Calcium Sulfate
Bone Substitutes
Bone Regeneration
Silicates
Absorbable Implants
Biocompatible Materials
Dental Cements
Subcutaneous Tissue
Calcium Signaling
Materials Testing
Oxides
Heparitin Sulfate
Calcium Channels
Effects of magnesia and potassium sulfate on gypsum-bonded alumina dental investment for high-fusing casting. (1/142)
The purpose of this study was to improve the characteristics of gypsum-bonded alumina investments using magnesia and potassium sulfate as chemical additives. Magnesia content improved fluidity, delayed setting reaction, increased green strength, and decreased setting expansion, when mixed with distilled water. When the investment was mixed with potassium sulfate, the setting time and setting expansion were reduced, and the thermal expansion increased, however, the green strength decreased. Therefore, the investment with a small amount of magnesia mixed with potassium sulfate was considered a suitable composition, having adequate setting behavior, enough green strength and sufficient compensate expansion for casting. (+info)Amsorb: a new carbon dioxide absorbent for use in anesthetic breathing systems. (2/142)
BACKGROUND: This article describes a carbon dioxide absorbent for use in anesthesia. The absorbent consists of calcium hydroxide with a compatible humectant, namely, calcium chloride. The absorbent mixture does not contain sodium or potassium hydroxide but includes two setting agents (calcium sulphate and polyvinylpyrrolidine) to improve hardness and porosity. METHODS: The resultant mixture was formulated and subjected to standardized tests for hardness, porosity, and carbon dioxide absorption. Additionally, the new absorbent was exposed in vitro to sevoflurane, desflurane, isoflurane, and enflurane to determine whether these anesthetics were degraded to either compound A or carbon monoxide. The performance data and inertness of the absorbent were compared with two currently available brands of soda lime: Intersorb (Intersurgical Ltd., Berkshire, United Kingdom) and Dragersorb (Drager, Lubeck, Germany). RESULTS: The new carbon dioxide absorbent conformed to United States Pharmacopeia specifications in terms of carbon dioxide absorption, granule hardness, and porosity. When the new material was exposed to sevoflurane (2%) in oxygen at a flow rate of 1 l/min, concentrations of compound A did not increase above those found in the parent drug (1.3-3.3 ppm). In the same experiment, mean +/-SD concentrations of compound A (32.5 +/- 4.5 ppm) were observed when both traditional brands of soda lime were used. After dehydration of the traditional soda limes, immediate exposure to desflurane (60%), enflurane (2%), and isoflurane (2%) produced concentrations of carbon monoxide of 600.0 +/- 10.0 ppm, 580.0 +/- 9.8 ppm, and 620.0 +/-10.1 ppm, respectively. In contrast, concentrations of carbon monoxide were negligible (1-3 ppm) when the anhydrous new absorbent was exposed to the same anesthetics. CONCLUSIONS: The new material is an effective carbon dioxide absorbent and is chemically unreactive with sevoflurane, enflurane, isoflurane, and desflurane. (+info)Formulation of glutaraldehyde disinfectant for alginate impressions. (3/142)
The effect of buffer agents incorporated in glutaraldehyde disinfectants on the surface quality of dental models was examined by the measurement of surface roughness, X-ray diffraction analysis and SEM observation. Seven experimental glutaraldehyde disinfectants were prepared using two buffer agents, potassium acetate alone or potassium acetate and sodium hydrogen carbonate in combination. Four kinds of sulfate--zinc, calcium, potassium and magnesium sulfate--were added to these disinfectants in order to accelerate the hydration of calcium sulfate hemihydrate. The impressions treated with the experimental disinfectants for 1 h produced stone surfaces which had significantly lower surface roughness values than those treated with the commercial disinfectants (p < 0.05). The X-ray diffraction analysis and SEM observation showed that these superior surfaces were produced as a result of significant reductions in the amount of residual calcium sulfate hemihydrate. Replacement of buffer agents in commercial glutaraldehyde disinfectants with chemicals such as those studied in the present study will improve the surface quality of dental stone. (+info)Properties of a hybrid plaster-fibreglass cast. (4/142)
OBJECTIVE: To examine the suitability of a plaster-fibreglass hybrid cast for orthopedic applications, comparing them to plaster of Paris (POP) and fibreglass constructs. METHOD: Groups of 10 standardized hybrid, POP and fibreglass casts were studied. An Instron servohydraulic system was used to test the casts in 3-point bending and shear. OUTCOME MEASURES: Strength, stiffness, weight, thickness and cost of the 3 types of cast, and shear strength at the interface between the POP and fibreglass in the hybrid casts. RESULTS: The hybrid casts were twice as strong as the POP constructs, were stiffer and weighed 14% less but were thicker and cost 2.5 times more. They were almost as strong as and less than half the cost of the fibreglass constructs but were thicker, not as stiff, and weighed 42% more. The shear strength of the POP-fibreglass interface in the hybrid casts was higher than the 3-point bending strength of this construct by a factor of 3. CONCLUSIONS: Plaster-fibreglass hybrid casts should be considered for orthopedic use on the basis of their strength, stiffness, weight and cost, combined with their acknowledged advantages of good moulding ability and water resistance. (+info)Solar forcing of drought frequency in the Maya lowlands. (5/142)
We analyzed lake-sediment cores from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, to reconstruct the climate history of the region over the past 2600 years. Time series analysis of sediment proxies, which are sensitive to the changing ratio of evaporation to precipitation (oxygen isotopes and gypsum precipitation), reveal a recurrent pattern of drought with a dominant periodicity of 208 years. This cycle is similar to the documented 206-year period in records of cosmogenic nuclide production (carbon-14 and beryllium-10) that is thought to reflect variations in solar activity. We conclude that a significant component of century-scale variability in Yucatan droughts is explained by solar forcing. Furthermore, some of the maxima in the 208-year drought cycle correspond with discontinuities in Maya cultural evolution, suggesting that the Maya were affected by these bicentennial oscillations in precipitation. (+info)Elution characteristics of vancomycin, teicoplanin, gentamicin and clindamycin from calcium sulphate beads. (6/142)
The in vitro release of vancomycin, teicoplanin, gentamicin and clindamycin from biodegradable calcium sulphate (CaSO(4)) carrier beads is described. All antibiotics showed prolonged release from the carrier beads, which was elevated during the first 24 h, with peak levels exceeding 2500 microg/bead. Doubling the antibiotic load of the beads revealed a more prolonged elution and a two-fold increase in antibiotic release. Local carrier-associated antibiotic treatment with CaSO(4) beads may prove to be effective in the management of chronic bone infections. (+info)Efficacy of calcium sulfate plus decompression bone in lumbar and lumbosacral spinal fusion: preliminary results in 40 patients. (7/142)
OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of calcium sulfate pellets plus bone obtained from decompression with fresh autologous iliac crest bone in lumbar and lumbosacral spinal fusion with decompression. DESIGN: A prospective randomized clinical trial. SETTING: Four tertiary care centres in Halifax, NS. PATIENTS: All were consenting, skeletally mature and suffering from degenerative disc disease or spondylolisthesis. The first 40 patients from a single test centre are reported; 32 of these had completed 1-year follow-up. INTERVENTIONS: Posterolateral lumbar or lumbosacral spinal fusion with spinal canal decompression and randomized placement of test material (decompression bone plus an equal volume of calcium sulfate pellets) on one side and control material (autologous posterior iliac crest bone of equal volume to the test material) on the contralateral side, which allowed subjects to act as their own control. OUTCOME MEASURES: Assessment of bone formation by radiographic evaluation at 6 and 12 months after fusion by an independent musculoskeletal radiologist blinded to the placement of test material. RESULTS: At 6 and 12 months after fusion, 78% and 88% of patients, respectively, showed bone formation at the test site that was 75% to 100% of, equal to or more than that at the control site. Increases in bone formation at 6 and 12 months were almost identical at both sites. Smoking status, patient gender or age, instrumentation used and volume of graft used were not predictive of outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Calcium sulfate pellets plus decompression bone provided bone formation equivalent to autologous iliac crest bone in a majority of patients. Calcium sulfate pellets plus decompression bone may provide a viable alternative to autologous iliac crest as a graft material for spinal fusion. (+info)Effect of pH and calcium on short-term NO3- fluxes in roots of barley seedlings. (8/142)
The effect of pH and Ca2+ on net NO3- uptake, influx, and efflux by intact roots of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings was studied. Seedlings were induced with NO3- or NO2-. Net NO3- uptake and efflux, respectively, were determined by following its depletion from, and accumulation in, the external solution. Since roots of both uninduced and NO2(-)-induced seedlings contain little internal NO3- initial net uptake rates are equivalent to influx (M. Aslam, R.L. Travis, R.C. Huffaker [1994] Plant Physiol 106: 1293-1301). NO3-, uptake (influx) by these roots was little affected at acidic pH. In contrast, in NO3(-)-induced roots, which accumulate NO3-, net uptake rates decreased in response to acidic pH. Under these conditions, NO3- efflux was stimulated and was a function of root NO3- concentration. Conversely, at basic pH, NO3- uptake by NO3- and NO2(-)-induced and uninduced roots decreased, apparently because of the inhibition of influx. Calcium had little effect on NO3- uptake (influx) by NO2(-)-induced roots at either pH 3 or 6. However, in NO3(-)-induced roots, lack of Ca2+ at pH 3 significantly decreased net NO3- uptake and stimulated efflux. The results indicate that at acidic pH the decrease in net NO3- uptake is due to the stimulation of efflux, whereas at basic pH, it is due to the inhibition of influx. (+info)Calcium sulfate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CaSO4. It is a white, odorless, and tasteless solid that is insoluble in alcohol but soluble in water. Calcium sulfate is commonly found in nature as the mineral gypsum, which is used in various industrial applications such as plaster, wallboard, and cement.
In the medical field, calcium sulfate may be used as a component of some pharmaceutical products or as a surgical material. For example, it can be used as a bone void filler to promote healing after bone fractures or surgeries. Calcium sulfate is also used in some dental materials and medical devices.
It's important to note that while calcium sulfate has various industrial and medical uses, it should not be taken as a dietary supplement or medication without the guidance of a healthcare professional.
Bone substitutes are materials that are used to replace missing or damaged bone in the body. They can be made from a variety of materials, including natural bone from other parts of the body or from animals, synthetic materials, or a combination of both. The goal of using bone substitutes is to provide structural support and promote the growth of new bone tissue.
Bone substitutes are often used in dental, orthopedic, and craniofacial surgery to help repair defects caused by trauma, tumors, or congenital abnormalities. They can also be used to augment bone volume in procedures such as spinal fusion or joint replacement.
There are several types of bone substitutes available, including:
1. Autografts: Bone taken from another part of the patient's body, such as the hip or pelvis.
2. Allografts: Bone taken from a deceased donor and processed to remove any cells and infectious materials.
3. Xenografts: Bone from an animal source, typically bovine or porcine, that has been processed to remove any cells and infectious materials.
4. Synthetic bone substitutes: Materials such as calcium phosphate ceramics, bioactive glass, and polymer-based materials that are designed to mimic the properties of natural bone.
The choice of bone substitute material depends on several factors, including the size and location of the defect, the patient's medical history, and the surgeon's preference. It is important to note that while bone substitutes can provide structural support and promote new bone growth, they may not have the same strength or durability as natural bone. Therefore, they may not be suitable for all applications, particularly those that require high load-bearing capacity.
Calcium compounds are chemical substances that contain calcium ions (Ca2+) bonded to various anions. Calcium is an essential mineral for human health, and calcium compounds have numerous biological and industrial applications. Here are some examples of calcium compounds with their medical definitions:
1. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3): A common mineral found in rocks and sediments, calcium carbonate is also a major component of shells, pearls, and bones. It is used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency and as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid.
2. Calcium citrate (C6H8CaO7): A calcium salt of citric acid, calcium citrate is often used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency. It is more soluble in water and gastric juice than calcium carbonate, making it easier to absorb, especially for people with low stomach acid.
3. Calcium gluconate (C12H22CaO14): A calcium salt of gluconic acid, calcium gluconate is used as a medication to treat or prevent hypocalcemia (low blood calcium levels) and hyperkalemia (high blood potassium levels). It can be given intravenously, orally, or topically.
4. Calcium chloride (CaCl2): A white, deliquescent salt, calcium chloride is used as a de-icing agent, a food additive, and a desiccant. In medical settings, it can be used to treat hypocalcemia or hyperkalemia, or as an antidote for magnesium overdose.
5. Calcium lactate (C6H10CaO6): A calcium salt of lactic acid, calcium lactate is used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency. It is less commonly used than calcium carbonate or calcium citrate but may be better tolerated by some people.
6. Calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2): A mineral found in rocks and bones, calcium phosphate is used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency. It can also be used as a food additive or a pharmaceutical excipient.
7. Calcium sulfate (CaSO4): A white, insoluble powder, calcium sulfate is used as a desiccant, a plaster, and a fertilizer. In medical settings, it can be used to treat hypocalcemia or as an antidote for magnesium overdose.
8. Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2): A white, alkaline powder, calcium hydroxide is used as a disinfectant, a flocculant, and a building material. In medical settings, it can be used to treat hyperkalemia or as an antidote for aluminum overdose.
9. Calcium acetate (Ca(C2H3O2)2): A white, crystalline powder, calcium acetate is used as a food additive and a medication. It can be used to treat hyperphosphatemia (high blood phosphate levels) in patients with kidney disease.
10. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3): A white, chalky powder, calcium carbonate is used as a dietary supplement, a food additive, and a pharmaceutical excipient. It can also be used as a building material and a mineral supplement.
Bone regeneration is the biological process of new bone formation that occurs after an injury or removal of a portion of bone. This complex process involves several stages, including inflammation, migration and proliferation of cells, matrix deposition, and mineralization, leading to the restoration of the bone's structure and function.
The main cells involved in bone regeneration are osteoblasts, which produce new bone matrix, and osteoclasts, which resorb damaged or old bone tissue. The process is tightly regulated by various growth factors, hormones, and signaling molecules that promote the recruitment, differentiation, and activity of these cells.
Bone regeneration can occur naturally in response to injury or surgical intervention, such as fracture repair or dental implant placement. However, in some cases, bone regeneration may be impaired due to factors such as age, disease, or trauma, leading to delayed healing or non-union of the bone. In these situations, various strategies and techniques, including the use of bone grafts, scaffolds, and growth factors, can be employed to enhance and support the bone regeneration process.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "silicates" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Silicates are a broad class of minerals that are composed of silicon and oxygen atoms in various arrangements. They are abundant in Earth's crust and are commonly found in sand, quartz, and many types of rocks.
While not directly related to human health, some silicate-based materials can have medical applications. For example, certain forms of magnesium silicate (talc) have been used as a component in some medications for their ability to absorb moisture and help reduce the risk of skin irritation. However, exposure to certain types of silica dust (like crystalline silica) has been linked to lung diseases such as silicosis, bronchitis, and lung cancer, especially in occupational settings like construction, sandblasting, and mining.
If you have any concerns about silicates or their potential impact on your health, I would recommend consulting a healthcare professional for personalized advice based on your specific situation.
Absorbable implants are medical devices that are designed to be placed inside the body during a surgical procedure, where they provide support, stabilization, or other functions, and then gradually break down and are absorbed by the body over time. These implants are typically made from materials such as polymers, proteins, or ceramics that have been engineered to degrade at a controlled rate, allowing them to be resorbed and eliminated from the body without the need for a second surgical procedure to remove them.
Absorbable implants are often used in orthopedic, dental, and plastic surgery applications, where they can help promote healing and support tissue regeneration. For example, absorbable screws or pins may be used to stabilize fractured bones during the healing process, after which they will gradually dissolve and be absorbed by the body. Similarly, absorbable membranes may be used in dental surgery to help guide the growth of new bone and gum tissue around an implant, and then be resorbed over time.
It's important to note that while absorbable implants offer several advantages over non-absorbable materials, such as reduced risk of infection and improved patient comfort, they may also have some limitations. For example, the mechanical properties of absorbable materials may not be as strong as those of non-absorbable materials, which could affect their performance in certain applications. Additionally, the degradation products of absorbable implants may cause local inflammation or other adverse reactions in some patients. As with any medical device, the use of absorbable implants should be carefully considered and discussed with a qualified healthcare professional.
Biocompatible materials are non-toxic and non-reacting substances that can be used in medical devices, tissue engineering, and drug delivery systems without causing harm or adverse reactions to living tissues or organs. These materials are designed to mimic the properties of natural tissues and are able to integrate with biological systems without being rejected by the body's immune system.
Biocompatible materials can be made from a variety of substances, including metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. The specific properties of these materials, such as their mechanical strength, flexibility, and biodegradability, are carefully selected to meet the requirements of their intended medical application.
Examples of biocompatible materials include titanium used in dental implants and joint replacements, polyethylene used in artificial hips, and hydrogels used in contact lenses and drug delivery systems. The use of biocompatible materials has revolutionized modern medicine by enabling the development of advanced medical technologies that can improve patient outcomes and quality of life.
Dental cements are materials used in dentistry to bond or seal restorative dental materials, such as crowns, fillings, and orthodontic appliances, to natural tooth structures. They can be made from various materials including glass ionomers, resin-modified glass ionomers, zinc oxide eugenol, polycarboxylate, and composite resins. The choice of cement depends on the specific clinical situation and the properties required, such as strength, durability, biocompatibility, and esthetics.
Aluminum compounds refer to chemical substances that are formed by the combination of aluminum with other elements. Aluminum is a naturally occurring metallic element, and it can combine with various non-metallic elements to form compounds with unique properties and uses. Some common aluminum compounds include:
1. Aluminum oxide (Al2O3): Also known as alumina, this compound is formed when aluminum combines with oxygen. It is a white, odorless powder that is highly resistant to heat and corrosion. Aluminum oxide is used in a variety of applications, including ceramics, abrasives, and refractories.
2. Aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3): This compound is formed when aluminum combines with sulfuric acid. It is a white, crystalline powder that is highly soluble in water. Aluminum sulfate is used as a flocculant in water treatment, as well as in the manufacture of paper and textiles.
3. Aluminum chloride (AlCl3): This compound is formed when aluminum combines with chlorine. It is a white or yellowish-white solid that is highly deliquescent, meaning it readily absorbs moisture from the air. Aluminum chloride is used as a catalyst in chemical reactions, as well as in the production of various industrial chemicals.
4. Aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3): This compound is formed when aluminum combines with hydroxide ions. It is a white, powdery substance that is amphoteric, meaning it can react with both acids and bases. Aluminum hydroxide is used as an antacid and as a fire retardant.
5. Zinc oxide (ZnO) and aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3): This compound is formed when zinc oxide is combined with aluminum hydroxide. It is a white, powdery substance that is used as a filler in rubber and plastics, as well as in the manufacture of paints and coatings.
It's important to note that some aluminum compounds have been linked to health concerns, particularly when they are inhaled or ingested in large quantities. For example, aluminum chloride has been shown to be toxic to animals at high doses, while aluminum hydroxide has been associated with neurological disorders in some studies. However, the risks associated with exposure to these compounds are generally low, and they are considered safe for most industrial and consumer uses when used as directed.
Subcutaneous tissue, also known as the subcutis or hypodermis, is the layer of fatty connective tissue found beneath the dermis (the inner layer of the skin) and above the muscle fascia. It is composed mainly of adipose tissue, which serves as a energy storage reservoir and provides insulation and cushioning to the body. The subcutaneous tissue also contains blood vessels, nerves, and immune cells that support the skin's functions. This layer varies in thickness depending on the location in the body and can differ significantly between individuals based on factors such as age, genetics, and weight.
Calcium signaling is the process by which cells regulate various functions through changes in intracellular calcium ion concentrations. Calcium ions (Ca^2+^) are crucial second messengers that play a critical role in many cellular processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, gene expression, and programmed cell death (apoptosis).
Intracellular calcium levels are tightly regulated by a complex network of channels, pumps, and exchangers located on the plasma membrane and intracellular organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. These proteins control the influx, efflux, and storage of calcium ions within the cell.
Calcium signaling is initiated when an external signal, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, binds to a specific receptor on the plasma membrane. This interaction triggers the opening of ion channels, allowing extracellular Ca^2+^ to flow into the cytoplasm. In some cases, this influx of calcium ions is sufficient to activate downstream targets directly. However, in most instances, the increase in intracellular Ca^2+^ serves as a trigger for the release of additional calcium from internal stores, such as the ER.
The release of calcium from the ER is mediated by ryanodine receptors (RyRs) and inositol trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs), which are activated by specific second messengers generated in response to the initial external signal. The activation of these channels leads to a rapid increase in cytoplasmic Ca^2+^, creating a transient intracellular calcium signal known as a "calcium spark" or "calcium puff."
These localized increases in calcium concentration can then propagate throughout the cell as waves of elevated calcium, allowing for the spatial and temporal coordination of various cellular responses. The duration and amplitude of these calcium signals are finely tuned by the interplay between calcium-binding proteins, pumps, and exchangers, ensuring that appropriate responses are elicited in a controlled manner.
Dysregulation of intracellular calcium signaling has been implicated in numerous pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disorders, and cancer. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms governing calcium homeostasis and signaling is crucial for the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting these diseases.
I'm happy to help! However, I must clarify that "materials testing" is not a medical term per se. It is a term used in various fields, including engineering and materials science, to describe the process of subjecting materials to different tests to evaluate their properties and performance under various conditions.
In the context of medical devices or implants, materials testing may refer to the evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties of materials used in their construction. These tests can include assessments of strength, durability, biocompatibility, and other factors that are critical to ensuring the safety and efficacy of medical devices.
Medical device manufacturers must comply with regulatory standards for materials testing to ensure that their products meet specific requirements for performance, safety, and quality. These standards may vary depending on the type of device, its intended use, and the country or region in which it will be marketed and sold.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "oxides" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Oxides are a class of chemical compounds that contain at least one oxygen atom and one other element. They can be formed through the process of oxidation, which involves the combination of oxygen with another substance.
In a broader sense, you might encounter the term "oxide" in a medical context when discussing various materials or substances used in medical devices, treatments, or research. For instance, titanium dioxide is a common ingredient in medical-grade sunscreens due to its ability to block and scatter UV light. However, it's important to note that the term "oxides" itself doesn't have a direct connection to medicine or human health.
Heparin sulfate is not exactly referred to as "heparitin sulfate" in medical terminology. The correct term is heparan sulfate, which is a type of glycosaminoglycan (GAG), a long unbranched chain of repeating disaccharide units composed of a hexuronic acid and a hexosamine.
Heparan sulfate is found on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix, where it plays crucial roles in various biological processes, including cell signaling, regulation of growth factor activity, and control of blood coagulation. It is also an important component of the proteoglycans, which are complex molecules that help to maintain the structural integrity and function of tissues and organs.
Like heparin, heparan sulfate has a high negative charge due to the presence of sulfate groups, which allows it to bind to and interact with various proteins and growth factors. However, heparan sulfate has a more diverse structure than heparin, with variations in the pattern of sulfation along the chain, which leads to specificity in its interactions with different proteins.
Defects in heparan sulfate biosynthesis or function have been implicated in various human diseases, including certain forms of cancer, developmental disorders, and infectious diseases.
The skull is the bony structure that encloses and protects the brain, the eyes, and the ears. It is composed of two main parts: the cranium, which contains the brain, and the facial bones. The cranium is made up of several fused flat bones, while the facial bones include the upper jaw (maxilla), lower jaw (mandible), cheekbones, nose bones, and eye sockets (orbits).
The skull also provides attachment points for various muscles that control chewing, moving the head, and facial expressions. Additionally, it contains openings for blood vessels, nerves, and the spinal cord to pass through. The skull's primary function is to protect the delicate and vital structures within it from injury and trauma.
Calcium channels are specialized proteins that span the membrane of cells and allow calcium ions (Ca²+) to flow in and out of the cell. They are crucial for many physiological processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, hormone secretion, and gene expression.
There are several types of calcium channels, classified based on their biophysical and pharmacological properties. The most well-known are:
1. Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs): These channels are activated by changes in the membrane potential. They are further divided into several subtypes, including L-type, P/Q-type, N-type, R-type, and T-type. VGCCs play a critical role in excitation-contraction coupling in muscle cells and neurotransmitter release in neurons.
2. Receptor-operated calcium channels (ROCCs): These channels are activated by the binding of an extracellular ligand, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, to a specific receptor on the cell surface. ROCCs are involved in various physiological processes, including smooth muscle contraction and platelet activation.
3. Store-operated calcium channels (SOCCs): These channels are activated by the depletion of intracellular calcium stores, such as those found in the endoplasmic reticulum. SOCCs play a critical role in maintaining calcium homeostasis and signaling within cells.
Dysregulation of calcium channel function has been implicated in various diseases, including hypertension, arrhythmias, migraine, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, calcium channels are an important target for drug development and therapy.
Calcium phosphates are a group of minerals that are important components of bones and teeth. They are also found in some foods and are used in dietary supplements and medical applications. Chemically, calcium phosphates are salts of calcium and phosphoric acid, and they exist in various forms, including hydroxyapatite, which is the primary mineral component of bone tissue. Other forms of calcium phosphates include monocalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, and tricalcium phosphate, which are used as food additives and dietary supplements. Calcium phosphates are important for maintaining strong bones and teeth, and they also play a role in various physiological processes, such as nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction.
Calcium sulfate
Biphasic calcium sulfate
Calcium sulfite
List of alchemical substances
Biomaterial
Fouling
Gypsum cave
Gypsum
Sulfite sulfate
Surface energy
Peretaite
Tofu
Gypsum recycling
Boron on Mars
Aluminium triacetate
Gypsum (disambiguation)
Wiesbaden Hot Springs
Thermoluminescent dosimeter
Cement clinker
Solubility chart
Spotted Lake
Hakone Onsen
Mars habitability analogue environments on Earth
Alkali manufacture
Celestine (mineral)
Calcium acetate
Gellért Baths
Reinforced concrete
Meridiani Planum
Calcium
Calcium sulfate - Wikipedia
calcium sulfate
Calcium Sulfate, Dihydrate, Technical
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Gypsum13
- As uncalcined gypsum, the sulfate is employed as a soil conditioner. (britannica.com)
- paris is prepared by heating calcium sulfate dihydrate, or gypsum, to 120-180 °C (248-356 °F). With an additive to retard the set, it is called wall, or hard wall, plaster, which can provide passive fire protection for interior surfaces. (britannica.com)
- Produced by high temperature calcination of select, high purity gypsum, Snow White® Calcium Sulfate Filler is ground and air separated into a bright, white powder. (usg.com)
- Calcium sulfate is naturally occurring in the mineral gypsum, but it can also be synthesized by reacting sulfuric acid with calcium carbonate . (veganvege.com)
- Therefore, application of agricultural grade gypsum helps provide calcium. (everbrighttr.co)
- Whereas two formula units of the gypsum commercial form, which is called calcium sulfate hemihydrate, share one molecule of water. (everbrighttr.co)
- The main ingredient of natural mineral gypsum is calcium sulfate. (rutom.cn)
- 1. Mineral gypsum can improve alkaline soil by turning harmful potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate and exchangeable potash in the soil into neutral sodium sulfate. (rutom.cn)
- Gypsum also improves water-holding capacity in tight soils and is a good source of calcium and sulfur. (gypsoil.com)
- GYPSOIL brand gypsum ( calcium sulfate dihydrate [CaSO4 - 2H2O]) is an excellent source of sulfur and calcium. (gypsoil.com)
- Calcium Sulfate dehydrate, special grade known as Agricultural Gypsum and suitable for organic farming. (cargaspira.com)
- Some studies 5-8 evaluated if the addition of certain substances to gypsum (calcium sulfate hemihydrate powder) or in water could change the setting expansion, surface hardness, setting time and compressive strength of gypsum specimens. (bvsalud.org)
- The research hypothesis was that the mineral salts in tap and mineral water react with the calcium sulfate hemihydrate powder, influencing the physical and mechanical properties of gypsum. (bvsalud.org)
CaSO4
- Calcium sulfate, CaSO 4 , is a naturally occurring calcium salt. (britannica.com)
- the burning coal to produce calcium sulfate (CaSO 4 ). (britannica.com)
- Calcium Sulphate, CaSO 4 . (chemistrylibrary.org)
- Above 393 K. no water of crystallization is left and anhydrous calcium sulphate, CaSO 4 is formed. (chemistrylibrary.org)
Anhydrite4
- minor amounts of anhydrite (calcium sulfate) and traces of other minerals. (britannica.com)
- Anhydrite, or anhydrous calcium sulfate, has no water in its molecular structure. (everbrighttr.co)
- Because of its water molecules that strongly increase its solubility, Anhydrite and the calcium sulfate hemihydrate also have similar properties. (everbrighttr.co)
- TOROWHITE F-Col Calcium Sulfate Anhydrite for Cosmetics is a naturally occurring mineral which is only processed via physical means. (torowhite.com)
Powder7
- The kit contains calcium sulfate powder and liquid mixing solution in pre-measured quantities, a sterile mixing bowl, a spatula and a bead mat mold. (exac.com)
- Meitek chondroitin sulfate is the white powder made from animal cartilage, through the extraction and enzymolysis process. (meitek-inc.com)
- These deposits are exploded during their extraction to separate calcium sulfate from other substances and powder it in specific sizes. (everbrighttr.co)
- An important inorganic phase of synthetic bone applications, calcium hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca-10(PO4)(6)(OH)(2)), was prepared as a single-phase and sub-micron bioceramic powder. (metu.edu.tr)
- Calcium sulfate hemihydrate powder was mixed with a potassium sulfate solution (4% K2SO4 by weight in DI water), with one part solution to four parts powder (by weight). (msis-na.org)
- After mixing the powder and potassium sulfate solution for two minutes, daptomycin was added, at one part daptomycin to 20 parts powder. (msis-na.org)
- Previously, when producing antibiotic loaded pellets, saline, acting as an accelerant, was mixed with calcium sulfate hemihydrate powder. (msis-na.org)
Biphasic calcium sulfate5
- Biphasic calcium sulfate provides benefits as a short-term space maintainer. (allenpress.com)
- Use of biphasic calcium sulfate as the sole material are limited to relatively small osseous defects surrounded by at least 3 bony walls (eg, extraction sockets). (allenpress.com)
- Biphasic Calcium Sulfate is composed of two phases of the well known Calcium Sulfate. (augmabio.com)
- They are self-reinforced graft cement based on the concept of using highly pure biphasic Calcium Sulfate (BCS). (augmabio.com)
- 3D Bond™ is a graft binder cement made of pure biphasic calcium sulfate (BCS). (augmabio.com)
Carbonate3
- effect converts calcium carbonate to calcium sulfate. (britannica.com)
- The volume of the sulfate crystal is almost twice that of the original carbonate of the mural, which causes internal pressure within the pores of wall fabric that can lead to fracturing. (britannica.com)
- In addition to calcium carbonate and ferrous sulfate. (who.int)
Form of calcium sulfate3
- An anhydrous form of calcium sulfate used in specialty cements, grouts and mortars. (usg.com)
- Through the creation of ettringite, the anhydrous form of calcium sulfate helps to control shrinkage and set time and contributes to improved green strength in cementitious systems. (usg.com)
- It must be mentioned that the calcium sulfate dihydrate is the most reactive form of calcium sulfate in the soil. (everbrighttr.co)
Plaster3
- The main use of calcium sulfate is to produce plaster of Paris and stucco. (wikipedia.org)
- Calcium Sulphate or Plaster of Paris is hemihydrates of calcium sulphate. (chemistrylibrary.org)
- Commercial grade calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CaSO4·0.5H2O, or plaster of paris, PoP) an economically feasible and abundant precursor has been used in (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, HAp) synthesis. (metu.edu.tr)
Hydrates2
- Calcium sulfate (or calcium sulphate) is the inorganic compound with the formula CaSO4 and related hydrates. (wikipedia.org)
- The calcium sulfate hydrates are used as a coagulant in products such as tofu. (wikipedia.org)
Soluble in water1
- It is also convenient that calcium sulfate is poorly soluble in water and does not readily dissolve in contact with water after its solidification. (wikipedia.org)
Inorganic compound1
- Calcium sulfate is an inorganic compound that is used widely in the food industry as a firming agent and coagulant, notably in tofu production. (veganvege.com)
Ferrous sulfate1
- In order to remove cyanide from wastewater with high concentration of cyanide, ferrous sulfate was used to form complexing precipitate. (enochem.com.cn)
Zinc Sulfate1
- A sample of 60 women referred to a rheumatology clinic in Tabriz were randomly divided into intervention (220 mg zinc sulfate daily) and placebo groups. (who.int)
Impurities1
- Calcium Sulfate is a no impurities and extremely white. (cargaspira.com)
Ammonium1
- the world, abundant supplies of calcium sulfate in any of several mineral forms can be used to make the ammonium sulfate by combining it with ammonia and water. (britannica.com)
Sodium4
- Besides preventing sodium buildup in soil and amending sodic soils, there're other calcium sulfate application advantages in soil. (everbrighttr.co)
- Agricultural grade calcium sulfate can reduce swelling and cracking in clay soils.Which are related to the high sodium levels in these soils. (everbrighttr.co)
- Since sodium is replaced by calcium in clay soils, they become less swollen. (everbrighttr.co)
- In contrast to sodium and calcium, only approximately 25-30% of filtered magnesium is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. (medscape.com)
Compounds1
- Calcium compounds are one of the popular minerals in chemicals market, and fruits often face calcium deficiency when they're growing. (everbrighttr.co)
Bone graft3
- Calcium sulfate (CS) features a unique position among all regenerative bone graft substitutes. (augmabio.com)
- 3D Bond™ and Bond Apatite® represent the next generation of calcium sulfate-derived bone graft materials. (augmabio.com)
- Lexington, MA) within calcium sulfate for optimum local release of this antibiotic from a degradable bone graft substitute. (msis-na.org)
Compressive Strength1
- Variations in the Compressive Strength of a Die Stone with Three Different Sulfates at Eight Different Concentrations: An In Vitro Study. (harvard.edu)
Filler3
- Continuing our goal to provide infection-related solutions, Exactech introduces InterSep Calcium Sulfate - a 100% synthetic calcium sulfate bone void filler engineered to fully resorb and replace bone during the healing process. (exac.com)
- InterSep is a calcium sulfate bone void filler for single patient use. (exac.com)
- Calcium Sulfate is a natural quality, prepared and used as filler in the manufacture of different types of paper and cardboard. (cargaspira.com)
Dehydrate3
- Using both phases of calcium sulfate (hemihydrate and dehydrate) in a defined granular formulation provides significant advantages, such as improved handling from the materials' moldability as well as accelerated setting capabilities, even if blood and saliva are present. (augmabio.com)
- Calcium Sulfate dehydrate, excellent quality, prepared for use in the manufacture, preparation or processing of products for animal feed. (cargaspira.com)
- Calcium Sulfate dehydrate, particularly for use in the field as food additive. (cargaspira.com)
Antibiotic5
- Peterson L, Kim S, Lewis D, Johnson M, Ferrigno C. Calcium sulfate antibiotic-impregnated bead implantation for deep surgical site infection associated with orthopedic surgery in small animals. (kerrier.com)
- Shi X, Wu Y, Ni H, Li M, Zhang C, Qi B, Wei M, Wang T, Xu Y. Antibiotic-loaded calcium sulfate in clinical treatment of chronic osteomyelitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (kerrier.com)
- Howlin RP, Brayford MJ, Webb JS, Cooper JJ, Aiken SS, Stoodley P. Antibiotic-loaded synthetic calcium sulfate beads for prevention of bacterial colonization and biofilm formation in periprosthetic infections. (kerrier.com)
- Calcium sulfate pellets have been used to deliver antibiotic agents [ORS Trans. (msis-na.org)
- For cases of a delayed or chronic PJI of the implant a two-stage revision is recommended, using static, custom-made antibiotic loaded spacers augmented by calcium sulphate antibiotic-impregnated beads (STIMULAN) to improve the success rate of infected TKA revision. (biocomposites.com)
Magnesium4
- In addition, partially spent calcium or magnesium can be regenerated and recycled by a variety of techniques. (britannica.com)
- 23] This autosomal dominant disorder is characterized by very low excretion of calcium and magnesium and by a normal parathyroid hormone level. (medscape.com)
- Abnormalities of calcium and magnesium handling are due to mutations in the calcium-sensing receptor,[24] resulting in increased magnesium reabsorption in the loop of Henle. (medscape.com)
- For normal neuromuscular activity, humans need normal concentration of extracellular calcium and magnesium. (medscape.com)
Sulfur3
- This process brings the sulfur in the calcium sulfate deposits into use. (britannica.com)
- Calcium sulfate is also a source of sulfur, which is very important for plant growth. (everbrighttr.co)
- Very rich in calcium and sulfur. (cargaspira.com)
Chemicals2
- We have gained specialization in presenting the scientifically formulated range of calcium sulphate which is the most widely used laboratory chemicals and finds its applications in varied industries as a desiccant and coagulant. (euroindustrialchemicals.com)
- Various forms of the calcium sulfate are found in the agricultural chemicals market. (everbrighttr.co)
Food additive1
- Calcium sulfate, a common food additive , can spark questions about its suitability for vegan diets. (veganvege.com)
High purity1
- Is a high purity Calcium Sulfate, selected and treated in its manufacturing process for the paper industry, which increases brightness, improve sheet formation and get big load retention. (cargaspira.com)
Solubility4
- The results from these studies demonstrate that calcium sulfate is not acutely toxic at the limit of its solubility in water. (europa.eu)
- 56,000 mg/L. The LC50 value is therefore greater than the maximum solubility of calcium sulfate in water. (europa.eu)
- Using a weight of evidence approach, the acute toxicity of calcium sulfate to fish is greater than the highest concentration tested and is greater than the maximum solubility of calcium sulfate in water. (europa.eu)
- Calcium sulfate showed no short-term toxicity to fish and is not acutely toxic to fish at the limit of its water solubility. (europa.eu)
Moldable1
- These applications exploit the fact that calcium sulfate which has been powdered and calcined forms a moldable paste upon hydration and hardens as crystalline calcium sulfate dihydrate. (wikipedia.org)
2H2O1
- Extending the reaction time for low temperature reactions improves the HAp formation efficiency, meanwhile this also promotes precipitation of another calcium phosphate- CaHPO4 · 2H2O together with HAp. (metu.edu.tr)
Dihydrate form1
- Daptomycin inhibited the conversion of calcium sulfate hemihydrate into the hardened dihydrate form. (msis-na.org)
Ions1
- One of them is hydroxyl ions replacement by sulfate ions in some clay lattices. (everbrighttr.co)
Widely1
- We are manufacturer of Whisker Calcium Sulfate which is widely used in industrial application as a strong friction material. (nikunjchemicals.com)
Pellet1
- For this reason, an accelerant of potassium sulfate was required to produce a suitable pellet. (msis-na.org)
Augmentation1
- Sinus Lift Augmentation by Using Calcium Sulphate. (bvsalud.org)
Rich in calcium1
- brewed with water rich in calcium sulfate, are made with top-fermenting yeast, and are processed at higher temperatures than the lager beers popular in the United States. (britannica.com)
Content3
- The raw material, medical grade calcium sulfate is clinically used in 2 different forms differing in their individual (crystal) water content and their physicochemical behavior. (augmabio.com)
- 2. The calcium content of calcium sulfate is very high which can be used to improve soil. (rutom.cn)
- Mineral used to increase calcium and/or sulfate content in brewing water. (truro.wine)
Systematic1
- Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) Systematic use is one of the important improving field efficiency ways, especially in amending clay soils. (everbrighttr.co)
Molar1
- Carefully formulated with keeping the molar mass and melting point in mind our offered calcium sulphate belongs to the top grades of the product available in the marketplace. (euroindustrialchemicals.com)
Potassium4
- When incorporating daptomycin into calcium sulfate, however, a saline solution does not adequately accelerate the reaction and an alternative accelerant, potassium sulfate, was utilized.This study presents preliminary data showing that daptomycin can be delivered using modified calcium sulfate pellets. (msis-na.org)
- Incorporation of a potassium sulfate solution is required to convert the hemihydrate structure to a dihydrate structure. (msis-na.org)
- Initial studies were conducted using 4% potassium sulfate, leading to pellets that exhibited an elution profile as presented in Figure 1. (msis-na.org)
- Future studies will investigate altering the percentage of potassium sulfate to optimize set times and elution profiles. (msis-na.org)
Nutrients1
- Together with water soluble polymers and nutrients, calcium sulfate provides better nutrition for plants. (everbrighttr.co)
Synthetic material1
- Calcium sulfate, a synthetic material, also known as an alloplast, has been used for decades in orthopedics, plastic surgery, and oncologic and maxillofacial surgeries for the treatment of osseous deficiencies caused by trauma or inflammation. (allenpress.com)
Whiteness2
- Calcium Sulfate is a top quality and whiteness, used for the manufacture of paper, paints, ceramics, adhesives, caulks and many other utilities such as braces or stabilizers. (cargaspira.com)
- Calcium Sulfate is a high quality, whiteness and especially extreme finesse. (cargaspira.com)
Ammonia1
- Calcium can also help in reducing ammonia evaporation. (everbrighttr.co)
Prevents1
- Calcium sulfate also prevents soil crusting on surfaces and thus helps seedling emergence. (everbrighttr.co)
Products1
- However, while calcium sulfate itself is vegan, it's important to remember that it is often used in products that may contain other non-vegan ingredients. (veganvege.com)
Oxygen3
- But at higher temperatures, calcium sulfate will release oxygen and act as an oxidizing agent. (wikipedia.org)
- Sulfates that are absorbed and metabolized by plants release their oxygen. (everbrighttr.co)
- Nitrogen nitrate does the same thing with the difference that it releases more oxygen compared to sulfates. (everbrighttr.co)
Water6
- Calcium sulfate causes permanent hardness in water. (wikipedia.org)
- There are two molecules of the water in every molecule of the calcium sulfate dihydrate. (everbrighttr.co)
- Calcium sulfate is also used to increase concentrations of salts in soft water used in irrigation. (everbrighttr.co)
- Applying calcium sulfate to soil surface, or using it in irrigation water, can solve this problem. (everbrighttr.co)
- The calcium combines with organic matter of the soil to form soil binder and make the soil form stable granular structure to improve soil characteristics of preserving moisture and fertility, ventilation and water permeability. (rutom.cn)
- Summary】 However, ferrous sulphate-calcium hypochlorite method can be used to treat cyanide washing water from blast furnace of iron and steel enterprises economically and effectively, and make it meet the discharge standard. (enochem.com.cn)
Mechanical properties1
- Accuracy and mechanical properties of orthodontic models printed 3-dimensionally from calcium sulfate before and after various postprinting treatments. (harvard.edu)
Grade2
- 4, The rise of calcium sulfate food grade can be reduced and the reduction of mash liquid chroma, leaching of silicate pigments and polyphenols washing wells, thereby reducing the rising degree of color in the boiling of wort in. (bestgypsum.com)
- Food-grade calcium sulphate, or CaS04. (truro.wine)
Precipitation1
- 5, Promote the polymer protein solidified and precipitation of calcium sulfate can when wort boiling the wort is clear and transparent. (bestgypsum.com)
Suitable1
- In conclusion, calcium sulfate is suitable for a vegan lifestyle based on its non-animal origin and production process. (veganvege.com)
Cement1
- Uses: in the manufacture of some cement, a source of sulfate for sulfuric acid. (galleries.com)
Sulfuric acid1
- Cupric sulfate is a salt created by treating cupric oxide with sulfuric acid. (globalcalcium.com)
Soils2
- In soils with high pH values, calcium is not sufficiently available to plants. (everbrighttr.co)
- Calcium sulfate improves infiltration in compacted soils and decreases penetration resistance. (everbrighttr.co)
Ingredients1
- Home » Baking Ingredients » Is Calcium Sulfate Vegan? (veganvege.com)
Chemical2
- Calcium Sulfate, Dihydrate, Technical is a chemical that is commonly used as a desiccant and coagulant. (sciencelab.com)
- Ferrous sulphate-calcium hypochlorite method_Haixing Eno Chemical Co., Ltd. (enochem.com.cn)