Unstable isotopes of calcium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ca atoms with atomic weights 39, 41, 45, 47, 49, and 50 are radioactive calcium isotopes.
Isotopes that exhibit radioactivity and undergo radioactive decay. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Unstable isotopes of zinc that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Zn atoms with atomic weights 60-63, 65, 69, 71, and 72 are radioactive zinc isotopes.
Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes, sparks, or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins.
Method for assessing flow through a system by injection of a known quantity of radionuclide into the system and monitoring its concentration over time at a specific point in the system. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.
Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue.
Unstable isotopes of iodine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. I atoms with atomic weights 117-139, except I 127, are radioactive iodine isotopes.
Calcium compounds used as food supplements or in food to supply the body with calcium. Dietary calcium is needed during growth for bone development and for maintenance of skeletal integrity later in life to prevent osteoporosis.
Unstable isotopes of krypton that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Kr atoms with atomic weights 74-77, 79, 81, 85, and 87-94 are radioactive krypton isotopes.
Unstable isotopes of indium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. In atoms with atomic weights 106-112, 113m, 114, and 116-124 are radioactive indium isotopes.
Stable calcium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element calcium, but differ in atomic weight. Ca-42-44, 46, and 48 are stable calcium isotopes.
Unstable isotopes of sodium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Na atoms with atomic weights 20-22 and 24-26 are radioactive sodium isotopes.
The spontaneous transformation of a nuclide into one or more different nuclides, accompanied by either the emission of particles from the nucleus, nuclear capture or ejection of orbital electrons, or fission. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Unstable isotopes of barium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ba atoms with atomic weights 126-129, 131, 133, and 139-143 are radioactive barium isotopes.
The production of an image obtained by cameras that detect the radioactive emissions of an injected radionuclide as it has distributed differentially throughout tissues in the body. The image obtained from a moving detector is called a scan, while the image obtained from a stationary camera device is called a scintiphotograph.
Unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes.
Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.
Unstable isotopes of tin that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Sn atoms with atomic weights 108-111, 113, 120-121, 123 and 125-128 are tin radioisotopes.
Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.
Unstable isotopes of iron that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Fe atoms with atomic weights 52, 53, 55, and 59-61 are radioactive iron isotopes.
Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.
Unstable isotopes of copper that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Cu atoms with atomic weights 58-62, 64, and 66-68 are radioactive copper isotopes.
High energy POSITRONS or ELECTRONS ejected from a disintegrating atomic nucleus.
Calcium salts of phosphoric acid. These compounds are frequently used as calcium supplements.
The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, atomic number 43, and atomic weight 98.91. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.
Unstable isotopes of mercury that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Hg atoms with atomic weights 185-195, 197, 203, 205, and 206 are radioactive mercury isotopes.
A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, liver, and spleen.
A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning.
Stable cesium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element cesium, but differ in atomic weight. Cs-133 is a naturally occurring isotope.
Stable cobalt atoms that have the same atomic number as the element cobalt, but differ in atomic weight. Co-59 is a stable cobalt isotope.
Unstable isotopes of cerium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ce atoms with atomic weights 132-135, 137, 139, and 141-148 are radioactive cerium isotopes.
Hafnium. A metal element of atomic number 72 and atomic weight 178.49, symbol Hf. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Unstable isotopes of gold that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Au 185-196, 198-201, and 203 are radioactive gold isotopes.
Techniques for labeling a substance with a stable or radioactive isotope. It is not used for articles involving labeled substances unless the methods of labeling are substantively discussed. Tracers that may be labeled include chemical substances, cells, or microorganisms.
Unstable isotopes of lead that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Pb atoms with atomic weights 194-203, 205, and 209-214 are radioactive lead isotopes.
Any diagnostic evaluation using radioactive (unstable) isotopes. This diagnosis includes many nuclear medicine procedures as well as radioimmunoassay tests.
Unstable isotopes of sulfur that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. S 29-31, 35, 37, and 38 are radioactive sulfur isotopes.
Stable zinc atoms that have the same atomic number as the element zinc, but differ in atomic weight. Zn-66-68, and 70 are stable zinc isotopes.
Long-lasting voltage-gated CALCIUM CHANNELS found in both excitable and nonexcitable tissue. They are responsible for normal myocardial and vascular smooth muscle contractility. Five subunits (alpha-1, alpha-2, beta, gamma, and delta) make up the L-type channel. The alpha-1 subunit is the binding site for calcium-based antagonists. Dihydropyridine-based calcium antagonists are used as markers for these binding sites.
Unstable isotopes of cadmium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Cd atoms with atomic weights 103-105, 107, 109, 115, and 117-119 are radioactive cadmium isotopes.
Astatine. A radioactive halogen with the atomic symbol At, atomic number 85, and atomic weight 210. Its isotopes range in mass number from 200 to 219 and all have an extremely short half-life. Astatine may be of use in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.
The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.
Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (IMMUNOTOXINS) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (see RADIOTHERAPY).
Lutetium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175.
Rhenium. A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.2, symbol Re. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The calcium salt of gluconic acid. The compound has a variety of uses, including its use as a calcium replenisher in hypocalcemic states.
Samarium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.
Compounds that are used in medicine as sources of radiation for radiotherapy and for diagnostic purposes. They have numerous uses in research and industry. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1161)
Pollutants, present in soil, which exhibit radioactivity.
Detection and counting of scintillations produced in a fluorescent material by ionizing radiation.
Unstable isotopes of bromine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Br atoms with atomic weights 74-78, 80, and 82-90 are radioactive bromine isotopes.
Leakage and accumulation of CEREBROSPINAL FLUID in the subdural space which may be associated with an infectious process; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; INTRACRANIAL HYPOTENSION; and other conditions.
Liquid, solid, or gaseous waste resulting from mining of radioactive ore, production of reactor fuel materials, reactor operation, processing of irradiated reactor fuels, and related operations, and from use of radioactive materials in research, industry, and medicine. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Normal human serum albumin mildly iodinated with radioactive iodine (131-I) which has a half-life of 8 days, and emits beta and gamma rays. It is used as a diagnostic aid in blood volume determination. (from Merck Index, 11th ed)
Unstable isotopes of ruthenium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ru atoms with atomic weights 93-95, 97, 103, and 105-108 are radioactive ruthenium isotopes.
Uptake of substances through the lining of the INTESTINES.
Techniques used to determine the age of materials, based on the content and half-lives of the RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES they contain.
Unstable isotopes of selenium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Se atoms with atomic weights 70-73, 75, 79, 81, and 83-85 are radioactive selenium isotopes.
Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.
Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two NEUTRONS, i.e. equivalent to HELIUM nuclei, which are emitted during disintegration of heavy ISOTOPES. Alpha rays have very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability.
Inorganic compounds that contain calcium as an integral part of the molecule.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
A class of organic compounds containing a ring structure made up of more than one kind of atom, usually carbon plus another atom. The ring structure can be aromatic or nonaromatic.
A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.
Tungsten. A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.
Atomic species differing in mass number but having the same atomic number. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
CALCIUM CHANNELS that are concentrated in neural tissue. Omega toxins inhibit the actions of these channels by altering their voltage dependence.
An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.
A series of steps taken in order to conduct research.
A type of high-energy radiotherapy using a beam of gamma-radiation produced by a radioisotope source encapsulated within a teletherapy unit.
A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.
Determination of the energy distribution of gamma rays emitted by nuclei. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
A specialty field of radiology concerned with diagnostic, therapeutic, and investigative use of radioactive compounds in a pharmaceutical form.
A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.
Agents that increase calcium influx into calcium channels of excitable tissues. This causes vasoconstriction in VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE and/or CARDIAC MUSCLE cells as well as stimulation of insulin release from pancreatic islets. Therefore, tissue-selective calcium agonists have the potential to combat cardiac failure and endocrinological disorders. They have been used primarily in experimental studies in cell and tissue culture.
The measurement of radiation by photography, as in x-ray film and film badge, by Geiger-Mueller tube, and by SCINTILLATION COUNTING.
The physical or physiological processes by which substances, tissue, cells, etc. take up or take in other substances or energy.
Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.
Tritium is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen used in medical applications such as radiation therapy and as a tracer in diagnostic imaging.
A form species of spore-producing CYANOBACTERIA, in the family Nostocaceae, order Nostocales. It is an important source of fixed NITROGEN in nutrient-depleted soils. When wet, it appears as a jelly-like mass.
Measurement of radioactivity in the entire human body.
Unstable isotopes of potassium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. K atoms with atomic weights 37, 38, 40, and 42-45 are radioactive potassium isotopes.
An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.
Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.
An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function.
A specialized CONNECTIVE TISSUE that is the main constituent of the SKELETON. The principle cellular component of bone is comprised of OSTEOBLASTS; OSTEOCYTES; and OSTEOCLASTS, while FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and hydroxyapatite crystals form the BONE MATRIX.
Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.
A white powder prepared from lime that has many medical and industrial uses. It is in many dental formulations, especially for root canal filling.
The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.
A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.
A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.
A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.
The amount of radiation energy that is deposited in a unit mass of material, such as tissues of plants or animal. In RADIOTHERAPY, radiation dosage is expressed in gray units (Gy). In RADIOLOGIC HEALTH, the dosage is expressed by the product of absorbed dose (Gy) and quality factor (a function of linear energy transfer), and is called radiation dose equivalent in sievert units (Sv).
A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the PARATHYROID GLANDS which performs the essential role of maintaining intracellular CALCIUM levels in the body. Parathyroid hormone increases intracellular calcium by promoting the release of CALCIUM from BONE, increases the intestinal absorption of calcium, increases the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and increases the renal excretion of phosphates.
A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

Modulation of calcium mobilization in aortic rings of pregnant rats: Contribution of extracellular calcium and of voltage-operated calcium channels. (1/407)

Pregnancy is associated with decreased vascular responsiveness to vasopressor stimuli. We have tested the involvement of Ca2+ mobilization in myotropic responses of aortic rings obtained from pregnant and virgin rats. Contractions of the rings to phenylephrine, in the absence of calcium in the bathing medium, were lower in tissues from virgin than from pregnant rats. Concentration-response curves to CaCl2 that were measured after stimulation by phenylephrine in the absence of Ca2+ were shifted to higher levels of contraction. This was not observed when KCl was used to prestimulate the aorta. D-600, a phenylalkylamine calcium channel blocker, similarly inhibited these responses to CaCl2 in tissues from both pregnant and virgin animals. D-600 exerted a concentration-dependent inhibition of responses to phenylephrine and KCl. However, the calcium antagonist was less effective in aortic rings of pregnant than of virgin rats. Basal 45Ca2+ uptake was lower in aortic rings from pregnant than from virgin rats, and Bay K 8644 was unable to reverse this difference. The time course of basal and stimulated (KCl) 45Ca2+ influx was lower in aorta of pregnant rats at all times studied. Moreover, when the intracellular calcium pools were emptied with phenylephrine, the refilling of these pools was delayed in aortic rings of pregnant rats. These results indicate an altered extracellular calcium mobilization of aortic rings from pregnant rats. These changes may be due to a functional alteration of the voltage-operated calcium channels during pregnancy.  (+info)

A non-pungent triprenyl phenol of fungal origin, scutigeral, stimulates rat dorsal root ganglion neurons via interaction at vanilloid receptors. (2/407)

1. A [3H]-resiniferatoxin (RTX) binding assay utilizing rat spinal cord membranes was employed to identify novel vanilloids in a collection of natural products of fungal origin. Of the five active compounds found (scutigeral, acetyl-scutigeral, ovinal, neogrifolin, and methyl-neogrifolin), scutigeral (Ki=19 microM), isolated from the edible mushroom Albatrellus ovinus, was selected for further characterization. 2. Scutigeral induced a dose-dependent 45Ca uptake by rat dorsal root ganglion neurons with an EC50 of 1.6 microM, which was fully inhibited by the competitive vanilloid receptor antagonist capsazepine (IC50=5.2 microM). 3. [3H]-RTX binding isotherms were shifted by scutigeral (10-80 microM) in a competitive manner. The Schild plot of the data had a slope of 0.8 and gave an apparent Kd estimate for scutigeral of 32 microM. 4. Although in the above assays scutigeral mimicked capsaicin, it was not pungent on the human tongue up to a dose of 100 nmol per tongue, nor did it provoke protective wiping movements in the rat (up to 100 microM) upon intraocular instillation. 5. In accord with being non-pungent, scutigeral (5 microM) did not elicit a measurable inward current in isolated rat dorsal root ganglion neurons under voltage-clamp conditions. It did, however, reduce the proportion of neurons (from 61 to 15%) that responded to a subsequent capsaicin (1 microM) challenge. In these neurons, scutigeral both delayed (from 27 to 72 s) and diminished (from 5.0 to 1.9 nA) the maximal current evoked by capsaicin. 6. In conclusion, scutigeral and its congeners form a new chemical class of vanilloids, the triprenyl phenols. Scutigeral promises to be a novel chemical lead for the development of orally active, non-pungent vanilloids.  (+info)

Ni2+ transport by the human Na+/Ca2+ exchanger expressed in Sf9 cells. (3/407)

The mechanism of Ni2+ block of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger was examined in Sf 9 cells expressing the human heart Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX1-NACA1). As predicted from the reported actions of Ni2+, its application reduced extracellular Na+-dependent changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration (measured by fluo 3 fluorescence changes). However, contrary to expectation, the reduced fluorescence was accompanied by measured 63Ni2+ entry. The 63Ni2+ entry was observed in Sf 9 cells expressing the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger but not in control cells. The established sequential transport mechanism of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger could be compatible with these results if one of the two ion translocation steps is blocked by Ni2+ and the other permits Ni2+ translocation. We conclude that, because Ni2+ entry was inhibited by extracellular Ca2+ and enhanced by extracellular Na+, the Ca2+ translocation step moved Ni2+, whereas the Na+ translocation step was inhibited by Ni2+. A model is presented to discuss these findings.  (+info)

Chronic fluoride ingestion decreases 45Ca uptake by rat kidney membranes. (4/407)

High exposures to fluoride (F-) may occur in environments rich in F- from natural or industrial sources and from misuse of F--containing dental care products, particularly by children. Both acute and chronic exposures to elevated levels of F- have negative effects on several calcium-dependent processes, including kidney glomerular and tubular function. We examined the effect of chronic F- ingestion on ATP-dependent 45Ca uptake by rat kidney membrane vesicles to characterize the mechanism by which high F- alters Ca++ transport in the kidney. Twenty weanling female Sprague-Dawley rats were raised on low-F- (0.9 mg/L), semi-purified diet with a Ca++ concentration of 400 mg/100g diet. Rats were divided into four groups and were fed ad libitum deionized water containing F- at 0, 10, 50, or 150 mg/L added as NaF for 6 wk. This consumption produced plasma F- levels of <0.4, 2, 7, or 35 micromol/L, respectively. ATP-dependent 45Ca uptake was significantly lower in the 150 mg F-/L exposure group than in the 0 mg F-/L controls (P < 0.05). Studies with thapsigargin, a specific inhibitor of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca++-pump, showed that the lower uptake was associated with significantly lower activities of both the plasma membrane Ca++-pump (P < 0.05, 150 mg F-/L group versus control) and endoplasmic reticulum Ca++-pump (P < 0.05 for both the 50 and 150 mg F-/L groups versus control). Slot blot analysis of kidney homogenates with specific Ca++-pump antibodies showed less (P < 0.05) endoplasmic reticulum Ca++-pump protein and plasma membrane Ca++-pump protein in all treatment groups than controls. Both Ca++-pumps are transport molecules of great importance in the regulation of Ca++ homeostasis. Our study suggests that chronic, high F- ingestion producing high plasma F- levels may occur in humans and may affect Ca++ homeostasis by increasing the turnover or breakdown or decreasing the expression of plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum Ca++-pump proteins.  (+info)

Stimulation of neutrophils by prenylcysteine analogs: Ca(2+) release and influx. (5/407)

Farnesylthiosalicylic acid (FTS), a synthetic analog of the terminal prenylcysteine present in signaling proteins induces generation of superoxide ions, phospholipase C-driven hydrolysis of inositol lipids and calcium elevation in human neutrophils and DMSO-differentiated HL60 cells. These effects were ascribed to an interaction of the analog with elements responsible for recognition of specific prenylated proteins. The present study demonstrated that in addition to the release of intracellular calcium stores, FTS enhanced entry of Ca(2+) and Mn(2+) from the medium. The biphasic dependence of the influx on the concentration of FTS, as well as its insensitivity to inhibition by PMA and La(3+) suggest that the influx pathway activated by FTS is distinct from the previously described store-operated calcium channels of neutrophils. Consistent with the participation of a cellular membrane component in the interaction, FTS enhanced (45)Ca uptake in neutrophils and neutrophil cell membranes, but not in multilamellar vesicles. To establish specificity of the farnesyl moiety of FTS (C(15)), effects of three other analogs, geranylthiosalicylate, GTS (C(10)), geranylgeranylthiosalicylate, GGTS (C(20)), as well as the carboxymethyl ester FTS-Me on calcium homeostasis and superoxide production were investigated. GGTS dose-dependently elevated [Ca(2+)](i), induced quenching of the 360 nm Fura-2-calcium fluorescence by Mn(2+) and stimulated superoxide release, while GTS and FTS-Me were inactive. These results defined specific structural requirements for the functional interaction of prenylcysteine analogs with myeloid cells.  (+info)

Intracellular Ca(2+)-Mg(2+)-ATPase regulates calcium influx and acrosomal exocytosis in bull and ram spermatozoa. (6/407)

Calcium influx is required for the mammalian sperm acrosome reaction (AR), an exocytotic event occurring in the sperm head prior to fertilization. We show here that thapsigargin, a highly specific inhibitor of the microsomal Ca(2+)-Mg(2+)-ATPase (Ca(2+) pump), can initiate acrosomal exocytosis in capacitated bovine and ram spermatozoa. Initiation of acrosomal exocytosis by thapsigargin requires an influx of Ca(2+), since incubation of cells in the absence of added Ca(2+) or in the presence of the calcium channel blocker, La(3+), completely inhibited thapsigargin-induced acrosomal exocytosis. ATP-Dependent calcium accumulation into nonmitochondrial stores was detected in permeabilized sperm in the presence of ATP and mitochondrial uncoupler. This activity was inhibited by thapsigargin. Thapsigargin elevated the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)), and this increase was inhibited when extracellular Ca(2+) was chelated by EGTA, indicating that this rise in Ca(2+) is derived from the external medium. This rise of [Ca(2+)](i) took place first in the head and later in the midpiece of the spermatozoon. However, immunostaining using a polyclonal antibody directed against the purified inositol 1,4,5-tris-phosphate receptor (IP(3)-R) identified specific staining in the acrosome region, in the postacrosome, and along the tail, but not in the midpiece region. No staining in the acrosome region was observed in sperm without acrosome, indicating that the acrosome cap was stained in intact sperm. The presence of IP(3)-R in the anterior acrosomal region as well as the induction, by thapsigargin, of intracellular Ca(2+) elevation in the acrosomal region and acrosomal exocytosis, implicates the acrosome as a potential cellular Ca(2+) store. We suggest here that the cytosolic Ca(2+) is actively transported into the acrosome by an ATP-dependent, thapsigargin-sensitive Ca(2+) pump and that the accumulated Ca(2+) is released from the acrosome via an IP(3)-gated calcium channel. The ability of thapsigargin to increase [Ca(2+)](i) could be due to depletion of Ca(2+) in the acrosome, resulting in the opening of a capacitative calcium entry channel in the plasma membrane. The effect of thapsigargin on elevated [Ca(2+)](i) in capacitated cells was 2-fold higher than that in noncapacitated sperm, suggesting that the intracellular Ca pump is active during capacitation and that this pump may have a role in regulating [Ca(2+)](i) during capacitation and the AR.  (+info)

Demonstration of the rapid action of pure crystalline 1 alpha-hydroxy vitamin D3 and 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 on intestinal calcium uptake. (7/407)

The biological effects of crystalline 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 and crystalline 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 have been compared on the intestinal uptake of calcium-45 by everted duodenal gut sacs from rachitic rats. Peak calcium-45 uptake was observed 1 hr after intravenous administration and both crystalline vitamin D2 analogs were of comparable potency. The rapid onset of calcium-45 uptake and the rapid attainment of maximal calcium-45 transport suggests a direct effect of these crystalline analogs on the mucosal membranes of the intestinal cell.  (+info)

Xestoquinone, isolated from sea sponge, causes Ca(2+) release through sulfhydryl modification from skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. (8/407)

Xestoquinone (XQN) (3 x 10(-7) to 3 x 10(-3) M), isolated from the sea sponge Xestospongia sapra, induced a concentration-dependent Ca(2+) release from the heavy fraction of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (HSR) of rabbit skeletal muscle with an EC(50) value of approximately 30 microM. On the basis of the EC(50), XQN is 10 times more potent than caffeine. Dithiothreitol completely blocked XQN-induced Ca(2+) release from HSR without affecting that induced by caffeine. Caffeine-induced Ca(2+) release was reduced markedly by Mg(2+), procaine, and ruthenium red, agents that are known to block release of Ca(2+) from sarcoplasmic reticulum, whereas that induced by XQN was not inhibited. The bell-shaped profile of Ca(2+) dependence for XQN was significantly shifted upward in a wider range of pCa (between 7 and 3), whereas that for caffeine was shifted to the left in a narrower range of pCa (between 8 and 7). The maximum response to caffeine in (45)Ca(2+) release was not affected by 9-methyl-7-bromoeudistomin D, whereas the response was further increased by XQN. XQN caused a concentration-dependent decrease in [(3)H]ryanodine binding to HSR. This effect of XQN also was abolished in the presence of dithiothreitol. Scatchard analysis revealed that the mode of inhibition by XQN was noncompetitive in [(3)H]ryanodine binding to HSR. These results indicate that sulfhydryl groups are involved in both the XQN effect on ryanodine binding and on Ca(2+) release.  (+info)

Calcium radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element calcium that are used in medical imaging and treatment. Calcium is an essential mineral for the human body, and its radioisotopes can be used to study bone density, diagnose and treat various bone diseases, and monitor the effectiveness of treatments for these conditions. The most commonly used calcium radioisotopes in medical applications are calcium-45 and calcium-85. Calcium-45 is a short-lived isotope with a half-life of about 14 days, and it is typically used for short-term studies of bone metabolism. Calcium-85, on the other hand, has a longer half-life of about 85 days, and it is often used for longer-term studies of bone density and metabolism. Calcium radioisotopes can be administered to patients in a variety of ways, including intravenous injection, oral ingestion, or inhalation. The radioisotopes are then detected using imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), which allow doctors to visualize the distribution of the radioisotopes in the body and assess the health of bones and other tissues.

Radioisotopes are isotopes of an element that emit radiation, such as alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays. In the medical field, radioisotopes are used in a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In diagnostic imaging, radioisotopes are used to create images of the body's internal structures. For example, a radioisotope such as technetium-99m can be injected into the bloodstream and then detected by a gamma camera to create an image of the heart, lungs, or other organs. This type of imaging is commonly used to diagnose conditions such as cancer, heart disease, and bone disorders. Radioisotopes are also used in therapeutic applications, such as radiation therapy for cancer. In this treatment, a radioisotope is introduced into the body, usually by injection or inhalation, and then targeted to a specific area of the body where it emits radiation that destroys cancer cells. Radioisotopes are also used in targeted radionuclide therapy, where a radioisotope is attached to a molecule that specifically targets cancer cells, allowing for more precise delivery of radiation. Overall, radioisotopes play a critical role in medical imaging and therapy, allowing for the diagnosis and treatment of a wide range of conditions.

Zinc radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element zinc that are used in medical applications. These isotopes are typically produced by bombarding zinc targets with high-energy particles, such as protons or neutrons, in a nuclear reactor or particle accelerator. There are several different zinc radioisotopes that are used in medicine, including: * 67Zn: This isotope is used in positron emission tomography (PET) scans to image the brain and other organs. It is taken up by cells in the body and emits positrons, which can be detected by a PET scanner to create detailed images of the tissue. * 64Zn: This isotope is used in nuclear medicine to diagnose and treat certain types of cancer. It is taken up by cancer cells and can be used to image the tumor or to deliver radiation therapy to the cancer cells. * 70Zn: This isotope is used in research to study the metabolism and function of zinc in the body. It can be administered to animals or humans and then monitored to see how the zinc is distributed and used in the body. Zinc radioisotopes are typically administered to patients through injection or inhalation, and the amount of radiation exposure is carefully controlled to minimize any potential risks. They are an important tool in medical imaging and cancer treatment, and are used by healthcare professionals around the world.

Calcium signaling is a complex process that involves the movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) within and between cells. Calcium ions play a crucial role in many cellular functions, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, gene expression, and cell division. Calcium signaling is regulated by a network of proteins that sense changes in calcium levels and respond by activating or inhibiting specific cellular processes. In the medical field, calcium signaling is important for understanding the mechanisms underlying many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Calcium signaling is also a target for many drugs, including those used to treat hypertension, arrhythmias, and osteoporosis. Understanding the complex interactions between calcium ions and the proteins that regulate them is therefore an important area of research in medicine.

Strontium radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element strontium that are used in medical applications. These isotopes emit radiation that can be detected and measured, and they are used in a variety of medical procedures, including: 1. Bone scanning: Strontium-89 and strontium-90 are used in bone scanning to detect bone metastases (cancer that has spread to the bones) and to monitor the effectiveness of treatment. 2. Cardiac imaging: Strontium-82 is used in cardiac imaging to assess blood flow to the heart and to diagnose and monitor heart disease. 3. Cancer treatment: Strontium-89 and strontium-90 are also used in cancer treatment, particularly for bone metastases, by delivering targeted radiation to the affected area. Strontium radioisotopes are typically produced in nuclear reactors and are then purified and formulated for medical use. They are administered to patients through intravenous injection or inhalation, and the radiation they emit is detected using specialized imaging equipment.

Calcium channels are specialized proteins found in the cell membrane of many types of cells, including neurons, muscle cells, and epithelial cells. These channels allow calcium ions to pass through the cell membrane, regulating the flow of calcium into and out of the cell. Calcium channels play a crucial role in many physiological processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and the regulation of gene expression. Calcium channels can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including voltage-gated calcium channels, ligand-gated calcium channels, and store-operated calcium channels. In the medical field, calcium channels are the target of many drugs, including anti-seizure medications, anti-anxiety medications, and antiarrhythmics. Abnormalities in calcium channel function have been linked to a variety of diseases, including hypertension, heart disease, and neurological disorders such as epilepsy and multiple sclerosis.

Iodine radioisotopes are radioactive forms of the element iodine that are used in medical imaging and treatment procedures. These isotopes have a nucleus that contains an odd number of neutrons, which makes them unstable and causes them to emit radiation as they decay back to a more stable form of iodine. There are several different iodine radioisotopes that are commonly used in medical applications, including iodine-123, iodine-125, and iodine-131. Each of these isotopes has a different half-life, which is the amount of time it takes for half of the radioactive material to decay. The half-life of an iodine radioisotope determines how long it will remain in the body and how much radiation will be emitted during that time. Iodine radioisotopes are often used in diagnostic imaging procedures, such as thyroid scans, to help doctors visualize the structure and function of the thyroid gland. They may also be used in therapeutic procedures, such as radiation therapy, to treat thyroid cancer or other thyroid disorders. In these cases, the radioactive iodine is administered to the patient and selectively absorbed by the thyroid gland, where it emits radiation that damages or destroys cancerous cells.

Calcium, dietary refers to the amount of calcium that is obtained from food and beverages consumed by an individual. Calcium is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in maintaining strong bones and teeth, as well as regulating muscle function, nerve transmission, and blood clotting. The recommended daily intake of calcium varies depending on age, sex, and other factors. For adults, the recommended daily intake of calcium is 1000-1300 milligrams per day. Calcium can be obtained from a variety of sources, including dairy products (such as milk, cheese, and yogurt), leafy green vegetables (such as kale and spinach), fortified foods (such as cereal and orange juice), and certain types of fish (such as salmon and sardines). In the medical field, monitoring an individual's dietary calcium intake is important for maintaining optimal bone health and preventing conditions such as osteoporosis. A deficiency in dietary calcium can lead to weakened bones and an increased risk of fractures, while an excess of calcium can lead to kidney stones and other health problems.

In the medical field, Krypton radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element Krypton that are used for various medical applications. These isotopes emit radiation that can be detected and measured by medical equipment, allowing doctors to diagnose and treat various medical conditions. One common use of Krypton radioisotopes in medicine is in the treatment of cancer. For example, the isotope Krypton-81m is used in a procedure called "Krypton-81m ventilation imaging," which is used to diagnose lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. The isotope is inhaled by the patient, and the radiation emitted by the isotope is detected by a gamma camera, which creates an image of the lungs. Krypton radioisotopes are also used in other medical applications, such as in the diagnosis of bone disorders, the treatment of thyroid disorders, and the detection of blood clots in the lungs. In each of these cases, the radioisotope is administered to the patient in a controlled manner, and the radiation emitted by the isotope is detected and measured to diagnose or treat the medical condition.

Indium radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element indium that are used in medical imaging and therapy. These isotopes emit radiation that can be detected by medical imaging equipment, such as single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) scanners. Indium radioisotopes are used in a variety of medical applications, including: 1. Diagnostic imaging: Indium-111 is commonly used in diagnostic imaging to detect infections, tumors, and other abnormalities in the body. It is often used in conjunction with antibodies or other targeting agents to help locate specific cells or tissues. 2. Radiation therapy: Indium-111 is also used in radiation therapy to treat certain types of cancer. It is administered to the patient in the form of a radioactive compound that is taken up by cancer cells, where it emits radiation that damages the cancer cells and slows their growth. Overall, indium radioisotopes play an important role in medical imaging and therapy, allowing doctors to diagnose and treat a wide range of conditions with greater accuracy and effectiveness.

Calcium isotopes refer to the different forms of the element calcium that have different atomic weights due to the presence of different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. In the medical field, calcium isotopes are often used in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures related to bone health and metabolism. One commonly used calcium isotope in medicine is calcium-47, which is a radioactive isotope that can be used to measure bone turnover and bone mineral density. Calcium-47 is produced by bombarding a calcium-46 target with high-energy protons, and it decays by emitting a positron, which can be detected using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Another calcium isotope that is used in medicine is calcium-82, which is a radioactive isotope that can be used to treat certain types of cancer. Calcium-82 is produced by bombarding a zinc-68 target with high-energy protons, and it decays by emitting a positron, which can be used to target and destroy cancer cells. Overall, calcium isotopes play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of bone and cancer-related conditions in the medical field.

Sodium radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element sodium that are used in medical imaging and treatment. These isotopes have a nucleus that contains an odd number of neutrons, which makes them unstable and prone to decay. During this decay process, the nucleus emits radiation in the form of gamma rays or beta particles. In medical imaging, sodium radioisotopes are often used in positron emission tomography (PET) scans. These scans involve injecting a small amount of a radioactive tracer, such as sodium fluoride-18, into the patient's bloodstream. The tracer accumulates in areas of the body where bone metabolism is active, such as in tumors or areas of bone disease. The PET scanner then detects the gamma rays emitted by the tracer and creates detailed images of the body's internal structures. In medical treatment, sodium radioisotopes are used in radiation therapy to treat certain types of cancer. For example, sodium iodide-131 is used to treat thyroid cancer by delivering targeted radiation to the thyroid gland. Other sodium radioisotopes, such as sodium meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG), are used to treat neuroblastoma, a type of cancer that affects children. Overall, sodium radioisotopes play an important role in medical imaging and treatment, allowing doctors to diagnose and treat a wide range of conditions with greater accuracy and precision.

Barium radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element barium that are used in medical imaging procedures, particularly in the field of radiology. These isotopes are typically used in diagnostic imaging studies, such as barium X-rays or barium swallow tests, to visualize the digestive system and diagnose conditions such as ulcers, inflammation, or blockages in the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine. Barium radioisotopes are usually administered orally or through an enema, and they emit low-energy gamma rays that can be detected by a gamma camera or other imaging device. The gamma rays produce images of the digestive system that can be used by radiologists to diagnose and monitor a variety of medical conditions. Some common barium radioisotopes used in medical imaging include barium-133, barium-137, and barium-140. These isotopes have relatively short half-lives, ranging from a few hours to a few days, which means that they decay quickly and emit relatively low levels of radiation. As a result, they are generally considered safe for use in medical imaging procedures.

Yttrium radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element yttrium that are used in medical imaging and cancer treatment. Yttrium-90 (90Y) is a commonly used radioisotope in these applications. It is produced by bombarding a target with neutrons, and it emits beta particles that can be detected by imaging equipment. In medical imaging, 90Y is often used in conjunction with a radiopharmaceutical, which is a compound that contains 90Y and is designed to target specific cells or tissues in the body. For example, 90Y-labeled antibodies can be used to image and diagnose certain types of cancer, such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma. The beta particles emitted by 90Y can also be used to destroy cancer cells through a process called radioimmunotherapy. In cancer treatment, 90Y is often used in conjunction with a radiopharmaceutical to deliver targeted radiation therapy to cancer cells. This can be particularly useful in cases where the cancer has spread to multiple sites in the body and is difficult to treat with traditional chemotherapy or radiation therapy. The radiopharmaceutical is designed to target the cancer cells specifically, minimizing damage to healthy cells and tissues.

Calcium carbonate is a mineral that is commonly used in the medical field as a dietary supplement and as a medication. It is also used in the treatment of certain medical conditions, such as osteoporosis, stomach ulcers, and kidney stones. Calcium carbonate is a source of calcium, which is an essential mineral that is important for maintaining strong bones and teeth, as well as for many other functions in the body. It is also used as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid and relieve symptoms of heartburn and indigestion. In the medical field, calcium carbonate is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and powders. It is usually taken by mouth, although it can also be given intravenously in certain cases. The dosage and duration of treatment will depend on the specific medical condition being treated and the individual patient's needs.

Tin radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element tin that are used in various medical applications. These isotopes are typically produced by bombarding stable tin isotopes with high-energy particles, such as protons or neutrons, in a nuclear reactor or particle accelerator. Some common tin radioisotopes used in medicine include tin-117m, tin-119m, and tin-120m. These isotopes emit low-energy gamma rays that can be detected by gamma cameras, allowing doctors to create detailed images of the body's internal structures. Tin radioisotopes are used in a variety of medical applications, including: 1. Diagnostic imaging: Tin radioisotopes are used in nuclear medicine imaging techniques, such as single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), to detect and diagnose various diseases and conditions, such as cancer, heart disease, and neurological disorders. 2. Radiation therapy: Tin radioisotopes are used in targeted radionuclide therapy to treat certain types of cancer. These isotopes are attached to molecules that specifically target cancer cells, delivering a high dose of radiation to the cancer cells while minimizing damage to healthy tissue. 3. Research: Tin radioisotopes are used in research to study the biology and chemistry of the element tin, as well as to investigate the mechanisms of various diseases and conditions.

In the medical field, carbon radioisotopes are isotopes of carbon that emit radiation. These isotopes are often used in medical imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET), to visualize and diagnose various diseases and conditions. One commonly used carbon radioisotope in medical imaging is carbon-11, which is produced by bombarding nitrogen-14 with neutrons in a nuclear reactor. Carbon-11 is then incorporated into various molecules, such as glucose, which can be injected into the body and taken up by cells that are metabolically active. The emitted radiation from the carbon-11 can then be detected by a PET scanner, allowing doctors to visualize and diagnose conditions such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and heart disease. Other carbon radioisotopes used in medicine include carbon-13, which is used in breath tests to diagnose various digestive disorders, and carbon-14, which is used in radiocarbon dating to determine the age of organic materials.

Iron radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of iron that are used in medical imaging and treatment. These isotopes are typically produced by bombarding iron targets with high-energy particles, such as protons or neutrons. The resulting radioisotopes have a short half-life, meaning that they decay quickly and emit radiation that can be detected by medical imaging equipment. Iron radioisotopes are used in a variety of medical applications, including: 1. Diagnostic imaging: Iron radioisotopes can be used to create images of the body's organs and tissues. For example, iron-59 is often used to study the liver and spleen, while iron-62 is used to study the bone marrow. 2. Radiation therapy: Iron radioisotopes can also be used to treat certain types of cancer. For example, iron-59 is used to treat liver cancer, while iron-62 is used to treat multiple myeloma. 3. Research: Iron radioisotopes are also used in research to study the metabolism and distribution of iron in the body. Overall, iron radioisotopes play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of various medical conditions, and are a valuable tool in the field of nuclear medicine.

Phosphorus radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element phosphorus that are used in medical imaging and treatment. These isotopes emit radiation that can be detected by medical imaging equipment, such as positron emission tomography (PET) scanners, to create images of the body's internal structures and functions. One commonly used phosphorus radioisotope in medical imaging is fluorine-18, which is produced by bombarding a target with protons. Fluorine-18 is then incorporated into a compound, such as fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), which is taken up by cells in the body. The PET scanner detects the radiation emitted by the fluorine-18 in the FDG and creates an image of the areas of the body where the FDG is concentrated, which can help diagnose conditions such as cancer, heart disease, and neurological disorders. Phosphorus radioisotopes are also used in radiation therapy to treat certain types of cancer. For example, strontium-89 is a phosphorus radioisotope that emits beta particles that can destroy cancer cells. It is often used to treat bone metastases, which are cancerous tumors that have spread to the bones.

Copper radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element copper that are used in medical imaging and therapy. These isotopes have specific properties that make them useful for certain medical applications, such as their ability to emit gamma rays or positrons, which can be detected by medical imaging equipment. One common copper radioisotope used in medical imaging is copper-64 (64Cu), which is often used in positron emission tomography (PET) scans to study the function of organs and tissues in the body. Copper-64 is taken up by cells in the body and emits positrons, which are detected by the PET scanner. This allows doctors to visualize the distribution of the isotope in the body and get information about the function of the organs and tissues. Copper radioisotopes are also used in targeted radionuclide therapy, a type of cancer treatment that involves delivering a radioactive substance directly to cancer cells. Copper-67 (67Cu) is one example of a copper radioisotope that is used in this way. It is taken up by cancer cells and emits gamma rays, which can damage the cancer cells and kill them. This type of therapy is often used to treat certain types of cancer, such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Overall, copper radioisotopes play an important role in medical imaging and therapy, allowing doctors to diagnose and treat a variety of medical conditions.

Beta particles are high-energy electrons or positrons that are emitted from the nucleus of an atom during a nuclear decay process. In the medical field, beta particles are commonly used in radiation therapy to treat cancerous tumors. They can be targeted directly at the tumor, delivering a high dose of radiation to kill cancer cells while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. Beta particles can also be used in diagnostic imaging, such as in positron emission tomography (PET) scans, to visualize and measure the activity of certain organs or tissues in the body.

Calcium phosphates are a group of minerals that are commonly found in the human body, particularly in bones and teeth. They are also used in medical applications, such as in the production of bone grafts and dental implants. Calcium phosphates are composed of calcium and phosphorus ions, and they are typically crystalline in structure. There are several different types of calcium phosphates, including hydroxyapatite, octacalcium phosphate, and brushite. In the medical field, calcium phosphates are often used as a source of calcium and phosphorus for patients who are unable to obtain these nutrients from their diet. They are also used in the treatment of bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, and in the repair of bone fractures. In addition, calcium phosphates are used in the production of medical devices, such as dental implants and bone grafts, because of their biocompatibility and ability to support bone growth.

Technetium is a radioactive element that is used in the medical field for diagnostic imaging procedures. It is often combined with other elements to form compounds that can be used to create radiopharmaceuticals, which are drugs that contain a small amount of radioactive material. One common use of technetium in medicine is in bone scans, which are used to detect bone abnormalities such as fractures, infections, and tumors. Technetium compounds are injected into the bloodstream and then absorbed by the bones, allowing doctors to see where the bone is healthy and where it is not. Technetium is also used in other types of imaging procedures, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans. In these cases, technetium compounds are used to enhance the contrast of the images, making it easier for doctors to see details in the body. Overall, technetium plays an important role in medical imaging and is used to help diagnose a wide range of conditions.

Mercury radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element mercury that are used in medical imaging and therapy. These isotopes emit radiation that can be detected by medical imaging equipment, allowing doctors to visualize and diagnose various medical conditions. The most commonly used mercury radioisotopes in medicine are: 1. Mercury-197 (197Hg): This isotope is used in nuclear medicine to diagnose and treat various conditions, including liver disease, kidney disease, and cancer. 2. Mercury-199 (199Hg): This isotope is used in nuclear medicine to diagnose and treat various conditions, including bone disorders, liver disease, and cancer. 3. Mercury-203 (203Hg): This isotope is used in nuclear medicine to diagnose and treat various conditions, including prostate cancer and breast cancer. Mercury radioisotopes are typically administered to patients through intravenous injection or inhalation. The radiation emitted by these isotopes is detected by medical imaging equipment, such as a gamma camera or a positron emission tomography (PET) scanner. The information obtained from these imaging studies can help doctors diagnose and treat various medical conditions.

Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid is a radiopharmaceutical used in medical imaging to detect and diagnose certain conditions, particularly liver and spleen disorders. It is a radioactive tracer that is injected into a patient's bloodstream and travels to the liver and spleen, where it binds to red blood cells. The radiopharmaceutical emits gamma rays that can be detected by a gamma camera, allowing doctors to create images of the liver and spleen and assess their function. This test is commonly used to diagnose liver and spleen diseases, such as liver cancer, cirrhosis, and splenomegaly, as well as to monitor the effectiveness of treatments.

Calcium chloride is a salt that is commonly used in the medical field as a medication and a dietary supplement. It is a white, crystalline powder that is highly soluble in water and is used to increase the concentration of calcium in the blood and to treat certain medical conditions. In the medical field, calcium chloride is used to treat hypocalcemia, which is a condition in which the blood calcium level is too low. It is also used to treat eclampsia, which is a serious complication of pregnancy that can cause seizures and other symptoms. Calcium chloride is also used to treat certain types of heart rhythm disorders, such as atrial fibrillation. Calcium chloride is available as a dietary supplement and can be taken by mouth to increase the body's calcium levels. It is also used as a food additive and is used to preserve food and to enhance the flavor of certain foods. However, it is important to note that calcium chloride should only be taken under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as it can have side effects and may interact with other medications.

Cesium isotopes are radioactive forms of the element cesium that are used in medical imaging and treatment. There are several isotopes of cesium, including cesium-131, cesium-134, cesium-137, and cesium-141, but cesium-137 is the most commonly used in medical applications. Cesium-137 is a beta-emitter, which means that it releases beta particles when it decays. These particles can be used to destroy cancer cells or to treat certain types of cancer. Cesium-137 is also used in medical imaging, such as in bone scans, to help doctors diagnose and treat bone disorders. Cesium-137 is typically administered to patients in the form of a solution or a capsule. The patient then ingests the cesium-137, which is absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to the affected area. The beta particles emitted by the cesium-137 destroy the cancer cells or help to diagnose the bone disorder. It is important to note that cesium isotopes are radioactive and can be harmful if not used properly. They must be handled and administered by trained medical professionals to ensure the safety of the patient.

Cobalt isotopes are radioactive forms of the element cobalt that are used in medical applications. There are several isotopes of cobalt that are used in medicine, including cobalt-57, cobalt-58, cobalt-60, and cobalt-67. Cobalt-57 is commonly used in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disorders. It is also used in the treatment of certain types of cancer, such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and leukemia. Cobalt-58 is used in the treatment of certain types of cancer, such as prostate cancer and breast cancer. It is also used in the diagnosis of bone disorders and in the treatment of certain types of infections. Cobalt-60 is used in radiation therapy to treat cancer. It is also used in the sterilization of medical equipment and in the treatment of certain types of eye disorders. Cobalt-67 is used in the diagnosis and treatment of certain types of cancer, such as multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It is also used in the diagnosis of certain types of bone disorders and in the treatment of certain types of infections. Overall, cobalt isotopes play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of various medical conditions, and are widely used in the medical field.

Cerium radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element cerium that are used in various medical applications. These isotopes are typically produced by bombarding cerium targets with high-energy particles, such as protons or neutrons, in a nuclear reactor or particle accelerator. Cerium radioisotopes have a variety of uses in medicine, including: 1. Diagnostic imaging: Some cerium radioisotopes, such as cerium-144, are used as tracers in diagnostic imaging studies. These isotopes can be attached to molecules that are specific to certain organs or tissues in the body, allowing doctors to visualize the distribution of the tracer and diagnose various medical conditions. 2. Radiation therapy: Cerium radioisotopes can also be used in radiation therapy to treat cancer. For example, cerium-144 has been used in the treatment of bone metastases, a condition in which cancer has spread to the bones. 3. Nuclear medicine: Cerium radioisotopes can be used in nuclear medicine to treat a variety of conditions, including hyperthyroidism, thyroid cancer, and certain types of bone disease. These isotopes can be administered to the body in the form of a radioactive pill or injection, and they work by emitting radiation that destroys cancer cells or slows down the overactivity of certain organs. Overall, cerium radioisotopes play an important role in medical imaging and treatment, and they are widely used in hospitals and clinics around the world.

Hafnium is a chemical element with the symbol Hf and atomic number 72. It is a lustrous, silvery-gray metal that is highly resistant to corrosion and has a high melting point. In the medical field, hafnium is not commonly used. However, it has been studied for its potential use in medical applications. For example, hafnium oxide (HfO2) has been investigated as a material for dental implants and as a coating for medical devices to improve their biocompatibility and reduce the risk of infection. Additionally, hafnium has been studied as a potential radiosensitizer for cancer treatment, as it can enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy by increasing the sensitivity of cancer cells to radiation. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential medical applications of hafnium.

Gold radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of gold that are used in medical applications, particularly in the field of nuclear medicine. These isotopes are typically produced by bombarding gold atoms with high-energy particles, such as protons or neutrons, in a nuclear reactor or particle accelerator. There are several different gold radioisotopes that are used in medical applications, including gold-195m, gold-197m, and gold-198. These isotopes emit low-energy gamma rays, which can be detected by specialized imaging equipment, such as a gamma camera or a positron emission tomography (PET) scanner. Gold radioisotopes are used in a variety of medical applications, including diagnostic imaging and radiation therapy. For example, gold-198 is often used as a radiopharmaceutical in nuclear medicine to help diagnose and treat certain types of cancer, such as liver cancer. Gold-195m and gold-197m are also used in diagnostic imaging to help visualize the distribution of gold particles within the body, which can be useful for studying the function of certain organs or tissues. Overall, gold radioisotopes play an important role in the field of medical imaging and therapy, and are widely used in hospitals and clinics around the world.

Lead radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element lead that are used in medical imaging and therapy. These isotopes emit radiation that can be detected by medical imaging equipment, such as gamma cameras, to create images of the body's internal structures. One commonly used lead radioisotope in medical imaging is lead-203, which emits low-energy gamma rays that can be detected by gamma cameras to create high-resolution images of the body's organs and tissues. Lead-203 is often used in diagnostic imaging of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Lead radioisotopes are also used in radiation therapy to treat certain types of cancer. For example, lead-212 is a short-lived alpha-emitting radioisotope that can be used to treat small tumors in the head and neck. The alpha particles emitted by lead-212 are highly ionizing and can damage cancer cells, while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. Overall, lead radioisotopes play an important role in medical imaging and therapy, allowing doctors to diagnose and treat a wide range of medical conditions.

Sulfur radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of sulfur, which are used in various medical applications. These isotopes are typically produced by bombarding stable sulfur atoms with high-energy particles, such as protons or neutrons. One commonly used sulfur radioisotope in medicine is sulfur-35 (35S), which has a half-life of approximately 87 days. It is used in a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic applications, including: * Radiolabeling of biomolecules: 35S can be used to label proteins, peptides, and other biomolecules, allowing researchers to study their structure, function, and interactions with other molecules. * Imaging of tumors: 35S-labeled compounds can be used to image tumors in animals or humans, allowing doctors to monitor the growth and spread of tumors. * Radioimmunotherapy: 35S can be used to label antibodies, which can then be targeted to specific cells or tissues in the body, delivering a dose of radiation to kill cancer cells or other diseased cells. Other sulfur radioisotopes, such as sulfur-32 (32S) and sulfur-33 (33S), are also used in medical applications, although they are less commonly used than 35S.

Zinc isotopes are different forms of the element zinc that have different atomic weights due to the number of neutrons in their nuclei. In the medical field, zinc isotopes are used in various diagnostic and therapeutic applications. One common use of zinc isotopes in medicine is in nuclear medicine imaging. For example, the isotope zinc-67 is used to label antibodies and other molecules for imaging purposes. When injected into the body, the labeled molecules can be tracked using a gamma camera, allowing doctors to visualize the distribution of the molecules in the body and diagnose various diseases. Zinc isotopes are also used in radiation therapy for cancer treatment. For example, the isotope zinc-70 has been shown to be effective in killing cancer cells while minimizing damage to healthy tissue. In this application, zinc isotopes are used to target cancer cells specifically, allowing for more precise and effective treatment. Overall, zinc isotopes play an important role in medical imaging and cancer treatment, and ongoing research is exploring new applications for these isotopes in the field of medicine.

Calcium channels, L-type, are a type of ion channel found in the cell membrane of many different types of cells, including muscle cells, neurons, and smooth muscle cells. These channels are responsible for allowing calcium ions to flow into the cell in response to changes in voltage or the presence of certain chemicals. Calcium ions play a crucial role in many cellular processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and gene expression. Calcium channels, L-type, are particularly important in the regulation of these processes, as they are the primary source of calcium ions that enter the cell in response to depolarization of the membrane. In the medical field, calcium channels, L-type, are the target of many drugs used to treat conditions such as hypertension, heart disease, and neurological disorders.

Cadmium radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element cadmium that are used in medical imaging and therapy. These isotopes emit radiation that can be detected by medical imaging equipment, such as gamma cameras, to create images of the body's internal structures and functions. One commonly used cadmium radioisotope in medical imaging is cadmium-109, which has a half-life of 462 days and emits low-energy gamma radiation. It is used in nuclear medicine to diagnose and treat various conditions, such as bone disorders, liver disease, and cancer. Another cadmium radioisotope used in medical imaging is cadmium-113m, which has a half-life of 11.7 hours and emits high-energy gamma radiation. It is used in nuclear medicine to diagnose and treat various conditions, such as bone disorders, liver disease, and cancer. Cadmium radioisotopes are also used in radiation therapy to treat cancer. In this application, the radioactive isotopes are introduced into the body, usually through injection or inhalation, and then targeted to specific areas of the body where cancer cells are present. The radiation emitted by the isotopes damages the DNA of the cancer cells, leading to their death.

Astatine is a radioactive element that is not commonly used in the medical field. It has atomic number 85 and is a member of the halogen group. Astatine is highly toxic and has a very short half-life, which means that it decays rapidly into other elements. As a result, it is not used in medical treatments or diagnostic procedures. However, astatine has been studied for its potential use in cancer therapy, as it has been shown to be highly effective in killing cancer cells.

Calcium oxalate is a chemical compound that is commonly found in many plants, including spinach, rhubarb, and beets. In the medical field, calcium oxalate is often associated with kidney stones, which are hard, mineral deposits that can form in the kidneys and cause pain and other symptoms. Calcium oxalate stones are the most common type of kidney stone, accounting for about 75% of all cases. They can also form in the urinary tract and can cause blockages and other complications. In addition to kidney stones, calcium oxalate can also accumulate in the blood and cause other health problems, such as hyperoxaluria, which is a condition characterized by high levels of oxalate in the blood.

Lutetium is a chemical element with the symbol Lu and atomic number 71. It is a rare earth element and is not commonly used in the medical field. However, there is one medical application of lutetium that has gained some attention in recent years. Lutetium-177 (Lu-177) is a radioactive isotope of lutetium that has been used in targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) for the treatment of certain types of cancer. TRT involves the use of radioactive isotopes to target and destroy cancer cells while minimizing damage to healthy tissue. Lu-177 is typically attached to a molecule that is specific to a particular type of cancer cell, allowing it to be selectively delivered to the cancer cells. Once inside the cancer cells, the radioactive decay of Lu-177 releases energy that damages the cancer cells and causes them to die. Lu-177 has been used to treat several types of cancer, including neuroendocrine tumors, prostate cancer, and multiple myeloma. It has shown promise as a treatment option for patients who have not responded to other forms of therapy or who are not eligible for surgery or radiation therapy.

Rhenium is a chemical element with the symbol Re and atomic number 75. It is a rare, silvery-white, transition metal that is found in the Earth's crust in small amounts. In the medical field, rhenium has been studied for its potential use in cancer treatment. It has been shown to have anti-tumor properties and may be effective in treating certain types of cancer, such as prostate cancer and lung cancer. Rhenium has also been used in the development of medical imaging agents, such as radiolabeled rhenium complexes, which can be used to detect and diagnose certain diseases. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential uses and safety of rhenium in medicine.

Calcium gluconate is a salt that is formed by combining calcium ions with gluconic acid. It is a white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a source of calcium in dietary supplements and as a medication to treat certain types of calcium deficiencies, such as hypocalcemia. Calcium gluconate is also used to prevent and treat eclampsia (a potentially life-threatening condition that can occur during pregnancy) and to treat certain types of heart rhythm disorders. In the medical field, calcium gluconate is typically administered intravenously or orally in the form of a solution or tablet. It is important to note that calcium gluconate should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as it can interact with other medications and may cause side effects in some people.

Samarium is a rare earth element that is used in the medical field as a radioactive tracer in nuclear medicine. It is typically used in the treatment of certain types of cancer, such as bone metastases, by delivering targeted radiation to cancer cells. Samarium is also used in the diagnosis of certain medical conditions, such as bone disorders, by imaging the bones and identifying areas of abnormal activity. Samarium is administered to the patient in the form of a radioactive compound, which is then taken up by the cancer cells or bones and emits radiation that can be detected by medical imaging equipment.

Soil pollutants, radioactive, refer to radioactive substances that are present in soil and can pose a risk to human health and the environment. These pollutants can come from a variety of sources, including nuclear accidents, nuclear weapons testing, and the disposal of radioactive waste. Radioactive soil pollutants can pose a risk to human health through ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact. They can also contaminate groundwater and crops, leading to further exposure through the food chain. In the medical field, the presence of radioactive soil pollutants may be detected through environmental monitoring and testing. Treatment options for exposure to radioactive soil pollutants may include medical interventions such as decontamination, medication, and radiation therapy. Prevention measures may include avoiding exposure to contaminated areas and proper disposal of radioactive waste.

Bromine radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element bromine that are used in medical imaging and treatment. These isotopes are typically produced in a nuclear reactor or cyclotron and are then used in various medical applications, such as: 1. Diagnostic Imaging: Bromine radioisotopes are used in nuclear medicine to image the body's organs and tissues. For example, bromine-75 is used to image the thyroid gland, while bromine-82 is used to image the heart. 2. Cancer Treatment: Bromine radioisotopes are also used in cancer treatment, particularly in targeted radionuclide therapy. In this approach, a radioactive isotope is attached to a molecule that selectively targets cancer cells, allowing the radiation to be delivered directly to the tumor while minimizing damage to healthy tissue. Some common bromine radioisotopes used in medical applications include bromine-75, bromine-76, bromine-77, bromine-78, bromine-80, bromine-81, bromine-82, and bromine-84.

Subdural effusion is a medical condition in which there is a collection of fluid between the dura mater (the outermost layer of the brain) and the arachnoid mater (the middle layer of the brain). This fluid is called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which normally surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. Subdural effusion can occur due to various reasons, including head injury, bleeding, infection, or inflammation. It can also be a complication of certain medical conditions, such as meningitis or hydrocephalus. Symptoms of subdural effusion may include headache, nausea, vomiting, confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness. In severe cases, it can lead to brain swelling, which can be life-threatening. Treatment for subdural effusion depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, it may require surgical intervention to remove the excess fluid and relieve pressure on the brain. In other cases, it may be treated with medications or supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

In the medical field, radioactive waste refers to any material that has been contaminated with radioactive substances and is no longer useful for its intended purpose. This can include a wide range of materials, such as used medical equipment, contaminated clothing, and disposable items like gloves and masks. Radioactive waste is typically generated during medical procedures that involve the use of radioactive isotopes, such as diagnostic imaging tests or radiation therapy treatments. These isotopes emit ionizing radiation, which can be harmful to living tissue if not properly managed. To ensure the safe disposal of radioactive waste, healthcare facilities must follow strict guidelines and regulations set by government agencies. This typically involves separating the waste into different categories based on its level of radioactivity and then storing it in secure containers until it can be transported to a licensed disposal facility.

Serum Albumin, Radio-Iodinated is a radiopharmaceutical used in medical imaging to diagnose and monitor liver and kidney function. It is a modified form of serum albumin, a protein found in the blood, that has been labeled with radioactive iodine. The radioactive iodine allows the serum albumin to be detected by medical imaging equipment, such as a gamma camera or a PET scanner. When injected into the bloodstream, the serum albumin, radio-iodinated travels through the body and is taken up by the liver and kidneys. The amount of serum albumin that is taken up by these organs can be measured using medical imaging equipment, which can provide information about the function of the liver and kidneys. Serum albumin, radio-iodinated is often used to diagnose liver and kidney diseases, such as cirrhosis, hepatitis, and kidney failure. It can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment for these conditions.

Ruthenium radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element ruthenium that are used in medical applications. Ruthenium is a chemical element with the symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It is a hard, blue-gray metal that is resistant to corrosion and has a high melting point. There are several different radioisotopes of ruthenium that are used in medicine, including ruthenium-97, ruthenium-99m, and ruthenium-106. These radioisotopes are used in a variety of medical applications, including diagnostic imaging, radiation therapy, and as sources of radiation for certain types of medical equipment. Ruthenium-97 is a short-lived radioisotope that is used in diagnostic imaging to help doctors visualize the inside of the body. It is typically produced by bombarding a target with high-energy protons, and is then used in a technique called positron emission tomography (PET) to create detailed images of the body's organs and tissues. Ruthenium-99m is a more stable radioisotope that is used in diagnostic imaging to help doctors diagnose a wide range of conditions, including bone disorders, heart disease, and cancer. It is typically produced by bombarding a target with neutrons, and is then used in a technique called single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) to create detailed images of the body's organs and tissues. Ruthenium-106 is a long-lived radioisotope that is used in radiation therapy to treat certain types of cancer. It is typically produced by bombarding a target with high-energy protons, and is then used to deliver a high dose of radiation to the cancer cells, while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. Overall, ruthenium radioisotopes play an important role in the medical field, and are used in a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic applications to help doctors diagnose and treat a wide range of conditions.

Selenium radioisotopes are radioactive forms of the element selenium that are used in medical applications. Selenium is a trace element that is essential for human health, and it is found in many foods and supplements. Selenium radioisotopes are used in a variety of medical procedures, including: 1. Diagnostic imaging: Selenium-75 is a commonly used radioisotope for diagnostic imaging of the thyroid gland. It is taken up by the thyroid gland and emits gamma radiation that can be detected by a gamma camera to create an image of the gland. 2. Cancer treatment: Selenium-75 is also used in the treatment of certain types of cancer, such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and thyroid cancer. It is administered as a pill or injection and works by damaging the DNA of cancer cells, leading to their death. 3. Cardiac imaging: Selenium-75 is also used in cardiac imaging to assess the function of the heart muscle. It is injected into the bloodstream and taken up by the heart muscle, where it emits gamma radiation that can be detected by a gamma camera to create an image of the heart. Selenium radioisotopes are generally considered safe when used in medical applications, but they can be harmful if they are ingested or inhaled in large quantities. As with any medical procedure, it is important to carefully follow the instructions of your healthcare provider and to report any side effects or concerns.

Alpha particles are high-energy, positively charged particles that are emitted by certain radioactive substances. In the medical field, alpha particles are often used in radiation therapy to treat certain types of cancer. They are particularly effective at damaging cancer cells because they have a high rate of ionization, which means they can cause significant damage to the DNA of cells they pass through. This can lead to the death of cancer cells or prevent them from dividing and growing. Alpha particles are also used in some diagnostic imaging procedures, such as bone scans, to detect and locate areas of the body that may be affected by cancer or other diseases.

Calcium compounds are chemical compounds that contain calcium ions. Calcium is an essential mineral for the human body, and it plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including bone health, muscle function, and nerve transmission. Calcium compounds are commonly used in the medical field for a variety of purposes, including the treatment of osteoporosis, hypocalcemia, and hyperparathyroidism. Some common examples of calcium compounds used in medicine include calcium carbonate, calcium citrate, calcium gluconate, and calcium lactate. These compounds are often administered orally or intravenously, depending on the specific condition being treated.

In the medical field, "Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring" refers to a class of organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom (or other heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorus) in a ring of six or fewer carbon atoms. These compounds are often used as pharmaceuticals, as they can interact with biological molecules in various ways to produce therapeutic effects. Examples of heterocyclic compounds include pyridine, imidazole, and thiazole, which are commonly used as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-bacterial agents, respectively.

Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m is a radiopharmaceutical used in medical imaging to diagnose various conditions. It is a compound that contains the radioactive isotope Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) and Sodium Pertechnetate (Na99mTcO4). When injected into the body, the Tc-99m is taken up by cells and tissues, and the gamma rays emitted by the radioactive isotope can be detected by a gamma camera to create images of the body's internal structures. Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m is commonly used in nuclear medicine scans, such as bone scans, heart scans, and brain scans, to diagnose conditions such as bone disorders, heart disease, and neurological disorders. It is a safe and effective diagnostic tool that has been used for many years in medical imaging.

Tungsten is a chemical element with the symbol W and atomic number 74. It is a hard, dense, and lustrous transition metal that is often used in medical applications due to its unique properties. One of the main uses of tungsten in medicine is in the production of medical devices such as surgical instruments, dental tools, and prosthetic implants. Tungsten is used because of its high melting point, which allows it to withstand the high temperatures generated during surgical procedures. It is also highly resistant to corrosion, which makes it ideal for use in medical devices that are exposed to bodily fluids. Tungsten is also used in radiation therapy for cancer treatment. Tungsten-based shielding materials are used to protect medical personnel and patients from the harmful effects of radiation during treatment. Tungsten is also used in the production of radiation therapy equipment, such as linear accelerators and brachytherapy sources. In addition, tungsten is used in the production of medical imaging equipment, such as X-ray machines and computed tomography (CT) scanners. Tungsten is used in the construction of X-ray targets, which are used to produce high-energy X-rays that are used to create images of the inside of the body. Overall, tungsten is an important material in the medical field due to its unique properties, which make it ideal for use in a wide range of medical applications.

In the medical field, isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. These isotopes have the same atomic number (number of protons) but different atomic masses due to the difference in the number of neutrons. Isotopes are used in medical imaging and treatment because they can be used to track the movement of molecules within the body or to deliver targeted radiation therapy. For example, in positron emission tomography (PET) scans, a radioactive isotope is injected into the body and emits positrons, which are detected by a scanner to create images of the body's tissues and organs. In radiation therapy, isotopes such as iodine-131 or cobalt-60 are used to target and destroy cancer cells. There are many different isotopes used in medicine, and their properties are carefully chosen to suit the specific application. Some isotopes are naturally occurring, while others are produced in nuclear reactors or particle accelerators.

Calcium channels, N-type, are a type of ion channel found in the cell membrane of neurons and other cells. These channels are responsible for allowing calcium ions to enter the cell in response to certain stimuli, such as the release of neurotransmitters. N-type calcium channels are activated by voltage changes and by the binding of specific neurotransmitters, such as glutamate and acetylcholine. They play a crucial role in many cellular processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and gene expression. Disruptions in the function of N-type calcium channels have been implicated in a number of neurological and cardiovascular disorders, including epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and hypertension.

Pentetic acid is a chemical compound that is used in the medical field as a chelating agent. It is a synthetic derivative of the amino acid cysteine and is used to treat heavy metal poisoning, such as lead poisoning, by binding to the heavy metal ions and facilitating their excretion from the body. Pentetic acid is also used to treat Wilson's disease, a genetic disorder that causes the body to accumulate excess copper, by binding to the excess copper and helping to remove it from the body. In addition, pentetic acid has been studied for its potential use in treating other conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease and cancer.

I'm sorry, but I couldn't find any information on a medication or compound called "Egtazic Acid" in the medical field. It's possible that you may have misspelled the name or that it is a relatively new or obscure medication. If you have any additional information or context, please let me know and I'll do my best to help you.

Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate is a radiopharmaceutical used in medical imaging to diagnose various conditions, particularly in the field of nuclear medicine. It is a radioactive tracer that is injected into the body and travels to specific organs or tissues, where it can be detected by a gamma camera to create images of the body's internal structures. Pentetate is a chelating agent that binds to the Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) isotope, which is a short-lived radioactive form of Technetium. The resulting compound, Tc-99m Pentetate, is a water-soluble complex that can be easily injected into the bloodstream and taken up by cells in the body. Tc-99m Pentetate is commonly used to diagnose conditions such as bone disorders, heart disease, and kidney problems. It can also be used to evaluate blood flow to the brain, heart, and other organs. The radiopharmaceutical is safe and has a low risk of side effects, as the amount of radiation exposure is carefully controlled.

Calcium channel agonists are a class of drugs that work by increasing the flow of calcium ions into cells, particularly in the heart and blood vessels. Calcium ions play a crucial role in the contraction of heart muscle cells and the dilation of blood vessels, so increasing their flow can help to regulate heart rate and blood pressure. Calcium channel agonists are used to treat a variety of cardiovascular conditions, including angina (chest pain), high blood pressure, and heart failure. They are also sometimes used to treat certain types of arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats) and to prevent blood clots. There are several different types of calcium channel agonists, including dihydropyridines (such as nifedipine and amlodipine) and benzothiazepines (such as diltiazem and verapamil). These drugs are available in a variety of forms, including tablets, capsules, and injectable solutions.

In the medical field, absorption refers to the process by which a substance is taken up into the bloodstream or lymphatic system from the site of administration, such as the digestive tract, lungs, or skin. Absorption can occur through various mechanisms, including passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and endocytosis. The rate and extent of absorption depend on various factors, such as the chemical properties of the substance, the route of administration, the presence of other substances in the body, and the health status of the individual. Absorption is an important concept in pharmacology, as it determines the bioavailability of a drug, which is the proportion of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation and is available to exert its therapeutic effect. Poor absorption can result in reduced drug efficacy or increased toxicity, while excessive absorption can lead to adverse effects or overdose.

Rosaniline dyes are a class of synthetic organic compounds that are used as dyes in various applications, including in the medical field. They are derived from aniline, which is an aromatic amine, and are characterized by the presence of a rosaniline group, which is a substituted aniline group with a hydroxyl group attached to the nitrogen atom. In the medical field, rosaniline dyes are used as stains for histological and cytological preparations. They are particularly useful for staining certain types of cells and tissues, such as neurons, muscle fibers, and connective tissue. Rosaniline dyes are also used as indicators in various diagnostic tests, such as the Gram stain, which is used to differentiate between different types of bacteria. Some common examples of rosaniline dyes used in the medical field include methylene blue, azure B, and azure A. These dyes are generally considered safe for use in medical applications, but they can cause skin irritation and allergic reactions in some individuals.

Tritium is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen with the atomic number 3 and the symbol T. It is a beta emitter with a half-life of approximately 12.3 years. In the medical field, tritium is used in a variety of applications, including: 1. Medical imaging: Tritium is used in nuclear medicine to label molecules and track their movement within the body. For example, tritium can be used to label antibodies, which can then be injected into the body to track the movement of specific cells or tissues. 2. Radiation therapy: Tritium is used in radiation therapy to treat certain types of cancer. It is typically combined with other isotopes, such as carbon-14 or phosphorus-32, to create a radioactive tracer that can be injected into the body and targeted to specific areas of cancerous tissue. 3. Research: Tritium is also used in research to study the behavior of molecules and cells. For example, tritium can be used to label DNA, which can then be used to study the process of DNA replication and repair. It is important to note that tritium is a highly radioactive isotope and requires careful handling to minimize the risk of exposure to radiation.

Potassium radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element potassium that are used in medical imaging and treatment. Potassium is a naturally occurring element that is essential for many bodily functions, including the regulation of fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contractions. There are several different potassium radioisotopes that are used in medical applications, including potassium-40, potassium-39, and potassium-42. These isotopes are typically produced in a nuclear reactor or cyclotron and then purified and concentrated for use in medical procedures. Potassium radioisotopes are used in a variety of medical applications, including: 1. Cardiac imaging: Potassium-40 is used to image the heart and assess its function. It is injected into the bloodstream and taken up by the heart muscle, where it emits gamma rays that can be detected by a gamma camera. 2. Kidney imaging: Potassium-42 is used to image the kidneys and assess their function. It is injected into the bloodstream and taken up by the kidneys, where it emits gamma rays that can be detected by a gamma camera. 3. Cancer treatment: Potassium-40 and potassium-39 are used in cancer treatment as part of a process called targeted radionuclide therapy. These isotopes are attached to molecules that are specific to cancer cells, and then delivered directly to the tumor. The radiation emitted by the isotopes damages the cancer cells, leading to their destruction. Overall, potassium radioisotopes play an important role in medical imaging and treatment, allowing doctors to diagnose and treat a wide range of conditions with greater accuracy and effectiveness.

Calcimycin, also known as FK506, is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called immunosuppressants. It is primarily used to prevent organ rejection in people who have received a transplant, such as a kidney or liver transplant. Calcimycin works by inhibiting the activity of a protein called calcineurin, which plays a key role in the activation of T-cells, a type of white blood cell that is involved in the immune response. By inhibiting calcineurin, calcimycin helps to suppress the immune system and reduce the risk of organ rejection. Calcimycin is usually given as an oral tablet or as an injection. It can cause side effects such as headache, nausea, and diarrhea, and it may interact with other medications.

Iodohippuric acid is a radiopharmaceutical compound that is commonly used in medical imaging procedures, particularly in the diagnosis of kidney function. It is a derivative of hippuric acid, which is a naturally occurring compound produced by the metabolism of proteins in the body. When administered to a patient, iodohippuric acid is taken up by the kidneys and concentrated in the urine. By measuring the amount of radioactivity in the urine over time, doctors can determine how well the kidneys are functioning and whether there are any abnormalities or blockages in the urinary system. Iodohippuric acid is typically administered as a solution that contains a small amount of radioactive iodine, which allows it to be detected by medical imaging equipment such as a gamma camera. The radioactive iodine is used to create images of the kidneys and urinary system, which can help doctors diagnose a variety of conditions, including kidney disease, urinary tract infections, and kidney stones.

In the medical field, "bone and bones" typically refers to the skeletal system, which is made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and other connective tissues. The skeletal system provides support and structure to the body, protects vital organs, and allows for movement through the use of muscles. Bones are the main component of the skeletal system and are responsible for providing support and protection to the body. There are 206 bones in the human body, which are classified into four types: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Long bones, such as the femur and humerus, are cylindrical in shape and are found in the arms and legs. Short bones, such as the carpals and tarsals, are cube-shaped and are found in the wrists and ankles. Flat bones, such as the skull and ribs, are thin and flat and provide protection to vital organs. Irregular bones, such as the vertebrae and pelvis, have complex shapes that allow for specific functions. Overall, the bone and bones of the skeletal system play a crucial role in maintaining the health and function of the human body.

In the medical field, carbon isotopes are atoms of carbon that have a different number of neutrons than the most common isotope, carbon-12. There are two stable isotopes of carbon, carbon-12 and carbon-13, and several unstable isotopes that are used in medical applications. Carbon-13, in particular, is used in medical imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and positron emission tomography (PET). In MRS, carbon-13 is used to study the metabolism of certain compounds in the body, such as glucose and amino acids. In PET, carbon-13 is used to create images of the body's metabolism by tracing the movement of a radioactive tracer through the body. Carbon-11, another unstable isotope of carbon, is used in PET imaging to study various diseases, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and heart disease. Carbon-11 is produced in a cyclotron and then attached to a molecule that is specific to a particular target in the body. The tracer is then injected into the patient and imaged using a PET scanner to detect the location and extent of the disease. Overall, carbon isotopes play an important role in medical imaging and research, allowing doctors and researchers to better understand the functioning of the body and diagnose and treat various diseases.

Calcium hydroxide, also known as slaked lime or hydrated lime, is a chemical compound with the formula Ca(OH)2. It is a white, powdery solid that is commonly used in the medical field as a disinfectant and antiseptic. Calcium hydroxide is effective against a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It is often used to clean and disinfect wounds, burns, and other injuries, as well as to treat skin infections and ulcers. In addition to its antiseptic properties, calcium hydroxide is also used in the medical field as a pH regulator and a buffer. It is commonly used in the production of various medical products, including dental cements, ointments, and dressings. However, it is important to note that calcium hydroxide can be caustic and can cause skin irritation and burns if not used properly. It should be handled with care and used only under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Phosphorus is a chemical element with the symbol P and atomic number 15. It is an essential nutrient for living organisms and is found in all cells of the body. In the medical field, phosphorus is often used as a diagnostic tool to measure the levels of phosphorus in the blood, which can be an indicator of various medical conditions. High levels of phosphorus in the blood can be caused by kidney disease, certain medications, or excessive intake of phosphorus-rich foods. Low levels of phosphorus can be caused by malnutrition, certain medications, or excessive loss of phosphorus through the urine. Phosphorus is also used in the treatment of certain medical conditions, such as osteoporosis, where it is used to help build strong bones. It is also used in the treatment of certain types of cancer, such as multiple myeloma, where it is used to help slow the growth of cancer cells. In addition to its use in medicine, phosphorus is also used in the production of fertilizers, detergents, and other industrial products.

Nifedipine is a medication that is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and angina (chest pain). It belongs to a class of drugs called calcium channel blockers, which work by relaxing blood vessels and allowing blood to flow more easily. This helps to lower blood pressure and reduce the workload on the heart. Nifedipine is available in both oral tablet and extended-release tablet forms, and it is usually taken once or twice a day. It is important to follow your doctor's instructions carefully when taking nifedipine, as it can cause side effects such as headache, dizziness, and swelling in the hands and feet.

Calcium sulfate is a chemical compound that is commonly used in the medical field. It is also known as calcium sulfate dihydrate or gypsum. Calcium sulfate is a white, odorless, and crystalline powder that is insoluble in water. It is used in a variety of medical applications, including: 1. Radiopaque contrast agent: Calcium sulfate is used as a radiopaque contrast agent in X-ray imaging to help visualize bones and other structures in the body. 2. Hemostatic agent: Calcium sulfate is used as a hemostatic agent to stop bleeding in wounds and surgical procedures. 3. Dental applications: Calcium sulfate is used in dental applications, such as in the production of dental cements and as a desensitizing agent for toothpaste. 4. Pharmaceutical applications: Calcium sulfate is used in the production of various pharmaceuticals, including tablets, capsules, and injectables. 5. Wound healing: Calcium sulfate is used in wound healing to promote the formation of new tissue and to help prevent infection. Calcium sulfate is generally considered safe for medical use, but it can cause allergic reactions in some people. It is important to follow the instructions for use and to consult with a healthcare provider before using calcium sulfate for any medical purpose.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a hormone produced by the parathyroid glands, which are four small glands located in the neck, near the thyroid gland. PTH plays a crucial role in regulating the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the body. PTH acts on the bones, kidneys, and intestines to increase the levels of calcium in the blood. It stimulates the release of calcium from the bones into the bloodstream, increases the reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys, and promotes the absorption of calcium from the intestines. PTH also plays a role in regulating the levels of phosphorus in the body. It stimulates the kidneys to excrete phosphorus in the urine, which helps to maintain the proper balance of calcium and phosphorus in the blood. Abnormal levels of PTH can lead to a variety of medical conditions, including hyperparathyroidism (too much PTH), hypoparathyroidism (too little PTH), and parathyroid cancer. Hyperparathyroidism can cause osteoporosis, kidney stones, and other complications, while hypoparathyroidism can lead to muscle cramps, seizures, and other symptoms.

Sodium is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions. In the medical field, sodium is often measured in the blood and urine to assess its levels and monitor its balance in the body. Sodium is primarily responsible for regulating the body's fluid balance, which is essential for maintaining blood pressure and proper functioning of the heart, kidneys, and other organs. Sodium is also involved in nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and the production of stomach acid. Abnormal levels of sodium in the body can lead to various medical conditions, including hyponatremia (low sodium levels), hypernatremia (high sodium levels), and dehydration. Sodium levels can be affected by various factors, including diet, medications, and underlying medical conditions. In the medical field, sodium levels are typically measured using a blood test called a serum sodium test or a urine test called a urine sodium test. These tests can help diagnose and monitor various medical conditions related to sodium levels, such as kidney disease, heart failure, and electrolyte imbalances.

Many other calcium radioisotopes are known, ranging from 35Ca to 60Ca. They are all much shorter-lived than 41Ca, the most ... Other calcium preparations include calcium carbonate, calcium citrate malate, and calcium gluconate. The intestine absorbs ... For example, calcium and phosphorus are supplemented in foods through the addition of calcium lactate, calcium diphosphate, and ... All four dihalides of calcium are known. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and calcium sulfate (CaSO4) are particularly abundant ...
Radioisotope Studies at the Fernald State School, Massachusetts". Retrieved June 24, 2017. SHARPE LM, PEACOCK WC, COOKE R, ... MIT Professor of Nutrition Robert S. Harris led the experiment, which studied the absorption of calcium and iron. The boys were ... The 57 club members ate iron-enriched cereals and calcium-enriched milk for breakfast. In order to track absorption, several ... BRONNER F, HARRIS RS, MALETSKOS CJ, BENDA CE (January 1956). "Studies in calcium metabolism. the fate of intravenously injected ...
Because strontium has an electron configuration similar to that of calcium, it readily substitutes for calcium in minerals. In ... Strontium-89 is an artificial radioisotope used in treatment of bone cancer; this application utilizes its chemical similarity ... It causes health problems, as it substitutes for calcium in bone, preventing expulsion from the body. Because it is a long- ... to calcium, which allows it to substitute calcium in bone structures. In circumstances where cancer patients have widespread ...
Several radioisotopes of strontium, for example, are recognized as analogs of calcium and incorporated within Micrococcus ... Radioisotopes can be transformed directly through changes in valence state by acting as acceptors or by acting as cofactors to ... The radioisotope interact with binding sites of metabolically active cells and is used as terminal electron acceptor in the ... Moreover, in groundwater abound radius radioisotopes such as radium-226 and radium-228 (228Ra). They are also habitual in ...
Another use is as a carrier of strontium-90 radioisotope in radioisotope thermoelectric generators. John Rumble (June 18, 2018 ... Its optical properties are intermediate to calcium fluoride and barium fluoride. Strontium fluoride is used as an optical ...
In the presence of calcium ions, strontium commonly forms coprecipitates with calcium minerals such as calcite and anhydrite at ... "Radioisotopes That May Impact Food Resources" (PDF). Epidemiology, Health and Social Services, State of Alaska. Archived from ... The similarity to calcium and the chance that the strontium-90 might become enriched in bones made research on the metabolism ... In biological systems, calcium is substituted to a small extent by strontium. In the human body, most of the absorbed strontium ...
Radioisotope Power Systems (2009). Radioisotope Power Systems: An Imperative for Maintaining U.S. Leadership in Space ... It can also detect the loss of calcium in the hip and back bones, allowing the ability to diagnose osteoporosis. Gadolinium-148 ... Thirty-three radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being alpha-decaying 152Gd (naturally occurring) with ... It ensures that the machines work correctly to produce images of radioisotope distribution inside the patient. This isotope is ...
This paper also reports details of the effect of potassium, ammonium and calcium ions on the uptake of the radioisotopes. In ... Just because a radioisotope is released it does not mean it will enter a human and then cause harm. For instance, the migration ... Most nuclear fuel is uranium dioxide, which is a cubic solid with a structure similar to that of calcium fluoride. In used fuel ... If the radioisotope is tightly bound to the minerals in the soil, then less radioactivity can be absorbed by crops and grass ...
The most stable artificial radioisotopes are 45Ca with a half-life of 163 days and 47Ca with a half-life of 4.5 days. All other ... Isotopes of calcium, Calcium, Lists of isotopes by element). ... Calcium (20Ca) has 26 known isotopes, ranging from 35Ca to 60Ca ... Calcium also has a cosmogenic isotope, radioactive 41Ca, which has a half-life of 99,400 years. Unlike cosmogenic isotopes that ... Calcium. ed. A. Jorgenson and C. Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington ...
... the metabolism of calcium attracted very early the interest of physicians looking for applying radioisotopes of calcium for ... was absorbed by the human body in a manner similar to calcium. His work with strontium-89, a calcium analogue, eventually led ... The bones are largely composed of calcium and phosphorus in the form of tricalcium phosphate. W. Wesley Campbell and David M. ... It was the third medical radioisotope, after phosphorus-32 and iodine-131 introduced respectively by John H. Lawrence and ...
Strontium belongs to the same periodic family as calcium (alkaline earth metals), and is metabolised in a similar fashion, ... 89Sr is an artificial radioisotope used in the treatment of osseous (bony) metastases of bone cancer. In circumstances where ... Pecher, Charles (1942). Biological investigations with radioactive calcium and strontium; preliminary report on the use of ... Pecher, Charles (1941). "Biological Investigations with Radioactive Calcium and Strontium". Proceedings of the Society for ...
The strontium radioisotopes are very important, as strontium is a calcium mimic which is incorporated in bone growth and ... After ten half life cycles have passed over 99.96% of any radioisotope is stable. For Ru-106 this is 3,735.9 days or about 10 ... It is the most significant radioisotope left in the area around Chernobyl. Barium is formed in large amounts by the fission ... Strontium-90 has been used in radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) in the past because of its relatively high power ...
Here is a list of radioisotopes formed by the action of cosmic rays; the list also contains the production mode of the isotope ... notably calcium-41 in the table below. As seen in the table above, there are a wide variety of useful cosmogenic nuclides which ...
A coronary CT calcium scan is a computed tomography (CT) scan of the heart for the assessment of severity of coronary artery ... Appropriate radioisotopes of elements within chemical compounds of the metabolic pathway being examined are used to make the ... A typical coronary CT calcium scan is done without the use of radiocontrast dye, but it can possibly be done from contrast- ... This severity can be presented as Agatston score or Coronary Artery Calcium (CAC) score. The CAC score is an independent marker ...
... that accumulates in bone-tissue due to its chemical similarity to calcium (once in the bones it can significantly damage the ... A radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG, RITEG), sometimes referred to as a radioisotope power system (RPS), is a type of ... NASA Radioisotope Power Systems website - RTG page NASA JPL briefing, Expanding Frontiers with Radioisotope Power Systems - ... not really an RTG, the ASRG uses a Stirling power device that runs on radioisotope (see Stirling radioisotope generator) The ...
... such as calcium 45, in major nutrient problems and autoradiography (40 min). PMF 5147C (1952) - The Radioisotope - Part XIII: ... The Radioisotope, Parts ?? - XIII PMF 5147A (195?) - The Radioisotope - Part ?? PMF 5147B (1952) - The Radioisotope - Part XII ... beta-emitting radioisotope, such as phosphorus 32, in large-scale field tests of fertilizers, (2) the use of radioisotopes such ... The Radioisotope, Parts I - VI PMF 5145A (1951) - The Radioisotope - Part I: Fundamentals of Radioactivity; This introduction ...
Silicon-32 Phosphorus-32 Sulfur-35 Sulfur-38 Chlorine-34m Chlorine-36 Chlorine-38 Chlorine-39 Argon-39 Argon-42 Calcium-41 Iron ... A trace radioisotope is a radioisotope that occurs naturally in trace amounts (i.e. extremely small). Generally speaking, trace ... Trace radioisotopes are therefore present only because they are continually produced on Earth by natural processes. Natural ... radioisotopes have half-lives that are short in comparison with the age of the Earth, since primordial nuclides tend to occur ...
Beryllium-7, beryllium-10, and calcium-41 are trace radioisotopes; calcium-48 and barium-130 only decay by double beta decay ... Calcium-48 is the lightest nuclide to undergo double beta decay. Calcium and barium are weakly radioactive: calcium contains ... Radioisotopes of alkaline earth metals are usually "bone seekers" as they behave chemically similar to calcium and may do ... Calcium as a material has been known since at least the first century, as the ancient Romans were known to have used calcium ...
73 children were fed oatmeal containing radioactive calcium and other radioisotopes, to track "how nutrients were digested". ... The bones were cremated and the ashes analyzed for radioisotopes. This project was kept secret primarily because it would be a ... The mixtures contained radioactive iron and the researchers were determining how fast the radioisotope crossed into the ... which keeps the remains of people who died with radioisotopes in their body. Three patients at Billings Hospital at the ...
... calcium radioisotopes MeSH D01.496.123.328 - carbon radioisotopes MeSH D01.496.156.300 - cerium radioisotopes MeSH D01.496. ... bromine radioisotopes MeSH D01.496.749.108 - cadmium radioisotopes MeSH D01.496.749.113 - calcium radioisotopes MeSH D01.496. ... iron radioisotopes MeSH D01.496.749.540 - krypton radioisotopes MeSH D01.496.749.560 - lead radioisotopes MeSH D01.496.749.590 ... xenon radioisotopes MeSH D01.496.749.960 - yttrium radioisotopes MeSH D01.496.749.980 - zinc radioisotopes MeSH D01.496.807.800 ...
An example is strontium-90, which behaves chemically like calcium and can replace the calcium in bones. Other bone seekers ... A bone seeker is an element, often a radioisotope, that tends to accumulate in the bones of humans and other animals when it is ... which explains their use in radioisotope thermoelectric generators. As such, while dissolved ions of the element or common ...
The calcium complex has faster metal binding kinetics than the zinc complex but if the calcium complex is used for a long time ... A paper on the radioisotopes left on an island by the French nuclear bombs tests of the 20th century has been printed by the ... A 2006 paper reports the levels of long lived radioisotopes in the trinitite. 152Eu and 154Eu was mainly formed by the neutron ... "Pentetate calcium trisodium injection (Ca-DTPA)". Cerner Multum. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved ...
Blackwell (1962) Calcium and phosphorus metabolism in man and animals with special reference to pregnancy and lactation. ... Chicago U.P. (1st ed 1955; 3rd ed 1968 ISBN 0-226-56073-2) Radioisotopes and bone: a symposium organized by the Council for ...
Calcium carbonate is decomposed, producing carbon dioxide and calcium oxide. Water and carbon dioxide penetrate the corium mass ... An eventually present layer of more dense molten metal, containing fewer radioisotopes (Ru, Tc, Pd, etc., initially composed of ... The calcium oxide, silica, and silicates melt and are mixed into the corium. The oxide phase, in which the nonvolatile fission ... mainly a calcium aluminosilicate with small amount of magnesium oxide, sodium oxide, and zirconium dioxide metal, present as ...
Of the 10 radioisotopes of beryllium, the most stable are 10 Be with a half-life of 1.387(12) million years and 7 Be with a ... and in elements with even atomic number up to calcium) is prevented in beryllium by the extreme instability of 8 Be toward ... These two radioisotopes of beryllium in the atmosphere track the sunspot cycle and solar activity, since this affects the ... half-life of 53.22(6) d. All other radioisotopes have half-lives under 15 s, most under 30 milliseconds. The least stable ...
This paper also reports details of the effect of potassium, ammonium and calcium ions on the uptake of the radioisotopes. ... Some of these radioisotopes are tritium, carbon-14 and phosphorus-32. Here is a list of radioisotopes formed by the action of ... This radioisotope can be released from the nuclear fuel cycle; this is the radioisotope responsible for the majority of the ... In addition some natural radioisotopes are present. A recent paper reports the levels of long-lived radioisotopes in the ...
Many of the L chondrite meteors may have their origin in the Ordovician meteor event, radioisotope dated with uranium-lead ... Chromite, sodium-rich feldspar and calcium phosphates occur in minor amounts. Petrologic type 6 dominates, with over 60% of the ...
The sulfur may be present as sulfates of sodium, magnesium, calcium, or iron. A sulfide of iron is also possible. The Spirit ... The Viking 2 lander was powered by radioisotope generators and operated on the surface until April 12, 1980, when its batteries ... The tested soil contained abundant silicon and iron, along with significant amounts of magnesium, aluminum, sulfur, calcium, ...
Given these results, Saruhashi and Miyake concluded that the differing quantities of artificial radioisotopes found in the ... believed that the high values of carbon dioxide and alkalinity present in the oceans resulted from the dissolution of calcium ... that Saruhashi's team used was settled two years after the publication of her research concerning the artificial radioisotopes ... analytical techniques were both appropriate scientific approaches for measuring the quantity of artificial radioisotopes in ...
About 19 radioisotopes and 7 nuclear isomers, 233Cm to 251Cm, are known; none are stable. The longest half-lives are 15.6 ... Thus, bombarding 248Cm with neon (22Ne), magnesium (26Mg), or calcium (48Ca) yields isotopes of seaborgium (265Sg), hassium ( ... A more promising use of 242Cm is for making 238Pu, a better radioisotope for thermoelectric generators such as in heart ... They mostly emit α-particles; radioisotope thermoelectric generators can use the heat from this process, but this is hindered ...
Many other calcium radioisotopes are known, ranging from 35Ca to 60Ca. They are all much shorter-lived than 41Ca, the most ... Other calcium preparations include calcium carbonate, calcium citrate malate, and calcium gluconate. The intestine absorbs ... For example, calcium and phosphorus are supplemented in foods through the addition of calcium lactate, calcium diphosphate, and ... All four dihalides of calcium are known. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and calcium sulfate (CaSO4) are particularly abundant ...
... is a type of arthritis caused by the deposition of calcium pyrophosphate crystals. Clinical Image Atlas : View clinical images ... Extraosseous calcific deposits may also take up the radioisotope.. Nuclear imaging procedures are highly sensitive; however, ... Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease (CPPD) Imaging and Diagnosis * Sections Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease (CPPD ... Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPPD) is a type of arthritis caused by the deposition of calcium pyrophosphate ...
... causing a cascade involving intracellular calcium and sodium. Resultant calcium and sodium overload may contribute to cellular ... The diagnosis is based on clinical suspicion, diagnostic imaging, and radio-isotope cisternography. Treatment usually consists ...
Once in the body, Sr-90 acts like calcium and is readily incorporated into bones and teeth, where it can cause cancers of the ...
Physiologically-based models are used for radioisotopes of calcium, iron, strontium, iodine, barium, lead, radium, thorium, ...
supplements that help to block absorption of radioisotopes include calcium/magnesium combo, potassium rich foods, and anti- ... more radioisotopes in the water - ocean spray - will increase concentration of radioisotopes that are re-suspended into that ... for the presence of a great deal many other radioisotopes from a nuclear accident:. World Health Organization. Health hazards ... includes reference material on radioisotopes and resuspension from ocean to land thru hydrological processes:. https://www. ...
Serum total calcium (correct for serum albumin) or ionized calcium within institutional normal range. Serum creatinine based on ... radioisotope or iothalamate) ≥ 70 mL/min/1.73 m2 are eligible.. Table 2: Serum Creatinine for age/sex Serum Creatinine for age/ ...
Calcium Signaling / drug effects; Caspases / metabolism; Cell Line; Chromium Radioisotopes; Enzyme Activation / drug effects; ... Evidence against calcium as a mediator of mitochondrial dysfunction during apoptosis induced by arachidonic acid and other free ... MeSH headings : Animals; Apoptosis; Arachidonic Acid / pharmacology; Autocrine Communication; Calcium / metabolism; Cell Line; ... activation during TNF-induced apoptosis arises from inhibition of calcium signaling ...
Cadmium Radioisotopes (MeSH) * Calcium (MeSH) * Chlorine (MeSH) * Contrast Media (MeSH) * Equipment Design (MeSH) ... and calcium (Ca). The detection limits for bare bone phantoms, using a source of activity 0.17 GBq, were determined to be 3.9 ... using the current strength of our radioisotope source, of 6.1 ppm to 8.6 ppm (µg Gd per gram phantom) for fingers with 2-4 mm ...
Results were correlated with those of skeletal radioisotope scans, X-ray films and the complaint of bone pain, alone or ... Average values of Hb, WBC, serum alkaline phosphata.se and calcium did not differ between patients with positive or negative ... biopsy for the detection of bone marrow micrometastases in asymptomatic cancer patients with negative skeletal radioisotope ...
... the forming of calcium nodule biofilm plaques that show up as bone spurs in X-rays, and radio-isotope scans. Tin is not ... Radioactive SnF is used as a marker for bone infection radioisotope imagery, proving the affinity of this molecule to the site ... Stannous fluoride, SnF2, and Calcium fluoride, CaF2, provide fluoride to bones to block ... Calcium, Ca, Zinc, Zn;, copper, Cu, Magnesium, Mg; Manganese, Mn; Tin, Sn (Stannous); Silver, Ag;, Gold, Au; Aluminum, Al; ...
The calcium and phosphorus in bones and teeth stay put longer,... To continue reading: or Log-In ... Aebersold based his conclusion on experiments with radioisotopes, which trace the movements of chemical elements in and out of ...
Summary of the production process for radioisotopes of scandium using recyclable, enriched calcium. ... Scandium radioisotopes offer great potential for medical imaging applications. Currently, their use in cancer imaging remains ... Researchers Improve Production for Short-Lived Scandium Radioisotopes Image courtesy of Jonathan Engle, University of Wisconsin ... The scandium-43 and scandium-44 radioisotopes produced are pure enough to use as radioactive drugs that target cancer. The DOE ...
... is a type of arthritis caused by the deposition of calcium pyrophosphate crystals. Clinical Image Atlas : View clinical images ... Extraosseous calcific deposits may also take up the radioisotope. Imaging pearls. Nuclear imaging procedures are highly ... Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPDD) is a type of arthritis caused by the deposition of calcium pyrophosphate ... Secondary calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease The variety of calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPDD) is associated ...
I could feel the radioisotopes with 1,600-year half-lives coursing through my veins. I read somewhere that our bodies treat ... radium-226 like calcium, transporting it into our bones. I held my teeth together, tried to breath through my nose. ...
Radioisotope facilities. *HPLC with UV and fluorescence detection. *LC/MS with ESI and APCI ... Fura-2 calcium imaging. *Fluorescence microscopy (GFP). *Gene expression analysis. *Protein analysis ...
Seyffart G, Schulz T, Stiller S. Use of two calcium concentrations in hemodialysis--report of a 20-year clinical experience. ... Although assessment of nuclear medicine radioisotope (iothalamate) clearance is the criterion standard for measuring GFR, this ...
Calcium phosphate nanoparticles were covalently surface-functionalized with the ligand DOTA and loaded with the radioisotope ... Given the high importance of calcium phosphate as biomaterial and for nanoparticular drug delivery and immunization, this is ... STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The in vivo biodistribution of DOTA-terminated calcium phosphate nanoparticles was followed by PET/ ... In vivo biodistribution of calcium phosphate nanoparticles after intravascular, intramuscular, intratumoral, and soft tissue ...
Calcium-41 is a rare long-lived radio-isotope of Calcium that has a half-life of 99,400 years. ... Calcium-41 is called a cosmogenic nuclide, because it is produced when cosmic rays from space smash into calcium atoms in the ... It can spot one calcium-41 atom in every 10 16 calcium atoms with 12% precision in seawater. ... The issue is Calcium-41 is rarer, occurring once in around 1015 Calcium atoms. ...
Mechanical Stimulation-induced Calcium Wave Propagation in Cell Monolayers: The Example of Bovine Corneal Endothelial Cells… ... An Alternative to Radioisotope Assays… ... Cytosolic Calcium Measurements in Renal Epithelial Cells by ... Mechanical Stimulation-induced Calcium Wave Propagation in Cell Monolayers: The Example of Bovine Corneal Endothelial Cells… ... Real-time In Vivo Recording of Arabidopsis Calcium Signals During Insect Feeding Using a Fluorescent Biosensor… ...
68Ga]Ga-THP-Pam: A Bisphosphonate PET tracer with Facile Radiolabelling and Broad Calcium Mineral Affinity. Keeling, G. P., ... Fabrication of calcium phosphate microcapsules using emulsion droplets stabilized with branched copolymers as templates. Bell, ... Synthesis and 68Ga radiolabelling of calcium alginate beads for Positron Emission Particle Tracking (PEPT) applications. ... Bisphosphonate Functionalized Gadolinium Oxide Nanoparticles Allow Long‐Term MRI/CT Multimodal Imaging of Calcium Phosphate ...
Tritium, a radioisotope of Hydrogen with a half-life of 12.3 years, is relatively abundant within the plant. According to the. ... While iodine-131 collects in the thyroid gland, caesium-137 is bone-seeking, (it loves calcium) and may end up in the bone ... "Radioisotopes such as cobalt-58, cobalt-60 and silver-110m arise as a result of wear or corrosion of reactor components. They ... According to NIASA: "radioisotopes such as cobalt-58, cobalt-60 and silver-110m arise as a result of wear or corrosion of ...
4. Barber PJ & Elliott J (1996) Study of calcium homeostasis in feline hyperthyroidism. Journal of Small Animal Practice 37, ... However, techniques for assessment of GFR are impractical as they typically involve use of radioisotopes. Estimation of GFR is ... In two separate studies 18 of 36 (50 %)(3) and 4 of 15 (27 %)(4) hyperthyroid cats had serum ionised calcium concentrations ... The net bone loss leads to the release of calcium and a tendency towards hypercalcaemia, hyperphosphataemia, hypoparathyroidism ...
Hellman B, Sehlin J & T ljedal I-B: Calcium and secretion: distinction between two pools of glucose-sensitive calcium in ... Leclercq R, T ljedal I-B & Wold S: Evaluation of radio-isotope data in steroid assays based on competitive protein binding. ... Hellman B, Sehlin J & T ljedal I-B: Calcium uptake by pancreatic -cells as measured with the aid of 45Ca and mannitol-3H. Am J ... Frankel BJ, Sehlin J & T ljedal I-B: Vitamin D-3 stimulates calcium-45 uptake by isolated mouse islets in vitro. Acta Physiol ...
It cannot be scheduled within 4 days following any contrast scans such as barium studies, IVU, CT scan or radio-isotope nuclear ... Low calcium intake in the diet. *Post-menopausal. *An alcoholic or/and smoker ...
Radioisotopes,Rate,Rats,ResearchReticulum,Sarcolemma,SarcoplasmicSignalSites,SodiumSodium,Sodium-CalciumSprague-Dawley,Support, ... 12938675ATPase,Agents,Animals,CalciumCalcium,Calcium-BindingCardiac,CardiotonicCats,Cells,ConductionContraction,Cultured, ... BloodCalciumCalcium,Calcium-BindingCardiacCardiac,CardiotonicCardiovascular,CellularChannelChannel,Channels,Communication ... 8785276Animals,BindingBiophysics,Caffeine,CalciumCalcium,Cardiovascular,CarrierCellCells,Channels,Contraction,Cultured,Cytosol, ...
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  • Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPPD) is a type of arthritis caused by the deposition of calcium pyrophosphate crystals. (medscape.com)
  • Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease is strongly suggested when findings indicative of degenerative osteoarthritis are observed in unusual locations, such as in the shoulder and elbow, which are non-weight-bearing joints that seldom manifest degenerative osteoarthritis. (medscape.com)
  • Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPDD) is a type of arthritis caused by the deposition of calcium pyrophosphate crystals. (medscape.com)
  • Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPDD) is divided into several varieties, primarily pseudogout and chondrocalcinosis. (medscape.com)
  • Periarticular metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joint calcification may be a component of that form of calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPDD). (medscape.com)
  • These cysts are not specific for calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. (medscape.com)
  • Pseudorheumatoid calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPDD) has a polyarticular character. (medscape.com)
  • Crumbling-type erosions of calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease in the metacarpophalangeal and proximal and distal interphalangeal joints. (medscape.com)
  • The skeletal and clinical distribution pattern of nonerosive components of primary calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPDD) are shown in the table below. (medscape.com)
  • The system was used to measure bone simulating phantoms doped with varying levels of gadolinium and fixed amounts of sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl) and calcium (Ca). The detection limits for bare bone phantoms, using a source of activity 0.17 GBq, were determined to be 3.9 ppm and 6.5 ppm (µg Gd per gram phantom) for the Kα1 and Kα2 Gd x-ray peaks, respectively. (mcmaster.ca)
  • The roles of the most significant electrolytes, ions utilized in the replacement therapy of Sodium chloride* Potassium Chloride Calcium Gluconate*, oral rehydration salt (ORS), and the balance of the acid-base in the body. (medipdf.in)
  • Desensitizing chemicals, Calcium carbonate Sodium fluoride & Zinc Eugenol cement. (medipdf.in)
  • Calcium is a very ductile silvery metal (sometimes described as pale yellow) whose properties are very similar to the heavier elements in its group, strontium, barium, and radium. (wikipedia.org)
  • Average values of Hb, WBC, serum alkaline phosphata.se and calcium did not differ between patients with positive or negative bone marrow biopsy. (karger.com)
  • Calcium ions outside cells are important for maintaining the potential difference across excitable cell membranes, protein synthesis, and bone formation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Once in the body, Sr-90 acts like calcium and is readily incorporated into bones and teeth, where it can cause cancers of the bone, bone marrow, and soft tissues around the bone. (cdc.gov)
  • Results were correlated with those of skeletal radioisotope scans, X-ray films and the complaint of bone pain, alone or combined. (karger.com)
  • In our experience, it is of no value (unlike in malignant lymphoma and oat cell carcinoma of lung) to obtain a bone marrow biopsy for the detection of bone marrow micrometastases in asymptomatic cancer patients with negative skeletal radioisotope scan and negative bone X-ray films. (karger.com)
  • Radioactive SnF is used as a marker for bone infection radioisotope imagery, proving the affinity of this molecule to the site of the infection. (ra-infection-connection.com)
  • For example, calcium spontaneously reacts with water more quickly than magnesium and less quickly than strontium to produce calcium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. (wikipedia.org)
  • After DHEA chelation it usually requires additional supplementation to replace lost Calcium, Zinc, Copper and Magnesium. (ra-infection-connection.com)
  • As an alkaline earth metal, calcium is a reactive metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pure calcium was isolated in 1808 via electrolysis of its oxide by Humphry Davy, who named the element. (wikipedia.org)
  • It also reacts with the oxygen and nitrogen in the air to form a mixture of calcium oxide and calcium nitride. (wikipedia.org)
  • Besides the simple oxide CaO, the peroxide CaO2 can be made by direct oxidation of calcium metal under a high pressure of oxygen, and there is some evidence for a yellow superoxide Ca(O2)2. (wikipedia.org)
  • Researchers at the University of Wisconsin, Madison studied five nuclear reactions that form scandium-43 and scandium-44 from proton and deuteron irradiation of calcium oxide accelerator targets. (isotopes.gov)
  • The acids fermented by the cariogenic bacteria are diffused within the enamel and dissociated in hydrogen ion (H+), promoting the reduction of the pH of the medium, as well as the dissolution of calcium phosphate from the tissues, consequently with structural loss 2 . (bvsalud.org)
  • This can be recognized grossly as a calcified sheet reflecting over the articular surface and as concretions of calcium pyrophosphate exuded beyond the subchondral articular surface. (medscape.com)
  • While calcium is a poorer conductor of electricity than copper or aluminium by volume, it is a better conductor by mass than both due to its very low density. (wikipedia.org)
  • The chemistry of calcium is that of a typical heavy alkaline earth metal. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dynamic Studies with Radioisotopes in Medicine 1974: Proceedings of a Symposium on Dynamic Studies with Radioisotopes in Clinical Medicine and Research, Knoxville, Tennessee, July 15-19, 1974. (cdc.gov)
  • The scandium-43 and scandium-44 radioisotopes produced are pure enough to use as radioactive drugs that target cancer. (isotopes.gov)
  • Scandium radioisotopes offer great potential for medical imaging applications. (isotopes.gov)
  • Dr. Aebersold based his conclusion on experiments with radioisotopes, which trace the movements of chemical elements in and out of the body. (time.com)
  • The experiments analyzed the quantities and purities of scandium-43 and scandium-44 made when starting with commercially available calcium enriched targets. (isotopes.gov)
  • Layers of plastic were used to simulate overlying soft tissue and this permitted prediction of a detection limit, using the current strength of our radioisotope source, of 6.1 ppm to 8.6 ppm (µg Gd per gram phantom) for fingers with 2-4 mm of overlying tissue. (mcmaster.ca)
  • The DOE Isotope Program is supporting this and other research and development efforts on scandium radioisotope production at several facilities. (isotopes.gov)
  • Like the other elements placed in group 2 of the periodic table, calcium has two valence electrons in the outermost s-orbital, which are very easily lost in chemical reactions to form a dipositive ion with the stable electron configuration of a noble gas, in this case argon. (wikipedia.org)
  • still, in small quantities it is often used as an alloying component in steelmaking, and sometimes, as a calcium-lead alloy, in making automotive batteries. (wikipedia.org)
  • Calcium is harder than lead but can be cut with a knife with effort. (wikipedia.org)
  • Calcium is a chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. (wikipedia.org)
  • Calcium compounds are widely used in many industries: in foods and pharmaceuticals for calcium supplementation, in the paper industry as bleaches, as components in cement and electrical insulators, and in the manufacture of soaps. (wikipedia.org)
  • Radioisotopes such as cobalt-58, cobalt-60 and silver-110m arise as a result of wear or corrosion of reactor components. (medialternatives.com)
  • Hypothetical univalent salts of calcium would be stable with respect to their elements, but not to disproportionation to the divalent salts and calcium metal, because the enthalpy of formation of MX2 is much higher than those of the hypothetical MX. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] While calcium is infeasible as a conductor for most terrestrial applications as it reacts quickly with atmospheric oxygen, its use as such in space has been considered. (wikipedia.org)
  • Calcium is the most abundant metal and the fifth-most abundant element in the human body. (wikipedia.org)