ...

https://www.tainstruments.com/applications/polymers/

Differential scanning calorimetry, small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering, electron microscopy and X-ray total scattering ... Differential scanning calorimetry. Experiments were conducted using a Netzsch STA 449 F1 instrument, in sealed platinum ... Simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry-thermogravimetric analyses were performed using a TA instruments Q-600 series ... In a separate, simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry-thermogravimetric (SDT) experiment, (ZIF-8)(ZIF-62)(20/80) was ...

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2019/sc/c8sc04044c?page=search

Differential scanning calorimetry. ELP:. Elastomer-like proteins/polypeptides. FKBP12:. Protein receptor for rapamycin. ... as shown by scanning electron microscopy. This system, compared to conventional PLGA microspheres, showed better uploading of ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijps/2017/1231464/

... is studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Studies are carried out at different concentrations of amine salt: 5, ... is studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Studies are carried out at different concentrations of amine salt: 5, ... is studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Studies are carried out at different concentrations of amine salt: 5, ... is studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Studies are carried out at different concentrations of amine salt: 5, ...

https://ipn.elsevierpure.com/es/publications/cure-behavior-and-kinetic-study-of-diglycidyl-ether-of-bisphenol-

Differential-Scanning Calorimetry and Mössbauer Study of Phase Separation in Amorphous Ni-Pd-P Alloys. ...

https://www.degruyter.com/journal/key/ijmr/78/11/html

To measure the heat flow differential scanning calorimetry can be used.[9] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curing_%28chemistry%29

differential scanning calorimetry. Specific details on test material used for the study:. SOURCE OF TEST MATERIAL. - Source and ... In the key study, the boiling point of MTDID 22327 was tested using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in four experiments ... The boiling point of MTDID 22327 was tested using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in four experiments. The boiling ...

https://www.echa.europa.eu/et/web/guest/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/24609/4/4

differential scanning calorimetry. Specific details on test material used for the study:. -Purity: Unknown or Variable ...

https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/25978/4/4

... and Melting Point of Ultra-High-Molecular Weight Polyethylene by Means of Differential Scanning Calorimetry. ...

https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfStandards/detail.cfm?standard__identification_no=34710

Moving DSC Downstream: Exploiting Differential Scanning Calorimetry As a Process Development Tool. by Verna Frasca ...

https://bioprocessintl.com/category/analytical/downstream-development/page/4/

238000001938 differential scanning calorimetry curve Methods 0.000 description 15 * 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 ... 238000000113 differential scanning calorimetry Methods 0.000 description 16 * HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium stearate ...

https://patents.google.com/patent/US9045487/en

Differential Scanning Fluorimetry (DSF), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Spectroscopy ... In context to Technique, the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) segment held more than 35.0% of the market in 2019. The ... In context to Technique, the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) segment held more than 35.0% of the market in 2019. The ... As compared to other techniques, some of the other mentionable advantages of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) are ...

https://www.reportsanddata.com/report-detail/protein-stability-analysis-market

The physicochemical property of NOR-PC was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform ... The physicochemical property of NOR-PC was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform ... The physicochemical property of NOR-PC was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform ... D). NOR.Abbreviations: DSC, differential scanning calorimetry; NOR-PC, norisoboldine-phospholipid complex; NOR, norisoboldine. ...

https://www.dovepress.com/mechanistic-studies-on-the-absorption-enhancement-of-a-self-nanoemulsi-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJN

Differential Scanning Calorimeters Our differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) products comprise premium instruments for ... Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is the most commonly used Thermal Analysis method for pharmaceutical applications and ... Simultaneous Differential Scanning Calorimetry- Thermogravimetry (STA) Instruments. The term STA stands for the simultaneous ... Testing Business Unit comprises conventional thermal analysis instruments such as differential scanning calorimeters (DSCs), ...

https://www.pharmaceutical-business-review.com/suppliers/netzsch/

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Thermal unfolding of the various light chains was studied using a MicroCal VP-DSC ... The thermal stability of the proteins was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The transition ... B) Unfolding temperatures determined from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments of the different samples ... Thermodynamic and fibril formation studies of full length immunoglobulin light chain AL-09 and its germline protein using scan ...

https://peerj.com/articles/8771/

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is used in research and development to identify biotherapeutics with good stability ... Manufacturing biotherapeutic faster using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Ten reasons protein characterization ... Characterization of biopharmaceutical stability with Differential Scanning Calorimetry: Process development and manufacturing ... Characterization of biopharmaceutical stability with Differential Scanning Calorimetry: Process development and manufacturing ...

https://www.malvernpanalytical.com/en/industries/biologics/manufacturing-quality-control

Gel permeation chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry method was also used to measure the molar mass, ... 3-hydroxybutyric acid; acetone; biodegradability; crystal structure; cyclohexanes; differential scanning calorimetry; ... scanning electron microscopy; temperature; thermal stability; tin; titration; toxicity; transmission electron microscopy. ...

https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/?f%5Bsource%5D%5B%5D=2019+v.27+no.1&per_page=50&sort=date-asc

Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Technique in which the sample is heated and temperature is monitored to evaluate exothermic ...

https://pds.nasa.gov/datastandards/documents/dd/current/PDS4_PDS_DD_1G00/webhelp/all/ch33s01.html

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Calorimetric studies on the stability of the ribosome-inactivating protein abrin II: effects of pH and ligand binding. (1/2195)

Expression and characterization of the intact N-terminal domain of streptokinase. (2/2195)

The effects of hydrostatic pressure on ribosome conformation in Escherichia coli: and in vivo study using differential scanning calorimetry. (3/2195)

Glycosylation of asparagine-28 of recombinant staphylokinase with high-mannose-type oligosaccharides results in a protein with highly attenuated plasminogen activator activity. (4/2195)

Hydrocarbon chain packing and the effect of ethanol on the thermotropic phase behavior of mixed-chain phosphatidylglycerols. (5/2195)

Thermotropic phase behavior of mixed-chain phosphatidylglycerols: implications for acyl chain packing in fully hydrated bilayers. (6/2195)

An ordered metastable phase in hydrated phosphatidylethanolamine: the Y-transition. (7/2195)

Thermodynamics of the reconstitution of tuna cytochrome c from two peptide fragments. (8/2195)

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Calorimetry, Differential Scanning

Calorimetry

Calorimetry, Indirect

Thermodynamics

Energy Metabolism

Basal Metabolism

Temperature

Titrimetry

Protein Denaturation

X-Ray Diffraction

Circular Dichroism

Protein Binding

Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared

Phase Transition

1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine

Hot Temperature

Molecular Sequence Data

Lipid Bilayers

Transition Temperature

Models, Molecular

Technology, Pharmaceutical

Powder Diffraction

Kinetics

Amino Acid Sequence

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical

Solubility

Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine

Binding Sites

Water

Protein Conformation

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Protein Folding

Thermogravimetry

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Molecular Conformation

Phosphatidylcholines

Drug Compounding

Protein Structure, Secondary

Entropy

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Crystallography, X-Ray

Drug Stability

Excipients

Particle Size

Liposomes

Body Composition

Body Temperature Regulation

Drug Carriers

Oxygen Consumption

Models, Chemical

Spectrometry, Fluorescence

Ligands

Enzyme Stability

Base Sequence

Phosphatidylethanolamines

RNA, Messenger

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular

Powders

Time Factors

Energy Intake

Rest

Molecular Structure

Biophysical Phenomena

Gene Expression Profiling

Membranes, Artificial

Biophysics

Phosphatidylglycerols

Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet

Oxidation-Reduction

beta-Cyclodextrins

Scattering, Radiation

Escherichia coli

Recombinant Proteins

Carbonic Anhydrase II

Membrane Fluidity

Models, Biological

Crystallization

Povidone

Microscopy, Electron, Scanning

Freeze Drying