The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.
Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.
Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.
A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.
Excretion of an excessive amount of OXALATES in the urine.
Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.
Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.
The formation of crystalline substances from solutions or melts. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.
A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.
The sole species of the genus Oxalobacter consisting of straight or curved gram-negative rods with rounded ends. Cells are nonmotile, nonsporing, and use oxylates as the only source of CARBON and energy, with formate and CARBON DIOXIDE as end products. They are isolated from lake sediments and from the rumen or large bowel of humans and animals. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
Calcium salts of phosphoric acid. These compounds are frequently used as calcium supplements.
A glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol (GPI) - anchored membrane protein found on the thick ascending limb of the LOOP OF HENLE. The cleaved form of the protein is found abundantly in URINE.
Inorganic compounds that contain magnesium as an integral part of the molecule.
A genetic disorder characterized by excretion of large amounts of OXALATES in urine; NEPHROLITHIASIS; NEPHROCALCINOSIS; early onset of RENAL FAILURE; and often a generalized deposit of CALCIUM OXALATE. There are subtypes classified by the enzyme defects in glyoxylate metabolism.
Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes, sparks, or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins.
A plant family of the order Arales, subclass Arecidae, class Liliopsida (monocot). Many members contain OXALIC ACID and calcium oxalate (OXALATES).
Excretion of abnormally high level of CALCIUM in the URINE, greater than 4 mg/kg/day.
Liquid by-product of excretion produced in the kidneys, temporarily stored in the bladder until discharge through the URETHRA.
Conjugated proteins in which mucopolysaccharides are combined with proteins. The mucopolysaccharide moiety is the predominant group with the protein making up only a small percentage of the total weight.
A group of phosphate minerals that includes ten mineral species and has the general formula X5(YO4)3Z, where X is usually calcium or lead, Y is phosphorus or arsenic, and Z is chlorine, fluorine, or OH-. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Stones in the URINARY BLADDER; also known as vesical calculi, bladder stones, or cystoliths.
Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue.
Calcium compounds used as food supplements or in food to supply the body with calcium. Dietary calcium is needed during growth for bone development and for maintenance of skeletal integrity later in life to prevent osteoporosis.
A negatively-charged extracellular matrix protein that plays a role in the regulation of BONE metabolism and a variety of other biological functions. Cell signaling by osteopontin may occur through a cell adhesion sequence that recognizes INTEGRIN ALPHA-V BETA-3.
Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.
A procedure consisting of the SURGICAL ANASTOMOSIS of the proximal part of the JEJUNUM to the distal portion of the ILEUM, so as to bypass the nutrient-absorptive segment of the SMALL INTESTINE. Due to the severe malnutrition and life-threatening metabolic complications, this method is no longer used to treat MORBID OBESITY.
A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.
Glyoxylates are organic compounds that are intermediate products in the metabolic pathways responsible for the breakdown and synthesis of various molecules, including amino acids and carbohydrates, and are involved in several biochemical processes such as the glyoxylate cycle.
A powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher.
Derivatives of ACETIC ACID which contain an hydroxy group attached to the methyl carbon.
A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.
A condition characterized by the formation of CALCULI and concretions in the hollow organs or ducts of the body. They occur most often in the gallbladder, kidney, and lower urinary tract.
Long convoluted tubules in the nephrons. They collect filtrate from blood passing through the KIDNEY GLOMERULUS and process this filtrate into URINE. Each renal tubule consists of a BOWMAN CAPSULE; PROXIMAL KIDNEY TUBULE; LOOP OF HENLE; DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULE; and KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCT leading to the central cavity of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS) that connects to the URETER.
Unstable isotopes of calcium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ca atoms with atomic weights 39, 41, 45, 47, 49, and 50 are radioactive calcium isotopes.
Microscopy using polarized light in which phenomena due to the preferential orientation of optical properties with respect to the vibration plane of the polarized light are made visible and correlated parameters are made measurable.
A high-molecular-weight protein (approximately 22,500) containing 198 amino acid residues. It is a strong inhibitor of trypsin and human plasmin.
Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.
A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.
An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones.
Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.
An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.
The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
The insertion of a catheter through the skin and body wall into the kidney pelvis, mainly to provide urine drainage where the ureter is not functional. It is used also to remove or dissolve renal calculi and to diagnose ureteral obstruction.
A drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is claimed to enhance cellular oxidative capacity and to be a spasmolytic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1310) It may also be an antagonist at 5HT-2 serotonin receptors.
One of the largest genera of BROWN ALGAE, comprised of more than 150 species found in tropical, subtropical, and temperate zones of both hemispheres. Some species are attached (benthic) but most float in the open sea (pelagic). Sargassum provides a critical habitat for hundreds of species of FISHES; TURTLES; and INVERTEBRATES.
Serum proteins that have the most rapid migration during ELECTROPHORESIS. This subgroup of globulins is divided into faster and slower alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-globulins.
"Citrates, in a medical context, are compounds containing citric acid, often used in medical solutions for their chelating properties and as a part of certain types of nutritional support."
A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning.
Stable calcium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element calcium, but differ in atomic weight. Ca-42-44, 46, and 48 are stable calcium isotopes.
Surgical creation of an opening (stoma) in the URINARY BLADDER for drainage.
A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.
A plant genus of the family ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. Members contain steroidal saponins. Ingestion by grazing animals causes PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS called geeldikkop (yellow thick head) in South Africa.
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of negatively charged molecules (anions) across a biological membrane.
Small computers using LSI (large-scale integration) microprocessor chips as the CPU (central processing unit) and semiconductor memories for compact, inexpensive storage of program instructions and data. They are smaller and less expensive than minicomputers and are usually built into a dedicated system where they are optimized for a particular application. "Microprocessor" may refer to just the CPU or the entire microcomputer.

Relationship between supersaturation and calcium oxalate crystallization in normals and idiopathic calcium oxalate stone formers. (1/363)

BACKGROUND: In an earlier study on recurrent CaOx stone formers with no detectable abnormalities, we found that the urine of these subjects had a lower tolerance to oxalate load than controls and that the removal of urinary macromolecules with a molecular weight greater than 10,000 D improved their tolerance to oxalate. METHODS: The effects on CaOx crystallization of reduced urinary supersaturation of calcium oxalate (CaOx), induced by night water load, were studied in 12 normal males and in 15 male OxCa stone formers who were free from urinary metabolic abnormalities. The effect of the macromolecules, purified and retrieved from the natural and diluted urine, were analyzed in a metastable solution of CaOx. RESULTS: The water load caused an increase in urine volume (from 307 +/- 111 to 572 +/- 322 ml/8 hr, P = 0.014 in normal subjects, and from 266 +/- 92 to 518 +/- 208 ml/8 hr, P = 0.001 in the stone formers) and a concomitant reduction of the relative CaOx supersaturation (from 8.7 +/- 2.5 to 5.1 +/- 2.5 ml/8 hr, P = 0.001 in normal subjects, and from 10.4 +/- 3.5 to 5.0 +/- 2.7 ml/8 hr, P = 0.001 in the stone formers). The decrease in CaOx supersaturation was accompanied by an increase of the permissible increment in oxalate, both in normal subjects (from 43.8 +/- 10.1 to 67.2 +/- 30. 3 mg/liter, P = 0.018) and in the stone formers (from 25.7 +/- 9.4 to 43.7 +/- 17.1 mg/liter, P = 0.0001), without any significant variations of the upper limit of metastability for CaOx (from 21.6 +/- 5.3 to 20.5 +/- 4.2 mg/liter in normal subjects, and from 18.7 +/- 4.5 to 17.1 +/- 3.7 mg/liter in the stone formers). The inhibitory effect of urinary macromolecules with molecular weight greater than 10,000 Daltons did not undergo any change when the latter were recovered from concentrated or diluted urine, either in normal subjects or in the stone formers. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced CaOx supersaturation by means of water load has a protective effect with regards to CaOx crystallization in subjects who do not present any of the common urinary stone risk factors.  (+info)

Cell type-specific acquired protection from crystal adherence by renal tubule cells in culture. (2/363)

BACKGROUND: Adherence of crystals to the surface of renal tubule epithelial cells is considered an important step in the development of nephrolithiasis. Previously, we demonstrated that functional monolayers formed by the renal tubule cell line, Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK), acquire protection against the adherence of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals. We now examined whether this property is cell type specific. The susceptibility of the cells to crystal binding was further studied under different culture conditions. METHODS: Cell-type specificity and the influence of the growth substrate was tested by comparing calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal binding to LLC-PK1 cells and to two MDCK strains cultured on either permeable or impermeable supports. These cell lines are representative for the renal proximal tubule (LLC-PK1) and distal tubule/collecting duct (MDCK) segments of the nephron, in which crystals are expected to be absent and present, respectively. RESULTS: Whereas relatively large amounts of crystals adhered to subconfluent MDCK cultures, the level of crystal binding to confluent monolayers was reduced for both MDCK strains. On permeable supports, MDCK cells not only obtained a higher level of morphological differentiation, but also acquired a higher degree of protection than on impermeable surfaces. Crystals avidly adhered to LLC-PK1 cells, irrespective of their developmental stage or growth substrate used. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that the prevention of crystal binding is cell type specific and expressed only by differentiated MDCK cells. The anti-adherence properties acquired by MDCK cells may mirror a specific functional characteristic of its in situ equivalent, the renal distal tubule/collecting ducts.  (+info)

Nucleation of calcium oxalate crystals by albumin: involvement in the prevention of stone formation. (3/363)

BACKGROUND: Urine is supersaturated in calcium oxalate, which means that it will contain calcium oxalate crystals that form spontaneously. Their size must be controlled to prevent retention in ducts and the eventual development of a lithiasis. This is achieved, in part, by specific inhibitors of crystal growth. We investigated whether promoters of crystal nucleation could also participate in that control, because for the same amount of salt that will precipitate from a supersaturated solution, increasing the number of crystals will decrease their average size and facilitate their elimination. METHODS: Albumin was purified from commercial sources and from the urine of healthy subjects or idiopathic calcium stone formers. Its aggregation properties were characterized by biophysical and biochemical techniques. Albumin was then either attached to several supports or left free in solution and incubated in a metastable solution of calcium oxalate. Kinetics of calcium oxalate crystallization were determined by turbidimetry. The nature and efficiency of nucleation were measured by examining the type and number of neoformed crystals. RESULTS: Albumin, one of the most abundant proteins in urine, was a powerful nucleator of calcium oxalate crystals in vitro, with the polymers being more active than monomers. In addition, nucleation by albumin apparently led exclusively to the formation of calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals, whereas calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals were formed in the absence of albumin. An analysis of calcium oxalate crystals in urine showed that the dihydrate form was present in healthy subjects and stone formers, whereas the monohydrate, which is thermodynamically more stable and constitutes the core of most calcium oxalate stones, was present in stone formers only. Finally, urinary albumin purified from healthy subjects contained significantly more polymers and was a stronger promoter of calcium oxalate nucleation than albumin from idiopathic calcium stone formers. CONCLUSIONS: Promotion by albumin of calcium oxalate crystallization with specific formation of the dihydrate form might be protective, because with rapid nucleation of small crystals, the saturation levels fall; thus, larger crystal formation and aggregation with subsequent stone formation may be prevented. We believe that albumin may be an important factor of urine stability.  (+info)

Temporal changes in mRNA expression for bikunin in the kidneys of rats during calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. (4/363)

Inter-alpha-inhibitor and other bikunin-containing proteins are synthesized in relatively large quantities by the liver. These proteins function as Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors and appear capable of inhibiting calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystallization in vitro. Preliminary studies have shown that renal tubular epithelial cells synthesize bikunin in response to CaOx challenge. To examine this response in vivo, a sensitive reverse transcription-quantitative competitive template-PCR was developed to detect and quantify poly(A)+ -tailed bikunin mRNA expression in kidney tissue from normal rats and rats developing CaOx nephrolithiasis after challenge with ethylene glycol. Bikunin mRNA expression in rat liver tissue was assessed as a positive control. The expression of bikunin mRNA in liver did not differ significantly between normal control rats and experimental rats with induced hyperoxaluria and renal CaOx crystallization. In contrast, there were significant temporal increases in the levels of bikunin mRNA expression in rat kidneys during CaOx nephrolithiasis after challenge with ethylene glycol. Urinary excretion of bikunin-containing proteins seemed to increase concomitantly. These findings indicate an association between the induction of hyperoxaluria/CaOx nephrolithiasis and the expression of the bikunin gene in rat kidneys.  (+info)

Essential arterial hypertension and stone disease. (5/363)

BACKGROUND: Cross-sectional studies have shown that nephrolithiasis is more frequently found in hypertensive patients than in normotensive subjects, but the pathogenic link between hypertension and stone disease is still not clear. METHODS: Between 1984 and 1991, we studied the baseline stone risk profile, including supersaturation of lithogenic salts, in 132 patients with stable essential hypertension (diastolic blood pressure of more than 95 mm Hg) without stone disease and 135 normotensive subjects (diastolic blood pressure less than 85 mm Hg) without stone disease who were matched for age and sex (controls). Subsequently, both controls and hypertensives were followed up for at least five years to check on the eventual formation of kidney stones. RESULTS: Baseline urine levels in hypertensive males were different from that of normotensive males with regards to calcium (263 vs. 199 mg/day), magnesium (100 vs. 85 mg/day), uric acid (707 vs. 586 mg/day), and oxalate (34.8 vs. 26.5 mg/day). Moreover, the urine of hypertensive males was more supersaturated for calcium oxalate (8.9 vs. 6.1) and calcium phosphate (1.39 vs. 0.74). Baseline urine levels in hypertensive females were different from that of normotensive females with regards to calcium (212 vs. 154 mg/day), phosphorus (696 vs. 614 mg/day), and oxalate (26.2 vs. 21.7 mg/day), and the urine of hypertensive females was more supersaturated for calcium oxalate (7.1 vs. 4.8). These urinary alterations were only partially dependent on the greater body mass index in hypertensive patients. During the follow-up, 19 out of 132 hypertensive patients and 4 out of 135 normotensive patients had stone episodes (14.3 vs. 2.9%, chi-square 11.07, P = 0.001; odds ratio 5.5, 95% CI, 1.82 to 16.66). Of the 19 stone-former hypertensive patients, 12 formed calcium calculi, 5 formed uric acid calculi, and 2 formed nondetermined calculi. Of the urinary factors for lithogenous risk, those with the greatest predictive value were supersaturation of calcium oxalate for calcium calculi and uric acid supersaturation for uric acid calculi. CONCLUSIONS: A significant percentage of hypertensive subjects has a greater risk of renal stone formation, especially when hypertension is associated with excessive body weight. Higher oxaluria and calciuria as well as supersaturation of calcium oxalate and uric acid appear to be the most important factors. Excessive weight and consumption of salt and animal proteins may also play an important role.  (+info)

Calcium oxalate crystals (Weddellite) within the secretions of ductal carcinoma in situ--a rare phenomenon. (6/363)

A case is described in which calcium oxalate (Weddellite) crystals were identified in an area of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Seventy other cases were examined but no evidence of Weddellite was detected. This is evidently a rare phenomenon in carcinoma in situ.  (+info)

Plasma calcium oxalate supersaturation in children with primary hyperoxaluria and end-stage renal failure. (7/363)

BACKGROUND: Children with primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH 1) are at great risk to develop systemic oxalosis in end-stage renal disease (ESRD), as endogenous oxalate production exceeds oxalate removal by dialytic therapy. As oxalate accumulates, calcium oxalate (CaOx) tissue deposition occurs. Children with other causes of ESRD, however, are not prone to CaOx deposition despite elevated plasma oxalate (POx) levels. METHODS: Our study objective was to examine the potential mechanisms for these observations. We measured POx, sulfate, citrate, and calculated CaOx saturation (betaCaOx) in 7 children with ESRD caused by PH 1 and in 33 children with non-PH-related ESRD. Maintenance hemodialysis (HD) was performed in 6 PH 1 and 22 non-PH patients: Pre- and post-HD levels were analyzed at this point and were repeated twice within 12 months in 5 PH 1 and 14 non-PH patients. Samples were obtained only once in 12 patients (one PH 1) on peritoneal dialysis (PD). After liver-kidney or kidney transplantation, plasma levels were measured repetitively. RESULTS: The mean POx was higher in PH 1 (125.7 +/- 17.9 micromol/liter) than in non-PH patients (44.2 +/- 3.3 micromol/liter, P < 10(-4)). All other determined anions did not differ between the two groups. betaCaOx was higher in PH 1 (4.71 +/- 0.69 relative units) compared with non-PH children (1.56 +/- 0.12 units, P < 10(-4)). POx and betaCaOx were correlated in both the PH 1 (r = 0.98, P < 2 x 10(-4)) and the non-PH group (r = 0.98, P < 10(-4)). POx and betaCaOx remained stable over time in the non-PH children, whereas an insignificant decline was observed in PH 1 patients after six months of more aggressive dialysis. betaCaOx was supersaturated (more than 1) in all PH 1 and in 25 out of 33 non-PH patients. Post-HD betaCaOx remained more than 1 in all PH 1, but in only 2 out of 22 non-PH patients. In non-PH children, POx and betaCaOx decreased to normal within three weeks after successful kidney transplantation, whereas the levels still remained elevated seven months after combined liver-kidney transplantation in two PH 1 patients. CONCLUSION: Systemic oxalosis in PH 1 children with ESRD is due to higher POx and betaCaOx levels. As betaCaOx remained supersaturated in PH 1 even after aggressive HD, oxalate accumulation increases, and CaOx tissue deposition occurs. Therefore, sufficient reduction of POx and betaCaOx is crucial in PH 1 and might only be achieved by early, preemptive, combined liver-kidney transplantation or liver transplantation alone.  (+info)

Inhibition of calcium oxalate crystal growth and aggregation by prothrombin and its fragments in vitro: relationship between protein structure and inhibitory activity. (8/363)

During blood coagulation, prothrombin (PT) is ultimately degraded to three fragments, thrombin, fragment 1 (F1) and fragment 2 (F2), which, collectively, contain all of the structural features of PT. One of these fragments, F1, is excreted in human urine and is the principal protein occluded into calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals precipitated from it. This urinary form of F1, which we have named urinary prothrombin fragment 1 is present in calcium stones and is a potent inhibitor of CaOx crystallization in urine in vitro. The aim of this study was to determine whether PT itself and its other activation products, namely, thrombin, F1 and F2 also inhibit CaOx crystallization, by comparing their effects in a seeded, inorganic crystallization system. A secondary objective was to assess the relationship between the structures of the proteins and their inhibitory activities. PT was isolated from a human blood concentrate rich in vitamin K-dependent proteins. Following initial cleavage by thrombin, the resulting fragments, F1 and F2, were purified by a combination of reversed phase HPLC and low pressure column chromatography. The purity of the proteins was confirmed by SDS/PAGE and their individual effects on CaOx crystallization were determined at the same concentration (16.13 nM) in a seeded, metastable solution of CaOx using a Coulter Counter. [14C]Oxalate was used to assess deposition of CaOx and crystals were visualized using scanning electron microscopy. The Coulter Counter data revealed that the proteins reduced the size of precipitated crystals in the order F1 > PT > F2 > thrombin. These findings were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy which showed that the reduction in particle size resulted from a decrease in the degree of crystal aggregation. [14C]Oxalate analysis demonstrated that all proteins inhibited mineral deposition, in the order F1 (44%) > PT (27.4%) > thrombin (10.2%) > F2 (6.5%). It was concluded that the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid domain of PT and F1, which is absent from thrombin and F2, is the region of the molecules which determines their potent inhibitory effects. The superior potency of F1, in comparison with PT, probably results from the molecule's greater charge to mass ratio.  (+info)

Calcium oxalate is a chemical compound with the formula CaC2O4. It is the most common type of stone found in kidneys, also known as kidney stones. Calcium oxalate forms when there is too much calcium or oxalate in the urine. This can occur due to various reasons such as dietary habits, dehydration, medical conditions like hyperparathyroidism, or genetic factors.

Calcium oxalate stones are hard and crystalline and can cause severe pain during urination or while passing through the urinary tract. They may also lead to other symptoms like blood in the urine, nausea, vomiting, or fever. Prevention strategies for calcium oxalate stones include staying hydrated, following a balanced diet, and taking prescribed medications to control the levels of calcium and oxalate in the body.

Oxalates, also known as oxalic acid or oxalate salts, are organic compounds that contain the functional group called oxalate. Oxalates are naturally occurring substances found in various foods such as spinach, rhubarb, nuts, and seeds. They can also be produced by the body as a result of metabolism.

In the body, oxalates can bind with calcium and other minerals to form crystals, which can accumulate in various tissues and organs, including the kidneys. This can lead to the formation of kidney stones, which are a common health problem associated with high oxalate intake or increased oxalate production in the body.

It is important for individuals with a history of kidney stones or other kidney problems to monitor their oxalate intake and limit consumption of high-oxalate foods. Additionally, certain medical conditions such as hyperoxaluria, a rare genetic disorder that causes increased oxalate production in the body, may require medical treatment to reduce oxalate levels and prevent complications.

Kidney calculi, also known as kidney stones, are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys. They can range in size from a grain of sand to a golf ball. When they're small enough, they can be passed through your urine without causing too much discomfort. However, larger stones may block the flow of urine, causing severe pain and potentially leading to serious complications such as urinary tract infections or kidney damage if left untreated.

The formation of kidney calculi is often associated with factors like dehydration, high levels of certain minerals in your urine, family history, obesity, and certain medical conditions such as gout or inflammatory bowel disease. Symptoms of kidney stones typically include severe pain in the back, side, lower abdomen, or groin; nausea and vomiting; fever and chills if an infection is present; and blood in the urine. Treatment options depend on the size and location of the stone but may include medications to help pass the stone, shock wave lithotripsy to break up the stone, or surgical removal of the stone in severe cases.

Oxalic acid is not a medical term, but it is a chemical compound with the formula HOOC-COOH. It is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in water and polar organic solvents. Medically, oxalic acid is relevant due to its presence in certain foods and its potential to form calcium oxalate stones in the kidneys when excreted in urine.

Hyperoxaluria is a medical condition characterized by increased levels of oxalate in the urine, which can lead to the formation of kidney stones. This condition can be caused by genetic factors or excessive intake of oxalate-rich foods such as spinach, rhubarb, and certain nuts and beans. In severe cases, it may require medical treatment to reduce oxalate levels in the body.

Hyperoxaluria is a medical condition characterized by an excessive excretion of oxalate in the urine. Oxalate is a naturally occurring substance found in some foods and can also be produced by the body. When oxalate combines with calcium in the urine, it can form kidney stones or calcium oxalate deposits in the kidneys and other tissues, leading to kidney damage or systemic oxalosis. There are three types of hyperoxaluria: primary, secondary, and enteric. Primary hyperoxaluria is caused by genetic defects that affect the body's ability to regulate oxalate production, while secondary hyperoxaluria results from increased dietary intake or absorption of oxalate, or from other medical conditions. Enteric hyperoxaluria occurs in individuals with malabsorption syndromes, such as inflammatory bowel disease or after gastric bypass surgery, where excessive amounts of oxalate are absorbed from the gut into the bloodstream and excreted in the urine.

Urinary calculi, also known as kidney stones or nephrolithiasis, are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside the urinary system. These calculi can develop in any part of the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

The formation of urinary calculi typically occurs when there is a concentration of certain substances, such as calcium, oxalate, uric acid, or struvite, in the urine. When these substances become highly concentrated, they can crystallize and form small seeds that gradually grow into larger stones over time.

The size of urinary calculi can vary from tiny, sand-like particles to large stones that can fill the entire renal pelvis. The symptoms associated with urinary calculi depend on the stone's size, location, and whether it is causing a blockage in the urinary tract. Common symptoms include severe pain in the flank, lower abdomen, or groin; nausea and vomiting; blood in the urine (hematuria); fever and chills; and frequent urge to urinate or painful urination.

Treatment for urinary calculi depends on the size and location of the stone, as well as the severity of symptoms. Small stones may pass spontaneously with increased fluid intake and pain management. Larger stones may require medical intervention, such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), ureteroscopy, or percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) to break up or remove the stone. Preventive measures include maintaining adequate hydration, modifying dietary habits, and taking medications to reduce the risk of stone formation.

Nephrolithiasis is a medical term that refers to the presence of stones or calculi in the kidney. These stones can form anywhere in the urinary tract, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Nephrolithiasis is also commonly known as kidney stones.

Kidney stones are hard deposits made up of minerals and salts that crystallize in the urine. They can vary in size from tiny sand-like particles to larger pebble or even golf ball-sized masses. Kidney stones can cause pain, bleeding, and infection if they block the flow of urine through the urinary tract.

The formation of kidney stones is often associated with a variety of factors such as dehydration, high levels of calcium, oxalate, or uric acid in the urine, family history, obesity, and certain medical conditions like gout or inflammatory bowel disease. Treatment for nephrolithiasis depends on the size and location of the stone, as well as the severity of symptoms. Small stones may pass spontaneously with increased fluid intake, while larger stones may require medication, shock wave lithotripsy, or surgical removal.

Crystallization is a process in which a substance transitions from a liquid or dissolved state to a solid state, forming a crystal lattice. In the medical context, crystallization can refer to the formation of crystals within the body, which can occur under certain conditions such as changes in pH, temperature, or concentration of solutes. These crystals can deposit in various tissues and organs, leading to the formation of crystal-induced diseases or disorders.

For example, in patients with gout, uric acid crystals can accumulate in joints, causing inflammation, pain, and swelling. Similarly, in nephrolithiasis (kidney stones), minerals in the urine can crystallize and form stones that can obstruct the urinary tract. Crystallization can also occur in other medical contexts, such as in the formation of dental calculus or plaque, and in the development of cataracts in the eye.

Urolithiasis is the formation of stones (calculi) in the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These stones can be composed of various substances such as calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, or struvite. The presence of urolithiasis can cause symptoms like severe pain in the back or side, nausea, vomiting, fever, and blood in the urine. The condition can be managed with medications, increased fluid intake, and in some cases, surgical intervention may be required to remove the stones.

Ethylene glycol is a colorless, odorless, syrupy liquid with a sweet taste, which makes it appealing to animals and children. It is commonly used in the manufacture of antifreeze, coolants, deicers, hydraulic brake fluids, solvents, and other industrial products. Ethylene glycol is also found in some household items such as certain types of wood stains, paints, and cosmetics.

Ingesting even small amounts of ethylene glycol can be harmful or fatal to humans and animals. It is metabolized by the body into toxic substances that can cause damage to the central nervous system, heart, kidneys, and other organs. Symptoms of ethylene glycol poisoning may include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, decreased level of consciousness, seizures, coma, acidosis, increased heart rate, low blood pressure, and kidney failure.

If you suspect that someone has ingested ethylene glycol, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. Treatment typically involves administering a medication called fomepizole or ethanol to inhibit the metabolism of ethylene glycol, as well as providing supportive care such as fluid replacement and dialysis to remove the toxic substances from the body.

"Oxalobacter formigenes" is a type of gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria that resides in the human gastrointestinal tract. It is commonly found in the large intestine and plays a role in the metabolism of oxalate, a compound found in many foods that can contribute to kidney stone formation when present in high levels in the body.

"Oxalobacter formigenes" has the ability to break down and utilize oxalate as a source of energy, which can help to reduce the amount of oxalate that is absorbed into the bloodstream and excreted by the kidneys. Some research suggests that the presence of "Oxalobacter formigenes" in the gut may be associated with a lower risk of kidney stone formation, although more studies are needed to confirm this association.

It's worth noting that while "Oxalobacter formigenes" is considered a beneficial bacteria, it is not currently used as a probiotic or therapeutic agent in clinical practice.

Calcium phosphates are a group of minerals that are important components of bones and teeth. They are also found in some foods and are used in dietary supplements and medical applications. Chemically, calcium phosphates are salts of calcium and phosphoric acid, and they exist in various forms, including hydroxyapatite, which is the primary mineral component of bone tissue. Other forms of calcium phosphates include monocalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, and tricalcium phosphate, which are used as food additives and dietary supplements. Calcium phosphates are important for maintaining strong bones and teeth, and they also play a role in various physiological processes, such as nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction.

Uromodulin, also known as Tamm-Horsfall protein, is a glycoprotein that is primarily produced in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle in the kidney. It is the most abundant protein found in normal urine. Uromodulin plays a role in the protection of the urinary tract by preventing the formation of calcium oxalate and brushite crystals, which can lead to kidney stones. Additionally, it has been implicated in various renal diseases, including chronic kidney disease and kidney transplant rejection.

Magnesium compounds refer to substances that contain magnesium (an essential mineral) combined with other elements. These compounds are formed when magnesium atoms chemically bond with atoms of other elements. Magnesium is an alkaline earth metal and it readily forms stable compounds with various elements due to its electron configuration.

Examples of magnesium compounds include:

1. Magnesium oxide (MgO): Also known as magnesia, it is formed by combining magnesium with oxygen. It has a high melting point and is used in various applications such as refractory materials, chemical production, and agricultural purposes.
2. Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2): Often called milk of magnesia, it is a common antacid and laxative. It is formed by combining magnesium with hydroxide ions.
3. Magnesium chloride (MgCl2): This compound is formed when magnesium reacts with chlorine gas. It has various uses, including as a de-icing agent, a component in fertilizers, and a mineral supplement.
4. Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4): Also known as Epsom salts, it is formed by combining magnesium with sulfur and oxygen. It is used as a bath salt, a laxative, and a fertilizer.
5. Magnesium carbonate (MgCO3): This compound is formed when magnesium reacts with carbon dioxide. It has various uses, including as a fire retardant, a food additive, and a dietary supplement.

These are just a few examples of the many different magnesium compounds that exist. Each compound has its unique properties and applications based on the elements it is combined with.

Primary hyperoxaluria is a rare genetic disorder characterized by overproduction of oxalate in the body due to mutations in specific enzymes involved in oxalate metabolism. There are three types of primary hyperoxaluria (PH1, PH2, and PH3), with PH1 being the most common and severe form.

In primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1), there is a deficiency or dysfunction in the enzyme alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT), which leads to an accumulation of glyoxylate. Glyoxylate is then converted to oxalate, resulting in increased oxalate production. Oxalate is a compound that naturally occurs in the body but is primarily excreted through the kidneys. When there is an overproduction of oxalate, it can lead to the formation of calcium oxalate crystals in various tissues, including the kidneys. This can cause recurrent kidney stones, nephrocalcinosis (calcium deposits in the kidneys), and eventually chronic kidney disease or end-stage renal failure.

Primary hyperoxaluria type 2 (PH2) is caused by a deficiency or dysfunction in the enzyme glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase (GRHPR), leading to an accumulation of glyoxylate, which is subsequently converted to oxalate. PH2 has a milder clinical presentation compared to PH1.

Primary hyperoxaluria type 3 (PH3) is a rare form caused by mutations in the gene HOGA1, which encodes for 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate aldolase. This enzyme deficiency results in an increase in glyoxylate and, subsequently, oxalate production.

Early diagnosis and management of primary hyperoxaluria are crucial to prevent or slow down the progression of kidney damage. Treatment options include increased fluid intake, medications to reduce stone formation (such as potassium citrate), and in some cases, liver-kidney transplantation.

Calcium signaling is the process by which cells regulate various functions through changes in intracellular calcium ion concentrations. Calcium ions (Ca^2+^) are crucial second messengers that play a critical role in many cellular processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, gene expression, and programmed cell death (apoptosis).

Intracellular calcium levels are tightly regulated by a complex network of channels, pumps, and exchangers located on the plasma membrane and intracellular organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. These proteins control the influx, efflux, and storage of calcium ions within the cell.

Calcium signaling is initiated when an external signal, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, binds to a specific receptor on the plasma membrane. This interaction triggers the opening of ion channels, allowing extracellular Ca^2+^ to flow into the cytoplasm. In some cases, this influx of calcium ions is sufficient to activate downstream targets directly. However, in most instances, the increase in intracellular Ca^2+^ serves as a trigger for the release of additional calcium from internal stores, such as the ER.

The release of calcium from the ER is mediated by ryanodine receptors (RyRs) and inositol trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs), which are activated by specific second messengers generated in response to the initial external signal. The activation of these channels leads to a rapid increase in cytoplasmic Ca^2+^, creating a transient intracellular calcium signal known as a "calcium spark" or "calcium puff."

These localized increases in calcium concentration can then propagate throughout the cell as waves of elevated calcium, allowing for the spatial and temporal coordination of various cellular responses. The duration and amplitude of these calcium signals are finely tuned by the interplay between calcium-binding proteins, pumps, and exchangers, ensuring that appropriate responses are elicited in a controlled manner.

Dysregulation of intracellular calcium signaling has been implicated in numerous pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disorders, and cancer. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms governing calcium homeostasis and signaling is crucial for the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting these diseases.

Araceae is a family of flowering plants, also known as the arum or aroid family. It includes a diverse range of species, such as calla lilies, peace lilies, and jack-in-the-pulpit. These plants are characterized by their unique inflorescence structure, which consists of a specialized leaf-like structure called a spathe that surrounds and protects a spike-like structure called a spadix, where the flowers are located.

The flowers of Araceae plants are often small and inconspicuous, and may be surrounded by showy bracts or modified leaves. Many species in this family produce attractive berries or fruits that contain seeds. Some members of Araceae contain calcium oxalate crystals, which can cause irritation to the skin and mucous membranes if handled improperly.

Araceae plants are found worldwide, with a majority of species occurring in tropical regions. They are grown for their ornamental value, as well as for their edible fruits and tubers. Some species have medicinal uses, while others are invasive and can cause ecological damage in certain areas.

Hypercalciuria is a medical condition characterized by an excessive amount of calcium in the urine. It can occur when the body absorbs too much calcium from food, or when the bones release more calcium than usual. In some cases, it may be caused by certain medications, kidney disorders, or genetic factors.

Hypercalciuria can increase the risk of developing kidney stones and other kidney problems. It is often diagnosed through a 24-hour urine collection test that measures the amount of calcium in the urine. Treatment may include changes in diet, increased fluid intake, and medications to help reduce the amount of calcium in the urine.

Urine is a physiological excretory product that is primarily composed of water, urea, and various ions (such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and others) that are the byproducts of protein metabolism. It also contains small amounts of other substances like uric acid, creatinine, ammonia, and various organic compounds. Urine is produced by the kidneys through a process called urination or micturition, where it is filtered from the blood and then stored in the bladder until it is excreted from the body through the urethra. The color, volume, and composition of urine can provide important diagnostic information about various medical conditions.

Mucoproteins are a type of complex protein that contain covalently bound carbohydrate chains, also known as glycoproteins. They are found in various biological tissues and fluids, including mucous secretions, blood, and connective tissue. In mucous secretions, mucoproteins help to form a protective layer over epithelial surfaces, such as the lining of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, by providing lubrication, hydration, and protection against pathogens and environmental insults.

The carbohydrate chains in mucoproteins are composed of various sugars, including hexoses, hexosamines, and sialic acids, which can vary in length and composition depending on the specific protein. These carbohydrate chains play important roles in the structure and function of mucoproteins, such as modulating their solubility, stability, and interactions with other molecules.

Mucoproteins have been implicated in various physiological and pathological processes, including inflammation, immune response, and tissue repair. Abnormalities in the structure or function of mucoproteins have been associated with several diseases, such as mucopolysaccharidoses, a group of inherited metabolic disorders caused by deficiencies in enzymes that break down glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which are long, unbranched carbohydrate chains found in mucoproteins.

Apatite is a group of phosphate minerals, primarily consisting of fluorapatite, chlorapatite, and hydroxylapatite. They are important constituents of rocks and bones, and they have a wide range of applications in various industries. In the context of medicine, apatites are most notable for their presence in human teeth and bones.

Hydroxylapatite is the primary mineral component of tooth enamel, making up about 97% of its weight. It provides strength and hardness to the enamel, enabling it to withstand the forces of biting and chewing. Fluorapatite, a related mineral that contains fluoride ions instead of hydroxyl ions, is also present in tooth enamel and helps to protect it from acid erosion caused by bacteria and dietary acids.

Chlorapatite has limited medical relevance but can be found in some pathological calcifications in the body.

In addition to their natural occurrence in teeth and bones, apatites have been synthesized for various medical applications, such as bone graft substitutes, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering scaffolds. These synthetic apatites are biocompatible and can promote bone growth and regeneration, making them useful in dental and orthopedic procedures.

Urinary bladder calculi, also known as bladder stones, refer to the formation of solid mineral deposits within the urinary bladder. These calculi develop when urine becomes concentrated, allowing minerals to crystallize and stick together, forming a stone. Bladder stones can vary in size, ranging from tiny sand-like particles to larger ones that can occupy a significant portion of the bladder's volume.

Bladder stones typically form as a result of underlying urinary tract issues, such as bladder infection, enlarged prostate, nerve damage, or urinary retention. Symptoms may include lower abdominal pain, difficulty urinating, frequent urination, blood in the urine, and sudden, strong urges to urinate. If left untreated, bladder stones can lead to complications like urinary tract infections and kidney damage. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the stones or using other minimally invasive procedures to break them up and remove the fragments.

Calcium channels are specialized proteins that span the membrane of cells and allow calcium ions (Ca²+) to flow in and out of the cell. They are crucial for many physiological processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, hormone secretion, and gene expression.

There are several types of calcium channels, classified based on their biophysical and pharmacological properties. The most well-known are:

1. Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs): These channels are activated by changes in the membrane potential. They are further divided into several subtypes, including L-type, P/Q-type, N-type, R-type, and T-type. VGCCs play a critical role in excitation-contraction coupling in muscle cells and neurotransmitter release in neurons.
2. Receptor-operated calcium channels (ROCCs): These channels are activated by the binding of an extracellular ligand, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, to a specific receptor on the cell surface. ROCCs are involved in various physiological processes, including smooth muscle contraction and platelet activation.
3. Store-operated calcium channels (SOCCs): These channels are activated by the depletion of intracellular calcium stores, such as those found in the endoplasmic reticulum. SOCCs play a critical role in maintaining calcium homeostasis and signaling within cells.

Dysregulation of calcium channel function has been implicated in various diseases, including hypertension, arrhythmias, migraine, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, calcium channels are an important target for drug development and therapy.

Dietary calcium is a type of calcium that is obtained through food sources. Calcium is an essential mineral that is necessary for many bodily functions, including bone formation and maintenance, muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and blood clotting.

The recommended daily intake of dietary calcium varies depending on age, sex, and other factors. For example, the recommended daily intake for adults aged 19-50 is 1000 mg, while women over 50 and men over 70 require 1200 mg per day.

Good dietary sources of calcium include dairy products such as milk, cheese, and yogurt; leafy green vegetables like broccoli and kale; fortified cereals and juices; and certain types of fish, such as salmon and sardines. It is important to note that some foods can inhibit the absorption of calcium, including oxalates found in spinach and rhubarb, and phytates found in whole grains and legumes.

If a person is unable to get enough calcium through their diet, they may need to take calcium supplements. However, it is important to talk to a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen, as excessive intake of calcium can lead to negative health effects.

Osteopontin (OPN) is a phosphorylated glycoprotein that is widely distributed in many tissues, including bone, teeth, and mineralized tissues. It plays important roles in various biological processes such as bone remodeling, immune response, wound healing, and tissue repair. In the skeletal system, osteopontin is involved in the regulation of bone formation and resorption by modulating the activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. It also plays a role in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and cancer metastasis to bones. Osteopontin is considered a potential biomarker for various disease states, including bone turnover, cardiovascular disease, and cancer progression.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a type of electron microscopy that uses a focused beam of electrons to scan the surface of a sample and produce a high-resolution image. In SEM, a beam of electrons is scanned across the surface of a specimen, and secondary electrons are emitted from the sample due to interactions between the electrons and the atoms in the sample. These secondary electrons are then detected by a detector and used to create an image of the sample's surface topography. SEM can provide detailed images of the surface of a wide range of materials, including metals, polymers, ceramics, and biological samples. It is commonly used in materials science, biology, and electronics for the examination and analysis of surfaces at the micro- and nanoscale.

A jejunoileal bypass is a surgical procedure that was once used to treat morbid obesity, but it is now rarely performed due to the high risk of serious complications. This procedure involves dividing the small intestine into two parts: the proximal jejunum and the distal ileum. The proximal jejunum is then connected to the colon, bypassing a significant portion of the small intestine where nutrient absorption occurs.

The goal of this surgery was to reduce the amount of food and nutrients that could be absorbed, leading to weight loss. However, it was found that patients who underwent jejunoileal bypass were at risk for developing severe malnutrition, vitamin deficiencies, bone disease, kidney stones, and liver problems. Additionally, many patients experienced unpleasant side effects such as diarrhea, bloating, and foul-smelling stools. Due to these significant risks and limited benefits, jejunoileal bypass has largely been replaced by other weight loss surgeries such as gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy.

Citric acid is a weak organic acid that is widely found in nature, particularly in citrus fruits such as lemons and oranges. Its chemical formula is C6H8O7, and it exists in a form known as a tribasic acid, which means it can donate three protons in chemical reactions.

In the context of medical definitions, citric acid may be mentioned in relation to various physiological processes, such as its role in the Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle), which is a key metabolic pathway involved in energy production within cells. Additionally, citric acid may be used in certain medical treatments or therapies, such as in the form of citrate salts to help prevent the formation of kidney stones. It may also be used as a flavoring agent or preservative in various pharmaceutical preparations.

Glyoxylates are organic compounds that are intermediates in various metabolic pathways, including the glyoxylate cycle. The glyoxylate cycle is a modified version of the Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle) and is found in plants, bacteria, and some fungi.

Glyoxylates are formed from the breakdown of certain amino acids or from the oxidation of one-carbon units. They can be converted into glycine, an important amino acid involved in various metabolic processes. In the glyoxylate cycle, glyoxylates are combined with acetyl-CoA to form malate and succinate, which can then be used to synthesize glucose or other organic compounds.

Abnormal accumulation of glyoxylates in the body can lead to the formation of calcium oxalate crystals, which can cause kidney stones and other health problems. Certain genetic disorders, such as primary hyperoxaluria, can result in overproduction of glyoxylates and increased risk of kidney stone formation.

Potassium citrate is a medication and dietary supplement that contains potassium and citrate. Medically, it is used to treat and prevent kidney stones, as well as to manage metabolic acidosis in people with chronic kidney disease. Potassium citrate works by increasing the pH of urine, making it less acidic, which can help to dissolve certain types of kidney stones and prevent new ones from forming. It is also used as an alkalizing agent in the treatment of various conditions that cause acidosis.

In addition to its medical uses, potassium citrate is also found naturally in some fruits and vegetables, such as oranges, grapefruits, lemons, limes, and spinach. It is often used as a food additive and preservative, and can be found in a variety of processed foods and beverages.

It's important to note that taking too much potassium citrate can lead to high levels of potassium in the blood, which can be dangerous. Therefore, it is important to follow the dosage instructions carefully and talk to your doctor before taking this medication if you have any medical conditions or are taking any other medications.

Glycolates are a type of chemical compound that contain the group COOCH2, which is derived from glycolic acid. In a medical context, glycolates are often used in dental and medical materials as they can be biodegradable and biocompatible. For example, they may be used in controlled-release drug delivery systems or in bone cement. However, it's important to note that some glycolate compounds can also be toxic if ingested or otherwise introduced into the body in large amounts.

Nephrocalcinosis is a medical condition characterized by the deposition of calcium salts in the renal parenchyma, specifically within the tubular epithelial cells and interstitium of the kidneys. This process can lead to chronic inflammation, tissue damage, and ultimately impaired renal function if left untreated.

The condition is often associated with metabolic disorders such as hyperparathyroidism, distal renal tubular acidosis, or hyperoxaluria; medications like loop diuretics, corticosteroids, or calcineurin inhibitors; and chronic kidney diseases. The diagnosis of nephrocalcinosis is typically made through imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scan, or X-ray. Treatment usually involves addressing the underlying cause, modifying dietary habits, and administering medications to control calcium levels in the body.

Lithiasis is a medical term that refers to the formation of stones or calculi in various organs of the body. These stones can develop in the kidneys (nephrolithiasis), gallbladder (cholelithiasis), urinary bladder (cystolithiasis), or salivary glands (sialolithiasis). The stones are usually composed of minerals and organic substances, and their formation can be influenced by various factors such as diet, dehydration, genetic predisposition, and chronic inflammation. Lithiasis can cause a range of symptoms depending on the location and size of the stone, including pain, obstruction, infection, and damage to surrounding tissues. Treatment may involve medication, shock wave lithotripsy, or surgical removal of the stones.

Kidney tubules are the structural and functional units of the kidney responsible for reabsorption, secretion, and excretion of various substances. They are part of the nephron, which is the basic unit of the kidney's filtration and reabsorption process.

There are three main types of kidney tubules:

1. Proximal tubule: This is the initial segment of the kidney tubule that receives the filtrate from the glomerulus. It is responsible for reabsorbing approximately 65% of the filtrate, including water, glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes.
2. Loop of Henle: This U-shaped segment of the tubule consists of a thin descending limb, a thin ascending limb, and a thick ascending limb. The loop of Henle helps to concentrate urine by creating an osmotic gradient that allows water to be reabsorbed in the collecting ducts.
3. Distal tubule: This is the final segment of the kidney tubule before it empties into the collecting duct. It is responsible for fine-tuning the concentration of electrolytes and pH balance in the urine by selectively reabsorbing or secreting substances such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and hydrogen ions.

Overall, kidney tubules play a critical role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, regulating acid-base balance, and removing waste products from the body.

Calcium radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element calcium. An isotope is a variant of an element that has the same number of protons in its atoms but a different number of neutrons, resulting in different mass numbers. Calcium has several radioisotopes, including calcium-41, calcium-45, calcium-47, and calcium-49.

These radioisotopes are used in various medical applications, such as in diagnostic imaging and research. For example, calcium-45 is commonly used in bone scans to help diagnose conditions like fractures, tumors, or infections. When administered to the patient, the calcium-45 is taken up by the bones, and a special camera can detect the gamma rays emitted by the radioisotope, providing images of the skeleton.

Similarly, calcium-47 is used in research to study calcium metabolism and bone physiology. The short half-life and low energy of the radiation emitted by these radioisotopes make them relatively safe for medical use, with minimal risk of harm to patients. However, as with any medical procedure involving radiation, appropriate precautions must be taken to ensure safety and minimize exposure.

Polarized light microscopy is a type of microscopy that uses polarized light to enhance contrast and reveal unique optical properties in specimens. In this technique, a polarizing filter is placed under the light source, which polarizes the light as it passes through. The specimen is then illuminated with this linearly polarized light. As the light travels through the specimen, its plane of polarization may be altered due to birefringence, a property of certain materials that causes the light to split into two separate rays with different refractive indices.

A second polarizing filter, called an analyzer, is placed in the light path between the objective and the eyepiece. The orientation of this filter can be adjusted to either allow or block the transmission of light through the microscope. When the polarizer and analyzer are aligned perpendicularly, no light will pass through if the specimen does not exhibit birefringence. However, if the specimen has birefringent properties, it will cause the plane of polarization to rotate, allowing some light to pass through the analyzer and create a contrasting image.

Polarized light microscopy is particularly useful for observing structures in minerals, crystals, and certain biological materials like collagen fibers, muscle proteins, and starch granules. It can also be used to study stress patterns in plastics and other synthetic materials.

Trypsin inhibitor, Kunitz soybean, also known as Bowman-Birk inhibitor, is a type of protease inhibitor found in soybeans. It is a small protein molecule that inhibits the activity of trypsin, a digestive enzyme that helps break down proteins in the body. The Kunitz soybean trypsin inhibitor has two binding sites for trypsin and is resistant to digestion, making it biologically active in the gastrointestinal tract. It can inhibit the absorption of trypsin and regulate its activity, which may have implications for protein digestion and the regulation of certain physiological processes.

A kidney, in medical terms, is one of two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back region of the body. They are essential for maintaining homeostasis within the body by performing several crucial functions such as:

1. Regulation of water and electrolyte balance: Kidneys help regulate the amount of water and various electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and calcium in the bloodstream to maintain a stable internal environment.

2. Excretion of waste products: They filter waste products from the blood, including urea (a byproduct of protein metabolism), creatinine (a breakdown product of muscle tissue), and other harmful substances that result from normal cellular functions or external sources like medications and toxins.

3. Endocrine function: Kidneys produce several hormones with important roles in the body, such as erythropoietin (stimulates red blood cell production), renin (regulates blood pressure), and calcitriol (activated form of vitamin D that helps regulate calcium homeostasis).

4. pH balance regulation: Kidneys maintain the proper acid-base balance in the body by excreting either hydrogen ions or bicarbonate ions, depending on whether the blood is too acidic or too alkaline.

5. Blood pressure control: The kidneys play a significant role in regulating blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which constricts blood vessels and promotes sodium and water retention to increase blood volume and, consequently, blood pressure.

Anatomically, each kidney is approximately 10-12 cm long, 5-7 cm wide, and 3 cm thick, with a weight of about 120-170 grams. They are surrounded by a protective layer of fat and connected to the urinary system through the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Hydroxyproline is not a medical term per se, but it is a significant component in the medical field, particularly in the study of connective tissues and collagen. Here's a scientific definition:

Hydroxyproline is a modified amino acid that is formed by the post-translational modification of the amino acid proline in collagen and some other proteins. This process involves the addition of a hydroxyl group (-OH) to the proline residue, which alters its chemical properties and contributes to the stability and structure of collagen fibers. Collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body and is a crucial component of connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, skin, and bones. The presence and quantity of hydroxyproline can serve as a marker for collagen turnover and degradation, making it relevant to various medical and research contexts, including the study of diseases affecting connective tissues like osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.

"Calculi" is a medical term that refers to abnormal concretions or hard masses formed within the body, usually in hollow organs or cavities. These masses are typically composed of minerals such as calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, or magnesium ammonium phosphate, and can vary in size from tiny granules to large stones. The plural form of the Latin word "calculus" (meaning "pebble"), calculi are commonly known as "stones." They can occur in various locations within the body, including the kidneys, gallbladder, urinary bladder, and prostate gland. The presence of calculi can cause a range of symptoms, such as pain, obstruction, infection, or inflammation, depending on their size, location, and composition.

Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO3. It is a common substance found in rocks and in the shells of many marine animals. As a mineral, it is known as calcite or aragonite.

In the medical field, calcium carbonate is often used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency. It is also commonly used as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid and relieve symptoms of heartburn, acid reflux, and indigestion.

Calcium carbonate works by reacting with hydrochloric acid in the stomach to form water, carbon dioxide, and calcium chloride. This reaction helps to raise the pH level in the stomach and neutralize excess acid.

It is important to note that excessive use of calcium carbonate can lead to hypercalcemia, a condition characterized by high levels of calcium in the blood, which can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, constipation, confusion, and muscle weakness. Therefore, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.

Uric acid is a chemical compound that is formed when the body breaks down purines, which are substances that are found naturally in certain foods such as steak, organ meats and seafood, as well as in our own cells. After purines are broken down, they turn into uric acid and then get excreted from the body in the urine.

However, if there is too much uric acid in the body, it can lead to a condition called hyperuricemia. High levels of uric acid can cause gout, which is a type of arthritis that causes painful swelling and inflammation in the joints, especially in the big toe. Uric acid can also form crystals that can collect in the kidneys and lead to kidney stones.

It's important for individuals with gout or recurrent kidney stones to monitor their uric acid levels and follow a treatment plan prescribed by their healthcare provider, which may include medications to lower uric acid levels and dietary modifications.

Dura Mater: The tough, outer membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord.

Hydroxyapatite: A naturally occurring mineral form of calcium apatite, also known as dahllite, with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH), is the primary mineral component of biological apatites found in bones and teeth.

Therefore, "Durapatite" isn't a recognized medical term, but it seems like it might be a combination of "dura mater" and "hydroxyapatite." If you meant to ask about a material used in medical or dental applications that combines properties of both dura mater and hydroxyapatite, please provide more context.

A percutaneous nephrostomy is a medical procedure in which a tube (catheter) is inserted through the skin into the kidney to drain urine. "Percutaneous" means that the procedure is performed through the skin. The term "nephrostomy" refers specifically to the creation of an opening into the kidney.

This procedure is typically performed under local anesthesia and imaging guidance, such as ultrasound or fluoroscopy, to ensure accurate placement of the catheter. It may be used in cases where there is a blockage in the urinary tract that prevents the normal flow of urine, such as a kidney stone or tumor. By creating a nephrostomy, urine can be drained from the kidney, helping to alleviate pressure and prevent further complications.

Percutaneous nephrostomy is generally a safe procedure, but like any medical intervention, it carries some risks. These may include bleeding, infection, injury to surrounding organs, or failure to properly place the catheter. Patients who undergo this procedure will typically require follow-up care to manage the catheter and monitor their kidney function.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nafronyl" does not appear to be a recognized term in medical terminology or pharmacology. It is possible that there may be a spelling error or typo in the term you are looking for. If you have more information or context about where this term was used, I'd be happy to help you try and find the correct definition.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sargassum" is not a medical term. It refers to a type of brown seaweed or macroalgae that floats in the ocean and forms large floating mats. The two main species are Sargassum natans and Sargassum fluitans. These seaweeds are named after the Sargasso Sea, a region in the Atlantic Ocean known for its dense population of Sargassum. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help!

Alpha-globulins are a group of proteins present in blood plasma, which are classified based on their electrophoretic mobility. They migrate between albumin and beta-globulins during electrophoresis. Alpha-globulins include several proteins, such as alpha-1 antitrypsin, alpha-1 acid glycoprotein, and haptoglobin. These proteins play various roles in the body, including transporting and regulating other molecules, participating in immune responses, and maintaining oncotic pressure in blood vessels.

Citrates are the salts or esters of citric acid, a weak organic acid that is naturally found in many fruits and vegetables. In a medical context, citrates are often used as a buffering agent in intravenous fluids to help maintain the pH balance of blood and other bodily fluids. They are also used in various medical tests and treatments, such as in urine alkalinization and as an anticoagulant in kidney dialysis solutions. Additionally, citrate is a component of some dietary supplements and medications.

Calcium chloride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CaCl2. It is a white, odorless, and tasteless solid that is highly soluble in water. Calcium chloride is commonly used as a de-icing agent, a desiccant (drying agent), and a food additive to enhance texture and flavor.

In medical terms, calcium chloride can be used as a medication to treat hypocalcemia (low levels of calcium in the blood) or hyperkalemia (high levels of potassium in the blood). It is administered intravenously and works by increasing the concentration of calcium ions in the blood, which helps to regulate various physiological processes such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and blood clotting.

However, it is important to note that calcium chloride can have adverse effects if not used properly or in excessive amounts. It can cause tissue irritation, cardiac arrhythmias, and other serious complications. Therefore, its use should be monitored carefully by healthcare professionals.

Calcium isotopes refer to variants of the chemical element calcium (ca) that have different numbers of neutrons in their atomic nuclei, and therefore differ in their atomic masses while having the same number of protons. The most common and stable calcium isotope is Calcium-40, which contains 20 protons and 20 neutrons. However, calcium has several other isotopes, including Calcium-42, Calcium-43, Calcium-44, and Calcium-46 to -52, each with different numbers of neutrons. Some of these isotopes are radioactive and decay over time. The relative abundances of calcium isotopes can vary in different environments and can provide information about geological and biological processes.

A cystostomy is a surgical procedure that creates an opening through the wall of the bladder to allow urine to drain out. This opening, or stoma, is usually connected to a external collection device, such as a bag or a tube. The purpose of a cystostomy is to provide a stable and reliable way for urine to leave the body when a person is unable to urinate naturally due to injury, illness, or other medical conditions that affect bladder function.

There are several types of cystostomies, including temporary and permanent procedures. A temporary cystostomy may be performed as a short-term solution while a patient recovers from surgery or an injury, or when a person is unable to urinate temporarily due to an obstruction in the urinary tract. In these cases, the cystostomy can be closed once the underlying issue has been resolved.

A permanent cystostomy may be recommended for individuals who have irreversible bladder damage or dysfunction, such as those with spinal cord injuries, neurological disorders, or certain types of cancer. In these cases, a cystostomy can help improve quality of life by allowing for regular and reliable urinary drainage, reducing the risk of complications like urinary tract infections and kidney damage.

It's important to note that a cystostomy is a significant surgical procedure that carries risks and potential complications, such as bleeding, infection, and injury to surrounding tissues. As with any surgery, it's essential to discuss the benefits and risks of a cystostomy with a healthcare provider to determine whether it's the right option for an individual's specific medical needs.

Phosphorus is an essential mineral that is required by every cell in the body for normal functioning. It is a key component of several important biomolecules, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the primary source of energy for cells, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which are the genetic materials in cells.

Phosphorus is also a major constituent of bones and teeth, where it combines with calcium to provide strength and structure. In addition, phosphorus plays a critical role in various metabolic processes, including energy production, nerve impulse transmission, and pH regulation.

The medical definition of phosphorus refers to the chemical element with the atomic number 15 and the symbol P. It is a highly reactive non-metal that exists in several forms, including white phosphorus, red phosphorus, and black phosphorus. In the body, phosphorus is primarily found in the form of organic compounds, such as phospholipids, phosphoproteins, and nucleic acids.

Abnormal levels of phosphorus in the body can lead to various health problems. For example, high levels of phosphorus (hyperphosphatemia) can occur in patients with kidney disease or those who consume large amounts of phosphorus-rich foods, and can contribute to the development of calcification of soft tissues and cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, low levels of phosphorus (hypophosphatemia) can occur in patients with malnutrition, vitamin D deficiency, or alcoholism, and can lead to muscle weakness, bone pain, and an increased risk of infection.

"Tribulus" is a common name that can refer to several plants in the Tribulis genus, but the one that is often used in the context of medical or supplement discussion is Tribulus terrestris. Here's a brief medical definition:

Tribulus terrestris: A plant species native to tropical and temperate regions worldwide, whose extracts are used in dietary supplements. It contains various steroidal saponins, the most notable being protodioscin, which can be converted into dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in the body. Some proponents claim it may have benefits for sexual function and sports performance, although scientific evidence is limited and inconclusive.

Please note that the use of Tribulus terrestris supplements may interact with certain medications and medical conditions, and it's important to consult a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.

Calcium is an essential mineral that is vital for various physiological processes in the human body. The medical definition of calcium is as follows:

Calcium (Ca2+) is a crucial cation and the most abundant mineral in the human body, with approximately 99% of it found in bones and teeth. It plays a vital role in maintaining structural integrity, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, hormonal secretion, blood coagulation, and enzyme activation.

Calcium homeostasis is tightly regulated through the interplay of several hormones, including parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D. Dietary calcium intake, absorption, and excretion are also critical factors in maintaining optimal calcium levels in the body.

Hypocalcemia refers to low serum calcium levels, while hypercalcemia indicates high serum calcium levels. Both conditions can have detrimental effects on various organ systems and require medical intervention to correct.

Anion transport proteins are specialized membrane transport proteins that facilitate the movement of negatively charged ions, known as anions, across biological membranes. These proteins play a crucial role in maintaining ionic balance and regulating various physiological processes within the body.

There are several types of anion transport proteins, including:

1. Cl-/HCO3- exchangers (also known as anion exchangers or band 3 proteins): These transporters facilitate the exchange of chloride (Cl-) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions across the membrane. They are widely expressed in various tissues, including the red blood cells, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys, where they help regulate pH, fluid balance, and electrolyte homeostasis.
2. Sulfate permeases: These transporters facilitate the movement of sulfate ions (SO42-) across membranes. They are primarily found in the epithelial cells of the kidneys, intestines, and choroid plexus, where they play a role in sulfur metabolism and absorption.
3. Cl- channels: These proteins form ion channels that allow chloride ions to pass through the membrane. They are involved in various physiological processes, such as neuronal excitability, transepithelial fluid transport, and cell volume regulation.
4. Cation-chloride cotransporters: These transporters move both cations (positively charged ions) and chloride anions together across the membrane. They are involved in regulating neuronal excitability, cell volume, and ionic balance in various tissues.

Dysfunction of anion transport proteins has been implicated in several diseases, such as cystic fibrosis (due to mutations in the CFTR Cl- channel), distal renal tubular acidosis (due to defects in Cl-/HCO3- exchangers), and some forms of epilepsy (due to abnormalities in cation-chloride cotransporters).

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Microcomputers" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. Microcomputers are small computers with a microprocessor as the central processing unit. They are widely used in various settings, including healthcare, to perform tasks such as data management, analysis, and patient record keeping. However, the term itself does not have a specific medical connotation. If you have any questions related to technology use in healthcare, I'd be happy to try to help with those!

Calcium and oxalate in the diet play a part but are not the only factors that affect the formation of calcium oxalate stones. ... Calcium oxalate (in archaic terminology, oxalate of lime) is a calcium salt of oxalic acid with the chemical formula CaC2O4 or ... The basicity of calcium oxalate is weaker than that of sodium oxalate, due to its lower solubility in water. Solid calcium ... Calcium oxalate is a combination of calcium ions and the conjugate base of oxalic acid, the oxalate anion. Its aqueous ...
The plant contains calcium oxalate crystals, making it unpalatable. Indigenous peoples of the Americas used most parts of the ... "Calcium Oxalate Stones". National Kidney Foundation. 2016-05-16. Retrieved 2018-11-28. Jepson Manual Treatment Information from ... The non-reproductive structures of Peltandra virginica are known to contain calcium oxalate crystals, that can irritate the ...
Calcium oxalate urolithiasis. A stone that crystallizes in the bladder and kidney. Corneal sequestrum. A necrosis of the cornea ...
Calcium sulfate (anhydrite, hemihydrate, gypsum); Calcium oxalate (e.g., beerstone); Barium sulfate (barite); Magnesium ... calcium carbonate or calcium sulfate) Particulate fouling, i.e., accumulation of particles, typically colloidal particles, on a ... Calcium sulfate is a common precipitation foulant of heating surfaces due to its retrograde solubility. Precipitation fouling ... For example, calcium sulfate decreases its solubility with decreasing pressure. This can lead to precipitation fouling of ...
Calcium oxalate Druse Plant defense against herbivory Webb, M. A. (1999). "Cell-Mediated Crystallization of Calcium Oxalate in ... Many plants accumulate calcium oxalate crystals in response to surplus calcium, which is found throughout the natural ... are needle-shaped crystals of calcium oxalate monohydrate (prismatic monoclinic crystals) or calcium carbonate as aragonite ( ... In one study of over 100 species, it was found that calcium oxalate accounted for 6.3% of plant dry weight. Crystal morphology ...
Oxalate is the anion of a salt of oxalic acid; oxalotrophs often consume calcium oxalate. Oxalotrophic bacteria are often ... Oxalotrophic bacteria are bacteria capable of using oxalate as their sole source of carbon and energy. ... the oxalate-carbonate pathway as a model for metabolic interaction". Environmental Microbiology. 14 (11): 2960-70. doi:10.1111/ ...
1995). Calcium oxalate in biological systems. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-7673-4. Inoue, Atsushi; Komeda, Hidenobu; ... Xanthobacter flavus has the ability to degrade phenol, oxalate and 1,4-dichlorobenzene. LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de Straininfo of ...
The crystals are calcium oxalate dihydrate that have the crystalline structure of a pyramid, and are arranged singly or in ... 1995). Calcium Oxalate in Biological Systems. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 72. ISBN 0-8493-7673-4. Sunhede, 1989, p. 209. Demoulin ...
G. berkeleyi can be distinguished from other species of Geastrum by the flat bipyramidal shape of the calcium oxalate crystals ... Krisai, I; Mrazek, Ernst (September 1986). "Calcium oxalate crystals in Geastrum". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 154 (3-4): ...
... and clusters of calcium oxalate crystals. It is native to China, Pakistan, Russia, Turkestan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. It is ...
The mesophyll leaks calcium oxalate crystals. The minor leaf veins do not present phloem transfer cells and leaks vessels. ...
This plant contains calcium oxalate crystals. After ingestion, a dog may have a hard time swallowing and begin drooling or ...
The bark contains calcium oxalate crystals.[citation needed] It is a very common feature of hedgerows and scrubland in Britain ...
The toxic principle is calcium oxalate. It has heart-shaped, dark green leaves that generally grow 2″ to 3" across with white ...
According to OSHA, magnesium oxalate is considered to be hazardous. Calcium oxalate Oxalic acid "Oxalates-Compound Summary". ... Magnesium oxalate is an organic compound comprising a magnesium cation with a 2+ charge bonded to an oxalate anion. It has the ... Gadala, Ahmed (1984). "Kinetics of the Decomposition of Hydrated Oxalates of Calcium and Magnesium in Air". Thermochimica Acta ... Magnesium oxalate can by synthesized by combining a magnesium salt or ion with an oxalate. Mg2+ + C2O42− → MgC2O4 A specific ...
Calcium oxalate (Ca(COO)2, CaOx) crystals are found in algae, angiosperms and gymnosperms in a total of more than 215 families ... A druse is a group of crystals of calcium oxalate, silicates, or carbonates present in plants, and are thought to be a defense ... Arnott HJ, Webb MA (1983). "Twin crystals of calcium oxalate in the seed coat of the kidney bean". Protoplasma. 114 (1): 23-34 ... A number of biochemical pathways for calcium oxalate biomineralization in plants have been proposed. Among these are the ...
It also contains abundant calcium oxalate crystals. The upper surface of the lichen is covered with numerous conical areolae, ... calcium oxalate crystals, and the type of photobiont. Other genera in the family Gomphillaceae, such as Gyalideopsis and ...
Calcium-oxalate crystals are predominantly prismatic crystals and druses type. Powder microscopical examination showed presence ... Calcium oxalate crystals were predominantly prismatic type. Powder microscopical examination showed presence of xylem ...
The calcium oxalate crystals produce a peppery flavor. If the plant is sliced then dried it can be eaten like potato chips or ... The plant contains calcium oxalate crystals as raphides in all parts, and because of this, consumption of the raw plant ... The taste of the oxalate would not be detectable because of the flavored meat, but consuming the meat reportedly caused their ...
Calcium oxalate raphides are present in different organs. Diploid Bomarea species have one chromosome pair more (2n=18) than ...
... is an excessive urinary excretion of oxalate. Individuals with hyperoxaluria often have calcium oxalate kidney ... In these cases, hyperoxaluria is caused by excessive gastrointestinal oxalate absorption. Excessive intake of oxalate- ... and should be treated by limiting dietary oxalate and providing calcium supplementation. A child with primary hyperoxaluria was ... Type I primary hyperoxaluria (PH1) is associated mutations in the gene encoding AGXT, a key enzyme involved in oxalate ...
Crystals of calcium oxalate are in the leaf mesophyll. Most species are cyanogenetic. Protocyanidins, flavonols, saponins, ...
In kidney stones, calcium oxalate is the most common mineral type (see Nephrolithiasis). Uric acid is the second most common ... but an in vitro study showed uric acid stones and crystals can promote the formation of calcium oxalate stones. Stones can ... "Uric Acid as Inducer of Calcium Oxalate Crystal Development". Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. 41 (1): 26-31. ... Principal compositions include oxalate and urate. Calculi of the gallbladder and bile ducts are called gallstones and are ...
These pustules are filled with crystals of calcium oxalate. The species contains atranorin and roccellic acid, which are lichen ...
... plants are poisonous due to calcium oxalate crystals. The sap is irritating to the skin and eyes. Like other aroids, ...
... s of calcium oxalate may function as a deterrent to herbivores, as a means of sequestering or storing calcium, or as a ... The most common substance for crystal is calcium oxalate, a common product from calcium abundance in plants. Avocado isoblasts ... Araceae produce calcium oxalate raphides for defense against herbivores. When damaged, sap from the plant of saliva from the ... Some can contain mineral crystals such as acrid tasting and poisonous calcium oxalate, carbonate, or silica. Any of the tissue ...
... plants are poisonous due to calcium oxalate crystals. If ingested they cause irritation of the mucous membranes, and ...
The tissue of the stem also contains idioblasts with calcium oxalate crystals and drusen. The stem also contains secretory ... The twig tissues contain sharp crystals of calcium oxalate. Contact with the plant, especially its accidental damage, can cause ...
The toxicity of oxalic acid is due to kidney failure caused by precipitation of solid calcium oxalate. Oxalate is known to ... Most kidney stones, 76%, are composed of calcium oxalate. ^a Unless otherwise cited, all measurements are based on raw ... Rhubarb leaves contain about 0.5% oxalic acid, and jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum) contains calcium oxalate crystals. ... The formation of naturally occurring calcium oxalate patinas on certain limestone and marble statues and monuments has been ...
These pruina contain weddellite, a mineral form of calcium oxalate. There are distinct pseudocyphellae at the margins of the ... calcium oxalate dihydrate, in Pyxine subcinerea". The Lichenologist. 33 (3): 261-266. doi:10.1006/lich.2001.0321. S2CID ...
In studies with rats, calcium supplements given along with foods high in oxalic acid can cause calcium oxalate to precipitate ... Many metal ions form insoluble precipitates with oxalate, a prominent example being calcium oxalate, the primary constituent of ... "oxalate(2−) (CHEBI:30623)". www.ebi.ac.uk. Retrieved 2 January 2019. oxalate(2−) (CHEBI:30623) is conjugate base of oxalate(1 ... "Solubility of calcium oxalate in the presence of magnesium ions, and solubility of magnesium oxalate in sodium chloride medium ...
Calcium and oxalate in the diet play a part but are not the only factors that affect the formation of calcium oxalate stones. ... Calcium oxalate (in archaic terminology, oxalate of lime) is a calcium salt of oxalic acid with the chemical formula CaC2O4 or ... The basicity of calcium oxalate is weaker than that of sodium oxalate, due to its lower solubility in water. Solid calcium ... Calcium oxalate is a combination of calcium ions and the conjugate base of oxalic acid, the oxalate anion. Its aqueous ...
Dictionary Definition: calcium oxalate stone. calcium oxalate stone. A kidney stone made from calcium and oxalate.. ...
CALCIUM OXALATE STONE DISEASES RELEASE DATE: January 30, 2003 PA NUMBER: PA-03-065 March 2, 2006 (NOT-OD-06-046) - Effective ... The second, "Hereditary Calcium Oxalate Stone Disease Registry Planning Meeting," discussed the need to establish a high- ... o development of new or improved animal models for the study of human hereditary and idiopathic calcium oxalate stone diseases ... The majority of urinary tract stones are composed of calcium oxalate. Genetic studies have identified a small group of ...
Study on the effect of Zamzam water on calcium oxalate nephrotoxicity in rats. Findings suggest it may prevent kidney stone ... Inhibition of calcium oxalate nephrotoxicity with Zamzam water () Saeed S. Al-Ghamdi Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology ... Calcium oxalate crystals were induced by orally administration of 200 mg of glycolic acid dissolved in the drinking water. The ... Al-Ghamdi, S. (2012) Inhibition of calcium oxalate nephrotoxicity with Zamzam water. Open Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2, 67 ...
The calcium in whewellite has replaced the hydrogens in the oxalic acid by the following reaction with calcium hydroxide: H2C2O ... This reaction produces molecules of hydrated calcium oxalate (whewellite if in crystalline form) and water. The oxalic acid is ... a fairly stable molecule as organic chemicals go and the calcium hydroxide can be produced in basic ground water or in ...
The changes in urinary crystal properties in patients with calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi after oral administration of ... J. M. Ouyang, X. Q. Yao, Z. X. Su, and F. Z. Cui, "Simulation of calcium oxalate stone in vitro," Science in China B, vol. 46, ... Concave Urinary Crystallines: Direct Evidence of Calcium Oxalate Crystals Dissolution by Citrate In Vivo. Yun-Feng Shang. ,1,2 ... S. Zhang, Z.-X. Su, X.-Q. Yao, H. Peng, S.-P. Deng, and J.-M. Ouyang, "Mediation of calcium oxalate crystal growth on human ...
Articles investigating the relationship between macrophages and urolithiasis, particularly calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones, were ... Articles investigating the relationship between macrophages and urolithiasis, particularly calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones, were ... AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor; AR, androgen receptor; CaOx, calcium oxalate; COM, calcium oxalate monohydrate; CSF-1, colony ... cultured with calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals. Red, phalloidin; Green: calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals; Blue, nucleus ...
In addition, calcium oxalate influences the composition and function of the renal epithelial cell membrane. Calcium oxalate ... Contribution of Dietary Oxalate and Oxalate Precursors to Urinary Oxalate Excretion. Crivelli JJ, Mitchell T, Knight J, Wood KD ... Probiotics in the Prevention of the Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis Paulina Wigner 1 , Michał Bijak 2 , Joanna Saluk-Bijak 1 ... Probiotics in the Prevention of the Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis Paulina Wigner et al. Cells. 2022. . ...
Calcium oxalate URSS was highest in the acidifying diet group and lowest in the alkalinizing diet group; struvite URSS was not ... Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Urinary undersaturation with calcium oxalate was achieved by inducing alkaluria. Feeding an ... Bone mineral density and calcium content were not adversely affected by diet; therefore, release of calcium from bone caused by ... with calcium oxalate and struvite in healthy cats. Animals-6 castrated male and 6 spayed female cats. Procedures-3 groups of 4 ...
Elongation factor Tu on Escherichia coli isolated from urine of kidney stone patients promotes calcium oxalate crystal growth ... Calcium. 20 Ca 40.078000000 Calcium See more Calcium products. Calcium (atomic symbol: Ca, atomic number: 20) is a Block S, ... The calcium atom has a radius of 197 pm and a Van der Waals radius of 231 pm. Calcium was discovered and first isolated by Sir ... Escherichia coli is the most common bacterium isolated from urine and stone matrix of calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone formers. ...
Youre referring to calcium ferric oxalate but I believe that that is soluble, otherwise using ammonium ferric oxalate to ... A puzzle about the precipitation of calcium oxalate. I am puzzled about something that occurs when I precipitate calcium ... Suppose the precipitate is not actually calcium oxalate. Is it possible that the calcium and ammonium ions simply swap over to ... The suggestion that ferric hydroxide or oxalate might inhibit the growth of calcium oxalate crystals in some way is interesting ...
Basic Calcium Phosphate Crystal Deposition Disease and Calcium Oxalate Crystal Deposition Disease - Etiology, pathophysiology, ... Calcium oxalate crystal deposition disease Calcium oxalate crystal deposition is extremely rare. It occurs most often in ... Monosodium urate Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate Basic calcium phosphate (apatite) Rarely, others such as calcium oxalate ... Treatment of calcium oxalate crystal deposition disease is the same as that for calcium pyrophosphate arthritis (CPPD crystal ...
Calcium Oxalate. Found in many genera of plants, calcium oxalate is a water-insoluble salt that forms bundles of needlelike ... Agave. Agave spp are laden with calcium oxalate raphides and saponins. A single droplet (0.03 mL) of juice extracted from the ... Some cacti, such as Cephalocereus senilis, contain up to 85% calcium oxalate by dry weight.[2] CICD from plants in the ... The crystals are believed to be more irritant when longer than 180 µm.[21] The raphides of calcium oxalate have been classified ...
THREE ESSENTIALS TO REDUCE CALCIUM STONES AND PRESERVE BONE. by Dr Fredric Coe , Feb 18, 2020 , For Doctors, For Patients, For ... Put to actual use they let you prevent idiopathic calcium stones and preserve bone mineral. If you do not want to read the ...
Canine Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis: Applying New Mechanistic Insight to Clinical Management Eva Furrow. VMD, PhD, DACVIM. May ...
Calcium is a very important mineral for your horse, especially if grazing NZ Kikuyu. Learn why your horse needs it. ... Oxalate Grass Conditions In New Zealand the most common oxalate grass is Kikuyu. It has been established that oxalate grasses ... Overfeeding calcium is detrimental to the horse as it blows out the all-important calcium/phosphorus ratio and it reduces the ... High calcium can create ulcers. Also osteochondritis is a possibility if the calcium is high and the phosphorus not increased, ...
Specific diets for patients with oxalate stones.. A list of allowed foods for patients with oxalate stones.. A list of ... 1. DIETA PARA PACIENTE CON CÁLCULOS DE OXALATO DE CALCIO 2. NUTRIENTES 3. CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA DIETA 4. DIETAS. 5. CONSEJO. 6 ... Everything you need to know about nutrition for the oxalate stone patient.. by a world authority in Canine Nutrition. ... A list of ortho molecular nutrients (vitamins) to buy (and photos), very necessary in patients with oxalate stones.. General ...
Amaranthusanatomyappleapplesarracachaautophagyautophagy-related genesautophagy.related genesbeechbeechnutcalcium oxalate ...
... tips and information regarding kidney health and calcium oxalate crystal stones ... Filed Under: Kidney Calcium Oxalate Protector (COP). Tagged With: calcium oxalate crystal ,calcium oxalate crystal growth , ... Filed Under: Calcium Oxalate Diet. Tagged With: kidney stone diet chart ,Reduction diet for calcium oxalate stone. ... Top 6 Best Drinks for Calcium Oxalate Crystal Challenges Read More ». Filed Under: Calcium Oxalate Diet. Tagged With: drinks ...
Magnesium Citrate binding with calcium forms urine soluble molecules and produces fewer non soluble calcium oxalate crystals** ... New PATENTED Breakthrough KIDNEY FORMULA - 99% REDUCTION of CALCIUM OXALATE STONE Crystals** It is FIVE times stronger than ... It is so effective at REDUCING CALCIUM OXALATE KIDNEY CRYSTAL GROWTH, it has been awarded multiple patents. Kidney COP works by ... Be the first to review "Kidney COP Calcium Oxalate Protector 120 Capsules" Cancel reply. Review our product to get a chance to ...
Calcium Oxalate Crystals in Thai Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth Stems and Leaves Article Sidebar. pdf ... L. Kuo-Huang, M.S.B. Ku, V.R. Franceschi, Correlation between calcium oxalate crystal and photosynthetic activities in palisade ... V.R. Franceschi, P.A. Nakata, Calcium oxalate in plants: formation and function, Annual Review Plant Biology., Vol. 56, 41-71 ( ... Y. Paopun, P. Thanomchat, S. Seraphin, Nanocrystals of calcium oxalate in sweet basil leaves, Proceedings of the 8th Asian ...
Learn about Low Oxalate Foods to enjoy and High Oxalate Foods to avoid to help stop the formation of Calcium Oxalate Kidney ... High Oxalate Foods ,Low Oxalate Foods. Tagged With: high oxalate kidney stone diet ,kidney calcium oxalate ,kidney oxalate , ... The high oxalates in some foods can lead to these oxalates bonding with calcium to form calcium oxalate crystals in the kidneys ... Its thought that sodium elevates the calcium in urine. This can lead to more calcium binding with oxalate to form calcium ...
Most kidney stones (~80%) are calcium stones, and the majority of those are primarily composed of calcium oxalate. Oxalate (C2O ... They found that urinary supersaturation of calcium oxalate (a measure of tendency to form calcium oxalate stones) was decreased ... High concentrations of calcium in the urine combine with oxalate and phosphorus to form stones. Reducing sodium intake is ... Is there any evidence that diet factors play a big role in the creation of calcium oxalate kidney stones? Some doctors and ...
The normal upper level of urinary oxalate excretion is 40 mg (440 µmol) in 24 hours. Men have a slightly higher normal value ( ... If not for oxalates high affinity for calcium and the low solubility of calcium oxalate, oxalate and oxalate metabolism would ... Oxalate, which is soluble, complexes with calcium to form calcium oxalate, which is insoluble. Calcium oxalate crystallizes and ... Effect of dietary oxalate and calcium on urinary oxalate and risk of formation of calcium oxalate kidney stones. J Am Diet ...
The form, shape and occurrence of calcium oxalate crystals in plants are species- and tissue-specific, hence the presence or ... p>Calcium oxalate crystals in higher plants occur in five major forms namely raphides, styloids, prisms, druses and crystal ... Calcium oxalate crystals,. Dioscorea polystachya,. Light microscopy,. Raphides,. Scanning electron microscopy,. Yams. ... New and unusual forms of calcium oxalate raphide crystals in the plant kingdom ...
Dietary oxalate intake and endogenous production of oxalate are important in the pathophysiology of calcium oxalate stone ... The impact of dietary oxalate intake on urinary oxalate excre … ... and the most common stone composition is calcium oxalate. ... Keywords: calcium oxalate; dietary oxalate; kidney stones; metabolism; nephrolithiasis; oxalate; oxalate synthesis; ... Dietary oxalate intake and endogenous production of oxalate are important in the pathophysiology of calcium oxalate stone ...
... by complexing with calcium, decreases calcium ion activity and thus the saturation of calcium oxalate. Citrate also inhibits ... 1.2 Hypocitraturic calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis of any etiology 1.3 Uric acid lithiasis with or without calcium stones 2 ... 14.2 Hypocitraturic calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis of any etiology 14.3 Uric acid lithiasis with or without calcium stones 16 ... 14.2 Hypocitraturic calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis of any etiology. Eighty-nine patients with hypocitraturic calcium ...
Specific Adsorption Of Osteopontin And Synthetic Polypetides To Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Crystals. ...
Calcium oxalate Where Found. Jack-in-the-pulpit plants are found in North America in wetlands and moist, wooded areas. ...
Here the authors show that an optimized oligo(ethylene glycol) derivative of inositol phosphate interferes with calcium ... while not causing toxicity related to serum calcium chelation. The data suggest a mechanism of action independent of the ... Boosting inhibition performance of natural polyphenols for the prevention of calcium oxalate kidney stones through synergistic ... and calcium content was expressed as mg of calcium per g of dry tissue. Qualitative staining for calcium by the von Kossa ...
  • Insoluble calcium oxalate crystals are found in plant stems, roots, and leaves and produced in idioblasts. (wikipedia.org)
  • Calcium oxalate crystals in the urine are the most common constituent of human kidney stones, and calcium oxalate crystal formation is also one of the toxic effects of ethylene glycol poisoning. (wikipedia.org)
  • Calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals are octahedral. (wikipedia.org)
  • Calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals vary in shape, and can be shaped like dumbbells, spindles, ovals, or picket fences, the last of which is most commonly seen due to ethylene glycol poisoning. (wikipedia.org)
  • Urine microscopy showing calcium oxalate crystals in the urine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Urinary sediment showing several calcium oxalate crystals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Calcium oxalate crystals were induced by orally administration of 200 mg of glycolic acid dissolved in the drinking water. (scirp.org)
  • Moreover, urine analysis showed a high density of calcium oxalate crystals in the positive control group, whereas no crystals were detected in the negative control and the test groups. (scirp.org)
  • I concluded from this study that Zamzam water prevents the formation calcium oxalate stone, which probably mean that it has no negative effect on patients suffering from kidney disorders due to crystals formation. (scirp.org)
  • Renal calculi mainly contain calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Chemically speaking, CaOx calculi formation is closely related to with the following factors: high concentration of calcium and oxalate in urine, nucleation, growth and aggregation of CaOx crystals, and adhesion of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) to renal tubular epithelial cells [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Renal function, mineral and lipid metabolism, inflammatory processes, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance can cause calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals to develop ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Because these ultramicroscopic crystals are nonacidic calcium phosphates, the term basic calcium phosphate (BCP) is much more precise than apatite . (msdmanuals.com)
  • Clumped crystals can usually be identified only with special calcium stains or transmission electron microscopy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Found in many genera of plants, calcium oxalate is a water-insoluble salt that forms bundles of needlelike crystals called raphides. (medscape.com)
  • However, if dust containing calcium oxalate crystals from the bulbs penetrates clothing, the eruption can become more generalized and extensive. (medscape.com)
  • It is also noteworthy that splashes of plant tissue juice or the transfer of raphides from the hands to the eyes cause immediate severe pain, lacrimation, and blepharospasm as large numbers of calcium oxalate crystals penetrate the cornea. (medscape.com)
  • New PATENTED Breakthrough KIDNEY FORMULA - 99% REDUCTION of CALCIUM OXALATE STONE Crystals** It is FIVE times stronger than Chanca Piedra or Stone Breaker supplements. (florenmolamarts.com)
  • EDS spectra and X-ray maps show that the crystals were composed primarily of calcium and oxygen. (tci-thaijo.org)
  • Seraphin, S. Calcium Oxalate Crystals in Thai Peperomia Pellucida (L.) Kunth Stems and Leaves. (tci-thaijo.org)
  • Which are the high oxalate foods that form calcium oxalate crystals? (kidneycop.com)
  • The high oxalates in some foods can lead to these oxalates bonding with calcium to form calcium oxalate crystals in the kidneys. (kidneycop.com)
  • In reality, some people are simply accelerating the formation of calcium oxalate crystals in their kidneys. (kidneycop.com)
  • Here is a handy list of high oxalate foods you should try to limit or even avoid depending on your susceptibility to forming kidney crystals. (kidneycop.com)
  • Many people suffering from calcium oxalate crystals find that a high salt diet often leads to recurring calcium oxalate crystals . (kidneycop.com)
  • This can lead to more calcium binding with oxalate to form calcium oxalate crystals in the kidney. (kidneycop.com)
  • Calcium oxalate crystals in higher plants occur in five major forms namely raphides, styloids, prisms, druses and crystal sand. (iastate.edu)
  • The form, shape and occurrence of calcium oxalate crystals in plants are species- and tissue-specific, hence the presence or absence of a particular type of crystal can be used as a taxonomic character. (iastate.edu)
  • Our aim was to examine the attachment to, and incorporation of intact, highly phosphorylated osteopontin (OPN) into inorganic (i) and urinary (u) calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and dihydrate (COD) crystals. (edu.au)
  • and clusters of calcium oxalate crystals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Density and distribution of calcium oxalate crystals in vegetative organs of "green" wild taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott. (biologyjournals.net)
  • Calcium-oxalate crystals are predominantly prismatic crystals and druses type. (wikipedia.org)
  • Calcium oxalate crystals were predominantly prismatic type. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bluméa balsamifera extract has a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of calcium oxalate crystals with an IC 50 value of 2.99 mg/ml. (edu.vn)
  • Effect of Blumea balsamifera extract on the phase and morphology of calcium oxalate crystals. (edu.vn)
  • Hydroxycitrate (HCA) is a derivative of citric acid , and previous studies of HCA have revealed its ability to inhibit the formation of calcium oxalate crystals in vitro . (bvsalud.org)
  • In addition, differences in the formation of calcium oxalate crystals between groups were observed, and HCA was superior to CA in inhibiting crystal accumulation. (bvsalud.org)
  • When NRK-52E cells, injured by exposing to oxalate crystals for 24 h, were treated with NRE, it appreciably prevented the cell injury in a dose-dependent manner. (phcog.com)
  • The experimental findings concluded that Neeri is a potent antiurolithiatic formulation that inhibited CaOx crystallization and prevented tubular retention of crystals by protecting the renal cells against oxalate-induced injury as well as reducing the oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals. (phcog.com)
  • In this study, on patients with calcium oxalate stones we have attempted to determine the effect of calcium content of diet on the formation of calcium oxalate crystals in urine by in vitro supersaturation study of fresh postprandial urine samples and observing the morphology of the crystals formed using polarized optical microscopy. (springeropen.com)
  • Urine was tested for multiple parameters including urine pH, specific gravity, calcium/creatinine ratio and supersaturation of urine with sodium oxalate followed by optical density measurement by spectrophotometry and microscopic analysis of crystals formed. (springeropen.com)
  • When urinary calcium levels were low, no crystals were formed during supersaturation study of postprandial urine samples following a high-oxalate diet. (springeropen.com)
  • Previously, the cod5 Medicago mutant was identified which contains wild-type amounts of calcium, but none partitioned into oxalate crystals. (usda.gov)
  • Our study presents genetic evidence demonstrating the nutritional impact of removing oxalate crystals from foods. (usda.gov)
  • calcium oxalate and amorphous urate crystals were further reported in microscopic examinations. (cdc.gov)
  • To determine the cellular basis for these changes, we investigated gene expression in cultured human kidney (NHK-C) and African green monkey (BSC-1) epithelial cells exposed to DHA or calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals.First-strand cDNAs, synthesized from mRNA isolated from treated and untreated cells, were hybridized to membrane-bound cDNA arrays containing 588 genes associated with various physiological and pathological processes. (nih.gov)
  • Urine microscopy showing a calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal (dumbbell shaped) and a calcium oxalate dihydrate crystal (envelope shaped) along with several erythrocytes. (wikipedia.org)
  • They form when urine is persistently saturated with calcium and oxalate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some of the oxalate in urine is produced by the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most of these persons have genetic disorders, called Primary Hyperoxalurias (PHs), which cause defective regulation of oxalate synthesis in the liver, leading to an excessive excretion of oxalate in the urine and the subsequent development of urinary tract stones. (nih.gov)
  • The non- catabolized glyoxylate is oxidized to oxalate and is excreted in excess in the urine. (nih.gov)
  • Elongation factor Tu on Escherichia coli isolated from urine of kidney stone patients promotes calcium oxalate crystal growth and aggregation. (americanelements.com)
  • Escherichia coli is the most common bacterium isolated from urine and stone matrix of calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone formers. (americanelements.com)
  • It's thought that sodium elevates the calcium in urine. (kidneycop.com)
  • Attachment in UF urine appeared to be greater than in PBS and stronger at higher calcium concentrations than lower calcium concentrations. (edu.au)
  • Purpose: Estimating calcium oxalate saturation in human urine is critical for nephrolithiasis clinical research and practice. (elsevierpure.com)
  • To attempt resolution the computer model based supersaturation index (by the Joint Expert Speciation System) and the relative saturation ratio (by EQUIL 2) were compared with the experimentally derived activity product ratio, that is the ratio of activity products before and after incubating urine with synthetic calcium oxalate. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Materials and Methods: To determine the experimental conditions required to attain calcium oxalate steady state solubility the filtrate concentration product of calcium and oxalate was determined after incubating 8 urine samples with 2 to 15 mg/ml calcium oxalate for various intervals. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In 20 urine samples the activity product ratio of calcium oxalate was compared with the relative saturation ratio and the supersaturation index. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Results: Steady state solubility occurred after incubating 15 mg calcium oxalate per ml urine for 72 hours. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Sixty patients with calcium oxalate stones and no metabolic abnormalities in urine treated by lithotripsy at a tertiary care centre during the period May 2016 to May 2019 were recruited. (springeropen.com)
  • Following a 14 h overnight fasting, urine samples were collected after providing the patient with either a low- or high-calcium meal for breakfast followed four hours later, by high-oxalate meal for lunch. (springeropen.com)
  • One basic event that is common in all stone patients is supersaturation of urine with crystal components-calcium and oxalate in the case of calcium oxalate stone formers. (springeropen.com)
  • Calcium oxalate stone formation is a multi-step process that involves nucleation, crystal growth, crystal aggregation, and crystal retention in a micro-environment of supersaturation and altered urine pH [ 4 , 5 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • An important strategy for reducing the risk of kidney stone formation is to decrease the amount of oxalate in urine. (nih.gov)
  • Some 80% of all kidney stones cases are oxalate urolithiasis, which is also characterized by the highest risk of recurrence. (nih.gov)
  • About 76% of kidney stones are partially or entirely of the calcium oxalate type. (wikipedia.org)
  • Calcium and oxalate in the diet play a part but are not the only factors that affect the formation of calcium oxalate stones. (wikipedia.org)
  • The majority of urinary tract stones are composed of calcium oxalate. (nih.gov)
  • Genetic studies have identified a small group of individuals with known inherited metabolic disorders who develop recurrent calcium oxalate stones at a very early age. (nih.gov)
  • This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Zamzam water on calcium oxalate nephrotoxicity in experimentally induced kidney stones in male Wistar albino rats. (scirp.org)
  • Most kidney stones consist of calcium oxalate (CaOx) ( 8 , 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Put to actual use they let you prevent idiopathic calcium stones and preserve bone mineral. (uchicago.edu)
  • Specific diets for patients with oxalate stones. (nutritionistfordogs.com)
  • A list of allowed foods for patients with oxalate stones. (nutritionistfordogs.com)
  • A list of ortho molecular nutrients (vitamins) to buy (and photos), very necessary in patients with oxalate stones. (nutritionistfordogs.com)
  • Can you really keep Calcium Oxalate Crystal stones away one sip at a time? (kidneycop.com)
  • Staying properly hydrated is essential if you're someone who suffers from Calcium Oxalate Crystal stones. (kidneycop.com)
  • In fact, dehydration is one of the top risk factors for developing Calcium Oxalate Crystal stones. (kidneycop.com)
  • Have you been given the advice to eat dark chocolate to fix Calcium Oxalate Crystal stones? (kidneycop.com)
  • however, when combined with calcium, it produces an insoluble product termed calcium oxalate, which is the most common chemical compound found in kidney stones. (medscape.com)
  • Is there any evidence that diet factors play a big role in the creation of calcium oxalate kidney stones? (stackexchange.com)
  • Some doctors and other sources recommend cutting out coffee, tea, soft drinks, and dietary calcium to reduce the risk of stones. (stackexchange.com)
  • Most kidney stones (~80%) are calcium stones, and the majority of those are primarily composed of calcium oxalate. (stackexchange.com)
  • As introduced by the OP, doctors have historically advised patients who have demonstrated a propensity toward calcium oxalate stone formation (or, more generically: kidney stones) to decrease dietary intake of calcium and oxalate. (stackexchange.com)
  • The most recent interesting development in this area that I'm aware of was published in the American Journal of Kidney Disease in 2014 and compared the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension)-style diet with a low-oxalate diet for prevention of stones. (stackexchange.com)
  • Patients with idiopathic calcium oxalate stones are advised to consume a low-oxalate diet to prevent recurrence. (springeropen.com)
  • Calcium oxalate stones are the most common kidney stones followed by calcium phosphate and uric acid. (springeropen.com)
  • Sixty patients in the age group between 19 and 60 years with calcium oxalate stones in the kidney or upper ureter who were evaluated for their stone and treated by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in the urology department of our tertiary care hospital during the period May 2016 to May 2019 were recruited. (springeropen.com)
  • What's proper diet for a person who has kidney stones of calcium oxalate? (healthtap.com)
  • I have calcium oxalate stones in my two kidneys and I have pkd, autosomal recessive kidney disease, please advice what type of food I should eat! (healthtap.com)
  • Urinalysis shows calcium oxilate stones. (healthtap.com)
  • If I have calcium-oxalate kidney stones, what diet should I follow to prevent the formation of more stones? (healthtap.com)
  • Kidney stones that contain more than 50% calcium oxalate account for approximately 75% of all kidney stone cases. (nih.gov)
  • 2. Spectroscopic Characterization of Urinary Stones Richening with Calcium Oxalate. (nih.gov)
  • Stones were predominantly of mixed type: calcium oxalate was the commonest compound. (who.int)
  • The changes in urinary crystal properties in patients with calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi after oral administration of potassium citrate (K 3 cit) were investigated via atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD), and zeta potential analyzer. (hindawi.com)
  • The study's aim was to investigate the distribution of calcium oxalate (CaOx) in vegetative organs of "green" morphotype wild taro Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott. (biologyjournals.net)
  • Inhibition of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystallization in vitro by the extract of beet root (Beta vulgaris L.). International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(2), 361-365. (edu.vn)
  • This study is aimed to scientifically substantiate the antiurolithiatic effect of Neeri extract (NRE) through calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystallization inhibition, scavenging of free radicals, and protection of renal tubular epithelial NRK-52E cells from oxalate-induced injury. (phcog.com)
  • PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Despite evidence demonstrating a lack of OxF colonization as a risk factor for calcium oxalate stone formation, very little is known about its biology, the factors that affect its growth and distribution, and its impact on oxalate handling. (nih.gov)
  • An increased oxalate intake and intestinal absorption may lead to hyperoxaluria, a predominant risk factor for calcium oxalate stone disease [ 2 ] which is characterized by a high frequency of recurrence. (hindawi.com)
  • Hyperoxaluria-that is, elevated urinary excretion of the metabolic end product oxalate-can contribute to kidney stone formation and other health problems. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] The normal upper level of urinary oxalate excretion is 40 mg (440 µmol) in 24 hours. (medscape.com)
  • Stone formation risk probably depends more on absolute total oxalate excretion and concentration than on arbitrary normal values. (medscape.com)
  • Reflecting these normal values, the usual definition of hyperoxaluria is urinary oxalate excretion that exceeds 40 mg/day. (medscape.com)
  • The impact of dietary oxalate intake on urinary oxalate excretion and kidney stone disease risk has been assessed through large cohort studies as well as smaller studies with dietary control. (nih.gov)
  • Net gastrointestinal oxalate absorption influences urinary oxalate excretion. (nih.gov)
  • Such diets may be high in calcium content, and there is a strong correlation between intake of calcium and urinary calcium excretion, with one study reporting a mean urinary calcium increase in 55-72 mg associated with every 1000 mg increase in daily calcium [ 7 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • In addition, preliminary studies suggest that administering oral doses of OxF to patients with primary hyperoxaluria may decrease oxalate excretion. (nih.gov)
  • Some of food stuffs, particularly vegetables and cereals, contain high amounts of oxalic acid and can result in a significant increase in urinary oxalate excretion [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Numerous studies have documented that gut microbes maintain the oxalate homeostasis via utilizing the intestinal oxalate, while reducing the urinary oxalate excretion [ 9 , 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Studies have confirmed the correlation between oral administration of Lactobacillus or Bifidobacterium species and their important role in luminal oxalate reduction, which decreased the risk of urinary oxalate excretion in humans and animals [ 2 , 11 - 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Desmars, J.F. and Tawashi, R. (1973) Dissolution and growth of calcium oxalate monohydrate. (scirp.org)
  • Identification and characterization of families of recurrent stone formers is essential for the identification of unique genetic, environmental and metabolic factors that predispose individuals to recurrent calcium oxalate stone formation. (nih.gov)
  • Are calcium and potassium the overlooked powerhouses that may help to prevent kidney stone formation? (kidneycop.com)
  • Urinary oxalate is the single strongest chemical promoter of kidney stone formation. (medscape.com)
  • In fact, large epidemiological studies have not shown an association between oxalate intake and stone formation. (stackexchange.com)
  • Renal handling of oxalate and, potentially, renal synthesis of oxalate may contribute to stone formation. (nih.gov)
  • Under non-pathological conditions, surges of plasma phosphate or calcium, or local drops in the concentration of circulating calcification inhibitors are buffered by acidic serum proteins, notably fetuin-A, via the formation of colloidal calciprotein particles (CPPs) 19 . (nature.com)
  • The nanoparticles formed prevent precipitation of calcium and phosphate (i.e., hydroxyapatite formation) 21 . (nature.com)
  • The technique is based on using calcium specific electrode to measure continuously free calcium ion activity in solution to assess the formation of calcium oxalate precipitate. (huji.ac.il)
  • The inhibitory effect of Bluméa balsamifera extract on the nucleation, growth, and aggregation phases of calcium oxalate formation has been studied. (edu.vn)
  • High calcium content in diet significantly contributes to kidney stone formation. (springeropen.com)
  • There is a lower risk of kidney stone formation with a low-calcium meal even on consumption of a high-oxalate diet. (springeropen.com)
  • This study was conceptualized to determine whether the calcium content of diet can independently affect the tendency for stone formation in calcium oxalate stone formers. (springeropen.com)
  • Bioavailable calcium affects bone formation and calcification. (usda.gov)
  • However, the precise mechanisms by which OxF colonization modifies the gut milieu, affects urinary oxalate and kidney stone formation, its natural history in humans, and the factors governing its persistence, population density and distribution have still not been clearly elucidated. (nih.gov)
  • the latter is also known as Randall plaques (RP) that comprise apatite formed by calcium phosphate that grow in the interstitial space around the loop of Henle ( 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Basic calcium phosphate (apatite) and calcium oxalate crystal disorders tend to cause clinical manifestations similar to those of other crystal-induced arthritides. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Vascular calcification (VC) is the consequence of pathological deposition of calcium phosphate mineral in soft tissues 1 . (nature.com)
  • Several factors govern the calcification process in the vessel wall microenvironment, acting to promote or inhibit calcification in conjunction with local precipitation of calcium and phosphate 8 . (nature.com)
  • Primary CPPs (CPP1) are spherical complexes of amorphous calcium and phosphate with fetuin-A with a hydrodynamic radius ( R h ) of less than 100 nm 20 . (nature.com)
  • In vitro evaluation of Terminalia arjuna on calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate crystallization. (edu.vn)
  • 1999. Calcium phosphate-containing urinary precipitate in rat urinary bladder carcinogenesis. (nih.gov)
  • 2000. Calcium phosphate-containing precipitate and the carcinogenicity of sodium salts in rats. (nih.gov)
  • There are several rare, heritable causes of nephrolithiasis that result in the onset of oxalate stone disease early in childhood and frequently lead to renal failure. (nih.gov)
  • Hydroxycitrate prevents calcium oxalate crystallization and kidney injury in a nephrolithiasis rat model. (bvsalud.org)
  • This somewhat counter-intuitive effect may be explained by the binding of calcium with oxalate in the gut, which tends to decrease oxalate absorption. (stackexchange.com)
  • Oxalate-degrading bacteria in the gut microbiome, especially Oxalobacter formigenes, may mitigate stone risk through reducing net oxalate absorption. (nih.gov)
  • In the intrinsically labeled diets, calcium absorption was 22.87% higher in mice fed cod5. (usda.gov)
  • Thus, strategies to reduce dietary oxalate absorption represent an attractive alternative. (nih.gov)
  • Overfeeding calcium is detrimental to the horse as it blows out the all-important calcium/phosphorus ratio and it reduces the uptake of magnesium. (vetpro.co.nz)
  • Oxalate (C 2 O 4 2− ) is a dianion that combines with divalent cations such as magnesium and calcium. (stackexchange.com)
  • The magnesium salt is much more soluble than the calcium salt. (stackexchange.com)
  • Because these cations compete for binding to oxalate, both lower magnesium levels and higher calcium levels will tend to cause precipitation (movement out of solution into crystalline form) of calcium oxalate. (stackexchange.com)
  • The amount of oxalate manufactured depends not only on the particular variety of plant but also on the soil and water conditions in which it grows. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, oxalate is created from endogenous sources in the liver as part of glycolate metabolism. (medscape.com)
  • Dietary oxalate intake and endogenous production of oxalate are important in the pathophysiology of calcium oxalate stone disease. (nih.gov)
  • Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is the main dietary precursor for endogenous production of oxalate with several other compounds playing a lesser role. (nih.gov)
  • Urinary oxalate is derived about equally from both endogenous and dietary sources. (nih.gov)
  • There are currently no known means of decreasing endogenous oxalate synthesis in the majority of those afflicted. (nih.gov)
  • Many plants accumulate calcium oxalate as it has been reported in more than 1000 different genera of plants. (wikipedia.org)
  • Keeping a horse on good quality pasture, feeding lucerne chaff or fibre mix and not overfeeding grain means that you will be providing the daily calcium intake a resting horse needs in the correct ratio of other minerals. (vetpro.co.nz)
  • This should be done with the input of a veterinarian experienced in nutrition as other adjustments may need to be made too and the horse monitored to keep the calcium intake to safe levels. (vetpro.co.nz)
  • Some of the high oxalate foods you should limit your intake or avoid all together if susceptible to calcium oxalate crystal growth in the kidneys are various vegetables that are often recommended by nutritionists for their vitamins and other contributions to health. (kidneycop.com)
  • Low oxalate foods should be supported by reduced salt intake. (kidneycop.com)
  • So if you have serious issues with calcium oxalate or any kidney stone types build-up in your kidneys, you should reduce sodium intake and you might see a big improvement. (kidneycop.com)
  • The recommendation to decrease calcium intake, then, appears not to be valid. (stackexchange.com)
  • Further studies have refined this recommendation, and it is now generally said that a normal calcium intake is probably best. (stackexchange.com)
  • The basicity of calcium oxalate is weaker than that of sodium oxalate, due to its lower solubility in water. (wikipedia.org)
  • Upon decomposition, the calcium oxalate is oxidised by bacteria, fungi, or wildfire to produce the soil nutrient calcium carbonate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oxalate is involved in various metabolic and homeostatic mechanisms in fungi and bacteria and may play an important role in various aspects of animal metabolism, including mitochondrial activity regulation, thyroid function, gluconeogenesis, and glycolysis. (medscape.com)
  • The model will also allow the potential effect of dietary oxalate and calcium on populations of gut bacteria other than OxF to be examined. (nih.gov)
  • If the specific aims are successfully completed they will provide valuable information about OxF biology, the factors that are important for OxF colonization, the role of enteric secretion in oxalate homeostasis, the role of other oxalate degrading bacteria in oxalate metabolism, and may identify new ways of modifying the gut milieu and stone risk. (nih.gov)
  • Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have the potential to degrade intestinal oxalate and this is increasingly being studied as a promising probiotic solution to manage kidney stone disease. (hindawi.com)
  • Recent studies are focused on developing intestinal oxalate degrading bacteria as an appropriate probiotics solution to prevent kidney stone disease. (hindawi.com)
  • Oxalobacter formigenes (O. formigenes) is an oxalate degrading bacterium, which uses intestinal oxalate as a sole source of carbon in order to regulate the oxalate homeostasis. (hindawi.com)
  • If not for oxalate's high affinity for calcium and the low solubility of calcium oxalate, oxalate and oxalate metabolism would be of little interest. (medscape.com)
  • Oxalate is an end product of normal metabolism and must be excreted. (healthtap.com)
  • Calcium oxalate, as 'beerstone', is a brownish precipitate that tends to accumulate within vats, barrels, and other containers used in the brewing of beer. (wikipedia.org)
  • I am puzzled about something that occurs when I precipitate calcium oxalate. (sciencemadness.org)
  • 1) Adding calcium chloride soln to potassium oxalate soln gives an abundant precipitate instantly, as expected. (sciencemadness.org)
  • 2) Adding calcium chloride soln to ammonium iron (III) oxalate soln also gives an abundant precipitate, but it forms over a number of seconds. (sciencemadness.org)
  • 3) Adding a drop or two of iron (III) chloride soln to the ammonium iron (III) oxalate soln, before adding the calcium chloride, either results in no precipitate or one that takes many minutes (or an hour) to occur and then it is not abundant. (sciencemadness.org)
  • In-vitro calcium oxalate crystallization inhibition by Achyranthes aspera L. and Bryophyllum pinnatum Lam. (edu.vn)
  • In-vitro calcium oxalate crystallization inhibition by Achyranthes indica Linn. (edu.vn)
  • Inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallisation in vitro by an extract of Bergenia ciliata. (edu.vn)
  • Inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallization in vitro by extract of Momordica charantia Linn. (edu.vn)
  • The solubility of oxalate at body temperature is only approximately 5 mg/L at a pH of 7.0. (medscape.com)
  • Aqueous extract of Costus arabicus inhibits calcium oxalate crystal growth and adhesion to renal epithelial cells. (edu.vn)
  • This reaction produces molecules of hydrated calcium oxalate (whewellite if in crystalline form) and water. (galleries.com)
  • Calcium oxalate (in archaic terminology, oxalate of lime) is a calcium salt of oxalic acid with the chemical formula CaC2O4 or Ca(COO)2. (wikipedia.org)
  • Calcium oxalate is a combination of calcium ions and the conjugate base of oxalic acid, the oxalate anion. (wikipedia.org)
  • The oxalic acid is a fairly stable molecule as organic chemicals go and the calcium hydroxide can be produced in basic ground water or in hydrothermal fluids. (galleries.com)
  • It is associated with mutations that inactivate the voltage-gated chloride channel ClC-5 In 2002, the NIDDK sponsored two workshops to discuss aspects of hereditary calcium oxalate stone disease. (nih.gov)
  • I would have thought that iron (III) chloride would be a by-product of the reaction between calcium chloride and ammonium iron (III) oxalate. (sciencemadness.org)
  • In the kidney, oxalate is secreted in the proximal tubule via 2 separate carriers involving sodium and chloride exchange. (medscape.com)
  • The present study was designed to investigate the ameliorating effect of HCA on calcium oxalate deposition and renal impairment in a male rat model. (bvsalud.org)
  • Bluméa balsamifera extract has the ability to inhibit the nucleation of calcium oxalate with an IC 50 value of 4.25 mg/ml. (edu.vn)
  • This is one reason why precisely calculating dietary oxalate is difficult. (medscape.com)
  • Other sources seem to recommend cutting out dietary items that increase oxalate levels. (stackexchange.com)
  • In this review, we discuss dietary oxalate and precursors of oxalate, their pertinent physiology in humans, and what is known about their role in kidney stone disease. (nih.gov)
  • Seven days later the patients were asked to return, and the dietary intervention was reversed (low-calcium breakfast followed by a high-oxalate lunch for group A and high-calcium breakfast followed by a high-oxalate lunch for group B). (springeropen.com)
  • In 1993, a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine dispelled the notion that a low calcium diet should be advised for these patients. (stackexchange.com)
  • The current advice generally given to calcium oxalate stone patients is to consume a low-oxalate diet for preventing recurrence [ 6 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • I maintain a low calcium diet but I am still forming them by the dozens. (healthtap.com)
  • This proposal aims to use a mouse model of OxF colonization to enhance our understanding of the impact of diet on oxalate handling and OxF biology and growth. (nih.gov)
  • Plants of the genus Philodendron contain enough calcium oxalate that consumption of parts of the plant can result in uncomfortable symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vanilla plants exude calcium oxalates upon harvest of the orchid seed pods and may cause contact dermatitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most frequently cited example of calcium oxalate-induced CICD is that of Dieffenbachia spp, commonly used as decorative plants. (medscape.com)
  • This is a basic research with potentials to be used for the medicinal field and for anyone who wants to prevent themselves from getting too much calcium oxalate from plants. (tci-thaijo.org)
  • In general, plants that are grown in fields with a high concentration of ground water calcium have higher concentrations of oxalate. (medscape.com)
  • Plants use oxalate as a calcium sink. (medscape.com)
  • Cooking methods and fermentation do not have a uniform effect on oxalate level reduction in all AIV recipes but could still be employed as household procedures in reducing oxalate levels in a number of AIV recipes. (researchgate.net)
  • Finally, Bluméa balsamifera extract is capable of inhibiting the aggregation of calcium oxalate with an IC 50 value of 2.56 mg/ml. (edu.vn)
  • Frequently in the rodent, calculi contain some form of calcium or mineral complex. (nih.gov)
  • Both meetings highlighted the need for new and innovative research on the molecular etiology (or etiologies) of hereditary calcium oxalate stone disease, as well as for novel and effective treatments and preventive strategies. (nih.gov)
  • Still, the relative concentration of oxalate is probably more significant than either of these definitions acknowledges. (medscape.com)
  • An alternative definition of hyperoxaluria that corrects for size differences is 30 mg of urinary oxalate per 24 hours per gram of excreted creatinine. (medscape.com)
  • In conclusion, three efficient oxalate degrading LAB were identified and their safety assessments suggest that they may serve as good probiotic candidates for preventing hyperoxaluria. (hindawi.com)
  • In addition a good quality mineral supplement is essential and will provide all the minerals needed for a correct ratio without having to risk giving too much calcium. (vetpro.co.nz)
  • The mix must have calcium higher than phosphorus at least 1.1 or 1.2:1 Ca to P and a horse should not have a ratio greater than 2.5:1 Ca to P. If he has to be grazed on high oxalate pasture 24/7 then the mineral supplement will need to be increased by 50% e.g. a 60gm recommended dose will be a 90gm dose. (vetpro.co.nz)
  • [ 21 ] The raphides of calcium oxalate have been classified historically as a chemical irritant mainly because they allow the penetration of other plant chemical toxins (including proteases, saponins, and other chemicals) that may not normally breach the skin on contact. (medscape.com)
  • Tulip bulbs also have some calcium oxalate raphides. (medscape.com)
  • When humans eat these plant products, they also ingest a variable quantity of oxalate. (medscape.com)
  • In humans, however, oxalate seems to have no substantially beneficial role and acts as a metabolic end-product, much like uric acid. (medscape.com)
  • Humans lack the enzymes needed to metabolize oxalate. (hindawi.com)
  • The purpose of this Program Announcement is to increase investigator interest in research into the genetics and heritability of oxalate regulation and the oxalate stone diseases, and to develop new treatments for the disorder. (nih.gov)
  • Ounce for ounce, it is roughly 15-20 times more potent than excess urinary calcium. (medscape.com)
  • What Fruit Is Good for Calcium Oxalate Crystal Challenges? (kidneycop.com)
  • Various crystal shapes of calcium oxalate were found including druses, prismatic, hexagonal and octahedron in both stems and leaves with about the same frequencies. (tci-thaijo.org)
  • It frequently serves as an alloying agent for other metals like aluminum and beryllium , and industrial materials like cement and mortar are composed of calcium compounds like calcium carbonate . (americanelements.com)