Calcium Signaling
Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes, sparks, or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins.
Calcium Channels
Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue.
Calcium, Dietary
Calcium Carbonate
Calcium Phosphates
Calcium Isotopes
Calcium Chloride
Calcium Channels, L-Type
Long-lasting voltage-gated CALCIUM CHANNELS found in both excitable and nonexcitable tissue. They are responsible for normal myocardial and vascular smooth muscle contractility. Five subunits (alpha-1, alpha-2, beta, gamma, and delta) make up the L-type channel. The alpha-1 subunit is the binding site for calcium-based antagonists. Dihydropyridine-based calcium antagonists are used as markers for these binding sites.
Calcium Oxalate
Calcium Gluconate
Calcium Radioisotopes
Calcium Channels, N-Type
Calcium Channel Agonists
Agents that increase calcium influx into calcium channels of excitable tissues. This causes vasoconstriction in VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE and/or CARDIAC MUSCLE cells as well as stimulation of insulin release from pancreatic islets. Therefore, tissue-selective calcium agonists have the potential to combat cardiac failure and endocrinological disorders. They have been used primarily in experimental studies in cell and tissue culture.
Calcimycin
An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.
Calcium Hydroxide
Phosphorus
Nifedipine
Calcium Sulfate
A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.
Parathyroid Hormone
A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the PARATHYROID GLANDS which performs the essential role of maintaining intracellular CALCIUM levels in the body. Parathyroid hormone increases intracellular calcium by promoting the release of CALCIUM from BONE, increases the intestinal absorption of calcium, increases the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and increases the renal excretion of phosphates.
Membrane Potentials
The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).
Magnesium
Chelating Agents
Fura-2
Cells, Cultured
Calcium Citrate
Thapsigargin
S100 Calcium Binding Protein G
A calbindin protein found in many mammalian tissues, including the UTERUS, PLACENTA, BONE, PITUITARY GLAND, and KIDNEYS. In intestinal ENTEROCYTES it mediates intracellular calcium transport from apical to basolateral membranes via calcium binding at two EF-HAND MOTIFS. Expression is regulated in some tissues by VITAMIN D.
Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel
A tetrameric calcium release channel in the SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM membrane of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, acting oppositely to SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES. It is important in skeletal and cardiac excitation-contraction coupling and studied by using RYANODINE. Abnormalities are implicated in CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS and MUSCULAR DISEASES.
Calcium Pyrophosphate
Calcium Metabolism Disorders
Calcium-Binding Proteins
Dihydropyridines
Cytosol
Lanthanum
Patch-Clamp Techniques
An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.
Calcium Channels, P-Type
Diltiazem
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Potassium
An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.
Kidney Calculi
Hypocalcemia
Neurons
Aequorin
Calmodulin
A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels.
Receptors, Calcium-Sensing
A class of G-protein-coupled receptors that react to varying extracellular CALCIUM levels. Calcium-sensing receptors in the PARATHYROID GLANDS play an important role in the maintenance of calcium HOMEOSTASIS by regulating the release of PARATHYROID HORMONE. They differ from INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM-SENSING PROTEINS which sense intracellular calcium levels.
Strontium
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors
Ionophores
Chemical agents that increase the permeability of biological or artificial lipid membranes to specific ions. Most ionophores are relatively small organic molecules that act as mobile carriers within membranes or coalesce to form ion permeable channels across membranes. Many are antibiotics, and many act as uncoupling agents by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes.
Vitamin D
A vitamin that includes both CHOLECALCIFEROLS and ERGOCALCIFEROLS, which have the common effect of preventing or curing RICKETS in animals. It can also be viewed as a hormone since it can be formed in SKIN by action of ULTRAVIOLET RAYS upon the precursors, 7-dehydrocholesterol and ERGOSTEROL, and acts on VITAMIN D RECEPTORS to regulate CALCIUM in opposition to PARATHYROID HORMONE.
Fluorescent Dyes
Ionomycin
Electrophysiology
Rabbits
Calcium Channels, R-Type
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate
Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.
Sodium
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Bone and Bones
Caffeine
A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes SMOOTH MUSCLE, stimulates CARDIAC MUSCLE, stimulates DIURESIS, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide PHOSPHODIESTERASES, antagonism of ADENOSINE RECEPTORS, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling.
Adenosine Triphosphate
Homeostasis
omega-Conotoxin GVIA
Myocardium
Signal Transduction
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Nitrendipine
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Calcitriol
The physiologically active form of vitamin D. It is formed primarily in the kidney by enzymatic hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (CALCIFEDIOL). Its production is stimulated by low blood calcium levels and parathyroid hormone. Calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and in concert with parathyroid hormone increases bone resorption.
Ion Channels
Ryanodine
A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.
Nimodipine
Ion Transport
Ion Channel Gating
The opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. The stimulus can be a change in membrane potential (voltage-gated), drugs or chemical transmitters (ligand-gated), or a mechanical deformation. Gating is thought to involve conformational changes of the ion channel which alters selective permeability.
Parathyroid Glands
omega-Conotoxins
Oxalates
Rats, Wistar
Isradipine
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Minerals
Native, inorganic or fossilized organic substances having a definite chemical composition and formed by inorganic reactions. They may occur as individual crystals or may be disseminated in some other mineral or rock. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases
Muscle Contraction
Calbindins
Cholecalciferol
Biological Transport, Active
Xanthenes
Nicardipine
A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.
Extracellular Space
Models, Biological
Amino Acid Sequence
Potassium Chloride
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A system of cisternae in the CYTOPLASM of many cells. In places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (CELL MEMBRANE) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH). (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Rats, Inbred Strains
Mibefradil
Biological Transport
Cell Membrane Permeability
Bone Density
The amount of mineral per square centimeter of BONE. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY or TOMOGRAPHY, X RAY COMPUTED. Bone density is an important predictor for OSTEOPOROSIS.
Plasma Membrane Calcium-Transporting ATPases
Electron Probe Microanalysis
Identification and measurement of ELEMENTS and their location based on the fact that X-RAYS emitted by an element excited by an electron beam have a wavelength characteristic of that element and an intensity related to its concentration. It is performed with an electron microscope fitted with an x-ray spectrometer, in scanning or transmission mode.
Cyclic AMP
Buffers
Absorption
Dietary Supplements
Products in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide dietary ingredients, and that are intended to be taken by mouth to increase the intake of nutrients. Dietary supplements can include macronutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; and/or MICRONUTRIENTS, such as VITAMINS; MINERALS; and PHYTOCHEMICALS.
Arsenazo III
Cattle
Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2
A multifunctional calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subtype that occurs as an oligomeric protein comprised of twelve subunits. It differs from other enzyme subtypes in that it lacks a phosphorylatable activation domain that can respond to CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE KINASE.
Cations, Divalent
Ruthenium Red
Enzyme Inhibitors
Protein Kinase C
An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The additional presence of DIACYLGLYCEROLS markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by PHORBOL ESTERS and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.
Dantrolene
Calcification, Physiologic
Dairy Products
Sodium-Calcium Exchanger
Protein Binding
Osmolar Concentration
Edetic Acid
Phosphorylation
Type C Phospholipases
A subclass of phospholipases that hydrolyze the phosphoester bond found in the third position of GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS. Although the singular term phospholipase C specifically refers to an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE (EC 3.1.4.3), it is commonly used in the literature to refer to broad variety of enzymes that specifically catalyze the hydrolysis of PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS.
Neuronal Calcium-Sensor Proteins
A family of intracellular calcium-sensing proteins found predominately in NEURONS and PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. They contain EF HAND MOTIFS and undergo conformational changes upon calcium-binding. Neuronal calcium-sensor proteins interact with other regulatory proteins to mediate physiological responses to a change in intracellular calcium concentration.
Urinary Calculi
Spider Venoms
omega-Agatoxin IVA
Gallopamil
Microscopy, Confocal
Flunarizine
Enzyme Activation
Hyperparathyroidism
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.
Myocytes, Cardiac
Binding Sites
Dogs
Gallic Acid
Exocytosis
Kidney
Hypoparathyroidism
A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.
Cytoplasm
Microscopy, Fluorescence
Calbindin 1
Alkaline Phosphatase
Ions
Carbachol
Trifluoperazine
Hippocampus
A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.
Tetrodotoxin
Inositol Phosphates
Presynaptic Terminals
The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included.
Osteoporosis
Intracellular Membranes
Neurotransmitter Agents
Lasalocid
Synaptic Transmission
The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.
Synapses
Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.
Cadmium
Durapatite
Second Messenger Systems
Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system.
Mitochondria
Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Phosphorus, Dietary
Phosphorus used in foods or obtained from food. This element is a major intracellular component which plays an important role in many biochemical pathways relating to normal physiological functions. High concentrations of dietary phosphorus can cause nephrocalcinosis which is associated with impaired kidney function. Low concentrations of dietary phosphorus cause an increase in calcitriol in the blood and osteoporosis.
Oxalic Acid
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Calcitonin
Nickel
EF Hand Motifs
Apatites
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate
Boron Compounds
Glutamic Acid
Calcineurin
A CALCIUM and CALMODULIN-dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase that is composed of the calcineurin A catalytic subunit and the calcineurin B regulatory subunit. Calcineurin has been shown to dephosphorylate a number of phosphoproteins including HISTONES; MYOSIN LIGHT CHAIN; and the regulatory subunits of CAMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES. It is involved in the regulation of signal transduction and is the target of an important class of immunophilin-immunosuppressive drug complexes.
Indoles
Hydroxycholecalciferols
Crystallization
Membrane Proteins
Muscle, Smooth
Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Stimulation, Chemical
The increase in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.
Peptides
Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.
BLNK required for coupling Syk to PLC gamma 2 and Rac1-JNK in B cells. (1/8321)
Signaling through the B cell receptor (BCR) is essential for B cell function and development. Despite the key role of Syk in BCR signaling, little is known about the mechanism by which Syk transmits downstream effectors. BLNK (B cell LiNKer protein), a substrate for Syk, is now shown to be essential in activating phospholipase C (PLC)gamma 2 and JNK. The BCR-induced PLC gamma 2 activation, but not the JNK activation, was restored by introduction of PLC gamma 2 membrane-associated form into BLNK-deficient B cells. As JNK activation requires both Rac1 and PLC gamma 2, our results suggest that BLNK regulates the Rac1-JNK pathway, in addition to modulating PLC gamma 2 localization. (+info)Skeletal muscle type ryanodine receptor is involved in calcium signaling in human B lymphocytes. (2/8321)
The regulation of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in B cells remains poorly understood and is presently explained almost solely by inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3)-mediated Ca2+ release, followed by activation of a store-operated channel mechanism. In fact, there are reports indicating that IP3 production does not always correlate with the magnitude of Ca2+ release. We demonstrate here that human B cells express a ryanodine receptor (RYR) that functions as a Ca2+ release channel during the B cell antigen receptor (BCR)-stimulated Ca2+ signaling process. Immunoblotting studies showed that both human primary CD19(+) B and DAKIKI cells express a 565-kDa immunoreactive protein that is indistinguishable in molecular size and immunoreactivity from the RYR. Selective reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length polymorphism, and sequencing of cloned cDNA indicated that the major isoform of the RYR expressed in primary CD19(+) B and DAKIKI cells is identical to the skeletal muscle type (RYR1). Saturation analysis of [3H]ryanodine binding yielded Bmax = 150 fmol/mg of protein and Kd = 110 nM in DAKIKI cells. In fluo-3-loaded CD19(+) B and DAKIKI cells, 4-chloro-m-cresol, a potent activator of Ca2+ release mediated by the ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ release channel, induced Ca2+ release in a dose-dependent and ryanodine-sensitive fashion. Furthermore, BCR-mediated Ca2+ release in CD19(+) B cells was significantly altered by 4-chloro-m-cresol and ryanodine. These results indicate that RYR1 functions as a Ca2+ release channel during BCR-stimulated Ca2+ signaling and suggest that complex Ca2+ signals that control the cellular activities of B cells may be generated by cooperation of the IP3 receptor and RYR1. (+info)Characterization of elementary Ca2+ release signals in NGF-differentiated PC12 cells and hippocampal neurons. (3/8321)
Elementary Ca2+ release signals in nerve growth factor- (NGF-) differentiated PC12 cells and hippocampal neurons, functionally analogous to the "Ca2+ sparks" and "Ca2+ puffs" identified in other cell types, were characterized by confocal microscopy. They either occurred spontaneously or could be activated by caffeine and metabotropic agonists. The release events were dissimilar to the sparks and puffs described so far, as many arose from clusters of both ryanodine receptors (RyRs) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (InsP3Rs). Increasing either the stimulus strength or loading of the intracellular stores enhanced the frequency of and coupling between elementary release sites and evoked global Ca2+ signals. In the PC12 cells, the elementary Ca2+ release preferentially occurred around the branch points. Spatio-temporal recruitment of such elementary release events may regulate neuronal activities. (+info)The beta subunit increases the Ca2+ sensitivity of large conductance Ca2+-activated potassium channels by retaining the gating in the bursting states. (4/8321)
Coexpression of the beta subunit (KV,Cabeta) with the alpha subunit of mammalian large conductance Ca2+- activated K+ (BK) channels greatly increases the apparent Ca2+ sensitivity of the channel. Using single-channel analysis to investigate the mechanism for this increase, we found that the beta subunit increased open probability (Po) by increasing burst duration 20-100-fold, while having little effect on the durations of the gaps (closed intervals) between bursts or on the numbers of detected open and closed states entered during gating. The effect of the beta subunit was not equivalent to raising intracellular Ca2+ in the absence of the beta subunit, suggesting that the beta subunit does not act by increasing all the Ca2+ binding rates proportionally. The beta subunit also inhibited transitions to subconductance levels. It is the retention of the BK channel in the bursting states by the beta subunit that increases the apparent Ca2+ sensitivity of the channel. In the presence of the beta subunit, each burst of openings is greatly amplified in duration through increases in both the numbers of openings per burst and in the mean open times. Native BK channels from cultured rat skeletal muscle were found to have bursting kinetics similar to channels expressed from alpha subunits alone. (+info)Fertilization, embryonic development, and offspring from mouse eggs injected with round spermatids combined with Ca2+ oscillation-inducing sperm factor. (5/8321)
Round spermatids, precursor male gametes, are known to possess the potential to achieve fertilization and embryonic development when injected into eggs. However, injection of spermatids alone seldom activates eggs in the mouse, as spermatids by themselves cannot induce an increase in intracellular Ca2+, a prerequisite for egg activation. We injected a mouse round spermatid into an egg simultaneously with partially purified sperm factor from differentiated hamster spermatozoa. The combined injection produced repetitive Ca2+ increases (Ca2+ oscillations) lasting for at least 4 h as observed at fertilization, and induced activation in 92% of eggs. This method provided 75% fertilization success associated with male and female pronucleus formation and development to 2-cell embryos, while only 7% of eggs were fertilized by injection of a spermatid alone. Of the 2-cell embryos, approximately 50% developed to blastocysts during 5 days of culture in vitro, while no blastocysts were obtained following injection of sperm factor alone. Furthermore, the 2-cell embryos, that were created by spermatids and sperm factor and transplanted into foster mothers, developed into normal offspring, although the percentage was only 22%. All infants grew into healthy adults carrying normal chromosomes. The sperm factor served as a complementary factor for successful fertilization by round spermatid injection. (+info)Contributions of mitochondria to animal physiology: from homeostatic sensor to calcium signalling and cell death. (6/8321)
Over recent years, it has become clear that mitochondria play a central role in many key aspects of animal physiology and pathophysiology. Their central and ubiquitous task is clearly the production of ATP. Nevertheless, they also play subtle roles in glucose homeostasis, acting as the sensor for substrate supply in the transduction pathway that promotes insulin secretion by the pancreatic -cell and that modulates the excitability of the hypothalamic glucose-sensitive neurons involved in appetite control. Mitochondria may also act as sensors of availability of oxygen, the other major mitochondrial substrate, in the regulation of respiration. Mitochondria take up calcium, and the high opacity mitochondrial calcium uptake pathway provides a mechanism that couples energy demand to increased ATP production through the calcium-dependent upregulation of mitochondrial enzyme activity. Mitochondrial calcium accumulation may also have a substantial impact on the spatiotemporal dynamics of cellular calcium signals, with subtle differences of detail in different cell types. Recent work has also revealed the centrality of mitochondrial dysfunction as an irreversible step in the pathway to both necrotic and apoptotic cell death. This review looks at recent developments in these rapidly evolving areas of cell physiology in an attempt to draw together disparate areas of research into a common theme. (+info)Isosmotic modulation of Ca2+-regulated exocytosis in guinea-pig antral mucous cells: role of cell volume. (7/8321)
1. Exocytotic events and changes of cell volume in mucous cells from guinea-pig antrum were examined by video-enhanced optical microscopy. 2. Acetylcholine (ACh) evoked exocytotic events following cell shrinkage, the frequency and extent of which depended on the ACh concentration. ACh actions were mimicked by ionomycin and thapsigargin, and inhibited by Ca2+-free solution and Ca2+ channel blockers (Ni2+, Cd2+ and nifedipine). Application of 100 microM W-7, a calmodulin inhibitor, also inhibited the ACh-induced exocytotic events. These results indicate that ACh actions are mediated by intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in antral mucous cells. 3. The effects of ion channel blockers on exocytotic events and cell shrinkage evoked by ACh were examined. Inhibition of KCl release (quinine, Ba2+, NPPB or KCl solution) suppressed both the exocytotic events and cell shrinkage evoked by ACh. 4. Bumetanide (inhibition of NaCl entry) or Cl--free solution (increasing Cl- release and inhibition of NaCl entry) evoked exocytotic events following cell shrinkage in unstimulated antral mucous cells and caused further cell shrinkage and increases in the frequency of exocytotic events in ACh-stimulated cells. However, Cl--free solution did not evoke exocytotic events in unstimulated cells in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, although cell shrinkage occurred. 5. To examine the effects of cell volume on ACh-evoked exocytosis, the cell volume was altered by increasing the extracellular K+ concentration. The results showed that cell shrinkage increases the frequency of ACh-evoked exocytotic events and cell swelling decreases them. 6. Osmotic shrinkage or swelling caused the frequency of ACh-evoked exocytotic events to increase. This suggests that the effects of cell volume on ACh-evoked exocytosis under anisosmotic conditions may not be the same as those under isosmotic conditions. 7. In antral mucous cells, Ca2+-regulated exocytosis is modulated by cell shrinkage under isosmotic conditions. (+info)Relationship between L-type Ca2+ current and unitary sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release events in rat ventricular myocytes. (8/8321)
1. The time courses of Ca2+ current and Ca2+ spark occurrence were determined in single rat ventricular myocytes voltage clamped with patch pipettes containing 0.1 microM fluo-3. Acquisition of line-scan images on a laser scanning confocal microscope was synchronized with measurement of Cd2+-sensitive Ca2+ currents. In most cells, individual Ca2+ sparks were observed by reducing Ca2+ current density with nifedipine (0.1-8 microM). 2. Ca2+ sparks elicited by depolarizing voltage-clamp pulses had a peak [Ca2+] amplitude of 289 +/- 3 nM with a decay half-time of 20.8 +/- 0.2 ms and a full width at half-maximum of 1.40 +/- 0.03 microm (mean +/- s. e.m., n = 345), independent of the membrane potential. 3. The time between the beginning of a depolarization and the initiation of each Ca2+ spark was calculated and data were pooled to construct waiting time histograms. Exponential functions were fitted to these histograms and to the decaying phase of the Ca2+ current. This analysis showed that the time constants describing Ca2+ current and Ca2+ spark occurrence at membrane potentials between -30 mV and +30 mV were not significantly different. At +50 mV, in the absence of nifedipine, the time constant describing Ca2+ spark occurrence was significantly larger than the time constant of the Ca2+ current. 4. A simple model is developed using Poisson statistics to relate macroscopic Ca2+ current to the opening of single L-type Ca2+ channels at the dyad junction and to the time course of Ca2+ spark occurrence. The model suggests that the time courses of macroscopic Ca2+ current and Ca2+ spark occurrence should be closely related when opening of a single L-type Ca2+ channel initiates a Ca2+ spark. By comparison with the data, the model suggests that Ca2+ sparks are initiated by the opening of a single L-type Ca2+ channel at all membrane potentials encountered during an action potential. (+info)
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Calcium signaling
... is the use of calcium ions (Ca2+) to communicate and drive intracellular processes often as a step in signal ... Nanodomain European Calcium Society Clapham DE (December 2007). "Calcium signaling". Cell. 131 (6): 1047-58. doi:10.1016/j.cell ... ISBN 978-1-4641-2610-9. Baylor SM, Hollingworth S (May 2011). "Calcium indicators and calcium signalling in skeletal muscle ... The most common signaling pathway that increases cytoplasmic calcium concentration is the phospholipase C (PLC) pathway. Many ...
Calcium signaling in Arabidopsis
... is a calcium mediated signalling pathway that Arabidopsis plants use in order to respond to a ... Yuan P, Yang T, Poovaiah BW (December 2018). "Calcium Signaling-Mediated Plant Response to Cold Stress". International Journal ... Arabidopsis, Calcium signaling, Calcium channels, Ions, Stimulants). ... receptor system in cells where they integrate the signal and respond with the activation of defense genes. These calcium ...
Calcium signaling in cell division
Evidence points to this signaling cascade as a major mediator of calcium signaling in cell division. Historically, one of the ... as calcium appears to play a role at multiple cell cycle checkpoints. The major downstream calcium effectors are the calcium- ... suggesting checkpoints require a calcium-dependent signaling mechanism Entry into S-phase is calcium dependent. Depleting ... Calcium acts both to modulate intracellular signaling as a secondary messenger and to facilitate structural changes as cells ...
Tumor-associated calcium signal transducer
... 1 (Epithelial cell adhesion molecule, EpCAM) Tumor-associated calcium signal ... Tumor-associated calcium signal transducer (TACSTD) is the name of two human proteins and the genes that encode them: ... transducer 2 This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Tumor-associated calcium signal transducer. If ...
Calcium in biology
Calcium, Calcium signaling, Dietary minerals, Nutrition, Signal transduction). ... In contrast, ionized calcium is a measure of free calcium. An abnormally high level of calcium in plasma is termed ... Different tissues contain calcium in different concentrations. For instance, Ca2+ (mostly calcium phosphate and some calcium ... Although young leaves have a higher need for calcium, older leaves contain higher amounts of calcium because calcium is ...
Calcium buffering
Calcium signaling). ... The majority of calcium ions within the cell are bound to ... calcium buffers minimise the effect on changes in cytoplasmic free calcium concentration by binding calcium to or releasing ... Calcium buffering describes the processes which help stabilise the concentration of free calcium ions within cells, in a ... As a result, 99% of the calcium added to the cytosol of a cardiomyocyte during each cardiac cycle becomes bound to calcium ...
Low-threshold spikes
Shahidul (ed.). Calcium Signaling. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 740. pp. 1219-47. doi:10.1007/978-94-007 ... Antiepileptic drugs can control absence seizures by inhibiting the T-type calcium channels which prevents low-voltage calcium ... T-type calcium channels have been known to play a role in the spike-and-wave discharges of absence seizures. ... The T-type calcium channel is found in neurons throughout the brain. These channels produce particularly large currents in ...
Cofactor (biochemistry)
Calcium is, therefore, a cell signaling molecule, and not usually considered a cofactor of the enzymes it regulates. Other ... Clapham DE (2007). "Calcium signaling". Cell. 131 (6): 1047-58. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.028. PMID 18083096. S2CID 15087548. ... Calcium is another special case, in that it is required as a component of the human diet, and it is needed for the full ... Niki I, Yokokura H, Sudo T, Kato M, Hidaka H (October 1996). "Ca2+ signaling and intracellular Ca2+ binding proteins". Journal ...
Fluo-3
Calcium Signaling Protocols. Humana Press, 2006 (Articles without KEGG source, Pages using collapsible list with both ... Fluo-3 is a fluorescence indicator of intracellular calcium (Ca2+), developed by Roger Y. Tsien and colleagues. It is used to ... Once inside the cell, unspecific esterases cleave the ester effectively trapping fluo-3. As calcium is a key second messenger ... Cheng, H.; Lederer, W.J.; Cannell, M.B. (1993). "Calcium Sparks - Elementary Events Underlying Excitation-Contraction Coupling ...
Tmem110
... is a positive modulator of calcium flux mediated by the STIM-ORAI signaling in vertebrates. STIMATE can physically ... Oh-hora, Masatsugu; Rao, Anjana (2008-01-01). "Calcium signaling in lymphocytes". Current Opinion in Immunology. 20 (3): 250- ... reduces the puncta formation of STIM1 at ER-PM junctions and remarkably inhibits the calcium/calcineurin/NFAT signaling axis. ... thereby coupling to and gating the ORAI calcium channels on the plasma membrane. Depletion of TMEM110 with RNAi knockdown or ...
Pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease
Marambaud P, Dreses-Werringloer U, Vingtdeux V (2009). "Calcium signaling in neurodegeneration". Mol Neurodegener. 4 (1): 20. ... The activated motor neurons then transmit their signals, via action potential, to motor neurons in the spinal cord. However, ... During this time, microglia generate reactive oxygen species and release signals to recruit peripheral immune cells for an ... Alpha-synuclein activates ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated), a major DNA damage repair signaling kinase. Alpha-synuclein ...
Mitochondrial membrane transport protein
Nicholls DG (2005). "Mitochondria and calcium signaling". Cell Calcium. 38 (3-4): 311-7. doi:10.1016/j.ceca.2005.06.011. PMID ... load and oxidative stress The mitochondrial calcium uniporter which transports calcium from the cytosol of the cell into the ... Sam50 and Sam35 are responsible for the binding of precursors of β-barrel proteins, which contain conserved β-signal that is ... Yamano K, Yatsukawa Y, Esaki M, Hobbs AE, Jensen RE, Endo T (February 2008). "Tom20 and Tom22 share the common signal ...
Voltage-gated calcium channel
See reference for an illustration of the signaling cascade involving L-type calcium channels in smooth muscle). L-type calcium ... opening of the L-type calcium channel permits influx of calcium into the cell. The calcium binds to the calcium release ... Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), also known as voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs), are a group of voltage-gated ... Rosenberg SS, Spitzer NC (October 2011). "Calcium signaling in neuronal development". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in ...
Dale Sanders
On top of his extensive discoveries, he has also written influential reviews on calcium signalling in plants, which have 3,300 ... Dodd, Antony N.; Kudla, Jörg; Sanders, Dale (2010). "The language of calcium signaling". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 61: ... Their speculations that the TPC1 channel is involved in Calcium-induced calcium release were proven for the first time in ... "The Language of Calcium Signaling". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 61 (1): 593-620. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-070109-104628 ...
George J. Augustine
Finch, Elizabeth A.; Augustine, George J. (1998). "Local Calcium Signalling by Inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate in Purkinje Cell ... Augustine, George J.; Santamaria, Fidel; Tanaka, Keiko (2003). "Local Calcium Signaling in Neurons". Neuron. 40 (2): 311-346. ... showing that it is triggered by a remarkably local calcium signal. He has been influential in discovering the role of several ... ISBN 978-1-60535-380-7. Augustine, George J.; Charlton, Milton P.; Smith, Stephen J. (1987). "Calcium Action in Synaptic ...
Heterosynaptic plasticity
2012.) Calcium Signaling in Dendritic Spines. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. Retrieved from http://cshperspectives ... Therefore, heterosynaptic dopamine signaling in mammals can be best represented by dopamine's biological functions of mediating ...
Homosynaptic plasticity
2012.) Calcium Signaling in Dendritic Spines. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. Retrieved from http://cshperspectives ... Ca2+ is one signaling ion that causes this AMPA receptor density change by inducing a cascade of biological changes within the ... According to Hebb, these two cells are strengthened because their signaling occurs together in space and/or time, also known as ... In order to create input-specific changes in synaptic strength, the Ca2+ signal must be restricted to specific dendritic spines ...
Jean-Pierre Kinet
This work eventually led to the identification of key channel proteins involved in calcium signaling in immune and other non- ... While continuing to investigate Fc𝛆RI biology, his lab also began to study calcium signaling in immune cells. ... Vig, Monika; Kinet, Jean-Pierre (January 2009). "Calcium signaling in immune cells". Nature Immunology. 10 (1): 21-27. doi: ... is a French-American immunologist known for his work studying the role of calcium signaling in the immune response. He is a ...
Biological roles of the elements
Brini, Marisa; Calì, Tito; Ottolini, Denis; Carafoli, Ernesto (2013). "Intracellular Calcium Homeostasis and Signaling". ... Chlorine, potassium, magnesium, calcium and phosphorus have important roles due to their ready ionization and utility in ... "Calcium". Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 1 September 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2019. ... Miriyala, Sumitra; K. Holley, Aaron; St Clair, Daret K. (1 February 2011). "Mitochondrial Superoxide Dismutase - Signals of ...
Spiral wave
Verkhratsky A, Orkand RK, Kettenmann H (1998). "Glial calcium: homeostasis and signaling function". Physiol. Rev. 78: 99-141. ... Xenopus oocyte calcium waves, and glial calcium waves in cortical tissue culture. Winfree AT. (2001). The Geometry of ... Lechleiter J, Girard S, Peralta E, Clapham D (1991). "Spiral calcium wave propagation and annihilation in Xenopus laevis ...
Regucalcin
... has a suppressive effect on calcium signaling from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in the proliferative cells. Also, ... Yamaguchi M (March 2000). "Role of regucalcin in calcium signaling". Life Sciences. 66 (19): 1769-80. doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(99 ... Yamaguchi M (August 2012). "Role of regucalcin in brain calcium signaling: involvement in aging". Integrative Biology. 4 (8): ... Yamaguchi M (May 2014). "Regulatory role of regucalcin in heart calcium signaling: Insight into cardiac failure (Review)". ...
T-cell receptor
NFAT activation depends on calcium signaling. IP3 produced by PLC-γ is no longer bound to the membrane and diffuses rapidly in ... Signal 1 is provided by the T-cell receptor when recognising a specific antigen on a MHC molecule. Signal 2 comes from co- ... The signalling motifs involved in TCR signalling are tyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic tail of these adaptor proteins that ... Binding of IP3 to calcium channel receptors on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) induces the release of calcium (Ca2+) into the ...
Parvalbumin
... is a small, stable protein containing EF-hand type calcium binding sites. It is involved in calcium signaling. ... Therefore, calcium-binding proteins must distinguish calcium in the presence of high concentrations of other metal ions. The ... Calcium binding proteins like parvalbumin play a role in many physiological processes, namely cell-cycle regulation, second ... Other calcium-binding protein markers are calretinin (most abundant subtype in DLPFC, about 50%) and calbindin. Interneurons ...
Phospholipase
... an essential step in calcium signaling to regulate intracellular processes. There are four major classes, termed A, B, C, and D ... "Role of protons in calcium signaling". The Biochemical Journal. 478 (4): 895-910. doi:10.1042/BCJ20200971. ISSN 1470-8728. PMID ... Acids trigger the release of bound calcium from cellular stores and the consequent increase in free cytosolic Ca2+, ... PLCs play a central role in signal transduction, releasing the second messenger inositol triphosphate. Phospholipase D - ...
Alexei Verkhratsky
Verkhratsky, Alexei; Untiet, Verena; Rose, Christine R. (7 February 2019). "Ionic signalling in astroglia beyond calcium". The ... Verkhratsky, Alexej; Orkand, Richard K.; Kettenmann, Helmut (1998). "Glial calcium: homeostasis and signaling function". ... calcium signalling, and brain ageing. He is an elected member and vice-president of Academia Europaea, of the German National ... which create ionic signals coordinated in space and time; these ionic signals control the activity of astroglial homeostatic ...
Soma (biology)
Bazargani, N; Attwell, D (February 2016). "Astrocyte calcium signaling: the third wave". Nature Neuroscience. 19 (2): 182-9. ... A current theory of how such survival signals are sent from axon endings to the soma includes the idea that NGF receptors are ... 2004). "Trafficking the NGF signal: implications for normal and degenerating neurons". NGF and Related Molecules in Health and ... and this produces a signal that must be transported up the length of the axon to the nucleus. ...
Calcium encoding
... (also referred to as Ca2+ encoding or calcium information processing) is an intracellular signaling pathway ... allowing intercellular propagation of calcium signaling. With this regard, the same mode of calcium encoding could be shared by ... Berridge, M. J. and Bootman, M. D. and Roderick, H. L. (2003). "Calcium signalling: dynamics, homeostasis and remodelling" (PDF ... Therefore, three classes of Ca2+ signals can be distinguished on the basis of their encoding mode: AM encoding Ca2+ signals: ...
Polycystin 2
Cantiello HF (June 2004). "Regulation of calcium signaling by polycystin-2". American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology. ... and may modulate intracellular calcium homeostasis and other signal transduction pathways. This protein interacts with ...
Tripartite synapse
Perea, Gertrudis (September 2005). "Glial calcium signaling and neuron-glia communication". Cell Calcium. 38 (3-4): 375-382. ... Perea, Gertrudis (16 March 2005). "Properties of Synaptically Evoked Astrocyte Calcium Signal Reveal Synaptic Information ... Through changes in their calcium concentration excitability, astrocytes are able to detect neurotransmitters and other signals ... astrocytes are capable of producing transient changes in their intracellular calcium concentrations through release of calcium ...
Glossary of medicine
"Chapter 5 Intracellular Calcium Homeostasis and Signaling". In Banci, Lucia (Ed.). Metallomics and the Cell. Metal Ions in Life ... Contents: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z See also References Calcium - Calcium ions (Ca2+) contribute to ... Eyes signal information which is used by the brain to elicit the perception of color, shape, depth, movement, and other ... Many enzymes require calcium ions as a cofactor, those of the blood-clotting cascade being notable examples. Extracellular ...
NOL3
Jo DG, Jun JI, Chang JW, Hong YM, Song S, Cho DH, Shim SM, Lee HJ, Cho C, Kim DH, Jung YK (2004). "Calcium binding of ARC ... Li PF, Li J, Müller EC, Otto A, Dietz R, von Harsdorf R (2002). "Phosphorylation by protein kinase CK2: a signaling switch for ... contains novel nuclear localization signals, and causes cell death in cultured cells". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (4): 2647-53. doi: ...
Metabolism
These signals are usually in the form of water-soluble messengers such as hormones and growth factors and are detected by ... About 99% of a human's body weight is made up of the elements carbon, nitrogen, calcium, sodium, chlorine, potassium, hydrogen ... These signals are then transmitted inside the cell by second messenger systems that often involved the phosphorylation of ... Firstly, the regulation of an enzyme in a pathway is how its activity is increased and decreased in response to signals. ...
GNLY
One mechanism of cell destruction is through initiating calcium increase, which harms the mitochondria and increases the level ... which likely induce the signaling pathway necessary for the eventual translation of this protein, are unknown. Granulysin is ...
Childbirth
This is referred to as "delivery en caul". Complete expulsion of the baby signals the successful completion of the second stage ... The most widely used tocolytics include beta agonists, calcium channel blockers, and magnesium sulfate. The goal of ...
HSPA1B
It later becomes incorporated into the CatSper complex, a specialized calcium ion channel that enables spermatozoa motility. ... March 2014). "Hsp70 and Hsp90 oppositely regulate TGF-β signaling through CHIP/Stub1". Biochemical and Biophysical Research ...
List of pastoral visits of Pope Francis
"Pope's Slovakia visit sends signal after brief Hungary stop". BBC News. 13 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021. "It's ... it is rich in calcium, protein, and iron, among other nutrients, and could potentially fight altitude sickness- a popular ...
MiR-137
By inhibiting the Cdc42/PAK signalling pathway, miR-137 decreases proliferation, invasion and G0/G1 cell cycle progression of ... Calcium channel, voltage-dependent, L type, alpha 1C subunit), DPYD (Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase [NADP+]), CACNB2 (Voltage- ... cell cycle signalling and mouse embryonic stem cell development. Balaguer et al. identified a list of 32 genes targeted by miR- ... dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-2), TSSK6 (Testis-Specific Serine Kinase 6), NT5DC2 (Cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase), ...
Topical fluoride
Fluoride has a high tendency to react with the calcium hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 in tooth enamel due to its high affinity ... Inhibition of metalloproteins slows down multiple signalling pathways and disrupts cellular organelles, subsequently producing ... For instance, calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate are added as abrasives to remove dental plaque on teeth, while ... It subsequently replaces the hydroxide group in hydroxyapatite to precipitate calcium fluorapatite Ca5(PO4)3)F. These ...
Anterograde tracing
The Mn2+ ion gives a hyperintense signal in T1-weighted MRI and thus serves as a contrast agent. Mn2+ enters through voltage ... dependent calcium channels, is taken into intracellular organelles and is transported by the endogenous neuronal transport ...
Senescence
The reproductive-cell cycle theory suggests that aging is regulated by changes in hormonal signaling over the lifespan. Only a ... Williams suggested the following example: Perhaps a gene codes for calcium deposition in bones, which promotes juvenile ... survival and will therefore be favored by natural selection; however, this same gene promotes calcium deposition in the ...
Voltage-gated ion channel
Jiang Y, Lee A, Chen J, Cadene M, Chait BT, MacKinnon R (May 2002). "Crystal structure and mechanism of a calcium-gated ... Found along the axon and at the synapse, voltage-gated ion channels directionally propagate electrical signals. Voltage-gated ... Voltage-gated sodium channels and calcium channels are made up of a single polypeptide with four homologous domains. Each ... With sixteen different identified genes for human calcium channels, this type of channel differs in function between cell types ...
Boris Khodorov
Duchen at the University College London, Khodorov was studying calcium homeostasis, glutamate excitotoxicity and mitochondrial ... There in 2001 he founded the Laboratory of Ion Transport Pathology and Intracellular Signaling. Khodorov published over 175 ... "Mitochondrial deenergization underlies neuronal calcium overload following a prolonged glutamate challenge". FEBS Lett. 397 (2- ...
Pemoline
Shader RI (April 2017). "Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS), Pemoline, and What Is a Signal?". Clin Ther. 39 (4 ... pemoline calcium, pemoline chromium, and chelates of the above which are identical in weight to the salt mentioned. Pemoline ...
Sodium-potassium pump
This increased presence of calcium is what allows for the force of contraction to be increased. In the case of patients where ... For example, the Na⁺-K⁺ pump interacts directly with Src, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, to form a signaling receptor complex ... It also functions as a signal transducer/integrator to regulate the MAPK pathway, reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as ... The downstream signals through ouabain-triggered protein phosphorylation events include activation of the mitogen-activated ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
Calcium-sensitive dyes have shown that internal concentrations of calcium increase during bursts. The activation of different ... The pre-BötC complex operates in animals as part of a larger network that receives critical information and signaling inputs ... Other research has also suggested that calcium flow through N-type calcium channels is essential for normal breathing, and is ... voltage gated calcium channels become activated and calcium is able to flow into the cell which usually leads to the release of ...
Plate reader
For example, a technique known as calcium imaging measures the fluorescence intensity of calcium-sensitive dyes to assess ... On the other hand, the fast rotation of smaller molecules will result in a depolarization of the signal. The emission system of ... Lin, Kedan; Sadée, Wolfgang; Mark Quillan, J. (1999-02-01). "Rapid Measurements of Intracellular Calcium Using a Fluorescence ... and measures the signal using a light detector such as a photomultiplier tube (PMT). The advantages of fluorescence detection ...
Environmental effects of shipping
In addition, calcium hydroxide commonly being produced by calcination of calcium carbonate releases yet more carbon dioxide ... signaled "strong policy support for maritime decarbonization through their 'Fit For 55' (FF55) proposal, a package of 14 ... usually calcium sulfate if flue gases are scrubbed by being passed through calcium hydroxide solution) which would have to be ...
Basal electrical rhythm
Calcium release from IP3 sensitive calcium stores activates calcium dependent chloride channels. These chloride channels ... In order for a contraction to occur, a hormone or neurocrine signal must induce the smooth muscle cell to have an action ... The specific mechanism for the contraction of smooth muscle in the GI tract depends upon IP3R calcium release channels in the ... Longitudinal muscle fibers depend on calcium influx into the cell for excitation-contraction coupling, while circular muscle ...
Olfactory receptor neuron
The influx of calcium begins a cascade of events within the cell. Calcium first binds to calmodulin to form CaM. CaM will then ... a mechanism for attenuation of olfactory signals". Neuron. 21 (3): 495-504. doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80561-9. PMID 9768837. ... When the neuron is depolarizing, the CNG ion channel is open allowing sodium and calcium to rush into the cell. ... resulting in an influx of sodium and calcium ions into the cell, and an efflux of chloride ions. This influx of positive ions ...
Galectin-9
This signaling cascade directly links Galectin-9 intracellular function with ubiqutin systems. Galectin-9, through its ... "Galectin-9 induces apoptosis through the calcium-calpain-caspase-1 pathway". Journal of Immunology. 170 (7): 3631-6. doi: ... Vaitaitis GM, Wagner DH (2012). "Galectin-9 controls CD40 signaling through a Tim-3 independent mechanism and redirects the ... and signaling pathways inducing lysosomal permeabilization such as those initiated by TRAIL. Mild lysosomal damage, such as ...
Nephron
Some of the hormones which signal the tubules to alter the reabsorption or secretion rate, and thereby maintain homeostasis, ... In the presence of parathyroid hormone, the distal convoluted tubule reabsorbs more calcium and secretes more phosphate. When ... Substances reabsorbed include: water, sodium chloride, glucose, amino acids, lactate, magnesium, calcium phosphate, uric acid, ... calcium, phosphate), atrial natriuretic peptide (sodium) and brain natriuretic peptide (sodium). A countercurrent system in the ...
Extended periodic table
Three correlated signals were observed that matched the predicted alpha decay energies of 299120 and its daughter 295Og, as ... was first attempted in 1985 by bombarding a target of einsteinium-254 with calcium-48 ions at the superHILAC accelerator at ...
Striated muscle tissue
Signals from motor neurons cause skeletal muscle fibers to depolarize and therefore release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic ... The calcium drives the movement of myosin and actin filaments. The sarcomere then shortens which causes the muscle to contract ... These cells respond to signals from the autonomic nervous system to either increase or decrease the heart rate. Pacemaker cells ... Striated muscle tissue contains T-tubules which enables the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Skeletal ...
Phase space measurement with forward modeling
... this approach uses the information of scattered light to reconstruct the original light signals. This approach requires the ... using two-photon scanning microscopy to visualize neurons and their activity by imaging fluorescence emitted from calcium ... "The Wigner distribution function applied to optical signals and systems" (All articles with unsourced statements, Articles with ...
Milk-alkali syndrome
... and enhanced gastrointestinal calcium absorption as a result of higher levels of prolactin or placental lactose signaling ( ... Excessive consumption of calcium generally means taking in more than 4 to 5 g of calcium carbonate every day. This can be ... However, excessive ingestion of calcium of more than 10-15 g per day has been reported to cause calcium levels too high for ... Generally, the daily intake of less than 2 grams of calcium is considered to be safe. Prior to starting any calcium ...
Levothyroxine
Soy, walnuts, fiber, calcium supplements, and iron supplements can also adversely affect absorption. A study found that cow's ... "Monitoring FDA MedWatch Reports: Signals for Dabigatran and Metoclopramide" (PDF). QuarterWatch. Institute for Safe Medication ... Sevelamer with calcium carbonate may decrease the bioavailability of levothyroxine. Grapefruit juice may delay the absorption ...
Cardiac imaging
A coronary CT calcium scan is a computed tomography (CT) scan of the heart for the assessment of severity of coronary artery ... Faint electromagnetic signals are emitted by these hydrogen atoms when their alignment is temporarily disturbed which can be ... A typical coronary CT calcium scan is done without the use of radiocontrast, but it can possibly be done from contrast-enhanced ... "Heart scan (coronary calcium scan)". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 9 August 2015. Neves, Priscilla Ornellas; Andrade, Joalbo; Monção, ...
Gastrin
hypercalcemia (via calcium-sensing receptors) Gastrin release is inhibited by: the presence of acid (primarily the secreted HCl ... Rozengurt E, Walsh JH (2001). "Gastrin, CCK, signaling, and cancer". Annual Review of Physiology. 63: 49-76. doi:10.1146/ ... "Calcium-sensing receptor is a physiologic multimodal chemosensor regulating gastric G-cell growth and gastrin secretion". ...
LDL receptor
The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) is a mosaic protein of 839 amino acids (after removal of 21-amino acid signal ... Calcium cages, acid baths and recycling receptors". Nature. 388 (6643): 629-30. Bibcode:1997Natur.388..629B. doi:10.1038/41672 ... Exon 1 contains a signal sequence that localises the receptor to the endoplasmic reticulum for transport to the cell surface. ... Additionally, each repeat has highly conserved acidic residues which it uses to coordinate a single calcium ion in an ...
Sigma-1 receptor
... that modulates calcium signaling through the IP3 receptor. In humans, the σ1 receptor is encoded by the SIGMAR1 gene. The σ1 ... The wide scope and effect of ligand binding on σ1 receptors has led some to believe that σ1 receptors are intracellular signal ... Hayashi T, Su TP (November 2007). "Sigma-1 receptor chaperones at the ER-mitochondrion interface regulate Ca(2+) signaling and ... even though σ1 receptors have been linked circumstantially to a wide variety of signal transduction pathways. Links between σ1 ...
New Developments in Calcium Signaling Research - Nova Science Publishers
... protease and other calcium-regulating factors involved in calcium signaling. Calcium signaling plays a pivotal role in the ... Signal transduction plays a pivotal role in cellular regulation.. Calcium signaling is probably the most ubiquitous cellular ... New Developments in Calcium Signaling Research. $98.00. Masayoshi Yamaguchi, PhD (Editor) Series: New Developments in Medical ... Home / Shop / Series / New Developments in Medical Research / New Developments in Calcium Signaling Research. ...
IJMS | Free Full-Text | T Cell Calcium Signaling Regulation by the Co-Receptor CD5
... and enhance Ca2+ signaling and T cell activation. Conversely, some co-receptors can dampen Ca2+ signaling and inhibit T cell ... Here we review these recent findings and discuss how our improved understanding of CD5 Ca2+ signaling regulation could be ... the co-receptor CD5 has been known to act as a negative regulator of T cell activation and to alter Ca2+ signaling and T cell ... causing an increase of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) concentration. Co-receptors stabilize interactions between the TCR and its ...
The genie in the bottle-magnified calcium signaling in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
... cAMP-PKA-calcium signaling. PKA can drive internal calcium release and promote calcium flow through NMDAR and calcium channels ... calcium activates adenylyl cyclases to produce more cAMP-PKA signaling. Excessive levels of cAMP-calcium signaling can have a ... driving calcium overload of mitochondria to induce inflammation and dendritic atrophy. Thus, calcium-cAMP signaling must be ... The genie in the bottle-magnified calcium signaling in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Mol Psychiatry. 2021 Aug;26(8):3684-3700. ...
Nonlinear super-resolution signal processing for subcellular analysis of calcium dynamics | bioRxiv
Nonlinear super-resolution signal processing for subcellular analysis of calcium dynamics. View ORCID ProfileNiccolò Calcini, ... Nonlinear super-resolution signal processing for subcellular analysis of calcium dynamics Message Subject (Your Name) has ... Here we present a new method for the analysis of calcium signals, called ARES, in which a sliding window is used to predict the ... However, the slow dynamics of both the calcium signal itself and its indicators make it difficult to relate the timing and ...
Refubium - Aspects of Astrocytic Calcium Signaling
Basal Ca2+ signaling in astrocytes was inversely related to temperature. Phototoxicity contributed to the high basal activity ... This is the first time lysosomes were shown to play a role in astrocytic Ca2+ signaling. Extracellular degradation of NAADP+ to ... In a separate series of experiments, it was found that increased Ca2+ signaling in astrocytes in perfused acute cortical slices ... These findings suggest that NAADP+ is a functional signalling molecule, adding to the complexity of information encoding by ...
calcium signaling | eNeuro
Models of Calcium Signalling | Ebook | Ellibs Ebookstore
Models of Calcium Signalling - Author: Dupont, Geneviève - Price: 109,10€ ... Models of Calcium Signalling. 109,10€. Add to cart. Ebook, PDF with Adobe DRM. ISBN: 9783319296470. DRM Restrictions. Printing ... 5. Nonlinear Dynamics of Calcium. Geneviève Dupont, Martin Falcke, Vivien Kirk, James Sneyd. Part II. Specific Models. 6. ... 2. The Calcium Toolbox. Geneviève Dupont, Martin Falcke, Vivien Kirk, James Sneyd. 3. Basic Modelling Principles: Deterministic ...
regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by calcium ion signaling - Ontology Report - Rat Genome Database
regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by calcium ion signaling. go back to main search page ... regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by calcium ion signaling. 3. regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by modulation ... regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by calcium ion signaling. 3. regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by modulation ... Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by changing the calcium ion signals ...
Proteomics links the redox state to calcium signaling during bleaching of the scleractinian coral acropora microphthalma on...
Simulating Complex Calcium-Calcineurin Signaling Network - Physiome Model Repository
Waste removal in worms reveals new mechanism to regulate calcium signaling
Press-News.org) Waste removal in worms reveals new mechanism to regulate calcium signaling. ... "In many cases, calcium signaling is absolutely central. The rise and fall of calcium is the molecular clock that times the ... Press-News.org] Waste removal in worms reveals new mechanism to regulate calcium signaling. Contact Information:. Emily Boynton ... Press-News.org) Calcium is so much more than the mineral that makes our bones and teeth strong: It is a ubiquitous signaling ...
A Y-Shaped Microfluidic Device to Study the Combined Effect of Wall Shear Stress and ATP Signals on Intracellular Calcium...
In order to investigate the combined effects of WSS and dynamic ATP signals on the intracellular calcium dynamic in VECs, a Y- ... Cellular experimental results also suggest that a combination of WSS and ATP signals rather than a WSS signal alone might play ... However, the effects of time-varying ATP signals have been usually neglected in the past investigations in the field of VEC ... on the bottom of its mixing micro-channel with stimuli of WSS signal alone and different combinations of WSS and ATP signals in ...
Effects of sustained i.c.v. infusion of lupus CSF and autoantibodies on behavioral phenotype and neuronal calcium signaling |...
... the current study examines broad behavioral performance and neuronal Ca2+ signaling in mice receiving a sustained infusion ... infusion of lupus CSF and autoantibodies on behavioral phenotype and neuronal calcium signaling ... b The calcium response to 1:25 CNS SLE CSF #4 exhibited a fast transient after 3 s that was followed by a slower component ... c Anti-NR2A evoked a fast calcium transient that peaked at 6 s and a slow component that peaked after 3 min and could not be ...
Time-Varying and Static Magnetic Fields Act in Combination to Alter Calcium Signal Transduction in the Lymphocyte
Mitochondria structure and position in the local control of calcium signals in smooth muscle cells - Fingerprint
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Distance-dependent gradient in NMDAR-driven spine calcium signals along tapering dendrites<...
Based on a compartmental model of spine calcium dynamics, we propose that this biased distribution in calcium signals is ... Based on a compartmental model of spine calcium dynamics, we propose that this biased distribution in calcium signals is ... Based on a compartmental model of spine calcium dynamics, we propose that this biased distribution in calcium signals is ... Based on a compartmental model of spine calcium dynamics, we propose that this biased distribution in calcium signals is ...
Research provides insight into how calcium signaling is regulated by mechanical force
... Combining the use of mechanical ... The researchers reported their results in the paper, Calcium signaling in live cells on elastic gels under mechanical vibration ... The researchers focused on intracellular signaling of calcium ions because their concentration has been shown to "play crucial ... "Abnormal calcium responses of diseased cells under this mechanical stimulation could be utilized as a signature/biomarker to ...
Download Calcium Signaling Protocols 1999
download Calcium Signaling Protocols in your mixture material. 2008-2018 ResearchGate GmbH. This download Calcium Signaling is ... Download Calcium Signaling Protocols 1999. Walters said up and down the download Calcium behind the two mitotic models, a book ... You re download Calcium Signaling is nt need! You can have a reference from and be your numbers. sensitive letters will as ... With the download Calcium Signaling driving around them thicker than suddenly, they sent it more 64-bit than aboard to handle ...
Lansoprazole-induced osteoporosis via the IP3R- and SOCE-mediated calcium signaling pathways | Molecular Medicine | Full Text
... an inhibitor of IP3R calcium release channel and SOCE pathway, effectively blocked increase in calcium caused by LPZ, thus ... Intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) persisted at a high concentration, thereby causing endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and ... In vitro, the effects of lansoprazole and related signaling pathways in MC3T3-E1 cells were investigated by CCK-8 assays, EdU ... In vitro, we found that lansoprazole (LPZ) could cause calcium overload in MC3T3-E1 cells leading to apoptosis, and 2-APB, ...
Frontiers | Three-Dimensional Culture of Ameloblast-Originated HAT-7 Cells for Functional Modeling of Defective Tooth Enamel...
... spheroidal structures that retain their functional capacity for pH regulation and intracellular Ca2+ signaling. This new 3D ... the HAT-7 spheroids were able to regulate their intracellular pH and to show intracellular calcium responses to extracellular ... Calcium Signaling. Previous work has shown that transepithelial HCO3− secretion by HAT-7 cells in 2D culture is stimulated by ... Calcium signaling in HAT-7 spheroids was also investigated in the present study. According to the current classification, ...
Calcium signalling in oligodendrocytes - MDC Repository
Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology | University of Bergen
Primary Faculty | Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy | Medical College of Wisconsin
Mitochondrial Complex I activity signals antioxidant response through ERK5 | Scientific Reports
Simultaneous augmentation of muscle and bone by locomomimetism through calcium-PGC-1α signaling *Takehito Ono ... Mitochondrial complex I activity signals ERK5 expression. The previous experiments had shown that OXPHOS generates a signal ... Garaude, J., Kaminski, S., Cherni, S., Hipskind, R. A. & Villalba, M. The Role of ERK5 in T-Cell Signalling. Scand J Immunol 62 ... Inhibition of mitochondrial complex I and II signals ERK5 expression. (A) Erk5 and Nrf2 mRNA expression in the liver of wild- ...
Multi-omics profiling of calcium-induced human keratinocytes differentiation reveals modulation of unfolded protein response...
Switching from Simple to Complex Oscillations in Calcium Signaling - Physiome Model Repository
Switching from Simple to Complex Oscillations in Calcium Signaling * Switching from Simple to Complex Oscillations in Calcium ... You are here: Home / Exposures / Switching from Simple to Complex Oscillations in Calcium Signaling / Switching from Simple to ... Switching from Simple to Complex Oscillations in Calcium Signaling, Kummer, U., Olsen, L.F, Dixon, C.J., Green, A.K, Bornberg- ... Derived from workspace Switching from Simple to Complex Oscillations in Calcium Signaling at changeset 146aaa791f91. ...
BIN2 orchestrates platelet calcium signaling in thrombosis and thrombo-inflammation - Science Mission
Characterization of NAADP-mediated calcium signaling in human spermatozoa. - Oxford Cardiovascular Science
... signaling. In this work we used in vitro enzyme assays to show the presence of a novel NAADP synthesizing enzyme in human sperm ... signaling in spermatozoa plays a crucial role during processes such as capacitation and release of the acrosome, but the ... ADP-ribosyl cyclase, Acidic stores, Calcium, NAADP, Sperm, cADPR, Calcium, Calcium Signaling, Cells, Cultured, Humans, Male, ... Characterization of NAADP-mediated calcium signaling in human spermatozoa. Sánchez-Tusie AA., Vasudevan SR., Churchill GC., ...
Plantae | Peripheral? Not Really! The Extracellular Arabinogalactan Proteins Function in Calcium Signaling | Plantae
Peripheral? Not Really! The Extracellular Arabinogalactan Proteins Function in Calcium Signaling September 17, 2020. /in Blog, ... indicating altered intracellular calcium signals. Together these results provide a solid step towards validating the AGP-Ca2+ ... A Chloroplast-derived Signal Attenuates Growth in Red Light by Acting on the... Plant Science Research Weekly: 18 September ... The glucuronic acids of AGPs have been shown in vitro to bind calcium in a pH-dependent manner, leading to the "AGP-Ca2+ ...