Calculi. Medical search

An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones.

Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.

Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.

Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.

Stones in the URINARY BLADDER; also known as vesical calculi, bladder stones, or cystoliths.

Abnormal concretion or calcified deposit that forms around the teeth or dental prostheses.

The destruction of a calculus of the kidney, ureter, bladder, or gallbladder by physical forces, including crushing with a lithotriptor through a catheter. Focused percutaneous ultrasound and focused hydraulic shock waves may be used without surgery. Lithotripsy does not include the dissolving of stones by acids or litholysis. Lithotripsy by laser is LITHOTRIPSY, LASER.

Presence of small calculi in the terminal salivary ducts (salivary sand), or stones (larger calculi) found in the larger ducts.

Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the ureter.

The insertion of a catheter through the skin and body wall into the kidney pelvis, mainly to provide urine drainage where the ureter is not functional. It is used also to remove or dissolve renal calculi and to diagnose ureteral obstruction.

Calculi occurring in a salivary gland. Most salivary gland calculi occur in the submandibular gland, but can also occur in the parotid gland and in the sublingual and minor salivary glands.

Fragmentation of CALCULI, notably urinary or biliary, by LASER.

Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.

Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.

The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.

Radiography of any part of the urinary tract.

The presence of calculi in a salivary duct or gland.

Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.

Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).

Books in the field of medicine intended primarily for consultation.

Surgery performed on the urinary tract or its parts in the male or female. For surgery of the male genitalia, UROLOGIC SURGICAL PROCEDURES, MALE is available.

Inorganic compounds that contain magnesium as an integral part of the molecule.

An inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of CYSTINE and other BASIC AMINO ACIDS by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This form of aminoaciduria is characterized by the abnormally high urinary levels of cystine; LYSINE; ARGININE; and ORNITHINE. Mutations involve the amino acid transport protein gene SLC3A1.

Calcium salts of phosphoric acid. These compounds are frequently used as calcium supplements.

A clinical syndrome with intermittent abdominal pain characterized by sudden onset and cessation that is commonly seen in infants. It is usually associated with obstruction of the INTESTINES; of the CYSTIC DUCT; or of the URINARY TRACT.

The flattened, funnel-shaped expansion connecting the URETER to the KIDNEY CALICES.

A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.

Abdominal symptoms after removal of the GALLBLADDER. The common postoperative symptoms are often the same as those present before the operation, such as COLIC, bloating, NAUSEA, and VOMITING. There is pain on palpation of the right upper quadrant and sometimes JAUNDICE. The term is often used, inaccurately, to describe such postoperative symptoms not due to gallbladder removal.

A surgical specialty concerned with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the urinary tract in both sexes, and the genital tract in the male. Common urological problems include urinary obstruction, URINARY INCONTINENCE, infections, and UROGENITAL NEOPLASMS.

Pathological processes of the URINARY TRACT in both males and females.

A pouch or sac developed from a tubular or saccular organ, such as the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.

Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.

Holmium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ho, atomic number 67, and atomic weight 164.93.

A group of phosphate minerals that includes ten mineral species and has the general formula X5(YO4)3Z, where X is usually calcium or lead, Y is phosphorus or arsenic, and Z is chlorine, fluorine, or OH-. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A condition characterized by the formation of CALCULI and concretions in the hollow organs or ducts of the body. They occur most often in the gallbladder, kidney, and lower urinary tract.

The duct that is connected to the GALLBLADDER and allows the emptying of bile into the COMMON BILE DUCT.

A chronic inflammatory condition of the KIDNEY resulting in diffuse renal destruction, a grossly enlarged and nonfunctioning kidney associated with NEPHROLITHIASIS and KIDNEY STONES.

Pathological processes of the TESTIS.

An imaging test of the BILIARY TRACT in which a contrast dye (RADIOPAQUE MEDIA) is injected into the BILE DUCT and x-ray pictures are taken.

Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.

Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.

A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.

Excretion of abnormally high level of CALCIUM in the URINE, greater than 4 mg/kg/day.

Heterocyclic rings containing three nitrogen atoms, commonly in 1,2,4 or 1,3,5 or 2,4,6 formats. Some are used as HERBICIDES.

Recesses of the kidney pelvis which divides into two wide, cup-shaped major renal calices, with each major calix subdivided into 7 to 14 minor calices. Urine empties into a minor calix from collecting tubules, then passes through the major calix, renal pelvis, and ureter to enter the urinary bladder. (From Moore, Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 3d ed, p211)

Liquid by-product of excretion produced in the kidneys, temporarily stored in the bladder until discharge through the URETHRA.

Treatment for the prevention of periodontal diseases or other dental diseases by the cleaning of the teeth in the dental office using the procedures of DENTAL SCALING and DENTAL POLISHING. The treatment may include plaque detection, removal of supra- and subgingival plaque and calculus, application of caries-preventing agents, checking of restorations and prostheses and correcting overhanging margins and proximal contours of restorations, and checking for signs of food impaction.

An embryonic structure originating from the ALLANTOIS. It is a canal connecting the fetal URINARY BLADDER and the UMBILICUS. It is normally converted into a fibrous cord postnatally. When the canal fails to be filled and remains open (patent urachus), urine leaks through the umbilicus.

A numerical rating scale for classifying the periodontal status of a person or population with a single figure which takes into consideration prevalence as well as severity of the condition. It is based upon probe measurement of periodontal pockets and on gingival tissue status.

An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.

Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.

Endoscopes for examining the interior of the ureter.

An ancient civilization, known as early as 2000 B.C. The Persian Empire was founded by Cyrus the Great (550-529 B.C.) and for 200 years, from 550 to 331 B.C., the Persians ruled the ancient world from India to Egypt. The territory west of India was called Persis by the Greeks who later called the entire empire Persia. In 331 B.C. the Persian wars against the Greeks ended disastrously under the counterattacks by Alexander the Great. The name Persia in modern times for the modern country was changed to Iran in 1935. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p546 & Asimov, Words on the Map, 1962, p176)

Pathological processes involving the URETERS.

A thin protein film on the surface of DENTAL ENAMEL. It is widely believed to result from the selective adsorption of precursor proteins present in SALIVA onto tooth surfaces, and to reduce microbial adherence to the TEETH.

Excretion of an excessive amount of OXALATES in the urine.

A combination of the debris index and the dental calculus index to determine the status of oral hygiene.

Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the urinary bladder.

Instruments for the visual examination of interior structures of the body. There are rigid endoscopes and flexible fiberoptic endoscopes for various types of viewing in ENDOSCOPY.

A cutaneous pouch of skin containing the testicles and spermatic cords.

Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.

A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.

Fiberoptic endoscopy designed for duodenal observation and cannulation of VATER'S AMPULLA, in order to visualize the pancreatic and biliary duct system by retrograde injection of contrast media. Endoscopic (Vater) papillotomy (SPHINCTEROTOMY, ENDOSCOPIC) may be performed during this procedure.

Partial or complete blockage in any part of the URETHRA that can lead to difficulty or inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER. It is characterized by an enlarged, often damaged, bladder with frequent urges to void.

A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.

Endoscopes for visual examination of the urinary bladder.

A plant genus of the family RANUNCULACEAE that contains alpha-hederin, a triterpene saponin in the seeds, and is the source of black seed oil.

The sesame family of the order Lamiales that are mainly herbs and shrubs growing in warm regions.

Surgical removal of the GALLBLADDER.

Painful URINATION. It is often associated with infections of the lower URINARY TRACT.

A powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher.

A principle that learning is facilitated when the learner receives immediate evaluation of learning performance. The concept also hypothesizes that learning is facilitated when the learner is promptly informed whether a response is correct, and, if incorrect, of the direction of error.

Inorganic compounds that contain potassium as an integral part of the molecule.

Presence of blood in the urine.

Radiography of the SALIVARY GLANDS or ducts following injection of contrast medium.

Any change in the hue, color, or translucency of a tooth due to any cause. Restorative filling materials, drugs (both topical and systemic), pulpal necrosis, or hemorrhage may be responsible. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p253)

Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.

Surgical creation of an opening (stoma) in the URINARY BLADDER for drainage.

Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include SOLVENTS, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, ANTIOXIDANTS; PRESERVATIVES, PHARMACEUTICAL; COLORING AGENTS; FLAVORING AGENTS; VEHICLES; EXCIPIENTS; OINTMENT BASES.

An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus not accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment.

The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections or echoes of ultrasonic pulses directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz.

Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.

Pathological processes involving the URETHRA.

Excision of the gallbladder through an abdominal incision using a laparoscope.

Lasers which use a solid, as opposed to a liquid or gas, as the lasing medium. Common materials used are crystals, such as YAG (YTTRIUM aluminum garnet); alexandrite; and CORUNDUM, doped with a rare earth element such as a NEODYMIUM; ERBIUM; or HOLMIUM. The output is sometimes additionally modified by addition of non-linear optical materials such as potassium titanyl phosphate crystal, which for example is used with neodymium YAG lasers to convert the output light to the visible range.

The period of history from the year 500 through 1450 of the common era.

Examination of urine by chemical, physical, or microscopic means. Routine urinalysis usually includes performing chemical screening tests, determining specific gravity, observing any unusual color or odor, screening for bacteriuria, and examining the sediment microscopically.

Spectrophotometry in the infrared region, usually for the purpose of chemical analysis through measurement of absorption spectra associated with rotational and vibrational energy levels of molecules. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A procedure for smoothing of the roughened root surface or cementum of a tooth after subgingival curettage or scaling, as part of periodontal therapy.

Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.

A copper-containing dye used as a gelling agent for lubricants, for staining of bacteria and for the dyeing of histiocytes and fibroblasts in vivo.

Computed tomography where there is continuous X-ray exposure to the patient while being transported in a spiral or helical pattern through the beam of irradiation. This provides improved three-dimensional contrast and spatial resolution compared to conventional computed tomography, where data is obtained and computed from individual sequential exposures.

Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.

Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.

The duration of a surgical procedure in hours and minutes.

A plant genus of the family APIACEAE used for flavoring food.

An index which scores the degree of dental plaque accumulation.

Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.

Removal of dental plaque and dental calculus from the surface of a tooth, from the surface of a tooth apical to the gingival margin accumulated in periodontal pockets, or from the surface coronal to the gingival margin.

Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.

Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.

A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.

Procedures of applying ENDOSCOPES for disease diagnosis and treatment. Endoscopy involves passing an optical instrument through a small incision in the skin i.e., percutaneous; or through a natural orifice and along natural body pathways such as the digestive tract; and/or through an incision in the wall of a tubular structure or organ, i.e. transluminal, to examine or perform surgery on the interior parts of the body.

Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.

The formation of crystalline substances from solutions or melts. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A storage reservoir for BILE secretion. Gallbladder allows the delivery of bile acids at a high concentration and in a controlled manner, via the CYSTIC DUCT to the DUODENUM, for degradation of dietary lipid.

Ducts that collect PANCREATIC JUICE from the PANCREAS and supply it to the DUODENUM.

The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.

The sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla within the duodenal papilla. The COMMON BILE DUCT and main pancreatic duct pass through this sphincter.

Radiography of the gallbladder after ingestion of a contrast medium.

A monotheistic religion promulgated by the Prophet Mohammed with Allah as the deity.

Non-invasive diagnostic technique for visualizing the PANCREATIC DUCTS and BILE DUCTS without the use of injected CONTRAST MEDIA or x-ray. MRI scans provide excellent sensitivity for duct dilatation, biliary stricture, and intraductal abnormalities.

A musculomembranous sac along the URINARY TRACT. URINE flows from the KIDNEYS into the bladder via the ureters (URETER), and is held there until URINATION.

The largest bile duct. It is formed by the junction of the CYSTIC DUCT and the COMMON HEPATIC DUCT.

Incision of Oddi's sphincter or Vater's ampulla performed by inserting a sphincterotome through an endoscope (DUODENOSCOPE) often following retrograde cholangiography (CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY, ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE). Endoscopic treatment by sphincterotomy is the preferred method of treatment for patients with retained or recurrent bile duct stones post-cholecystectomy, and for poor-surgical-risk patients that have the gallbladder still present.

Infections with bacteria of the genus PROTEUS.

A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.

Blocked urine flow through the bladder neck, the narrow internal urethral opening at the base of the URINARY BLADDER. Narrowing or strictures of the URETHRA can be congenital or acquired. It is often observed in males with enlarged PROSTATE glands.

An area occupying the most posterior aspect of the ABDOMINAL CAVITY. It is bounded laterally by the borders of the quadratus lumborum muscles and extends from the DIAPHRAGM to the brim of the true PELVIS, where it continues as the pelvic extraperitoneal space.

One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the KIDNEY PELVIS to the URINARY BLADDER.

Radiographic visualization of the body between the thorax and the pelvis, i.e., within the peritoneal cavity.

The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).

Thin strands of transparent material, usually glass, that are used for transmitting light waves over long distances.

Method of using a polycrystalline powder and Rietveld refinement (LEAST SQUARES ANALYSIS) of X-RAY DIFFRACTION or NEUTRON DIFFRACTION. It circumvents the difficulties of producing single large crystals.

One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.

A series of steps taken in order to conduct research.

Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.

The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health.

Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.

Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.

Diseases of the GALLBLADDER. They generally involve the impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, neoplasms, or other diseases.

Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the COMMON BILE DUCT.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.

Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.

The duct which coveys URINE from the pelvis of the KIDNEY through the URETERS, BLADDER, and URETHRA.

The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease.

Passage of a CATHETER into the URINARY BLADDER or kidney.

A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of CYSTEINE. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine.

A dilation of the duodenal papilla that is the opening of the juncture of the COMMON BILE DUCT and the MAIN PANCREATIC DUCT, also known as the hepatopancreatic ampulla.

A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].

A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.

Excision of kidney.

Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.

Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.

An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Dacryolith formation around an eyelash retained in the lacrimal sac. (1/113)

A dacryolith was discovered in the lacrimal sac during a dacryocystorhinostomy for chronic dacryocystitis in which there was mucocele formation. Morphological examination confirmed the presence of an eyelash at the centre of the stone and electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of fungi (Candida sp.) in a matrix which was of markedly vairable morphology. The mechanism by which a hair enters the punctum and passes along the canaliculus may be attributed to the step-like pattern of ridges on the surface of a hair. The directional nature of these ridges dictates preferential movement towards the root end of the hair and prevents movements in the opposite direction. (+info)

Long term follow up of patients with chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic stones treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. (2/113)

BACKGROUND: There have been conflicting reports as to whether pancreatic ductal drainage achieved by endoscopy and lithotripsy improves the clinical outcome of patients with chronic pancreatitis. AIMS: To determine the clinical outcome in patients with chronic pancreatitis who received extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), and were followed up for two to eight years. METHODS: Eighty patients with severe chronic pancreatitis and endoscopically unretrievable obstructive stones underwent ESWL with a piezoelectric lithotripter between 1989 and 1996. Clinical status, relief of symptoms, further endoscopic or surgical interventions, and mortality were defined. RESULTS: Forty three (54%) patients were treated successfully with ESWL. The only feature associated with treatment success was the presence of a single stone rather than multiple stones. Successfully treated patients tended to experience less pain, although this did not reach statistical significance. A slight increase in weight was noted in our patients; however, there was no notable improvement in anomalous stools and diabetes mellitus. Five patients died due to extrapancreatic reasons. No pancreatic carcinomas developed. CONCLUSIONS: ESWL associated with endoscopic drainage is a safe technique that is particularly successful in patients with a single stone. However, pancreatic drainage by endoscopy and ESWL has almost no effect on pain in chronic pancreatitis. Furthermore, endoscopic management and ESWL does not prevent or postpone the development of glandular insufficiency. (+info)

Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis: a rare familial inheritance with report of six cases in a family. Contribution of six new cases to the number of case reports in Turkey. (3/113)

Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (PAM) is a lung disease characterized by deposits of calcium within the alveoli. Our aim was to emphasize the familial character and the clinical features of the disease, and to draw attention to the increasing number of Turkish patients reported in the world. We detected 6 cases of PAM. Three cases had been diagnosed 4 years earlier, and 3 new cases were detected during the screening of the family members. All patients were male and the mean age was 11.5 ranging between 5 and 29 years. Five of the patients were cousins and the other one was their uncle. Radiographic studies showed a sand-like appearance in all patients. One case showed small subpleural bullae and bronchiectatic changes in both lower lobes in recent high-resolution CT scans, while his CT performed 4 years ago showed only sand-like appearance. The cases were diagnosed with the demonstration of microliths by bronchoalveolar lavage in 5 patients and transbronchial biopsy in 1. Recently reported cases from Turkey have constituted a considerable percentage among all cases in the world. In conclusion, (1) our patients constitute one of the largest series of cases reported in one family in the world. The disease seems to have familial and racial characteristics. The Turkish race has to be further investigated for genetic transmission. (2) Contrary to female predominance in previous reports, all 6 cases were male and 5 of them were below 12 years of age. (3) The disorder may show rapid progression in some cases probably due to the severity of the genetic disturbance. (+info)

Histochemical studies of pancreatic calculi. (4/113)

Fourteen pancreatic calculi from the corresponding number of pancreatic lithiasis patients were examined mineralogically and histochemically. The following results were obtained. The main components of calculi were calcium carbonate in 13 of the 14 cases, and calcium phosphate in the remaining one. Calcium carbonate calculi were all so-called intraductal calculi, with acidic glycoprotein apparently enwrapping the component particles. Acidic glycoproteins acted to bridge calcium carbonate particles, as in the cases of gallstone and urinary stone. The calcium phosphate calculus had a histochemical feature of pathologic calcification with degenerated collagen fibrils as the matrix, suggesting the calcification of the fibrotic pancreatic parenchyma after pancreatitis. (+info)

Urinary stones following renal transplantation. (5/113)

BACKGROUND: The formation of urinary tract stones following renal transplantation is a rare complication. The clinical features of stones after transplantation differ from those of non-transplant patients. Renal colic or pain is usually absent and rarely resembles acute rejection. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 849 consecutive kidney transplant patients in The Rogosin Institute/The Weill-Cornell Medical Center, New York who were transplanted between 1980 and 1997 and had functioning grafts for more than 3 months, to determine the incidence of stone formation, composition, risk factors and patient outcome. RESULTS: At our center, urinary stones were diagnosed in 15 patients (1.8%) of 849 functioning renal grafts for 3 or more months. Of the 15 patients, 10 were males and 5 were females in their third and fourth decade. Eight patients received their transplant from living donors and 7 from cadaveric donors. The stones were first diagnosed between 3 and 109 months after transplantation (mean 17.8 months) and 5 patients had recurrent episodes. The stones were located in the bladder in 11 cases (73.3%), transplanted kidney in 3 cases and in multiple sites in one case. The size of stones varied from 3.4 mm to 40 mm (mean 12 mm). The composition of stones was a mixed form of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate in 5 cases and 4 patients had infected stones consisting of struvite or mixed form of struvite and calcium phosphate. Factors predisposing to stone formation included tertiary hyperparathyroidism (n = 8), hypercalciuria (n = 5), recurrent urinary tract infection (n = 5), hypocitraturia (n = 4), and obstructive uropathy (n = 2). Many cases had more than one risk factor. Clinically, painless hematuria was observed in 6 patients and dysuria without bacteriuria in 5 patients. None had renal colic or severe pain at any time. There were no changes in graft function at diagnosis and after removal of stones. Five patients passed stones spontaneously and 8 patients underwent cystoscopy for stone removal. CONCLUSION: Urinary stone formation following kidney transplantation is a rare complication (1.8%). Hyperparathyroidism, hypercalciuria, recurrent urinary tract infection and hypocitraturia are the most common risk factors, but often there are multiple factors which predispose to stone formation. To detect stones and determine their location and size, ultrasonography appears to be the most useful diagnostic tool. Prompt diagnosis, the removal of stones and stone-preventive measures can prevent adverse effects on renal graft outcome. (+info)

Radiological changes in pica. (6/113)

The significance of pica and geophagia as a public health problem is well known. The objective radiographic diagnosis of geophagia depends on the abnormal opacification of the bowel as an immediate manifestitation of the condition. The chance of detectability of geophagia is highest in the colon and can be improved by using low penetration films, particularly for smaller amounts of ingested clay. Other radiologic changes frequently associated with the prolonged practice of geophagic are an atonic pattern of the colon, secondary radiographic changes due to iron-deficiency anemia and bone-age retardation. The occurrences of intestinal obstruction due to pica in the presence of preexisting bowel stricture is demonstrated. (+info)

Genetic susceptibility to fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes in Bangladeshi subjects: a family study. (7/113)

Fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes (FCPD) is an uncommon cause of diabetes, seen mainly in developing countries. A family-based study was carried out in 67 Bangladeshi families, consisting of a proband with FCPD and both parents, to determine whether an association exists between FCPD susceptibility and either the major histocompatiblity complex (MHC) or insulin gene (INS) loci. HLA-DQB1 typing was done using allele-specific primers, and INS was typed using the restriction enzyme HphI. Three microsatellites (TNFa, TNFc and TNFd), from within and flanking the TNF-LT locus, were used for MHC Class IV typing and a PCR-RFLP assay was used to define the -308G/A TNF promoter polymorphism. The extended transmission disequilibrium test (ETDT) was used for statistical analysis. An overall association was observed between FCPD and HLA-DQB1 (P = 0.003), that was largely due to a positive association with HLA-DQB1*0302 and a negative association with HLA-DQB1*0202. Although no association was found between FCPD and TNF-LT microsatellite markers a trend was observed for TNFc (P = 0.037, Pc = 0.15). No association was found between FCPD and INS (P = 0.26). This study confirms an association between FCPD and the MHC using a family-based study design and the stringent ETDT analysis; a novel protective association was found with HLA-DQB1*0202 in Bangladeshi FCPD subjects. The genetic susceptibility to FCPD has features both similar and dissimilar to T1DM. (+info)

Positional down beating nystagmus in 50 patients: cerebellar disorders and possible anterior semicircular canalithiasis. (8/113)

OBJECTIVES: To clarify the clinical significance of positional down beat nystagmus (pDBN). METHODS: A discussion of the neuro-otological findings in 50 consecutive patients with pDBN. RESULTS: In 38 patients there was evidence of CNS disease (central group) but in 12 there was not (idiopathic group). In the CNS group, presenting symptoms were gait, speech, and autonomic dysfunction whereas in the idiopathic group patients mostly reported positional vertigo. The main neurological and oculomotor signs in the CNS group were explained by cerebellar dysfunction, including 13 patients with multiple system atrophy. In patients with multiple system atrophy with a prominent extrapyramidal component, the presence of pDBN was helpful in the differential diagnosis of atypical parkinsonism. No patient with pDBN had the Arnold-Chiari malformation, a common cause of constant down beat nystagmus (DBN). In the idiopathic group, the pDBN had characteristics which suggested a peripheral labyrinthine disorder: vertigo, adaptation, and habituation. In six patients an additional torsional component was found (concurrently with the pDBN in three). Features unusual for peripheral disorder were: bilateral positive Dix-Hallpike manoeuvre in nine of 12 patients and selective provocation by the straight head-hanging manoeuvre in two. CONCLUSION: It is argued that some patients with idiopathic pDBN have benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) with lithiasis of the anterior canal. The torsional component may be weak, because of the predominantly sagittal orientation of the anterior canal, and may not be readily seen clinically. Nystagmus provocation by bilateral Dix-Hallpike and straight head-hanging may be explained by the vertical upwards orientation of the ampullary segment of the anterior canal in the normal upright head position. Such orientation makes right-left specificity with the Dix-Hallpike manoeuvre less important than for posterior canal BPPV. This orientation requires a further downwards movement of the head, often achieved with the straight head-hanging position, to provoke migration of the canaliths. The straight head-hanging manoeuvre should be carried out in all patients with a history of positional vertigo and a negative Dix-Hallpike manoeuvre. (+info)

Calculus[edit]. In calculus, reduction refers to using the technique of integration by parts to evaluate a whole class of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduction_

Calculus[edit]. Alhazen discovered the sum formula for the fourth power, using a method that could be generally used to ... Katz, Victor J. (1995). "Ideas of Calculus in Islam and India". Mathematics Magazine. 68 (3): 163-174. doi:10.2307/2691411. ... Katz, Victor J. (1995), "Ideas of Calculus in Islam and India", Mathematics Magazine, 68 (3): 163-174, doi:10.2307/2691411, ... harmonious fusion of algebra and geometry that was epitomised by Descartes in geometric analysis and by Newton in the calculus ...

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Calculus[edit]. As in the motivation, the exponential function ex is important in part because it is the unique nontrivial ... In each case, one arrives at a convenient choice of base for doing calculus. In fact, these two solutions for a are actually ... Consequently, the exponential function with base e is particularly suited to doing calculus. Choosing e, as opposed to some ... Kline, M. (1998) Calculus: An intuitive and physical approach, section 12.3 "The Derived Functions of Logarithmic Functions.", ...

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The theory of "causal calculus"[34] (also known as do-calculus, Judea Pearl's Causal Calculus, Calculus of Actions) permits one ... Causal calculus[edit]. When experimental interventions are infeasible or illegal, the derivation of cause effect relationship ... While derivations in causal calculus rely on the structure of the causal graph, parts of the causal structure can, under ...

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Summary of lambda calculus[edit]. Main article: Lambda calculus. Lambda calculus is concerned with objects called lambda-terms ... The distinction corresponds to that between the λK and the λI calculus. Unlike the λK calculus, the λI calculus restricts ... As a consequence, combinator K is not present in the λI calculus nor in the CLI calculus. The constants of CLI are: I, B, C and ... CLK versus CLI calculus[edit]. A distinction must be made between the CLK as described in this article and the CLI calculus. ...

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"Why the sine has a simple derivative Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine.", in Historical Notes for Calculus Teachers ... Calculus[edit]. See also: List of integrals of trigonometric functions and Differentiation of trigonometric functions ...

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Causal calculus[edit]. When experimental interventions are infeasible or illegal, the derivation of cause effect relationship ... The theory of "causal calculus"[27] permits one to infer interventional probabilities from conditional probabilities in causal ... While derivations in causal calculus rely on the structure of the causal graph, parts of the causal structure can, under ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality

Probability calculus[edit]. Contraposition represents an instance of Bayes' theorem which in a specific form can be expressed ...

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In calculus[edit]. Main article: vector calculus. Gradient, divergence and curl[edit]. In a rectangular coordinate system, the ... Hughes-Hallett, Deborah; McCallum, William G.; Gleason, Andrew M. (2013). Calculus : Single and Multivariable (6 ed.). John ...

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Binary lambda calculus[edit]. Binary lambda calculus is designed from an algorithmic information theory perspective to allow ... Grass has the formal specification which is based on untyped lambda calculus and the SECD machine.[10] ...

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Calculus of optimization[edit]. Main article: Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions. See also: Critical point (mathematics), ... Calculus of variations seeks to optimize an action integral over some space to an extremum by varying a function of the ... Fermat and Lagrange found calculus-based formulae for identifying optima, while Newton and Gauss proposed iterative methods for ... Optimal control theory is a generalization of the calculus of variations which introduces control policies. ...

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Using elementary calculus[edit]. The following solution for the "short needle" case, while equivalent to the one above, has a ...

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Calculus and partial summation as an operation on sequences[edit]. Partial summation takes as input a sequence, (an), and gives ... When calculus was put on a sound and correct foundation in the nineteenth century, rigorous proofs of the convergence of series ... Swokowski, Earl W. (1983), Calculus with analytic geometry (Alternate ed.), Boston: Prindle, Weber & Schmidt, ISBN 978-0-87150- ... This includes the common cases from calculus in which the group is the field of real numbers or the field of complex numbers. ...

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Calculus,Confused,. will cause the return type of Calculus. to not be the same as that of class Confused. . The compiler may ... Calculus,Clear,. , the function object of calculus. will have always the same return type as the function object of Clear. . ... class Calculus { public: template,class Arg, Arg operator()(Arg& a) const { return member(a); } private: Obj member; }; ...

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The color of calculus varies, and may be grey, yellow, black, or brown.[9] The colour of calculus depends on how long it has ... Calculus: neglected plaque will eventually calcify, and lead to the formation of a hard deposit on the teeth, especially around ... The dark brown to black stains along the gum line of the teeth are the result of the porous nature of calculus immediately ... Zander, Helmut A.; Hazen, Stanley P.; Scott, David B. (1960-02-01). "Mineralization of Dental Calculus". Proceedings of the ...

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In multivariable calculus, the Riemann integrals for functions from R. n. →. R. {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \mathbb {R ... Some calculus books do not use general tagged partitions, but limit themselves to specific types of tagged partitions. If the ... "An Open Letter to Authors of Calculus Books". Retrieved 27 February 2014.. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}. ... the Riemann integral can be evaluated by the fundamental theorem of calculus or approximated by numerical integration. ...

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The fundamental theorem of calculus states that f. (. x. ). =. f. (. a. ). +. ∫. a. x. f. ′. (. t. ). d. t. .. {\displaystyle f ... In calculus, Taylor's theorem gives an approximation of a k-times differentiable function around a given point by a polynomial ... Kline, Morris (1998), Calculus: An Intuitive and Physical Approach, Dover, ISBN 0-486-40453-6. . ... Spivak, Michael (1994), Calculus (3rd ed.), Houston, TX: Publish or Perish, p. 383, ISBN 978-0-914098-89-8. ...

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Calculus. Vector calculus. Differential equations. Dynamical systems. Chaos theory. Complex analysis Applied mathematics. Main ... Main article: Calculus. Understanding and describing change is a common theme in the natural sciences, and calculus was ... The mathematical study of change, motion, growth or decay is calculus.. *^ Ziegler, Günter M. (2011). "What Is Mathematics?". ... The development of calculus by Newton and Leibniz in the 17th century revolutionized mathematics.[31] Leonhard Euler was the ...

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Calculus-based Engineering Physics II: Maxwell to Hawking (2 HS/4 TNCC Credits) ... Calculus-based Engineering Physics I: Foundations & Modeling (2 HS/4 TNCC Credits) ...

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Renal calculus is from the Latin rēnēs meaning "kidneys," and calculus meaning "pebble". Lithiasis (stone formation) in the ... McNutt, WF (1893). "Chapter VII: Vesical Calculi (Cysto-lithiasis)". Diseases of the Kidneys and Bladder: A Text-book for ... Calyceal calculi are aggregations in either the minor or major calyx, parts of the kidney that pass urine into the ureter (the ... 2007). "2007 Guideline for the management of ureteral calculi". The Journal of Urology. 178 (6): 2418-34. doi:10.1016/j.juro. ...

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Trigonometry, Precalculus & Calculus English Grammar and Philippine Literature Grammar and Afro-Asian Literature Grammar and ... Pre-Calculus Humanities 1 Business Ethics and Social Responsibility Introduction to World Religions and Belief Systems Basic ... Calculus Humanities 2 Fundamentals of Accountancy, Business and Management 1 Creative Nonfiction General Biology 1 Social ...

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In calculus, the extreme value theorem states that if a real-valued function f is continuous on the closed interval [a,b], then ... In the setting of non-standard calculus, let N be an infinite hyperinteger. The interval [0, 1] has a natural hyperreal ... Keisler, H. Jerome (1986). Elementary calculus. An infinitesimal approach. Boston, Massachusetts: Prindle, Weber & Schmidt. ...

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April 8 - The first solar eclipse of the year was a rare hybrid event, occurring at ascending node in Aries. This was 4.4 days after the Moon reached perigee. Gamma had a value of -0.34733. A hybrid solar eclipse was visible from south Pacific, Panama, Colombia and Venezuela, and was the 51st solar eclipse of Solar Saros 129 ...

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Applications to calculusEdit. As an application to mathematical education, H. Jerome Keisler wrote Elementary Calculus: An ... a b H. Jerome Keisler, Elementary Calculus: An Infinitesimal Approach. First edition 1976; 2nd edition 1986: full text of 2nd ... Stroyan, K. A Brief Introduction to Infinitesimal Calculus. *Gordon E., Kusraev A., and Kutateladze S.. Infinitesimal Analysis ... Crowell, Calculus. A text using infinitesimals.. *Robert Goldblatt (1998) Lectures on the Hyperreals. An introduction to ...

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... calculusEdit. Derivatives and differentialsEdit. In special relativity (but not general relativity), the derivative ...

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... in calculusEdit. Further information: Volume element. In calculus, a branch of mathematics, the volume of a region D in ... However, using calculus, the volume of a cone is the integral of an infinite number of infinitesimally thin circular disks of ... Volumes of complicated shapes can be calculated with integral calculus if a formula exists for the shape's boundary. One- ...

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CalculusEdit. In real calculus, the derivative of 1/x = x−1 is given by the power rule with the power −1:. d. d. x. x. −. 1. = ...

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CalculusEdit. The longer that plaque stays on the tooth surface, the harder and more attached to the tooth it becomes. That is ... when it is referred to as calculus and needs to be removed by a dental professional.[1] If this is not treated, the ...

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... s determined using calculusEdit. The development of integral calculus in the late 17th century provided tools that could ... Area in calculusEdit. Integration can be thought of as measuring the area under a curve, defined by f(x), between two points ( ... Boyer, Carl B. (1959). A History of the Calculus and Its Conceptual Development. Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-60509-8. .. ... Joshi, K. D. (2002), Calculus for Scientists and Engineers: An Analytical Approach, CRC Press, p. 43, ISBN 978-0-8493-1319-6. ...

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A Functional derivative in Functional calculus. *An auxiliary function in calculus, used to rigorously define the limit or ... Clarence H. Richardson (1954). An Introduction to the Calculus of Finite Differences. Van Nostrand. Chapter 1, pp. 1-3.. online ... Michael Comenetz (2002). Calculus: The Elements. World Scientific. pp. 73-74. ISBN 978-981-02-4904-5. .. ... A change in the value of a variable in calculus. * ...

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Find information about El Paso Community College calculus courses, registering in a technical degree program, and taking free ... El Paso Community College calculus courses. Get Course Information.. Find schools and get information on the program thats ... This website is not affiliated with El Paso Community College calculus courses, and all trademarks are exclusive property of ... Taking calculus courses, for example, can give you an advantage in job recruiting in fields that require advanced math skills. ...

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Typed lambda calculus[edit]. Main article: Typed lambda calculus. A typed lambda calculus is a typed formalism that uses the ... Typed lambda calculus - Lambda calculus with typed variables (and functions). *System F - A typed lambda calculus with type- ... In the lambda calculus, Y g. is a fixed-point of g. , as it expands to: Y g. (λh.(λx.h (x x)) (λx.h (x x))) g. (λx.g (x x)) (λx ... SKI combinator calculus - A computational system based on the S, K and I combinators, equivalent to lambda calculus, but ...

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Calculus on In Our Time at the BBC. *Calculus.org: The Calculus page at University of California, Davis - contains resources ... Ricci calculus, calculus of variations, lambda calculus, and process calculus. ... Calculus, originally called infinitesimal calculus or "the calculus of infinitesimals", is the mathematical study of continuous ... ISBN 978-0-312-18548-0 Calculus Made Easy.. *Mathematical Association of America. (1988). Calculus for a New Century; A Pump, ...

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We develop new semantics for resolution-based calculi for Quantified Boolean Formulas, covering both the CDCL-derived calculi ... Local Soundness for QBF Calculi. EasyChair Preprint no. 362. 20 pages•Date: July 20, 2018. Martin Suda and Bernhard Gleiss ... Furthermore, we show that a clause of any of these calculi can be, in the spirit of Curry-Howard correspondence, interpreted as ... Keyphrases: IRM-calc, long-distance resolution, partial strategy, QBF calculi, semantics, strategies, winning strategy ...

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Ureteric calculi are stones in the ureters, which are the narrow muscular tubes that are responsible for the drainage of urine ... Ureteric calculi are stones in the ureters, which are the narrow muscular tubes that are responsible for the drainage of urine ... They concluded that NECT can be used with a high degree of accuracy to predict the spontaneous passage of ureteric calculi, and ... The safer laparoscopic approach to managing proximal ureteric calculi. A group of researchers conducted an investigation into ...

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Differential calculus, Branch of mathematical analysis, devised by Isaac Newton and G.W. Leibniz, and concerned with the ... differential calculus of Pierre de Fermat and René Descartes and the full calculus of Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm ... Differential calculus, Branch of mathematical analysis, devised by Isaac Newton and G.W. Leibniz, and concerned with the ... The differential calculus, which was invented by Isaac Newton for this specific purpose, provides means for determining exact ...

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Adderall does not teach you calculus. Earlier this week, Sen. Charles Schumer, D-N.Y., said he wants colleges to crack down on ... Adderall does not teach you calculus. David Schick, USA TODAY Collegiate Correspondent Published 4:29 p.m. ET June 20, 2013 ... Where steroids can actually help you hit the ball farther, Adderall does not teach you calculus." ...

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COVID calculus is about balancing risk and benefit in the whole hospital system, and its getting worse as the epidemic ... But COVID calculus may change this. The risk of aerosolizing virus during CPR is high, and a lot of people need to be in the ... One thing COVID calculus eliminates is low-value care, and were quickly learning what that is. When this is all over, will I ... More than anything else, the thing that has struck me is something Im calling "COVID calculus." Its this change in how we ...

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Programs in College Calculus, that will investigate the instruction of mainstream Calculus I courses with the following goals: ... in calculus compared with the percentage that have that intention at the end of Calculus I. ... The immediate goal of the Phase I study is the construction of an epidemiological model of success in Calculus I. That is to ... Phase I will entail a large-scale web-based survey to identify factors that are correlated with success in Calculus I. Phase II ...

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This course provides the calculus content oriented toward applications in computer and communication networks courses. The ... The course exposes students to the fundamental concepts of differential calculus and integral calculus. Coursework emphasizes ... This course provides the calculus content oriented toward applications in computer and communication networks courses. ...

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Vector calculus. [Bill Cox] -- Building on previous texts in the Modular Mathematics series, in particular Vectors in Two or ... Three Dimensions and Calculus and ODEs, this book introduces the student to the concept of vector ... ... Calculus and ODEs, this book introduces the student to the concept of vector calculus. It provides an overview of some of the ... Vector calculus.. Burlington, MA : Elsevier, 1998. (DLC) 00456322. (OCoLC)40262963. Material Type:. Document, Internet resource ...

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This physics of the ding an sich Id actually call ENTROPY , CALCULUS, a , calculus which naturally bestows upon a suitably ... Re: A calculus of personal identity Bruno Marchal Sat, 24 Jun 2006 06:12:42 -0700 ... entropy calculus! No other mathematics ever gets instantated, except as , cognitive artefacts - abstractions - by the scientist ...

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A calculus of broadcasting systems. In TAPSOFT91 Volume 1: CAAP, April 1991. Springer Verlag LNCS 493.Google Scholar ... Examples show the calculus describing this model to be a powerful and natural programming tool. Weak bisimulation, a candidate ... Prasad K.V.S. (1993) A calculus of value broadcasts. In: Bode A., Reeve M., Wolf G. (eds) PARLE 93 Parallel Architectures and ... Broadcast parallel computation distributed computing process calculi CCS communicating processes bisimulation observational ...

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In this case study we define a model-checker for the Mu-Calculus in ACL2 and show how to translate CTL into the Mu-Calculus. In ... Many temporal logics, e.g., CTL, LTL, and CTL* can be translated into the Mu-Calculus. In addition, the algorithm that decides ... Mu-Calculus Model-Checking. Panagiotis Manolios.. Computer-Aided Reasoning: ACL2 Case Studies, pages 93-111. Kluwer Academic ... the Mu-Calculus is used for symbolic (BDD-based) model-checking, a technique that has greatly extended the applicability of ...

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2020 SAS summer courses will take place remotely. For undergraduates, please check Penn InTouch for updated summer course information. For graduate and professional students, please consult your schools and programs. Summer study abroad remains cancelled.. The College of Liberal and Professional Studies staff is working remotely to comply with University protocols as we navigate the COVID-19 virus. Penn is committed to maintaining a safe campus and workplace for faculty, students, staff, and visitors. While we are not onsite, we are still available Monday through Friday from 9 a.m. - 5 p.m. by phone and online in case you need support: (215) 898-7326 or [email protected] Visit coronavirus.upenn.edu, the Universitys dedicated coronavirus COVID-19 web page, for the latest updates.. ...

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The book also includes multivariable calculus, though there is a single variable version. (merlot.org)

It is therefore used for naming specific methods of calculation and related theories, such as propositional calculus , Ricci calculus , calculus of variations , lambda calculus , and process calculus . (wikipedia.org)
The following outlines a standard propositional calculus. (planetmath.org)

Lambda calculus (also written as λ-calculus ) is a formal system in mathematical logic for expressing computation based on function abstraction and application using variable binding and substitution . (wikipedia.org)
Lambda calculus consists of constructing lambda terms and performing reduction operations on them. (wikipedia.org)
Lambda calculus is Turing complete , that is, it is a universal model of computation that can be used to simulate any Turing machine . (wikipedia.org)
Lambda calculus may be untyped or typed . (wikipedia.org)
In typed lambda calculus, functions can be applied only if they are capable of accepting the given input's "type" of data. (wikipedia.org)
in the simply typed lambda calculus it is, for example, a theorem that every evaluation strategy terminates for every simply typed lambda-term, whereas evaluation of untyped lambda-terms need not terminate. (wikipedia.org)
One reason there are many different typed lambda calculi has been the desire to do more (of what the untyped calculus can do) without giving up on being able to prove strong theorems about the calculus. (wikipedia.org)
[5] Lambda calculus has played an important role in the development of the theory of programming languages . (wikipedia.org)
Functional programming languages implement the lambda calculus. (wikipedia.org)
Lambda calculus is also a current research topic in Category theory . (wikipedia.org)
The lambda calculus was introduced by mathematician Alonzo Church in the 1930s as part of an investigation into the foundations of mathematics . (wikipedia.org)
Subsequently, in 1936 Church isolated and published just the portion relevant to computation, what is now called the untyped lambda calculus. (wikipedia.org)
[11] In 1940, he also introduced a computationally weaker, but logically consistent system, known as the simply typed lambda calculus . (wikipedia.org)
Until the 1960s when its relation to programming languages was clarified, the lambda calculus was only a formalism. (wikipedia.org)
Thanks to Richard Montague and other linguists' applications in the semantics of natural language, the lambda calculus has begun to enjoy a respectable place in both linguistics [13] and computer science. (wikipedia.org)
There is a bit of controversy over the reason for Church's use of the Greek letter lambda (λ) as the notation for function-abstraction in the lambda calculus, perhaps in part due to conflicting explanations by Church himself. (wikipedia.org)
In pure lambda calculus , there are no constants . (planetmath.org)
This question is a bit off topic, but I hope it is of sufficient interest [because of lambda calculus] to this group anyway. (upenn.edu)
My favorites would be lambda calculus, RAM's, and imperative language models (e.g., the LOOP language). (upenn.edu)
Occasionally, a book will cover the RAM model as a side-light, but I have been unable to find a book, for example, that covers lambda calculus. (upenn.edu)
Though of course the lambda calculus was contemporaneous - or even earlier than - Turing machines. (upenn.edu)
It covers the basic theory of pi-calculus, typed pi-calculi, higher-order processes, the relationship between pi-calculus and lambda-calculus, and applications of pi-calculus to object-oriented design and programming. (upenn.edu)
We present the notion of recognizability in the simply typed lambda-calculus by showing the equivalence between intersection types and finite standard models. (labri.fr)
We then show this notion of recognizability does not coincide with locally finite congruences of the lambda-calculus. (labri.fr)
The Simple Yuser-friendly Lambda Visualization Interaction Application (SYLVIA) is a unique way to manipulate untyped lambda calculus expressions, by representing them as boxes connected by wires. (haskell.org)

So now let's consider the moral calculus surrounding Medicaid expansion from the perspective of taxpayers and society in general. (forbes.com)

Infinitesimal calculus was developed independently in the late 17th century by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz . (wikipedia.org)
Modern calculus was developed in 17th-century Europe by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (independently of each other, first publishing around the same time) but elements of it appeared in ancient Greece, then in China and the Middle East, and still later again in medieval Europe and in India. (wikipedia.org)

The coverage is up through vector calculus, partial derivatives and multiple integrals. (maa.org)
Calculus II continues to develop the basic ideas introduced in Calculus I: limits, derivatives, and integrals. (hsc.edu)
Calculus I is the study of limits, rates of change of a function, derivative of algebraic and trigonometric functions, applications of derivatives, integration and applications of the definite integral. (bucks.edu)
Nobody actually explained that we were learning calculus at the time, but by the time I was being taught derivatives, I already had a really intuitive notion of how and why this stuff all worked. (metafilter.com)
There are higher derivatives in vector calculus as well. (everything2.com)

The Anton book is a traditional calculus book with formal theorems and explanations of the theoretical background of how calculus works. (maa.org)

Starting in Fall, 2018, we will restructure our calculus sequence from the current sequence of four three-credit courses to the new sequence of three four-credit courses to better align with other schools in Virginia, including the Virginia Community College System. (radford.edu)

According to Student PIRGS, this is "am introductory level single variable calculus book, covering standard topics in differential and integral calculus, and infinite series. (merlot.org)

Calculus: Early Transcendentals , originally by D. Guichard, has been redesigned by the Lyryx editorial team. (merlot.org)
You just viewed Calculus: Early Transcendentals . (merlot.org)
Calculus: Early Transcendentals , 8th Edition, by Howard Anton, Irl Bivens and Stephen Davis. (maa.org)

Calculus , originally called infinitesimal calculus or "the calculus of infinitesimals ", is the mathematical study of continuous change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape and algebra is the study of generalizations of arithmetic operations . (wikipedia.org)
Calculus uses methods originally based on the summation of infinitesimal differences. (wikiversity.org)
This is entirely analogous to ordinary function calculus, where the infinitesimal change in the value of a function is df/dx * dx, and the total change over an interval is ∫ df/dx * dx = ΔF. (everything2.com)

The calculus of communicating systems (CCS) is a process calculus introduced by Robin Milner around 1980 and the title of a book describing the calculus. (wikipedia.org)
The pi-calculus, developed by Robin Milner, Joachim Parrow, and David Walker in the late 80's extends CCS with mobility of communication links, by allowing processes to communicate the names of communication channels themselves. (wikipedia.org)

Fundamental introduction for beginning student of absolute differential calculus and for those interested in applications of tensor calculus to mathematical physics and engineering. (google.com)

the former concerns instantaneous rates of change, and the slopes of curves, while integral calculus concerns accumulation of quantities, and areas under or between curves. (wikipedia.org)
The ancient period introduced some of the ideas that led to integral calculus, but does not seem to have developed these ideas in a rigorous and systematic way. (wikipedia.org)
From the age of Greek mathematics , Eudoxus ( c. 408-355 BC) used the method of exhaustion , which foreshadows the concept of the limit, to calculate areas and volumes, while Archimedes ( c. 287-212 BC) developed this idea further , inventing heuristics which resemble the methods of integral calculus. (wikipedia.org)
It was on the subject of integral calculus and contained many of Euler's discoveries about differential equations. (wikipedia.org)
The course exposes students to the fundamental concepts of differential calculus and integral calculus. (centennialcollege.ca)
6. Integral Calculus. (doverpublications.com)
The remainder of the Sullivan book, 320 pages, provides an overview of differential and integral calculus up through partial differentiation. (maa.org)
The Himonas book is also an overview of differential and integral calculus, with very little in the way of theory. (maa.org)
It is one of the two traditional divisions of calculus, the other being integral calculus-the study of the area beneath a curve. (dbpedia.org)
Differential calculus and integral calculus are connected by the fundamental theorem of calculus, which states that differentiation is the reverse process to integration. (dbpedia.org)
One could use these "indivisibles," he said, to calculate length, area and volume-an important step on the way to modern integral calculus. (scientificamerican.com)
Editors' note: Countless students learn integral calculus-the branch of mathematics concerned with finding the length, area or volume of an object by slicing it into small pieces and adding them up. (scientificamerican.com)
His "method of indivisibles" became a forerunner of integral calculus-but not before surviving attacks from Swiss mathematician Paul Guldin, ostensibly for empirical reasons. (scientificamerican.com)

The main operational difference between function calculus and vector calculus is that the standard derivative d/dx is replaced with the differential operator ∇, pronounced ' del ' or in the olden days' nabla . (everything2.com)

Anybody who has taken Algebra 1 and has ever ridden in a car or pushed a toy train down a track can understand the basic concepts behind calculus. (metafilter.com)
Obviously, a deep understanding of vector calculus requires a knowledge of the basics of vector algebra . (everything2.com)

Ureteric calculi are stones in the ureters, which are the narrow muscular tubes that are responsible for the drainage of urine from the kidneys to the bladder. (news-medical.net)
Stone size can predict the spontaneous passage of ureteric calculi. (news-medical.net)
Also implicated in the etiopathogenesis of ureteric calculi are heredity, diet, anatomical abnormalities of the urinary tract and chronic urinary tract infections (UTIs). (news-medical.net)
Hormonal imbalances and metabolic derangements, as well as hot/ dry climates, are also linked to ureteric calculi. (news-medical.net)
They concluded that NECT can be used with a high degree of accuracy to predict the spontaneous passage of ureteric calculi, and that size combined with location of the stone are the most important parameters in this prediction. (news-medical.net)

Simulation and Verification in a Process Calculus for Spatially-Explicit Ecological Models. (wikipedia.org)

In mathematics education , calculus denotes courses of elementary mathematical analysis , which are mainly devoted to the study of functions and limits. (wikipedia.org)

Tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a well-accepted procedure for uncomplicated renal calculi. (urotoday.com)
Total tubeless PCNL was planned in 40 easily accessible patients with uncomplicated renal calculi, with single infracostal punctures, normal intraoperative events, and acceptable postoperative parameters (visual analogue pain score, parenteral analgesic requirement, bleeding, urinary soakage, hemodynamic stability), allowing an early discharge within 24 hours. (urotoday.com)

Institutiones calculi differentialis (Foundations of differential calculus) is a mathematical work written in 1748 by Leonhard Euler and published in 1755 that lays the groundwork for the differential calculus. (wikipedia.org)
Foundations of Differential Calculus. (wikipedia.org)
Now with a new preface by the author, this book documents the evolution of calculus from a powerful but logically chaotic subject into one whose foundations are thorough, rigorous, and unflinching-a story of genius triumphing over some of the toughest, subtlest problems imaginable. (princeton.edu)

As a general consideration, a calculus is a formal system that consists of a set of syntactic expressions, a distinguished subset of these expressions, plus a set of transformation rules that define a binary relation on the space of expressions. (planetmath.org)
Although it is possible to construct an abstract formal calculus that has no immediate practical use and next to nothing in the way of obvious applications, the very name calculus indicates that this species of formal system owes its origin to the utility of its prototypical members in practical calculation. (planetmath.org)
Generally speaking, any mathematical calculus is designed with the intention of representing a given domain of formal objects, and typically with the aim of facilitating the computations and inferences that need to be carried out in this representation . (planetmath.org)
Thus some idea of the intended denotation , the formal objects that the formulas of the calculus are intended to denote, is given in advance of developing the calculus itself. (planetmath.org)
The design of formal calculi in which fundamental concepts underlying interactive systems can be described and studied has been a central theme of theoretical computer science in recent decades, while membrane computing, a rule-based formalism inspired by biological cells, is a more recent field that belongs to the general area of natural computing. (springer.com)
In the first chapter the authors offer a formal description of mobility in process calculi, noting the entities that move: links (π-calculus), ambients (ambient calculi) and branes (brane calculi). (springer.com)

What few realize is that their calculus homework originated, in part, in a debate between two 17th-century scholars. (scientificamerican.com)

Institutiones calculi differentialis Full text available from Archive.org. (wikipedia.org)

Welcome to the SageMath Calculus Tutorial! (sagemath.org)
No previous experience with SageMath or calculus is necessary, though you will need to either download SageMath or work online at CoCalc in order to participate actively in the following lessons. (sagemath.org)
SageMath Calculus Tutorial - Last Visited , then select "Bookmark This Link" or your browser's equivalent. (sagemath.org)

4R2012 Calculus Unit5 AntiDerivatives! (slideshare.net)

calculus) was invented in the 1930s by Alonzo Church, as a form of mathematical logic dealing primarly with functions and the application of functions to their arguments . (planetmath.org)
12. Standard Calculus and Sequences of Functions. (doverpublications.com)

If you would first like to brush up on some pre-calculus and trigonometry concepts, this review may be of help. (sagemath.org)

The goals of imaging of urinary calculi are to determine the presence of stones witin the urinary tract, evaluate for complications, estimate the likelihood of stone passage, confirm stone passage, assess the stone burden, and evaluate disease activity. (medscape.com)
Ultrasonography (US) use for initial evaluation of suspected urinary calculi is common outside the United States. (medscape.com)

Institutionum calculi integralis is a three-volume textbook written by Leonhard Euler and published in 1768. (wikipedia.org)
1] provides a complete English translation of Euler's Institutionum calculi integralis by Ian Bruce. (wikipedia.org)
Institutionum calculi integralis List of important publications in mathematics Euler, Leonhard (2000) [First published 1755]. (wikipedia.org)

The two main goals of the text are to provide students with a thorough grounding in calculus concepts and applications, analytical techniques, and numerical methods and to have students understand how, when, and why calculus can be used to model biological phenomena. (oreilly.com)
even though it might seem somewhat obvious, it is actually very important to many other concepts in calculus. (sagemath.org)
Many students find physical chemistry difficult not because the concepts are hard, but because they have to apply the calculus and physics they learned previously to problems in chemistry. (washington.edu)

Differential calculus , Branch of mathematical analysis , devised by Isaac Newton and G.W. Leibniz , and concerned with the problem of finding the rate of change of a function with respect to the variable on which it depends. (britannica.com)

Use of symbolic manipulation and graphics software in calculus. (upenn.edu)
In addition, the algorithm that decides the Mu-Calculus is used for symbolic (BDD-based) model-checking, a technique that has greatly extended the applicability of model-checking. (neu.edu)

Chemistry vs Ap Calculus Ab? (yahoo.com)
I now have Ap Calculus Ab and i was just wondering if it is as hard or harder than Chemistry. (yahoo.com)
When freshmen and sophomores merely memorize calculus and physics for their exams rather than truly learning the material, they have difficulty later in senior-level physical chemistry courses. (washington.edu)

Nonenhanced CT image shows an obstructing left proximal ureteral calculus with a slight soft-tissue rim around the stone (ie, rim sign). (medscape.com)

Info concerning El Paso Community College calculus courses, registering for required degree courses, and taking free tests online. (calculuscourse.org)
Taking calculus courses, for example, can give you an advantage in job recruiting in fields that require advanced math skills. (calculuscourse.org)
This sequence of courses is the Calculus Path and is shown in the right column of the chart below. (google.com)
Calculus courses are sequential, so the stuff you see in 191, for example, will enable you to make sense of a lot of the stuff you will see in 192. (unl.edu)

In order to take college-level Calculus in high school, students must begin Pre-Calculus no later than their junior year. (google.com)
Designed for students with one year of calculus in high school. (indiana.edu)
These include type of institution, socioeconomic status of students, reasons for studying Calculus, year in college, and prior mathematical experience. (maa.org)
There are likely to be more, better prepared students here than in your high school, but remember that you are trying to learn Calculus and not competing with other students. (unl.edu)
In my opinion, students are there to learn calculus and should already know what a function is. (maa.org)
Presenting Newton's problem to students and then proposing Calculus as the solution seems so much better than the reverse. (metafilter.com)
For many students, calculus is more like an afterbirth. (metafilter.com)
MATH 171 will be for all students starting the calculus sequence for the first time. (radford.edu)
This classic introductory text, geared toward undergraduate students of mathematics, is the work of an internationally renowned authority on tensor calculus. (doverpublications.com)

Rigorous undergraduate treatment introduces calculus at the basic level, using infinitesimals and concentrating on theory rather than applications. (doverpublications.com)
The two-part treatment offers a rigorous presentation of tensor calculus as a development of vector analysis as well as discussions of the most important applications of tensor calculus. (doverpublications.com)

Too many of my classmates saw calculus as complicated algebraic manipulation instead of the inevitable need to describe the relationship between the basic parameters of motion. (metafilter.com)
Just as 'ordinary' calculus can be used with algebraic function s to determine such things as the slope , maximum and minimum points, changes in concavity, average values, and sums, vector calculus can be used to determine such things with regard to multi-dimensional fields. (everything2.com)

Calculus: Ideas & Applications , by Alex Himonas and Alan Howard. (maa.org)

These two branches are related to each other by the fundamental theorem of calculus , and they make use of the fundamental notions of convergence of infinite sequences and infinite series to a well-defined limit . (wikipedia.org)
They understand the foundation of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. (ti.com)

We are pleased to announce the book: ------------------------------------------------------- The Pi-Calculus: A Theory of Mobile Processes Davide Sangiorgi and David Walker Cambridge University Press, 592 pp, ISBN 0521781779 ------------------------------------------------------- Below is the blurb and the table of contents. (upenn.edu)

Building on previous texts in the Modular Mathematics series, in particular 'Vectors in Two or Three Dimensions' and 'Calculus and ODEs', this book introduces the student to the concept of vector calculus. (worldcat.org)
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Calculus . (wikiversity.org)
The explanations are adequate for the purpose, but the book is suitable only for the most basic overview of calculus. (maa.org)
Since there are so many calculus books and the coverage in them is so similar, I cannot say that this book is outstanding. (maa.org)
The Calculus Gallery is a wonderful book. (princeton.edu)
This book presents the pi-calculus, a theory of mobile systems. (upenn.edu)
The book serves both as a reference for the theory and as an extended demonstration of how to use pi-calculus to describe systems and analyse their properties. (upenn.edu)

im not gonna complain, i got 95-99 averages throughout all 4 hs semesters on those 2 classes, but AP calculus has alot of annoying word problems and analyzing graphs. (yahoo.com)

The pi-calculus provides a conceptual framework for understanding mobility, and mathematical tools for expressing systems and reasoning about their behaviours. (upenn.edu)

We develop new semantics for resolution-based calculi for Quantified Boolean Formulas, covering both the CDCL-derived calculi and the expansion-derived ones. (easychair.org)

2007) Calculus I - Theoretical focus. (wikiversity.org)

Anatomy17

Organisms3

Diseases57

Chemicals and Drugs27

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment45

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes1

Disciplines and Occupations1

Humanities2

Information Science1

Health Care8

Geographicals2

Dacryolith formation around an eyelash retained in the lacrimal sac. (1/113)

Long term follow up of patients with chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic stones treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. (2/113)

Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis: a rare familial inheritance with report of six cases in a family. Contribution of six new cases to the number of case reports in Turkey. (3/113)

Histochemical studies of pancreatic calculi. (4/113)

Urinary stones following renal transplantation. (5/113)

Radiological changes in pica. (6/113)

Genetic susceptibility to fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes in Bangladeshi subjects: a family study. (7/113)

Positional down beating nystagmus in 50 patients: cerebellar disorders and possible anterior semicircular canalithiasis. (8/113)

Calculi

Urinary Calculi

Ureteral Calculi

Kidney Calculi

Urinary Bladder Calculi

Dental Calculus

Lithotripsy

Salivary Duct Calculi

Ureteroscopy

Nephrostomy, Percutaneous

Salivary Gland Calculi

Lithotripsy, Laser

Prostatic Diseases

Urolithiasis

Calcium Oxalate

Urography

Salivary Calculi

Gallstones

Cholelithiasis

Reference Books, Medical

Urologic Surgical Procedures

Magnesium Compounds

Cystinuria

Calcium Phosphates

Colic

Kidney Pelvis

Ethylene Glycol

Postcholecystectomy Syndrome

Urology

Urologic Diseases

Diverticulum

Hydronephrosis

Holmium

Apatites

Lithiasis

Cystic Duct

Pyelonephritis, Xanthogranulomatous

Testicular Diseases

Cholangiography

Bile Duct Diseases

Submandibular Gland Diseases

Oxalates

Oxalic Acid

Hypercalciuria

Triazines

Kidney Calices

Urine

Dental Prophylaxis

Urachus

Periodontal Index

Uric Acid

Gingivitis

Ureteroscopes

Persia

Ureteral Diseases

Dental Pellicle

Hyperoxaluria

Oral Hygiene Index

Cystoscopy

Endoscopes

Scrotum

Nephrolithiasis

Nephrocalcinosis

Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde

Urethral Obstruction

Dental Plaque

Cystoscopes

Nigella sativa

Pedaliaceae

Cholecystectomy

Dysuria

Potassium Citrate

Knowledge of Results (Psychology)

Potassium Compounds

Hematuria

Sialography

Tooth Discoloration

Anuria

Cystostomy

Pharmaceutic Aids