A white powder prepared from lime that has many medical and industrial uses. It is in many dental formulations, especially for root canal filling.
Chemicals used mainly to disinfect root canals after pulpectomy and before obturation. The major ones are camphorated monochlorophenol, EDTA, formocresol, hydrogen peroxide, metacresylacetate, and sodium hypochlorite. Root canal irrigants include also rinsing solutions of distilled water, sodium chloride, etc.
A compound with many biomedical applications: as a gastric antacid, an antiperspirant, in dentifrices, as an emulsifier, as an adjuvant in bacterins and vaccines, in water purification, etc.
Death of pulp tissue with or without bacterial invasion. When the necrosis is due to ischemia with superimposed bacterial infection, it is referred to as pulp gangrene. When the necrosis is non-bacterial in origin, it is called pulp mummification.
Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group.
A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than TETRACYCLINE, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.
Materials placed inside a root canal for the purpose of obturating or sealing it. The materials may be gutta-percha, silver cones, paste mixtures, or other substances. (Dorland, 28th ed, p631 & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p187)
Application of a protective agent to an exposed pulp (direct capping) or the remaining thin layer of dentin over a nearly exposed pulp (indirect capping) in order to allow the pulp to recover and maintain its normal vitality and function.
A bicyclic monoterpene ketone found widely in plants, especially CINNAMOMUM CAMPHORA. It is used topically as a skin antipruritic and as an anti-infective agent.
The space in a tooth bounded by the dentin and containing the dental pulp. The portion of the cavity within the crown of the tooth is the pulp chamber; the portion within the root is the pulp canal or root canal.
A carrier or inert medium used as a solvent (or diluent) in which the medicinally active agent is formulated and or administered. (Dictionary of Pharmacy, 1986)
A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Iodinated hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen atoms, with iodine atoms covalently bonded to them, which are used in medical imaging as radiocontrast agents.
Preparatory activities in ROOT CANAL THERAPY by partial or complete extirpation of diseased pulp, cleaning and sterilization of the empty canal, enlarging and shaping the canal to receive the sealing material. The cavity may be prepared by mechanical, sonic, chemical, or other means. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1700)
Phenols substituted with one or more chlorine atoms in any position.
Materials used in DENTAL PULP CAPPING or PULPECTOMY.
A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.
Endodontic procedure performed to induce TOOTH APEX barrier development. ROOT CANAL FILLING MATERIALS are used to repair open apex or DENTAL PULP NECROSIS in an immature tooth. CALCIUM HYDROXIDE and mineral trioxide aggregate are commonly used as the filling materials.
The hydroxy salt of ammonium ion. It is formed when AMMONIA reacts with water molecules in solution.
Inflammation of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA. Suppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL ABSCESS.
The tip or terminal end of the root of a tooth. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p62)
An inner coating, as of varnish or other protective substance, to cover the dental cavity wall. It is usually a resinous film-forming agent dissolved in a volatile solvent, or a suspension of calcium hydroxide in a solution of a synthetic resin. The lining seals the dentinal tubules and protects the pulp before a restoration is inserted. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)
An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral brucite. It acts as an antacid with cathartic effects.
Phase of endodontic treatment in which a root canal system that has been cleaned is filled through use of special materials and techniques in order to prevent reinfection.
Inorganic compounds that contain calcium as an integral part of the molecule.
Dental procedure in which part of the pulp chamber is removed from the crown of a tooth.
Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes, sparks, or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins.
Dentin formed by normal pulp after completion of root end formation.
A dental specialty concerned with the maintenance of the dental pulp in a state of health and the treatment of the pulp cavity (pulp chamber and pulp canal).
Substances used on humans and other animals that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. They are distinguished from DISINFECTANTS, which are used on inanimate objects.
It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A treatment modality in endodontics concerned with the therapy of diseases of the dental pulp. For preparatory procedures, ROOT CANAL PREPARATION is available.
Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture.
An abnormal passage in the oral cavity on the gingiva.
The generic term for salts derived from silica or the silicic acids. They contain silicon, oxygen, and one or more metals, and may contain hydrogen. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th Ed)
Used as a dental cement this is mainly zinc oxide (with strengtheners and accelerators) and eugenol. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p50)
Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.
Coagulated exudate isolated from several species of the tropical tree Palaquium (Sapotaceae). It is the trans-isomer of natural rubber and is used as a filling and impression material in dentistry and orthopedics and as an insulator in electronics. It has also been used as a rubber substitute.
Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.
A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.
The testing of materials and devices, especially those used for PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; SUTURES; TISSUE ADHESIVES; etc., for hardness, strength, durability, safety, efficacy, and biocompatibility.
Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue.
A resinous substance obtained from beehives that is used traditionally as an antimicrobial. It is a heterogeneous mixture of many substances.
The result of pathological changes in the hard tissue of a tooth caused by carious lesions, mechanical factors, or trauma, which render the pulp susceptible to bacterial invasion from the external environment.
Inorganic compounds that contain aluminum as an integral part of the molecule.
A plant genus of the family RUBIACEAE. Members contain uncarine and other cytotoxic and hypotensive oxindole alkaloids.
Therapeutic technique for replacement of minerals in partially decalcified teeth.
Calcium compounds used as food supplements or in food to supply the body with calcium. Dietary calcium is needed during growth for bone development and for maintenance of skeletal integrity later in life to prevent osteoporosis.
Hand-held tools or implements especially used by dental professionals for the performance of clinical tasks.
Diseases of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE surrounding the root of the tooth, which is distinguished from DENTAL PULP DISEASES inside the TOOTH ROOT.
A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus PORPHYROMONAS, family Porphyromonadaceae. It is a key pathogen in endodontic infections.
A prosthesis or restoration placed for a limited period, from several days to several months, which is designed to seal the tooth and maintain its position until a permanent restoration (DENTAL RESTORATION, PERMANENT) will replace it. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
Endodontic diseases of the DENTAL PULP inside the tooth, which is distinguished from PERIAPICAL DISEASES of the tissue surrounding the root.
A plant genus of the family PIPERACEAE that is indigenous in the Indian Malay region and cultivated in Madagascar, and the West Indies. It contains chavibetol, chavicol and cadinene. The leaf is chewed as a stimulant, antiseptic and sialogogue. The common name of betel is also used for ARECA.
Production of a radiographic image of a small or very thin object on fine-grained photographic film under conditions which permit subsequent microscopic examination or enlargement of the radiograph at linear magnifications of up to several hundred and with a resolution approaching the resolving power of the photographic emulsion (about 1000 lines per millimeter).
Partial or complete displacement of a tooth from its alveolar support. It is commonly the result of trauma. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p312)
Any of the eight frontal teeth (four maxillary and four mandibular) having a sharp incisal edge for cutting food and a single root, which occurs in man both as a deciduous and a permanent tooth. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p820)
A tooth from which the dental pulp has been removed or is necrotic. (Boucher, Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
The seepage of fluids, debris, and micro-organisms between the walls of a prepared dental cavity and the restoration.
Adherent debris produced when cutting the enamel or dentin in cavity preparation. It is about 1 micron thick and its composition reflects the underlying dentin, although different quantities and qualities of smear layer can be produced by the various instrumentation techniques. Its function is presumed to be protective, as it lowers dentin permeability. However, it masks the underlying dentin and interferes with attempts to bond dental material to the dentin.
Usually a hydroxide of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium or cesium, but also the carbonates of these metals, ammonia, and the amines. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.
A richly vascularized and innervated connective tissue of mesodermal origin, contained in the central cavity of a tooth and delimited by the dentin, and having formative, nutritive, sensory, and protective functions. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
Resorption in which cementum or dentin is lost from the root of a tooth owing to cementoclastic or osteoclastic activity in conditions such as trauma of occlusion or neoplasms. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Substances made up of an aggregation of small particles, as that obtained by grinding or trituration of a solid drug. In pharmacy it is a form in which substances are administered. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
A group of compounds having the general formula CH2=C(CN)-COOR; it polymerizes on contact with moisture; used as tissue adhesive; higher homologs have hemostatic and antibacterial properties.
Break or rupture of a tooth or tooth root.
Substances used to bond COMPOSITE RESINS to DENTAL ENAMEL and DENTIN. These bonding or luting agents are used in restorative dentistry, ROOT CANAL THERAPY; PROSTHODONTICS; and ORTHODONTICS.
The hard portion of the tooth surrounding the pulp, covered by enamel on the crown and cementum on the root, which is harder and denser than bone but softer than enamel, and is thus readily abraded when left unprotected. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides.
Polymeric resins derived from OXIRANES and characterized by strength and thermosetting properties. Epoxy resins are often used as dental materials.
A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.
An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.
A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens and the human intestinal tract. Most strains are nonhemolytic.
Chemicals especially for use on instruments to destroy pathogenic organisms. (Boucher, Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
Tissue surrounding the apex of a tooth, including the apical portion of the periodontal membrane and alveolar bone.
The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Calcium salts of phosphoric acid. These compounds are frequently used as calcium supplements.
Adhesives used to fix prosthetic devices to bones and to cement bone to bone in difficult fractures. Synthetic resins are commonly used as cements. A mixture of monocalcium phosphate, monohydrate, alpha-tricalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate with a sodium phosphate solution is also a useful bone paste.
Native, inorganic or fossilized organic substances having a definite chemical composition and formed by inorganic reactions. They may occur as individual crystals or may be disseminated in some other mineral or rock. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Inorganic compounds that contain potassium as an integral part of the molecule.
The teeth of the first dentition, which are shed and replaced by the permanent teeth.
A species of gram-positive, spherical bacteria whose organisms occur in tetrads and in irregular clusters of tetrads. The primary habitat is mammalian skin.
Stable calcium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element calcium, but differ in atomic weight. Ca-42-44, 46, and 48 are stable calcium isotopes.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The part of a tooth from the neck to the apex, embedded in the alveolar process and covered with cementum. A root may be single or divided into several branches, usually identified by their relative position, e.g., lingual root or buccal root. Single-rooted teeth include mandibular first and second premolars and the maxillary second premolar teeth. The maxillary first premolar has two roots in most cases. Maxillary molars have three roots. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p690)
Chemicals and substances that impart color including soluble dyes and insoluble pigments. They are used in INKS; PAINTS; and as INDICATORS AND REAGENTS.
A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning.
A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98.
The upper part of the tooth, which joins the lower part of the tooth (TOOTH ROOT) at the cervix (TOOTH CERVIX) at a line called the cementoenamel junction. The entire surface of the crown is covered with enamel which is thicker at the extremity and becomes progressively thinner toward the cervix. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p216)
Long-lasting voltage-gated CALCIUM CHANNELS found in both excitable and nonexcitable tissue. They are responsible for normal myocardial and vascular smooth muscle contractility. Five subunits (alpha-1, alpha-2, beta, gamma, and delta) make up the L-type channel. The alpha-1 subunit is the binding site for calcium-based antagonists. Dihydropyridine-based calcium antagonists are used as markers for these binding sites.
An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.
The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.
The calcium salt of gluconic acid. The compound has a variety of uses, including its use as a calcium replenisher in hypocalcemic states.
Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.

Vital pulp capping: a worthwhile procedure. (1/183)

Despite the progress made in the field of pulp biology, the technique and philosophy of direct vital pulp capping remains a controversial subject. Clinicians are well aware of the immediate and long-term success rates after root canal therapy, but are less certain of the success of vital pulp capping. Researchers have demonstrated that exposed pulps will heal and form reparative dentin. It is realized now that the variable prognosis of vital pulp capping is predominately a restorative issue. The factors that can produce a successful vital pulp cap are discussed in conjunction with two popular techniques.  (+info)

Amsorb: a new carbon dioxide absorbent for use in anesthetic breathing systems. (2/183)

BACKGROUND: This article describes a carbon dioxide absorbent for use in anesthesia. The absorbent consists of calcium hydroxide with a compatible humectant, namely, calcium chloride. The absorbent mixture does not contain sodium or potassium hydroxide but includes two setting agents (calcium sulphate and polyvinylpyrrolidine) to improve hardness and porosity. METHODS: The resultant mixture was formulated and subjected to standardized tests for hardness, porosity, and carbon dioxide absorption. Additionally, the new absorbent was exposed in vitro to sevoflurane, desflurane, isoflurane, and enflurane to determine whether these anesthetics were degraded to either compound A or carbon monoxide. The performance data and inertness of the absorbent were compared with two currently available brands of soda lime: Intersorb (Intersurgical Ltd., Berkshire, United Kingdom) and Dragersorb (Drager, Lubeck, Germany). RESULTS: The new carbon dioxide absorbent conformed to United States Pharmacopeia specifications in terms of carbon dioxide absorption, granule hardness, and porosity. When the new material was exposed to sevoflurane (2%) in oxygen at a flow rate of 1 l/min, concentrations of compound A did not increase above those found in the parent drug (1.3-3.3 ppm). In the same experiment, mean +/-SD concentrations of compound A (32.5 +/- 4.5 ppm) were observed when both traditional brands of soda lime were used. After dehydration of the traditional soda limes, immediate exposure to desflurane (60%), enflurane (2%), and isoflurane (2%) produced concentrations of carbon monoxide of 600.0 +/- 10.0 ppm, 580.0 +/- 9.8 ppm, and 620.0 +/-10.1 ppm, respectively. In contrast, concentrations of carbon monoxide were negligible (1-3 ppm) when the anhydrous new absorbent was exposed to the same anesthetics. CONCLUSIONS: The new material is an effective carbon dioxide absorbent and is chemically unreactive with sevoflurane, enflurane, isoflurane, and desflurane.  (+info)

Soda-lime dust contamination of breathing circuits. (3/183)

A case report of soda-lime dust contamination of the breathing circuit of an anesthesia machine causing bronchospasm in a patient is presented. Various factors in absorber design and increased dusting of soda lime due to high-flow techniques and lack of wetting are described. A modification of the Fraser-Sweatman absorber leading the fresh gas into an area free of dust accumulation has resulted in near-complete elimination of the problem.  (+info)

Lack of degradation of sevoflurane by a new carbon dioxide absorbent in humans. (4/183)

BACKGROUND: Potent inhaled anesthetics degrade in the presence of the strong bases (sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide) in carbon dioxide (CO2) absorbents. A new absorbent, Amsorb (Armstrong Medical Ltd., Coleraine, Northern Ireland), does not employ these strong bases. This study compared the scavenging efficacy and compound A production of two commercially available absorbents (soda lime and barium hydroxide lime) with Amsorb in humans undergoing general anesthesia. METHODS: Four healthy volunteers were anesthetized on different days with desflurane, sevoflurane, enflurane, and isoflurane. End-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) and anesthetic concentrations were measured with infrared spectroscopy; blood pressure and arterial blood gases were obtained from a radial artery catheter. Each anesthetic exposure lasted 3 h, during which the three fresh (normally hydrated) CO2 absorbents were used for a period of 1 h each. Anesthesia was administered with a fresh gas flow rate of 2 l/min of air:oxygen (50:50). Tidal volume was 10 ml/kg; respiratory rate was 8 breaths/min. Arterial blood gases were obtained at baseline and after each hour. Inspired concentrations of compound A were measured after 15, 30, and 60 min of anesthetic administration for each CO2 absorbent. RESULTS: Arterial blood gases and ETCO2 were not different among three CO2 absorbents. During sevoflurane, compound A formed with barium hydroxide lime and soda lime, but not with Amsorb. CONCLUSIONS: This new CO2 absorbent effectively scavenged CO2 and was not associated with compound A production.  (+info)

Systemic and local effects of long-term exposure to alkaline drinking water in rats. (5/183)

Alkaline conditions in the oral cavity may be caused by a variety of stimuli, including tobacco products, antacids, alkaline drinking water or bicarbonate toothpaste. The effects of alkaline pH on oral mucosa have not been systematically studied. To assess the systemic (organ) and local (oral mucosal) effects of alkalinity, drinking water supplemented with Ca(OH)2 or NaOH, with pH 11.2 or 12 was administered to rats (n = 36) for 52 weeks. Tissues were subjected to histopathological examination; oral mucosal biopsy samples were also subjected to immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses for pankeratin, CK19, CK5, CK4, PCNA, ICAM-1, CD44, CD68, S-100, HSP 60, HSP70, and HSP90. At completion of the study, animals in the study groups had lower body weights (up to 29% less) than controls despite equal food and water intake, suggesting a systemic response to the alkaline treatment. The lowest body weight was found in rats exposed to water with the highest pH value and starting the experiment when young (6 weeks). No histological changes attributable to alkaline exposure occurred in the oral mucosa or other tissues studied. Alkaline exposure did not affect cell proliferation in the oral epithelium, as shown by the equal expression of PCNA in groups. The up-regulation of HSP70 protein expression in the oral mucosa of rats exposed to alkaline water, especially Ca(OH)2 treated rats, may indicate a protective response. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) positivity was lost in 6/12 rats treated with Ca(OH)2 with pH 11.2, and loss of CD44 expression was seen in 3/6 rats in both study groups exposed to alkaline water with pH 12. The results suggest that the oral mucosa in rats is resistant to the effects of highly alkaline drinking water. However, high alkalinity may have some unknown systemic effects leading to growth retardation, the cause of which remains to be determined.  (+info)

Comparison of Amsorb, sodalime, and Baralyme degradation of volatile anesthetics and formation of carbon monoxide and compound a in swine in vivo. (6/183)

BACKGROUND: Consequences of volatile anesthetic degradation by carbon dioxide absorbents that contain strong base include formation of compound A from sevoflurane, formation of carbon monoxide (CO) and CO toxicity from desflurane, enflurane and isoflurane, delayed inhalation induction, and increased anesthetic costs. Amsorb (Armstrong Ltd., Coleraine, Northern Ireland) is a new absorbent that does not contain strong base and does not form CO or compound A in vitro. This investigation compared Amsorb, Baralyme (Chemetron Medical Division, Allied Healthcare Products, St. Louis, MO), and sodalime effects on CO (from desflurane and isoflurane) and compound A formation, carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) concentrations, and anesthetic degradation in a clinically relevant porcine in vivo model. METHODS: Pigs were anesthetized with desflurane, isoflurane, or sevoflurane, using fresh or partially dehydrated Amsorb, Baralyme, and new and old formulations of sodalime. Anesthetic concentrations in the fresh (preabsorber), inspired (postabsorber), and end-tidal gas were measured, as were inspired CO and compound A concentrations and blood oxyhemoglobin and COHb concentrations. RESULTS: For desflurane and isoflurane, the order of inspired CO and COHb formation was dehydrated Baralyme >> soda-lime > Amsorb. For desflurane and Baralyme, peak CO was 9,700 +/- 5,100 parts per million (ppm), and the increase in COHb was 37 +/- 14%. CO and COHb increases were undetectable with Amsorb. Oxyhemoglobin desaturation occurred with desflurane and Baralyme but not Amsorb or sodalime. The gap between inspired and end-tidal desflurane and isoflurane did not differ between the various dehydrated absorbents. Neither fresh nor dehydrated Amsorb caused compound A formation from sevoflurane. In contrast, Baralyme and sodalime caused 20-40 ppm compound A. The gap between inspired and end-tidal sevoflurane did not differ between fresh absorbents, but was Amsorb < sodalime < Baralyme with dehydrated absorbents. CONCLUSION: Amsorb caused minimal if any CO formation, minimal compound A formation regardless of absorbent hydration, and the least amount of sevoflurane degradation. An absorbent like Amsorb, which does not contain strong base or cause anesthetic degradation and formation of toxic products, may have benefit with respect to patient safety, inhalation induction, and anesthetic consumption (cost).  (+info)

Using amsorb to detect dehydration of CO2 absorbents containing strong base. (7/183)

BACKGROUND: Because Amsorb changes color when it dries, the authors investigated whether Amsorb combined with different strong base-containing carbon dioxide absorbents signals dehydration of such absorbents. METHODS: Five different carbon dioxide absorbents (1,330 g) each topped with 70 g of Amsorb were dried in an anesthesia machine (Modulus CD, Datex-Ohmeda, Madison, WI) with oxygen (Amsorb layer at the fresh gas inflow site). As soon as a color change was detected in the Amsorb, the authors tested the samples for a change in weight and carbon monoxide formation from 7.5% desflurane or 4% isoflurane. In a different experiment with the five absorbents, Amsorb was layered at the drying gas outflow site. In further experiments, the authors tested for a color change in Amsorb from drying and rehydrating and from drying with nitrogen. Finally, they dried a mixture of Amsorb and 1% NaOH and examined it for color change. RESULTS: In the experiments with Amsorb layered at the inflow, the Amsorb changed color when the water content of the samples was only marginally reduced (to a mean 13.6%), and no carbon monoxide formed. With Amsorb layered at the outflow, it changed color when the mean water content of the samples was reduced to 8.8%, and carbon monoxide formation was detected to varying degrees. The color change was independent of the drying gas and could be reversed by rehydrating. Adding NaOH to Amsorb prevented a color change. CONCLUSIONS: Dehydration in strong base-containing absorbents can reliably be indicated before carbon monoxide is formed when Amsorb is layered at the fresh gas inflow. The authors assume that the indicator dye in Amsorb changes color on drying because of the absence of strong base in this absorbent.  (+info)

Apical and periapical repair of dogs' teeth with periapical lesions after endodontic treatment with different root canal sealers. (8/183)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the apical and periapical repair after root canal treatment of dogs' teeth with pulp necrosis and chronic periapical lesion using different root canal sealers. After periapical lesion induction, forty-four root canals of 3 dogs were submitted to biomechanical preparation using 5.25% sodium hypochlorite as an irrigating solution. A calcium hydroxide dressing (Calen PMCC) was applied for 15 days and the root canals were filled using the lateral condensation technique with gutta-percha points and Sealapex, AH Plus or Sealer Plus for sealing. After 180 days, the animals were sacrificed by anesthetic overdose and the obtained histological sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin for optical microscopic analysis of the apical and periapical repair. The groups filled with Sealapex and AH Plus had better histological repair (p < 0.05) than the group filled with Sealer Plus, that had unsatisfactory results.  (+info)

Calcium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ca(OH)2. It is also known as slaked lime or hydrated lime. Calcium hydroxide is a white, odorless, tasteless, and alkaline powder that dissolves in water to form a caustic solution.

Medically, calcium hydroxide is used as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid and relieve symptoms of heartburn, indigestion, and upset stomach. It is also used as a topical agent to treat skin conditions such as poison ivy rash, sunburn, and minor burns. When applied to the skin, calcium hydroxide helps to reduce inflammation, neutralize irritants, and promote healing.

In dental applications, calcium hydroxide is used as a filling material for root canals and as a paste to treat tooth sensitivity. It has the ability to stimulate the formation of new dentin, which is the hard tissue that makes up the bulk of the tooth.

It's important to note that calcium hydroxide should be used with caution, as it can cause irritation and burns if it comes into contact with the eyes or mucous membranes. It should also be stored in a cool, dry place away from heat and open flames.

Root canal irrigants are substances used during root canal treatment to clean, disinfect and rinse the root canal system. The main goal is to remove tissue remnants, dentinal debris, and microorganisms from the root canal space, thus reducing the risk of reinfection and promoting healing. Commonly used irrigants include sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), which is a potent antimicrobial agent, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), which is used to remove the smear layer and improve the penetration of other irrigants and root canal sealers. The choice of irrigant, concentration, and application technique may vary depending on the specific case and clinician's preference.

Aluminum hydroxide is a medication that contains the active ingredient aluminum hydroxide, which is an inorganic compound. It is commonly used as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid and relieve symptoms of acid reflux and heartburn. Aluminum hydroxide works by reacting with the acid in the stomach to form a physical barrier that prevents the acid from backing up into the esophagus.

In addition to its use as an antacid, aluminum hydroxide is also used as a phosphate binder in patients with kidney disease. It works by binding to phosphate in the gut and preventing it from being absorbed into the bloodstream, which can help to control high phosphate levels in the body.

Aluminum hydroxide is available over-the-counter and by prescription in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquid suspensions. It is important to follow the dosage instructions carefully and to talk to a healthcare provider if symptoms persist or worsen.

Dental pulp necrosis is the death of the soft tissue inside a tooth, known as the dental pulp. The dental pulp contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue that help the tooth grow and develop. It also provides sensations like hot or cold. Dental pulp necrosis can occur due to various reasons such as tooth decay, trauma, or infection. When the dental pulp dies, it can no longer provide nutrients to the tooth, making it more susceptible to fractures and infections. Symptoms of dental pulp necrosis may include pain, sensitivity, swelling, or abscess formation. Treatment options for dental pulp necrosis typically involve root canal therapy or extraction of the affected tooth.

Hydroxides are inorganic compounds that contain the hydroxide ion (OH−). They are formed when a base, which is an electron pair donor, reacts with water. The hydroxide ion consists of one oxygen atom and one hydrogen atom, and it carries a negative charge. Hydroxides are basic in nature due to their ability to donate hydroxide ions in solution, which increases the pH and makes the solution more alkaline. Common examples of hydroxides include sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). They have various applications in industry, medicine, and research.

Demeclocycline is a type of antibiotic known as a tetracycline. It is used to treat various types of bacterial infections, such as respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, and skin infections. Demeclocycline works by inhibiting the growth of bacteria, specifically by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and preventing the addition of amino acids to the growing peptide chain. This leads to the disruption of protein synthesis and ultimately results in bacterial death.

Demeclocycline is available as a tablet for oral administration, and it is typically prescribed to be taken two to four times daily. The dosage may vary depending on the type and severity of the infection being treated. Common side effects of demeclocycline include stomach upset, diarrhea, and skin rash. It is important to note that demeclocycline can cause photosensitivity, so it is recommended to avoid excessive sun exposure while taking this medication.

Demeclocycline is not typically a first-line antibiotic due to its potential for serious side effects and the availability of other antibiotics with similar efficacy and fewer side effects. It should be used with caution in patients with impaired kidney or liver function, as well as in pregnant women and children under the age of 8. Additionally, demeclocycline can interact with certain medications, such as antacids, iron supplements, and calcium-containing products, so it is important to inform your healthcare provider of all medications you are taking before starting treatment with demeclocycline.

Root canal filling materials are substances used to fill and seal the root canal system inside a tooth following root canal treatment. The main goal of using these materials is to prevent reinfection, provide structural support to the weakened tooth, and restore its functionality.

Commonly used root canal filling materials include:

1. Gutta-percha: A rubber-like material derived from the sap of the Palaquium gutta tree. It is widely used as the primary filling material due to its biocompatibility, malleability, and ability to be compacted into the root canal space. Gutta-percha points or cones are typically used in conjunction with a sealer for optimal adaptation and seal.

2. Sealers: These are adhesive materials that help bond gutta-percha to dentin walls and improve the seal between the filling material and root canal walls. Some commonly used sealers include zinc oxide eugenol, calcium hydroxide-based sealers, and resin-based sealers.

3. Silver points: These are silver cones with a sharp tip that can be inserted into the root canal space as an alternative to gutta-percha. However, their use has declined due to concerns about corrosion and potential tooth discoloration.

4. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA): A biocompatible cement composed primarily of Portland cement, bismuth oxide, and other additives. MTA is used for various applications in endodontics, including root-end filling, perforation repair, and apexification. It has excellent sealing ability, antibacterial properties, and promotes hard tissue formation.

5. Bioceramics: These are advanced materials with similar properties to MTA but with improved handling characteristics and setting times. They include materials like Bioaggregate, EndoSequence BC Sealer, and iRoot SP.

6. Thermoplasticized gutta-percha: This technique involves heating and softening gutta-percha using a specialized device called a thermomechanical compactor or an oven. The softened gutta-percha is then injected into the root canal space, providing better adaptation to the root canal walls and creating a more uniform seal.

The choice of materials depends on various factors, including the clinical situation, patient's needs, and practitioner's preference.

Dental pulp capping is a dental procedure that involves the application of a small amount of medication or dressing to a small exposed area of the dental pulp, with the aim of promoting the formation of reparative dentin and preserving the vitality of the pulp. The dental pulp is the soft tissue located inside the tooth, containing nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissues that provide nutrients and sensory functions to the tooth.

Pulp capping may be recommended when the dental pulp is exposed due to tooth decay or trauma, but the pulp is still vital and has the potential to heal. The procedure typically involves cleaning and removing any infected or damaged tissue from the exposure site, followed by the application of a medicated dressing or cement to promote healing and protect the pulp from further injury or infection.

There are two types of pulp capping: direct and indirect. Direct pulp capping involves applying the medication directly to the exposed pulp, while indirect pulp capping involves placing the medication over a thin layer of dentin that has been created to protect the pulp. The success of pulp capping depends on various factors, including the size and depth of the exposure, the patient's age and overall health, and the skill and experience of the dental professional performing the procedure.

Camphor is a waxy, flammable solid with a strong aroma, derived from the wood of the camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora). In a medical context, camphor is used topically as a skin protectant and a counterirritant, and in some over-the-counter products such as nasal decongestants and muscle rubs. It can also be found in some insect repellents and embalming fluids.

Camphor works by stimulating nerve endings and increasing blood flow to the area where it is applied. This can help to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and alleviate congestion. However, camphor should be used with caution, as it can be toxic if ingested or absorbed in large amounts through the skin. It is important to follow the instructions on product labels carefully and avoid using camphor on broken or irritated skin.

The dental pulp cavity, also known as the pulp chamber, is the innermost part of a tooth that contains the dental pulp. It is located in the crown portion of the tooth and is shaped like an upside-down pyramid with the narrow end point towards the root of the tooth.

The dental pulp is a soft tissue that contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue. It plays an important role in the development and maintenance of the tooth, including providing nutrients to the dentin and producing reparative dentin.

The dental pulp cavity can become infected or inflamed due to tooth decay, trauma, or other factors, leading to symptoms such as pain, sensitivity, and swelling. In such cases, treatment options may include root canal therapy, which involves removing the infected or inflamed pulp tissue from the dental pulp cavity and sealing the space to prevent further infection.

"Pharmaceutical vehicles" is not a standard term in medical or pharmaceutical sciences. However, I can provide some context based on the phrase's possible meaning. If by "pharmaceutical vehicles," you mean the carriers or delivery systems for drugs or medications, then the definition would be:

Pharmaceutical vehicles refer to various formulations, preparations, or technologies that facilitate and control the administration of a drug or therapeutic agent to its target site in the body. These can include different types of drug delivery systems such as tablets, capsules, liposomes, nanoparticles, transdermal patches, inhalers, injectables, and other innovative drug carrier technologies.

These pharmaceutical vehicles ensure that the active ingredients are safely and effectively transported to their intended site of action within the body, enhancing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing potential side effects.

Sodium hydroxide, also known as caustic soda or lye, is a highly basic anhydrous metal hydroxide with the chemical formula NaOH. It is a white solid that is available in pellets, flakes, granules, or as a 50% saturated solution. Sodium hydroxide is produced in large quantities, primarily for the manufacture of pulp and paper, alcohols, textiles, soaps, detergents, and drain cleaners. It is used in many chemical reactions to neutralize acids and it is a strong bases that can cause severe burns and eye damage.

I'd be happy to help! However, it seems there might be a slight confusion in your question. Hydrocarbons and iodinated compounds are two different types of chemical substances.

Hydrocarbons refer to organic compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon atoms. They can be categorized into several types, such as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons, based on their structure and properties.

On the other hand, iodinated compounds are organic or inorganic molecules containing iodine atoms. These compounds have various applications, especially in medical imaging and therapy, such as radioactive iodine therapy for thyroid cancer and the use of iodinated contrast agents in X-ray and CT scans.

There isn't a specific category called "iodinated hydrocarbons" since hydrocarbons don't inherently contain iodine. However, it is possible to create molecules that combine both hydrocarbon structures and iodine atoms. An example of such a compound would be iodinated alkanes, where iodine atoms replace some hydrogen atoms in an alkane molecule.

So, if you're looking for a medical definition related to iodinated compounds, I can provide that. If you meant something else, please let me know!

Root canal preparation is a procedure in endodontics, which is the branch of dentistry dealing with the dental pulp and tissues surrounding the root of a tooth. The goal of root canal preparation is to thoroughly clean, shape, and disinfect the root canal system of an infected or damaged tooth, in order to prepare it for a filling material that will seal and protect the tooth from further infection or damage.

The procedure involves the use of specialized dental instruments, such as files and reamers, to remove the infected or necrotic pulp tissue and debris from within the root canal. The root canal is then shaped using progressively larger files to create a tapering preparation that facilitates the placement of the filling material. Irrigation solutions are used to help flush out any remaining debris and disinfect the canal.

The success of root canal preparation depends on several factors, including the thoroughness of cleaning and shaping, the effectiveness of disinfection, and the sealing ability of the filling material. Properly performed, root canal preparation can alleviate pain, save a tooth from extraction, and restore function and aesthetics to the mouth.

Chlorophenols are a group of chemical compounds that consist of a phenol ring substituted with one or more chlorine atoms. They are widely used as pesticides, disinfectants, and preservatives. Some common examples of chlorophenols include pentachlorophenol, trichlorophenol, and dichlorophenol.

Chlorophenols can be harmful to human health and the environment. They have been linked to a variety of adverse health effects, including skin and eye irritation, respiratory problems, damage to the liver and kidneys, and an increased risk of cancer. Exposure to chlorophenols can occur through contact with contaminated soil, water, or air, as well as through ingestion or absorption through the skin.

It is important to handle chlorophenols with care and to follow proper safety precautions when using them. If you are concerned about exposure to chlorophenols, it is recommended that you speak with a healthcare professional for further guidance.

Pulp capping is a dental procedure that involves the application of a small amount of dressing to a small exposed area of the pulp in order to promote healing and maintain the vitality of the pulp. The agents used for pulp capping are known as pulp capping agents, which typically include calcium hydroxide-based materials and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). These materials stimulate the formation of a hard tissue barrier between the pulp and dentin, protecting the pulp from infection and further injury.

Pulpectomy, on the other hand, is a dental procedure that involves the complete removal of the pulp tissue from the root canal system. After the removal of the pulp tissue, the root canal system is cleaned, shaped, and filled with a suitable filling material to prevent reinfection and maintain the structural integrity of the tooth.

Pulpectomy agents are the materials used during the pulpectomy procedure to clean, shape, and fill the root canal system. These agents may include irrigants such as sodium hypochlorite or chlorhexidine, files and reamers for shaping the root canal system, and filling materials such as gutta-percha and root canal sealers. The choice of pulpectomy agents depends on various factors, including the size and shape of the root canal system, the presence of any infection or inflammation, and the patient's individual needs and preferences.

Chlorhexidine is an antimicrobial agent used for its broad-spectrum germicidal properties. It is effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It is commonly used as a surgical scrub, hand sanitizer, and healthcare disinfectant. Chlorhexidine is available in various forms, including solutions, gels, and sprays. It works by disrupting the microbial cell membrane, leading to the death of the organism. It is also used in mouthwashes and skin cleansers for its antimicrobial effects.

Apexification is a dental procedure used to treat a non-vital or dead tooth that has not fully developed its root end, also known as an open apex. The goal of this treatment is to encourage the continued growth of the root end and formation of a hard tissue barrier at the apex, which will allow for the placement of a permanent filling or crown.

During the procedure, a medication such as calcium hydroxide is placed into the root canal space and left for several months to promote the growth of new hard tissue. After this time, the medication is removed and replaced with a rubber-like material called gutta-percha, which seals the root canal and provides a stable foundation for a permanent restoration.

Apexification is typically recommended for young patients whose teeth are still developing, as it allows them to keep their natural tooth rather than requiring extraction and replacement with a dental implant or bridge.

Ammonium hydroxide is a solution of ammonia (NH3) in water, and it is also known as aqua ammonia or ammonia water. It has the chemical formula NH4OH. This solution is composed of ammonium ions (NH4+) and hydroxide ions (OH-), making it a basic or alkaline substance with a pH level greater than 7.

Ammonium hydroxide is commonly used in various industrial, agricultural, and laboratory applications. It serves as a cleaning agent, a pharmaceutical aid, a laboratory reagent, and a component in fertilizers. In chemistry, it can be used to neutralize acids or act as a base in acid-base reactions.

Handling ammonium hydroxide requires caution due to its caustic nature. It can cause burns and eye damage upon contact, and inhalation of its vapors may lead to respiratory irritation. Proper safety measures, such as wearing protective clothing, gloves, and eyewear, should be taken when handling this substance.

Periapical periodontitis is a medical condition that affects the tissues surrounding the root tip (apex) of a tooth. It is typically caused by bacterial infection that originates from the dental pulp, which is the soft tissue inside the tooth that contains nerves and blood vessels. When the dental pulp becomes inflamed or infected due to decay or injury, it can lead to periapical periodontitis if left untreated.

The infection spreads from the pulp through the root canal and forms an abscess at the tip of the tooth root. This results in inflammation and destruction of the surrounding bone and periodontal tissues, leading to symptoms such as pain, swelling, tenderness, and sensitivity to hot or cold temperatures.

Periapical periodontitis is usually treated with root canal therapy, which involves removing the infected pulp tissue, cleaning and disinfecting the root canal, and filling and sealing the space to prevent reinfection. In some cases, antibiotics may also be prescribed to help clear up any residual infection. If left untreated, periapical periodontitis can lead to more serious complications such as tooth loss or spread of infection to other parts of the body.

The tooth apex is the tip or the narrowed end of the root of a tooth. It is the portion that is located deepest within the jawbone and it contains dental pulp tissue, which includes nerves and blood vessels. The apex plays an essential role in the development and maintenance of a tooth, as well as in the process of root canal treatment, where instruments and materials are introduced through it to clean and fill the root canals. It is also a crucial landmark in endodontic surgery and dental imaging.

A dental cavity lining, also known as a dental restoration or filling, refers to the material used to fill and seal a tooth after decay has been removed. The purpose of the lining is to restore the function, integrity, and morphology of the tooth, while preventing further decay and infection. Common materials used for dental cavity linings include:

1. Amalgam: A mixture of metals, such as silver, tin, copper, and mercury, amalgam fillings are strong, durable, and resistant to wear. They are often used for posterior teeth that undergo heavy chewing forces. However, due to their dark color, they may be less aesthetically pleasing compared to other materials.
2. Composite resin: A tooth-colored material made of a mixture of plastic and glass particles, composite resins provide a more natural appearance and are often used for anterior teeth or cosmetic restorations. They bond directly to the tooth structure, which can help reinforce the remaining tooth structure. However, they may be less durable than amalgam fillings and may wear down or discolor over time.
3. Glass ionomer: A tooth-colored material made of acrylic and a type of glass, glass ionomers release fluoride, which can help protect the tooth from further decay. They are often used for fillings near the gum line, for cementing crowns or orthodontic appliances, or as a base layer under other restorative materials. Glass ionomers are less durable than composite resins and amalgam fillings and may not withstand heavy chewing forces as well.
4. Gold: A precious metal used for dental restorations, gold is highly durable, non-reactive, and resistant to corrosion. It can be used for inlays, onlays, or crowns and provides excellent longevity. However, due to its high cost and less desirable aesthetics, it is not as commonly used as other materials.
5. Porcelain: A ceramic material that can be matched to the color of natural teeth, porcelain is often used for inlays, onlays, crowns, or veneers. It provides excellent aesthetics and durability but may be more brittle than other materials and requires a skilled dental technician for fabrication.

Ultimately, the choice of restorative material depends on several factors, including the location and extent of the decay, the patient's oral health status, aesthetic preferences, and budget. Dentists will consider these factors when recommending the most appropriate material for a specific situation.

Magnesium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Mg(OH)2. It is a white solid that is amphoteric, meaning it can react as both an acid and a base. Magnesium hydroxide is commonly used as an over-the-counter antacid to neutralize stomach acid and relieve symptoms of heartburn, acid indigestion, and upset stomach. It works by increasing the pH of the stomach, which can help to reduce the production of stomach acid.

Magnesium hydroxide is also used as a laxative to relieve constipation, as it has a softening effect on stools and stimulates bowel movements. In addition, magnesium hydroxide is sometimes used in medical procedures to neutralize or wash away stomach acid, for example during endoscopies or the treatment of poisoning.

It's important to note that while magnesium hydroxide is generally considered safe when used as directed, it can cause side effects such as diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal cramps. In addition, people with kidney disease or severe heart or lung conditions should use magnesium hydroxide with caution, as it can worsen these conditions in some cases.

Root canal obturation is the process of filling and sealing the root canal system of a tooth after it has been cleaned and shaped during endodontic treatment. The goal of obturation is to prevent reinfection or contamination of the root canal system by completely filling and sealing the space with an inert, biocompatible material such as gutta-percha and a suitable sealant. This procedure helps to preserve the natural tooth structure, alleviate pain, and maintain proper dental function.

Calcium compounds are chemical substances that contain calcium ions (Ca2+) bonded to various anions. Calcium is an essential mineral for human health, and calcium compounds have numerous biological and industrial applications. Here are some examples of calcium compounds with their medical definitions:

1. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3): A common mineral found in rocks and sediments, calcium carbonate is also a major component of shells, pearls, and bones. It is used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency and as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid.
2. Calcium citrate (C6H8CaO7): A calcium salt of citric acid, calcium citrate is often used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency. It is more soluble in water and gastric juice than calcium carbonate, making it easier to absorb, especially for people with low stomach acid.
3. Calcium gluconate (C12H22CaO14): A calcium salt of gluconic acid, calcium gluconate is used as a medication to treat or prevent hypocalcemia (low blood calcium levels) and hyperkalemia (high blood potassium levels). It can be given intravenously, orally, or topically.
4. Calcium chloride (CaCl2): A white, deliquescent salt, calcium chloride is used as a de-icing agent, a food additive, and a desiccant. In medical settings, it can be used to treat hypocalcemia or hyperkalemia, or as an antidote for magnesium overdose.
5. Calcium lactate (C6H10CaO6): A calcium salt of lactic acid, calcium lactate is used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency. It is less commonly used than calcium carbonate or calcium citrate but may be better tolerated by some people.
6. Calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2): A mineral found in rocks and bones, calcium phosphate is used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency. It can also be used as a food additive or a pharmaceutical excipient.
7. Calcium sulfate (CaSO4): A white, insoluble powder, calcium sulfate is used as a desiccant, a plaster, and a fertilizer. In medical settings, it can be used to treat hypocalcemia or as an antidote for magnesium overdose.
8. Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2): A white, alkaline powder, calcium hydroxide is used as a disinfectant, a flocculant, and a building material. In medical settings, it can be used to treat hyperkalemia or as an antidote for aluminum overdose.
9. Calcium acetate (Ca(C2H3O2)2): A white, crystalline powder, calcium acetate is used as a food additive and a medication. It can be used to treat hyperphosphatemia (high blood phosphate levels) in patients with kidney disease.
10. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3): A white, chalky powder, calcium carbonate is used as a dietary supplement, a food additive, and a pharmaceutical excipient. It can also be used as a building material and a mineral supplement.

A pulpotomy is a dental procedure that involves the removal of the pulp tissue from the crown portion of a tooth, while leaving the vital pulp tissue in the root canals. This procedure is typically performed on primary teeth (baby teeth) that have been damaged due to decay or trauma, but still have a healthy root canal system.

The goal of a pulpotomy is to preserve the vitality of the remaining tooth structure and prevent premature exfoliation of the primary tooth. After removing the infected or inflamed pulp tissue from the crown, a medicated dressing is placed over the remaining pulpal tissue in the root canals to promote healing and maintain the tooth's vitality.

A stainless steel crown is then typically placed over the tooth to provide additional protection and support. A pulpotomy can help alleviate pain, prevent further infection, and maintain the natural space for the permanent tooth to erupt properly.

Calcium signaling is the process by which cells regulate various functions through changes in intracellular calcium ion concentrations. Calcium ions (Ca^2+^) are crucial second messengers that play a critical role in many cellular processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, gene expression, and programmed cell death (apoptosis).

Intracellular calcium levels are tightly regulated by a complex network of channels, pumps, and exchangers located on the plasma membrane and intracellular organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. These proteins control the influx, efflux, and storage of calcium ions within the cell.

Calcium signaling is initiated when an external signal, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, binds to a specific receptor on the plasma membrane. This interaction triggers the opening of ion channels, allowing extracellular Ca^2+^ to flow into the cytoplasm. In some cases, this influx of calcium ions is sufficient to activate downstream targets directly. However, in most instances, the increase in intracellular Ca^2+^ serves as a trigger for the release of additional calcium from internal stores, such as the ER.

The release of calcium from the ER is mediated by ryanodine receptors (RyRs) and inositol trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs), which are activated by specific second messengers generated in response to the initial external signal. The activation of these channels leads to a rapid increase in cytoplasmic Ca^2+^, creating a transient intracellular calcium signal known as a "calcium spark" or "calcium puff."

These localized increases in calcium concentration can then propagate throughout the cell as waves of elevated calcium, allowing for the spatial and temporal coordination of various cellular responses. The duration and amplitude of these calcium signals are finely tuned by the interplay between calcium-binding proteins, pumps, and exchangers, ensuring that appropriate responses are elicited in a controlled manner.

Dysregulation of intracellular calcium signaling has been implicated in numerous pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disorders, and cancer. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms governing calcium homeostasis and signaling is crucial for the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting these diseases.

Secondary dentin is a type of dentin that is formed after the initial development of the tooth. It is produced in response to stimuli such as tooth wear or injury and continues to form throughout an individual's life. Unlike primary dentin, which is laid down during tooth development and has a more uniform structure, secondary dentin is often deposited in a less organized manner and can vary in thickness. The formation of secondary dentin can help to protect the pulp tissue within the tooth from further damage or infection.

Endodontics is a branch of dentistry that deals with the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases or injuries of the dental pulp (the soft tissue inside the tooth that contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue) and the tissues surrounding the root of the tooth. The most common endodontic procedure is root canal therapy, which involves removing infected or inflamed pulp tissue from within the tooth, cleaning and shaping the root canals, and filling and sealing the space to prevent reinfection. Endodontists are dental specialists who have undergone additional training in this field beyond dental school.

Anti-infective agents, local, are medications that are applied directly to a specific area of the body to prevent or treat infections caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, or parasites. These agents include topical antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, and anti-parasitic drugs. They work by killing or inhibiting the growth of the infectious organisms, thereby preventing their spread and reducing the risk of infection. Local anti-infective agents are often used to treat skin infections, eye infections, and other localized infections, and can be administered as creams, ointments, gels, solutions, or drops.

Sodium hypochlorite is a chemical compound with the formula NaOCl. It is a pale greenish-yellow liquid that is highly reactive and unstable in its pure form. However, it is commonly available as a dilute aqueous solution known as bleach, which has the characteristic smell of chlorine.

In medical terms, sodium hypochlorite is widely used for its disinfectant and antiseptic properties. It is effective against a broad range of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores. Sodium hypochlorite solution is commonly used to disinfect surfaces, medical instruments, and wounds.

When applied to wounds or skin infections, sodium hypochlorite can help reduce bacterial load, promote healing, and prevent infection. It is also a component of some mouthwashes and toothpastes, where it helps to kill bacteria and freshen breath. However, it can be irritating to the skin and mucous membranes, so it should be used with caution and at appropriate concentrations.

Root canal therapy, also known as endodontic treatment, is a dental procedure that involves the removal of infected or damaged pulp tissue from within a tooth's root canal system. The root canal system is a series of narrow channels that run from the center of the tooth (pulp chamber) down to the tip of the tooth roots, containing nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissues.

During the procedure, the dentist or endodontist will gain access to the pulp chamber, carefully clean and shape the root canals using specialized instruments, and then fill and seal them with a rubber-like material called gutta-percha. This helps prevent reinfection and preserves the structural integrity of the tooth. In many cases, a crown or other restoration is placed over the treated tooth to protect it and restore its function and appearance.

Root canal therapy is typically recommended when the pulp tissue becomes inflamed or infected due to deep decay, repeated dental procedures, cracks, or chips in the teeth. The goal of this treatment is to alleviate pain, preserve natural tooth structure, and prevent the need for extraction.

A drug combination refers to the use of two or more drugs in combination for the treatment of a single medical condition or disease. The rationale behind using drug combinations is to achieve a therapeutic effect that is superior to that obtained with any single agent alone, through various mechanisms such as:

* Complementary modes of action: When different drugs target different aspects of the disease process, their combined effects may be greater than either drug used alone.
* Synergistic interactions: In some cases, the combination of two or more drugs can result in a greater-than-additive effect, where the total response is greater than the sum of the individual responses to each drug.
* Antagonism of adverse effects: Sometimes, the use of one drug can mitigate the side effects of another, allowing for higher doses or longer durations of therapy.

Examples of drug combinations include:

* Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for HIV infection, which typically involves a combination of three or more antiretroviral drugs to suppress viral replication and prevent the development of drug resistance.
* Chemotherapy regimens for cancer treatment, where combinations of cytotoxic agents are used to target different stages of the cell cycle and increase the likelihood of tumor cell death.
* Fixed-dose combination products, such as those used in the treatment of hypertension or type 2 diabetes, which combine two or more active ingredients into a single formulation for ease of administration and improved adherence to therapy.

However, it's important to note that drug combinations can also increase the risk of adverse effects, drug-drug interactions, and medication errors. Therefore, careful consideration should be given to the selection of appropriate drugs, dosing regimens, and monitoring parameters when using drug combinations in clinical practice.

A dental fistula is an abnormal connection or tunnel that develops between the oral cavity and the skin or other soft tissues, usually as a result of an infection in the teeth or surrounding structures. The infection can lead to the formation of a pus-filled sac (abscess) that eventually breaks through the bone or soft tissue, creating a small opening or channel that allows the pus to drain out.

The dental fistula is often accompanied by symptoms such as pain, swelling, redness, and difficulty swallowing or chewing. The infection can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated, so it's important to seek medical attention promptly if you suspect that you have a dental fistula.

The treatment for a dental fistula typically involves addressing the underlying infection, which may involve antibiotics, drainage of the abscess, and/or removal of the affected tooth or teeth. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the damage to the bone or soft tissue and prevent further complications.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "silicates" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Silicates are a broad class of minerals that are composed of silicon and oxygen atoms in various arrangements. They are abundant in Earth's crust and are commonly found in sand, quartz, and many types of rocks.

While not directly related to human health, some silicate-based materials can have medical applications. For example, certain forms of magnesium silicate (talc) have been used as a component in some medications for their ability to absorb moisture and help reduce the risk of skin irritation. However, exposure to certain types of silica dust (like crystalline silica) has been linked to lung diseases such as silicosis, bronchitis, and lung cancer, especially in occupational settings like construction, sandblasting, and mining.

If you have any concerns about silicates or their potential impact on your health, I would recommend consulting a healthcare professional for personalized advice based on your specific situation.

Zinc oxide-eugenol cement is a dental material used as a temporary filling or base. It is a mixture of zinc oxide powder and eugenol (oil of cloves) liquid. The setting reaction of this cement is an acid-base reaction between the zinc oxide and eugenol, which results in the formation of a hard, insoluble material.

The cement has several desirable properties, including good biocompatibility, low toxicity, and antimicrobial activity due to the presence of eugenol. It is also radiopaque, meaning that it can be seen on X-rays, which makes it useful for temporary fillings in areas where there may be a need for future monitoring or evaluation.

Zinc oxide-eugenol cement is commonly used as a temporary filling material during root canal treatment, to seal the access cavity and protect the pulp tissue until a permanent restoration can be placed. It can also be used as a base material under dental restorations such as amalgam or composite fillings, providing a protective layer between the restoration and the dentin.

However, it is not recommended for long-term use due to its lack of strength and durability compared to other filling materials. Prolonged exposure to eugenol can also cause tissue irritation in some individuals.

Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO3. It is a common substance found in rocks and in the shells of many marine animals. As a mineral, it is known as calcite or aragonite.

In the medical field, calcium carbonate is often used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency. It is also commonly used as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid and relieve symptoms of heartburn, acid reflux, and indigestion.

Calcium carbonate works by reacting with hydrochloric acid in the stomach to form water, carbon dioxide, and calcium chloride. This reaction helps to raise the pH level in the stomach and neutralize excess acid.

It is important to note that excessive use of calcium carbonate can lead to hypercalcemia, a condition characterized by high levels of calcium in the blood, which can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, constipation, confusion, and muscle weakness. Therefore, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.

Gutta-Percha is defined in the medical field as a naturally occurring rubber derived from the sap of the Palaquium gutta tree, which is native to Malaysia. It has been historically used in various medical and dental applications due to its unique properties such as being malleable yet durable when heated, and remaining stable at room temperature.

In dentistry, gutta-percha is commonly utilized as a root canal filling material, as it can be easily shaped and compacted into the root canal space to seal off the tooth from bacteria and other infectious agents. It is often used in combination with a sealer cement to ensure a proper seal and prevent reinfection of the tooth.

Overall, gutta-percha is a valuable material in medical and dental applications due to its unique properties and versatility.

Pulpitis is a dental term that refers to the inflammation of the pulp, which is the soft tissue inside the center of a tooth that contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue. The pulp helps to form the dentin, the hard layer beneath the enamel. Pulpitis can result from tooth decay, dental trauma, or other factors that cause damage to the tooth's protective enamel and dentin layers, exposing the pulp to irritants and bacteria.

There are two types of pulpitis: reversible and irreversible. Reversible pulpitis is characterized by mild inflammation that can be treated and potentially reversed with dental intervention, such as a filling or root canal treatment. Irreversible pulpitis, on the other hand, involves severe inflammation that cannot be reversed, and typically requires a root canal procedure to remove the infected pulp tissue and prevent further infection or damage to the tooth.

Symptoms of pulpitis may include tooth sensitivity to hot or cold temperatures, pain or discomfort when biting down or applying pressure to the tooth, and in some cases, spontaneous or radiating pain. If left untreated, pulpitis can lead to more serious dental issues, such as abscesses or bone loss around the affected tooth.

Zinc oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula ZnO. It exists as a white, odorless, and crystalline powder. In medicine, zinc oxide is used primarily as a topical agent for the treatment of various skin conditions, including diaper rash, minor burns, and irritations caused by eczema or psoriasis.

Zinc oxide has several properties that make it useful in medical applications:

1. Antimicrobial activity: Zinc oxide exhibits antimicrobial properties against bacteria, viruses, and fungi, which can help prevent infection and promote wound healing.
2. Skin protectant: It forms a physical barrier on the skin, protecting it from external irritants, friction, and moisture. This property is particularly useful in products like diaper rash creams and sunscreens.
3. Astringent properties: Zinc oxide can help constrict and tighten tissues, which may reduce inflammation and promote healing.
4. Mineral sunscreen agent: Zinc oxide is a common active ingredient in physical (mineral) sunscreens due to its ability to reflect and scatter UV light, protecting the skin from both UVA and UVB radiation.

Zinc oxide can be found in various medical and skincare products, such as creams, ointments, pastes, lotions, and powders. It is generally considered safe for topical use, but it may cause skin irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals.

I'm happy to help! However, I must clarify that "materials testing" is not a medical term per se. It is a term used in various fields, including engineering and materials science, to describe the process of subjecting materials to different tests to evaluate their properties and performance under various conditions.

In the context of medical devices or implants, materials testing may refer to the evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties of materials used in their construction. These tests can include assessments of strength, durability, biocompatibility, and other factors that are critical to ensuring the safety and efficacy of medical devices.

Medical device manufacturers must comply with regulatory standards for materials testing to ensure that their products meet specific requirements for performance, safety, and quality. These standards may vary depending on the type of device, its intended use, and the country or region in which it will be marketed and sold.

Calcium channels are specialized proteins that span the membrane of cells and allow calcium ions (Ca²+) to flow in and out of the cell. They are crucial for many physiological processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, hormone secretion, and gene expression.

There are several types of calcium channels, classified based on their biophysical and pharmacological properties. The most well-known are:

1. Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs): These channels are activated by changes in the membrane potential. They are further divided into several subtypes, including L-type, P/Q-type, N-type, R-type, and T-type. VGCCs play a critical role in excitation-contraction coupling in muscle cells and neurotransmitter release in neurons.
2. Receptor-operated calcium channels (ROCCs): These channels are activated by the binding of an extracellular ligand, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, to a specific receptor on the cell surface. ROCCs are involved in various physiological processes, including smooth muscle contraction and platelet activation.
3. Store-operated calcium channels (SOCCs): These channels are activated by the depletion of intracellular calcium stores, such as those found in the endoplasmic reticulum. SOCCs play a critical role in maintaining calcium homeostasis and signaling within cells.

Dysregulation of calcium channel function has been implicated in various diseases, including hypertension, arrhythmias, migraine, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, calcium channels are an important target for drug development and therapy.

Propolis is a resinous substance that honeybees collect from tree buds, sap flows, or other botanical sources. They use it to seal gaps and holes in their hives as a protective barrier against external threats such as intruders (like other insects) and harsh weather conditions. Propolis has been found to have various chemical compositions depending on the plant sources, but it primarily consists of flavonoids, phenolic acids, and esters, which contribute to its biological activities. It has been used in traditional medicine for centuries due to its potential health benefits, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and wound-healing properties; however, more scientific research is needed to confirm these effects and establish safe and effective therapeutic dosages.

Dental pulp exposure is a condition in which the soft, living tissue inside a tooth (the dental pulp) becomes exposed due to damage or injury to the tooth. This can occur as a result of tooth decay that has progressed deeply into the tooth, trauma or fracture that exposes the pulp, or recession of the gums due to periodontal disease.

Exposure of the dental pulp can lead to infection, inflammation, and severe pain. If left untreated, it may result in the need for a root canal procedure or even extraction of the tooth. Therefore, prompt dental treatment is necessary to prevent further complications and preserve the tooth.

Aluminum compounds refer to chemical substances that are formed by the combination of aluminum with other elements. Aluminum is a naturally occurring metallic element, and it can combine with various non-metallic elements to form compounds with unique properties and uses. Some common aluminum compounds include:

1. Aluminum oxide (Al2O3): Also known as alumina, this compound is formed when aluminum combines with oxygen. It is a white, odorless powder that is highly resistant to heat and corrosion. Aluminum oxide is used in a variety of applications, including ceramics, abrasives, and refractories.
2. Aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3): This compound is formed when aluminum combines with sulfuric acid. It is a white, crystalline powder that is highly soluble in water. Aluminum sulfate is used as a flocculant in water treatment, as well as in the manufacture of paper and textiles.
3. Aluminum chloride (AlCl3): This compound is formed when aluminum combines with chlorine. It is a white or yellowish-white solid that is highly deliquescent, meaning it readily absorbs moisture from the air. Aluminum chloride is used as a catalyst in chemical reactions, as well as in the production of various industrial chemicals.
4. Aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3): This compound is formed when aluminum combines with hydroxide ions. It is a white, powdery substance that is amphoteric, meaning it can react with both acids and bases. Aluminum hydroxide is used as an antacid and as a fire retardant.
5. Zinc oxide (ZnO) and aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3): This compound is formed when zinc oxide is combined with aluminum hydroxide. It is a white, powdery substance that is used as a filler in rubber and plastics, as well as in the manufacture of paints and coatings.

It's important to note that some aluminum compounds have been linked to health concerns, particularly when they are inhaled or ingested in large quantities. For example, aluminum chloride has been shown to be toxic to animals at high doses, while aluminum hydroxide has been associated with neurological disorders in some studies. However, the risks associated with exposure to these compounds are generally low, and they are considered safe for most industrial and consumer uses when used as directed.

"Uncaria" is a genus of woody vines in the family Rubiaceae, commonly known as "cat's claw." The term does not have a specific medical definition, but certain species of Uncaria are used in traditional medicine and have been investigated for their potential medicinal properties. For example, Uncaria tomentosa and Uncaria guianensis are used in traditional medicine for various purposes, including as an anti-inflammatory, immune system stimulant, and for treating gastrointestinal disorders. However, it is important to note that the scientific evidence supporting these uses is limited, and more research is needed before any firm conclusions can be drawn about their safety and efficacy.

Tooth remineralization is a natural process by which minerals, such as calcium and phosphate, are redeposited into the microscopic pores (hydroxyapatite crystals) in the enamel of a tooth. This process can help to repair early decay and strengthen the teeth. It occurs when the mouth's pH is neutral or slightly alkaline, which allows the minerals in our saliva, fluoride from toothpaste or other sources, and calcium and phosphate ions from foods to be absorbed into the enamel. Remineralization can be promoted through good oral hygiene practices, such as brushing with a fluoride toothpaste, flossing, and eating a balanced diet that includes foods rich in calcium and phosphate.

Dietary calcium is a type of calcium that is obtained through food sources. Calcium is an essential mineral that is necessary for many bodily functions, including bone formation and maintenance, muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and blood clotting.

The recommended daily intake of dietary calcium varies depending on age, sex, and other factors. For example, the recommended daily intake for adults aged 19-50 is 1000 mg, while women over 50 and men over 70 require 1200 mg per day.

Good dietary sources of calcium include dairy products such as milk, cheese, and yogurt; leafy green vegetables like broccoli and kale; fortified cereals and juices; and certain types of fish, such as salmon and sardines. It is important to note that some foods can inhibit the absorption of calcium, including oxalates found in spinach and rhubarb, and phytates found in whole grains and legumes.

If a person is unable to get enough calcium through their diet, they may need to take calcium supplements. However, it is important to talk to a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen, as excessive intake of calcium can lead to negative health effects.

Dental instruments are specialized tools that dentists, dental hygienists, and other oral healthcare professionals use to examine, clean, and treat teeth and gums. These instruments come in various shapes and sizes, and each one is designed for a specific purpose. Here are some common dental instruments and their functions:

1. Mouth mirror: A small, handheld mirror used to help the dentist see hard-to-reach areas of the mouth and reflect light onto the teeth and gums.
2. Explorer: A sharp, hooked instrument used to probe teeth and detect cavities, tartar, or other dental problems.
3. Sickle scaler: A curved, sharp-edged instrument used to remove calculus (tartar) from the tooth surface.
4. Periodontal probe: A blunt, calibrated instrument used to measure the depth of periodontal pockets and assess gum health.
5. Dental syringe: A device used to inject local anesthesia into the gums before dental procedures.
6. High-speed handpiece: Also known as a dental drill, it is used to remove decay, shape teeth, or prepare them for fillings and other restorations.
7. Low-speed handpiece: A slower, quieter drill used for various procedures, such as placing crowns or veneers.
8. Suction tip: A thin tube that removes saliva, water, and debris from the mouth during dental procedures.
9. Cotton rolls: Small squares of cotton used to isolate teeth, absorb fluids, and protect soft tissues during dental treatments.
10. Dental forceps: Specialized pliers used to remove teeth or hold them in place while restorations are being placed.
11. Elevators: Curved, wedge-shaped instruments used to loosen or lift teeth out of their sockets.
12. Rubber dam: A thin sheet of rubber or latex that isolates a specific tooth or area during dental treatment, keeping it dry and free from saliva and debris.

These are just a few examples of the many dental instruments used in modern dentistry. Each one plays an essential role in maintaining oral health and providing effective dental care.

Periapical diseases are a group of conditions that affect the periapical tissue, which is the tissue located at the tip of the tooth roots. These diseases are primarily caused by bacterial infections that originate from the dental pulp, the soft tissue inside the tooth. The most common types of periapical diseases include:

1. Periapical periodontitis: This is an inflammatory reaction of the periapical tissues due to the spread of infection from the dental pulp. It can cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, and tenderness in the affected area.
2. Periapical abscess: An abscess is a collection of pus that forms in response to an infection. A periapical abscess occurs when the infection from the dental pulp spreads to the periapical tissue, causing pus to accumulate in the area. This can cause severe pain, swelling, and redness in the affected area.
3. Periapical granuloma: A granuloma is a mass of inflammatory cells that forms in response to an infection. A periapical granuloma is a small, benign tumor-like growth that develops in the periapical tissue due to chronic inflammation caused by a bacterial infection.

Periapical diseases are typically treated with root canal therapy, which involves removing the infected dental pulp and cleaning and sealing the root canals to prevent further infection. In some cases, extraction of the affected tooth may be necessary if the infection is too severe or if the tooth is not salvageable.

Porphyromonas endodontalis is a gram-negative, black-pigmented anaerobic bacterium that is commonly found in the oral cavity and is associated with periodontal disease and endodontic infections. It is a member of the Bacteroidetes phylum and Human Oral Microbiome Database (HOMD).

The bacterium has a polarly flagellated, curved or spiral-shaped morphology and can form biofilms on dental surfaces. P. endodontalis is asaccharolytic, meaning it cannot ferment sugars, and obtains energy by degrading amino acids and proteins.

P. endodontalis has been implicated in the development of periodontal disease due to its ability to produce virulence factors such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), fimbriae, and various enzymes that contribute to tissue destruction and inflammation. It is also associated with apical periodontitis, an infection of the dental pulp and surrounding tissues, and has been isolated from root canals and periapical abscesses.

Effective control and prevention of P. endodontalis infections require good oral hygiene practices, regular dental check-ups, and appropriate treatment of periodontal disease and endodontic infections.

A dental restoration, temporary, is a type of dental restorative material or device that is used for a short period of time to restore the function, shape, and aesthetics of a damaged or decayed tooth. It serves as a placeholder until a permanent restoration can be created and placed.

Temporary dental restorations are typically made of materials such as cotton, plastic, or metal alloys that are easy to manipulate and remove. They may be used in various situations, including:

1. To protect the tooth pulp from further damage or infection after a deep cavity preparation or root canal treatment.
2. To restore the shape and function of a fractured or chipped tooth while waiting for a permanent restoration to be fabricated.
3. As a provisional restoration during the period of healing following oral surgery, such as extraction or implant placement.
4. In some cases, temporary dental restorations may also serve as a diagnostic tool to evaluate the patient's comfort and function before proceeding with a permanent restoration.

It is important to note that temporary dental restorations are not intended for long-term use and should be replaced with a permanent restoration as soon as possible to ensure optimal oral health and functionality.

Dental pulp diseases are conditions that affect the soft tissue inside a tooth, known as dental pulp. The two main types of dental pulp diseases are pulpitis and apical periodontitis.

Pulpitis is inflammation of the dental pulp, which can be either reversible or irreversible. Reversible pulpitis is characterized by mild to moderate inflammation that can be treated with a dental filling or other conservative treatment. Irreversible pulpitis, on the other hand, involves severe inflammation that cannot be reversed and usually requires root canal therapy.

Apical periodontitis, also known as a tooth abscess, is an infection of the tissue surrounding the tip of the tooth's root. It occurs when the dental pulp dies and becomes infected, causing pus to accumulate in the surrounding bone. Symptoms of apical periodontitis may include pain, swelling, and drainage. Treatment typically involves root canal therapy or extraction of the affected tooth.

Other dental pulp diseases include pulp calcification, which is the hardening of the dental pulp due to age or injury, and internal resorption, which is the breakdown and destruction of the dental pulp by the body's own cells. These conditions may not cause any symptoms but can weaken the tooth and increase the risk of fracture.

'Piper betle' is not a medical term, but a botanical name for a plant also known as the betel vine or betel pepper. It is commonly found in Southeast Asian countries and is used in various traditional medicinal practices. The leaves of this plant are often chewed along with other substances like tobacco and slaked lime for their mild stimulant and psychoactive effects.

In a medical context, 'Piper betle' may be mentioned in relation to its potential pharmacological properties or possible health benefits/risks associated with its use. However, it is not considered a standard medical treatment or therapy.

Microradiography is a radiographic technique that uses X-rays to produce detailed images of small specimens, such as microscopic slides or individual cells. In this process, the specimen is placed in close contact with a high-resolution photographic emulsion, and then exposed to X-rays. The resulting image shows the distribution of radiopaque materials within the specimen, providing information about its internal structure and composition at a microscopic level.

Microradiography can be used for various applications in medical research and diagnosis, including the study of bone and tooth microstructure, the analysis of tissue pathology, and the examination of mineralized tissues such as calcifications or osteogenic lesions. The technique offers high resolution and contrast, making it a valuable tool for researchers and clinicians seeking to understand the complex structures and processes that occur at the microscopic level in living organisms.

Tooth avulsion is the complete separation of a tooth from its socket in the alveolar bone due to traumatic injury. This occurs when the periodontal ligament, which holds the tooth in place, gets severed or torn, resulting in the tooth being displaced from its original position. Avulsed teeth can be either primary (baby) or permanent teeth, and the trauma can result in damage to the surrounding tissues, including the gingiva, alveolar bone, and sometimes even the nerves and blood vessels. Prompt and appropriate first aid, as well as professional dental care, are crucial for ensuring the best possible outcome for reimplantation and healing.

An incisor is a type of tooth that is primarily designed for biting off food pieces rather than chewing or grinding. They are typically chisel-shaped, flat, and have a sharp cutting edge. In humans, there are eight incisors - four on the upper jaw and four on the lower jaw, located at the front of the mouth. Other animals such as dogs, cats, and rodents also have incisors that they use for different purposes like tearing or gnawing.

A nonvital tooth is one that no longer has a living or viable pulp, which contains the nerves and blood vessels inside the tooth. This condition can occur due to various reasons such as tooth decay that has progressed deeply into the tooth, dental trauma, or previous invasive dental procedures. As a result, the tooth loses its sensitivity to temperature changes and may darken in color. Nonvital teeth typically require root canal treatment to remove the dead pulp tissue, disinfect the canals, and fill them with an inert material to preserve the tooth structure and function.

Dental leakage, also known as "microleakage" in dental terminology, refers to the seepage or penetration of fluids, bacteria, or other substances between the walls of a dental restoration (such as a filling, crown, or bridge) and the prepared tooth structure. This occurs due to the presence of microscopic gaps or spaces at the interface of the restoration and the tooth.

Dental leakage can lead to several problems, including:

1. Recurrent decay: The seepage of fluids, bacteria, and sugars from the oral environment can cause secondary tooth decay around the margins of the restoration.
2. Sensitivity: Microleakage may result in temperature sensitivity or pain when consuming hot or cold foods and beverages due to fluid movement within the gap.
3. Discoloration: Over time, dental leakage might lead to staining of the tooth structure around the restoration, resulting in an unaesthetic appearance.
4. Failed restorations: Persistent dental leakage can weaken the bond between the restoration and the tooth, increasing the risk of restoration failure and the need for replacement.

To prevent dental leakage, dentists employ various techniques during restoration placement, such as using appropriate adhesives, following meticulous preparation protocols, and ensuring a tight seal around the margins of the restoration. Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings are essential to monitor the condition of existing restorations and address any issues before they become more severe.

A smear layer is a thin, amorphous layer of debris that forms on the dentin surface when it comes into contact with instruments or solutions during dental procedures such as cavity preparation, root canal treatment, or biopsies. This layer is composed of organic and inorganic components, including dentinal cuttings, pulp tissue, bacteria, and materials from the irrigating solution. The smear layer can occlude the dentinal tubules, affecting the adhesion of filling materials and sealing ability of obturation points. Therefore, it is often removed during root canal preparation using various methods such as chemical dissolution, ultrasonic agitation, or laser ablation to ensure proper disinfection and seal of the root canal system.

Alkalies are a type of basic compound that has a pH level greater than 7. They are also known as bases and can neutralize acids. Alkalies can react with acids to form salts and water. Some common alkalies include sodium hydroxide (lye), potassium hydroxide, and calcium hydroxide. When in solution, alkalies can increase the pH level of a substance, making it more basic or alkaline. They are widely used in various industries for different purposes such as cleaning, manufacturing, and processing.

Calcium sulfate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CaSO4. It is a white, odorless, and tasteless solid that is insoluble in alcohol but soluble in water. Calcium sulfate is commonly found in nature as the mineral gypsum, which is used in various industrial applications such as plaster, wallboard, and cement.

In the medical field, calcium sulfate may be used as a component of some pharmaceutical products or as a surgical material. For example, it can be used as a bone void filler to promote healing after bone fractures or surgeries. Calcium sulfate is also used in some dental materials and medical devices.

It's important to note that while calcium sulfate has various industrial and medical uses, it should not be taken as a dietary supplement or medication without the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Dental pulp is the soft tissue located in the center of a tooth, surrounded by the dentin. It contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue, and plays a vital role in the development and health of the tooth. The dental pulp helps to form dentin during tooth development and continues to provide nourishment to the tooth throughout its life. It also serves as a sensory organ, allowing the tooth to detect hot and cold temperatures and transmit pain signals to the brain. Injury or infection of the dental pulp can lead to serious dental problems, such as tooth decay or abscesses, and may require root canal treatment to remove the damaged tissue and save the tooth.

Root resorption is a process that occurs when the body's own cells, called odontoclasts, break down and destroy the hard tissue of the tooth root. This can occur as a result of various factors such as trauma, infection, or orthodontic treatment. In some cases, it may be a normal part of the tooth development and eruption process in children. However, excessive or pathological root resorption can lead to weakening and loss of the tooth. It is often asymptomatic and discovered during routine dental x-rays.

In the context of medical terminology, "powders" do not have a specific technical definition. However, in a general sense, powders refer to dry, finely ground or pulverized solid substances that can be dispersed in air or liquid mediums. In medicine, powders may include various forms of medications, such as crushed tablets or capsules, which are intended to be taken orally, mixed with liquids, or applied topically. Additionally, certain medical treatments and therapies may involve the use of medicated powders for various purposes, such as drying agents, abrasives, or delivery systems for active ingredients.

Cyanoacrylates are a type of fast-acting adhesive that polymerize in the presence of moisture. They are commonly used in medical settings as tissue adhesives or surgical glues to close wounds and promote healing. The most well-known cyanoacrylate is probably "super glue," which is not intended for medical use.

In a medical context, cyanoacrylates are often used as an alternative to sutures or staples to close minor cuts and wounds. They can also be used in certain surgical procedures to help stop bleeding and hold tissue together while it heals. The adhesive forms a strong bond that helps to keep the wound closed and reduce the risk of infection.

It's important to note that cyanoacrylates should only be used under the direction of a healthcare professional, as improper use can lead to skin irritation or other complications. Additionally, cyanoacrylates are not suitable for all types of wounds, so it's important to follow your doctor's instructions carefully when using these products.

A tooth fracture is a dental health condition characterized by a break or crack in the tooth structure. It can occur in different parts of the tooth, including the crown (the visible part), root, or filling. Tooth fractures can result from various factors such as trauma, biting or chewing on hard objects, grinding or clenching teeth, and having large, old amalgam fillings that weaken the tooth structure over time. Depending on the severity and location of the fracture, it may cause pain, sensitivity, or affect the tooth's functionality and appearance. Treatment options for tooth fractures vary from simple bonding to root canal treatment or even extraction in severe cases. Regular dental check-ups are essential for early detection and management of tooth fractures.

Dental cements are materials used in dentistry to bond or seal restorative dental materials, such as crowns, fillings, and orthodontic appliances, to natural tooth structures. They can be made from various materials including glass ionomers, resin-modified glass ionomers, zinc oxide eugenol, polycarboxylate, and composite resins. The choice of cement depends on the specific clinical situation and the properties required, such as strength, durability, biocompatibility, and esthetics.

Dentin is the hard, calcified tissue that lies beneath the enamel and cementum of a tooth. It forms the majority of the tooth's structure and is composed primarily of mineral salts (hydroxyapatite), collagenous proteins, and water. Dentin has a tubular structure, with microscopic channels called dentinal tubules that radiate outward from the pulp chamber (the center of the tooth containing nerves and blood vessels) to the exterior of the tooth. These tubules contain fluid and nerve endings that are responsible for the tooth's sensitivity to various stimuli such as temperature changes, pressure, or decay. Dentin plays a crucial role in protecting the dental pulp while also providing support and structure to the overlying enamel and cementum.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "oxides" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Oxides are a class of chemical compounds that contain at least one oxygen atom and one other element. They can be formed through the process of oxidation, which involves the combination of oxygen with another substance.

In a broader sense, you might encounter the term "oxide" in a medical context when discussing various materials or substances used in medical devices, treatments, or research. For instance, titanium dioxide is a common ingredient in medical-grade sunscreens due to its ability to block and scatter UV light. However, it's important to note that the term "oxides" itself doesn't have a direct connection to medicine or human health.

Epoxy resins are a type of synthetic polymer that are created through the reaction of an epoxide compound with a hardening agent or curing agent. These materials are known for their strong adhesive properties, chemical resistance, and durability. They are commonly used in coatings, adhesives, and composite materials for various industrial, commercial, and consumer applications.

In medical contexts, epoxy resins may be used to create durable and reliable components for medical devices or equipment. For example, they might be used to make housings for medical instruments, or to bond together different parts of a medical device. However, it's worth noting that epoxy resins are not typically used in direct contact with the body or as part of medical treatments.

It's important to note that while epoxy resins have many useful properties, they can also release potentially harmful chemicals during their production and disposal. As such, appropriate safety precautions should be taken when working with these materials.

Propylene glycol is not a medical term, but rather a chemical compound. However, it does have various applications in the medical field. Medically, propylene glycol can be used as a:

1. Vehicle for intravenous (IV) medications: Propylene glycol helps dissolve drugs that are not water-soluble and allows them to be administered intravenously. It is used in the preparation of some IV medications, including certain antibiotics, antivirals, and chemotherapeutic agents.
2. Preservative: Propylene glycol acts as a preservative in various medical products, such as topical ointments, eye drops, and injectable solutions, to prevent bacterial growth and increase shelf life.
3. Humectant: In some medical devices and pharmaceutical formulations, propylene glycol is used as a humectant, which means it helps maintain moisture and prevent dryness in the skin or mucous membranes.

The chemical definition of propylene glycol (C3H8O2) is:

A colorless, nearly odorless, viscous liquid belonging to the alcohol family. It is a diol, meaning it contains two hydroxyl groups (-OH), and its molecular formula is C3H8O2. Propylene glycol is miscible with water and most organic solvents and has applications in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, food processing, cosmetics, and industrial manufacturing.

Triamcinolone Acetonide is a synthetic glucocorticoid, which is a class of corticosteroids. It is used in the form of topical creams, ointments, and sprays to reduce skin inflammation, itching, and allergies. It can also be administered through injection for the treatment of various conditions such as arthritis, bursitis, and tendonitis. Triamcinolone Acetonide works by suppressing the immune system's response, reducing inflammation, and blocking the production of substances that cause allergies.

It is important to note that prolonged use or overuse of triamcinolone acetonide can lead to side effects such as thinning of the skin, easy bruising, and increased susceptibility to infections. Therefore, it should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Enterococcus faecalis is a species of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that are part of the normal gut microbiota in humans and animals. It is a type of enterococci that can cause a variety of infections, including urinary tract infections, bacteremia, endocarditis, and meningitis, particularly in hospitalized patients or those with compromised immune systems.

E. faecalis is known for its ability to survive in a wide range of environments and resist various antibiotics, making it difficult to treat infections caused by this organism. It can also form biofilms, which further increase its resistance to antimicrobial agents and host immune responses. Accurate identification and appropriate treatment of E. faecalis infections are essential to prevent complications and ensure positive patient outcomes.

Dental disinfectants are antimicrobial agents that are used to inactivate or destroy microorganisms present on dental instruments, equipment, and surfaces in order to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases. These disinfectants are intended to reduce the number of pathogens to a level that is considered safe and poses minimal risk of infection.

Dental disinfectants can be classified based on their spectrum of activity, which ranges from low-level disinfectants that are effective against vegetative bacteria, fungi, and viruses, to high-level disinfectants that also inactivate bacterial spores. The choice of a particular dental disinfectant depends on the intended use, the level of contamination, and the type of microorganisms present.

It is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for use, including the recommended contact time, concentration, and method of application, to ensure the effectiveness of dental disinfectants. Additionally, proper handling, storage, and disposal of these agents are essential to prevent harm to patients, staff, and the environment.

Periapical tissue, in the field of dentistry and oral medicine, refers to the tissue that surrounds the apical region of a tooth. The apical region is the tip or apex of the root of a tooth. Periapical tissues include the periodontal ligament, the alveolar bone, and the dental follicle. These tissues play a crucial role in supporting and protecting the tooth. Inflammation or infection of the periapical tissue can lead to a condition known as periapical periodontitis, which may require root canal treatment or tooth extraction.

Hydrogen-ion concentration, also known as pH, is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. The standard unit of measurement is the pH unit. A pH of 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, and greater than 7 is basic.

In medical terms, hydrogen-ion concentration is important for maintaining homeostasis within the body. For example, in the stomach, a high hydrogen-ion concentration (low pH) is necessary for the digestion of food. However, in other parts of the body such as blood, a high hydrogen-ion concentration can be harmful and lead to acidosis. Conversely, a low hydrogen-ion concentration (high pH) in the blood can lead to alkalosis. Both acidosis and alkalosis can have serious consequences on various organ systems if not corrected.

Calcium phosphates are a group of minerals that are important components of bones and teeth. They are also found in some foods and are used in dietary supplements and medical applications. Chemically, calcium phosphates are salts of calcium and phosphoric acid, and they exist in various forms, including hydroxyapatite, which is the primary mineral component of bone tissue. Other forms of calcium phosphates include monocalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, and tricalcium phosphate, which are used as food additives and dietary supplements. Calcium phosphates are important for maintaining strong bones and teeth, and they also play a role in various physiological processes, such as nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction.

Bone cements are medical-grade materials used in orthopedic and trauma surgery to fill gaps between bone surfaces and implants, such as artificial joints or screws. They serve to mechanically stabilize the implant and provide a smooth, load-bearing surface. The two most common types of bone cement are:

1. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement: This is a two-component system consisting of powdered PMMA and liquid methyl methacrylate monomer. When mixed together, they form a dough-like consistency that hardens upon exposure to air. PMMA cement has been widely used for decades in joint replacement surgeries, such as hip or knee replacements.
2. Calcium phosphate (CP) cement: This is a two-component system consisting of a powdered CP compound and an aqueous solution. When mixed together, they form a paste that hardens through a chemical reaction at body temperature. CP cement has lower mechanical strength compared to PMMA but demonstrates better biocompatibility, bioactivity, and the ability to resorb over time.

Both types of bone cements have advantages and disadvantages, and their use depends on the specific surgical indication and patient factors.

In the context of nutrition and health, minerals are inorganic elements that are essential for various bodily functions, such as nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, and bone structure. They are required in small amounts compared to macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) and are obtained from food and water.

Some of the major minerals include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride, while trace minerals or microminerals are required in even smaller amounts and include iron, zinc, copper, manganese, iodine, selenium, and fluoride.

It's worth noting that the term "minerals" can also refer to geological substances found in the earth, but in medical terminology, it specifically refers to the essential inorganic elements required for human health.

Potassium compounds refer to substances that contain the element potassium (chemical symbol: K) combined with one or more other elements. Potassium is an alkali metal that has the atomic number 19 and is highly reactive, so it is never found in its free form in nature. Instead, it is always found combined with other elements in the form of potassium compounds.

Potassium compounds can be ionic or covalent, depending on the properties of the other element(s) with which it is combined. In general, potassium forms ionic compounds with nonmetals and covalent compounds with other metals. Ionic potassium compounds are formed when potassium donates one electron to a nonmetal, forming a positively charged potassium ion (K+) and a negatively charged nonmetal ion.

Potassium compounds have many important uses in medicine, industry, and agriculture. For example, potassium chloride is used as a salt substitute and to treat or prevent low potassium levels in the blood. Potassium citrate is used to treat kidney stones and to alkalinize urine. Potassium iodide is used to treat thyroid disorders and to protect the thyroid gland from radioactive iodine during medical imaging procedures.

It's important to note that some potassium compounds can be toxic or even fatal if ingested in large quantities, so they should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

A deciduous tooth, also known as a baby tooth or primary tooth, is a type of temporary tooth that humans and some other mammals develop during childhood. They are called "deciduous" because they are eventually shed and replaced by permanent teeth, much like how leaves on a deciduous tree fall off and are replaced by new growth.

Deciduous teeth begin to form in the womb and start to erupt through the gums when a child is around six months old. By the time a child reaches age three, they typically have a full set of 20 deciduous teeth, including incisors, canines, and molars. These teeth are smaller and less durable than permanent teeth, but they serve important functions such as helping children chew food properly, speak clearly, and maintain space in the jaw for the permanent teeth to grow into.

Deciduous teeth usually begin to fall out around age six or seven, starting with the lower central incisors. This process continues until all of the deciduous teeth have been shed, typically by age 12 or 13. At this point, the permanent teeth will have grown in and taken their place, with the exception of the wisdom teeth, which may not erupt until later in adolescence or early adulthood.

"Micrococcus luteus" is a type of gram-positive, catalase-positive cocci that is commonly found in pairs or tetrads. It is a facultative anaerobe and can be found in various environments, including soil, water, and the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals. "Micrococcus luteus" is known to be opportunistic pathogens, causing infections in individuals with weakened immune systems. It is also used as a reference strain in microbiological research and industry.

Calcium isotopes refer to variants of the chemical element calcium (ca) that have different numbers of neutrons in their atomic nuclei, and therefore differ in their atomic masses while having the same number of protons. The most common and stable calcium isotope is Calcium-40, which contains 20 protons and 20 neutrons. However, calcium has several other isotopes, including Calcium-42, Calcium-43, Calcium-44, and Calcium-46 to -52, each with different numbers of neutrons. Some of these isotopes are radioactive and decay over time. The relative abundances of calcium isotopes can vary in different environments and can provide information about geological and biological processes.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

A tooth root is the part of a tooth that is embedded in the jawbone and cannot be seen when looking at a person's smile. It is the lower portion of a tooth that typically has a conical shape and anchors the tooth to the jawbone through a periodontal ligament. The tooth root is covered by cementum, a specialized bone-like tissue, and contains nerve endings and blood vessels within its pulp chamber.

The number of roots in a tooth can vary depending on the type of tooth. For example, incisors typically have one root, canines may have one or two roots, premolars usually have one or two roots, and molars often have two to four roots. The primary function of the tooth root is to provide stability and support for the crown of the tooth, allowing it to withstand the forces of biting and chewing.

Coloring agents, also known as food dyes or color additives, are substances that are added to foods, medications, and cosmetics to improve their appearance by giving them a specific color. These agents can be made from both synthetic and natural sources. They must be approved by regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) before they can be used in products intended for human consumption.

Coloring agents are used for various reasons, including:

* To replace color lost during food processing or preparation
* To make foods more visually appealing
* To help consumers easily identify certain types of food
* To indicate the flavor of a product (e.g., fruit-flavored candies)

It's important to note that while coloring agents can enhance the appearance of products, they do not affect their taste or nutritional value. Some people may have allergic reactions to certain coloring agents, so it's essential to check product labels if you have any known allergies. Additionally, excessive consumption of some synthetic coloring agents has been linked to health concerns, so moderation is key.

Calcium chloride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CaCl2. It is a white, odorless, and tasteless solid that is highly soluble in water. Calcium chloride is commonly used as a de-icing agent, a desiccant (drying agent), and a food additive to enhance texture and flavor.

In medical terms, calcium chloride can be used as a medication to treat hypocalcemia (low levels of calcium in the blood) or hyperkalemia (high levels of potassium in the blood). It is administered intravenously and works by increasing the concentration of calcium ions in the blood, which helps to regulate various physiological processes such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and blood clotting.

However, it is important to note that calcium chloride can have adverse effects if not used properly or in excessive amounts. It can cause tissue irritation, cardiac arrhythmias, and other serious complications. Therefore, its use should be monitored carefully by healthcare professionals.

Bismuth is a heavy, brittle, white metallic element (symbol: Bi; atomic number: 83) that is found in various minerals and is used in several industrial, medical, and household products. In medicine, bismuth compounds are commonly used as antidiarrheal and anti-ulcer agents due to their antibacterial properties. They can be found in medications like Pepto-Bismol and Kaopectate. It's important to note that bismuth itself is not used medically, but its compounds have medical applications.

A tooth crown is a type of dental restoration that covers the entire visible portion of a tooth, restoring its shape, size, and strength. It is typically made of materials like porcelain, ceramic, or metal alloys and is custom-made to fit over the prepared tooth. The tooth crown is cemented in place and becomes the new outer surface of the tooth, protecting it from further damage or decay.

The process of getting a tooth crown usually involves two dental appointments. During the first appointment, the dentist prepares the tooth by removing any decay or damaged tissue and shaping the tooth to accommodate the crown. An impression is then taken of the prepared tooth and sent to a dental laboratory where the crown is fabricated. In the meantime, a temporary crown is placed over the prepared tooth to protect it until the permanent crown is ready. At the second appointment, the temporary crown is removed, and the permanent crown is cemented in place.

Tooth crowns are often recommended for several reasons, including:

* To restore a broken or fractured tooth
* To protect a weakened tooth from further damage or decay
* To support a large filling when there isn't enough natural tooth structure left
* To cover a dental implant
* To improve the appearance of a discolored or misshapen tooth

Overall, a tooth crown is an effective and long-lasting solution for restoring damaged or decayed teeth and improving oral health.

Calcium channels, L-type, are a type of voltage-gated calcium channel that are widely expressed in many excitable cells, including cardiac and skeletal muscle cells, as well as certain neurons. These channels play a crucial role in the regulation of various cellular functions, such as excitation-contraction coupling, hormone secretion, and gene expression.

L-type calcium channels are composed of five subunits: alpha-1, alpha-2, beta, gamma, and delta. The alpha-1 subunit is the pore-forming subunit that contains the voltage sensor and the selectivity filter for calcium ions. It has four repeated domains (I-IV), each containing six transmembrane segments (S1-S6). The S4 segment in each domain functions as a voltage sensor, moving outward upon membrane depolarization to open the channel and allow calcium ions to flow into the cell.

L-type calcium channels are activated by membrane depolarization and have a relatively slow activation and inactivation time course. They are also modulated by various intracellular signaling molecules, such as protein kinases and G proteins. L-type calcium channel blockers, such as nifedipine and verapamil, are commonly used in the treatment of hypertension, angina, and certain cardiac arrhythmias.

Clindamycin is a antibiotic medication used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. It is a type of antibiotic known as a lincosamide, which works by binding to the bacterial ribosome and inhibiting protein synthesis. This leads to the death of the bacteria and helps to clear the infection.

Clindamycin is effective against a wide range of gram-positive and some anaerobic bacteria, making it a useful antibiotic for treating many different types of infections, including skin and soft tissue infections, bone and joint infections, respiratory infections, and dental infections. It is also sometimes used to treat certain types of bacterial vaginal infections.

Like all antibiotics, clindamycin should be used only under the direction of a healthcare provider, as misuse can lead to antibiotic resistance. Additionally, clindamycin can cause side effects such as diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting, and it may increase the risk of developing a serious intestinal infection called Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD). It is important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when taking this medication.

Calcium oxalate is a chemical compound with the formula CaC2O4. It is the most common type of stone found in kidneys, also known as kidney stones. Calcium oxalate forms when there is too much calcium or oxalate in the urine. This can occur due to various reasons such as dietary habits, dehydration, medical conditions like hyperparathyroidism, or genetic factors.

Calcium oxalate stones are hard and crystalline and can cause severe pain during urination or while passing through the urinary tract. They may also lead to other symptoms like blood in the urine, nausea, vomiting, or fever. Prevention strategies for calcium oxalate stones include staying hydrated, following a balanced diet, and taking prescribed medications to control the levels of calcium and oxalate in the body.

Calcium gluconate is a medical compound that is used primarily as a medication to treat conditions related to low calcium levels in the body (hypocalcemia) or to prevent calcium deficiency. It is also used as an antidote for treating poisoning from certain chemicals, such as beta-blockers and fluoride.

Calcium gluconate is a form of calcium salt, which is combined with gluconic acid, a natural organic acid found in various fruits and honey. This compound has a high concentration of calcium, making it an effective supplement for increasing calcium levels in the body.

In medical settings, calcium gluconate can be administered orally as a tablet or liquid solution, or it can be given intravenously (directly into a vein) by a healthcare professional. The intravenous route is typically used in emergency situations to quickly raise calcium levels and treat symptoms of hypocalcemia, such as muscle cramps, spasms, or seizures.

It's important to note that while calcium gluconate can be beneficial for treating low calcium levels, it should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare provider, as improper use or overdose can lead to serious side effects, including kidney damage and heart problems.

A "colony count" is a method used to estimate the number of viable microorganisms, such as bacteria or fungi, in a sample. In this technique, a known volume of the sample is spread onto the surface of a solid nutrient medium in a petri dish and then incubated under conditions that allow the microorganisms to grow and form visible colonies. Each colony that grows on the plate represents an individual cell (or small cluster of cells) from the original sample that was able to divide and grow under the given conditions. By counting the number of colonies that form, researchers can make a rough estimate of the concentration of microorganisms in the original sample.

The term "microbial" simply refers to microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses. Therefore, a "colony count, microbial" is a general term that encompasses the use of colony counting techniques to estimate the number of any type of microorganism in a sample.

Colony counts are used in various fields, including medical research, food safety testing, and environmental monitoring, to assess the levels of contamination or the effectiveness of disinfection procedures. However, it is important to note that colony counts may not always provide an accurate measure of the total number of microorganisms present in a sample, as some cells may be injured or unable to grow under the conditions used for counting. Additionally, some microorganisms may form clusters or chains that can appear as single colonies, leading to an overestimation of the true cell count.

... which decomposes calcium hydroxide into calcium oxide and water: Ca(OH)2 → CaO + H2O Calcium hydroxide reacts with hydrogen ... Limewater, also called milk of lime, is the common name for a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide. Calcium hydroxide is ... calcium hydroxide (portlandite) dissolves in water to produce an alkaline solution with a pH of about 12.5. Calcium hydroxide ... Calcium hydroxide is commonly used to prepare lime mortar. One significant application of calcium hydroxide is as a flocculant ...
This page provides supplementary chemical data on calcium hydroxide. The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety ...
Calcium hydroxide • Calculus • California Dental Association • Canadian Association of Orthodontists • Canadian College of ...
Calcium hydroxide has also been tested on its use in indirect pulp capping and was found to have a success rate of 77.6%, ... Calcium hydroxide (CaOH) is an organo-metallic cement that was introduced into dentistry in the early twentieth century and ... However, calcium hydroxide and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) are the preferred material of choice in clinical practice due ... Graham L, Cooper PR, Cassidy N, Nor JE, Sloan AJ, Smith AJ (May 2006). "The effect of calcium hydroxide on solubilisation of ...
Hydrated Calcium Silicate Hydroxide)". Galleries.com. Archived from the original on 2016-02-22. Retrieved 2016-02-27. Hewlett, ... Gyrolite, NaCa16(Si23Al)O60(OH)8·14H2O, is a rare silicate mineral (basic sodium calcium silicate hydrate: N-C-S-H, in cement ... Gyrolite is also mentioned as a rare calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) phase in cement chemistry textbooks with a simplified ... Calcium aluminium silicate hydrate mineral List of minerals Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA-CNMNC approved mineral symbols". ...
... this is white calcium hydroxide). They boil the gourd pieces until they are soft after removing them from the lime solution, ...
Gillman, Mark A. (1 October 1991). "Calcium Hydroxide and Sporadic Clinical Mycotoxicosis". Nutrition and Health. 7 (4): 199- ...
Calcic springs contained lime (calcium hydroxide). Thermal (hot) springs could contain a high concentration of various minerals ... Sulfur springs contained hydrogen sulfide gas (see also fumeroles). Salt (saline) springs contained salts of calcium, magnesium ... Types of sedimentary rock - usually limestone (calcium carbonate) - are sometimes formed by the evaporation, or rapid ...
Calcium hydroxide Calcium hydroxide has a relatively low compressive strength and a viscous consistency, making it difficult to ... Calcium silicate-based liners have become alternatives to calcium hydroxide and are preferred by practitioners for their ... Calcium hydroxide is radio-opaque and acts as a good thermal and electrical insulation. However, due to its low compressive ... A common technique to overcome this issue is to apply a thin sub-lining of calcium hydroxide, then build up with zinc phosphate ...
For example, calcium hydroxide gives calcium fluoride. Sodium bifluoride is produced by neutralizing waste hydrogen fluoride, ... Typical bases are sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide. The process occurs in two steps, illustrated with the hydroxide: HF + ... Sodium bifluoride also aids in the precipitation of calcium ions during the process of nickel electroplating. The compound also ...
"Particle Size and Shape of Calcium Hydroxide". Journal of Endodontics. 35 (2): 284-287. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2008.11.017. PMC ...
The plaster contains liquid lime (calcium hydroxide). In the process of drying, the liquid lime in the plaster combines with ... Red and yellow ochres Green earth Calcium carbonate (chalk) Black produced from soot or charcoal Egyptian blue (artificial ...
... is a calcium arsenate hydroxide mineral. It was first described in 1980, where it appeared in Franklin Township, ... Arsenate minerals, Franklin Township, Somerset County, New Jersey, Calcium minerals, Hexagonal minerals, Minerals in space ...
The product of the reaction is calcium hydroxide. Finely powdered magnesium metal alloyed with a small amount of iron, and ... Calcium oxide is used in the following reaction: CaO(s)+ H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(s) Copper sulphate and powdered zinc can also be used ... These include: Quicklime aka calcium oxide, and water. Quicklime, inexpensive and readily available, is generally recognized by ... but this process is less efficient: CuSO4(s) + Zn(s) → ZnSO4(s) + Cu(s) Anhydrous calcium chloride is often used as well. In ...
"UVITE (Calcium Iron Magnesium Aluminum Boro-silicate Hydroxide)". Galleries.com. Retrieved 2016-08-09. "Uvite Mineral Data". ... It is a rare mineral that is found in calcium rich contact metamorphic rocks with increased amounts of boron. Uvite is trigonal ... Aluminium minerals, Calcium minerals, Cyclosilicates, Magnesium minerals, Trigonal minerals, Minerals in space group 160, ...
Essentially the function of calcium hydroxide is to carry calcium nitrite; calcium hydroxide forms the insolubilized double ... After, the double salt is dissolved liberating calcium nitrite and regenerating the calcium hydroxide. 1. Precipitation of ... Calcium nitrate "Calcium nitrite". Retrieved 6 October 2012. "Calcium nitrite MSDS sheet; Manufacturers". Retrieved 6 October ... forming a double salt of calcium nitrite/calcium hydroxide; and in the presence of water, decomposing double salt to form a ...
... with calcium hydroxide (aka Lime) in a metathesis reaction. (Sodium hydroxide is soluble while calcium carbonate is not.) This ... Typical alkalis, produced commercially, include sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium hydroxide and potassium carbonate ... Historically, sodium hydroxide was produced by treating sodium carbonate (usually from seaweed ash or "glasswort"-plant ash) ... The sodium sulfate is afterwards fired with calcium carbonate and coal. Sodium carbonate can be extracted from this mixture by ...
... is a saturated aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide. Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, is sparsely soluble at room ... Calcium hydroxide is also applied in a leather process called liming. 'Solubility of Inorganic and Metalorganic Compounds - A ... Limewater may be prepared by mixing calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) with water and removing excess undissolved solute (e.g. by ... When excess calcium hydroxide is added (or when environmental conditions are altered, e.g. when its temperature is raised ...
... is a calcium boron hydroxide nesosilicate, CaBSiO4(OH). It was first observed by Jens Esmark in 1806, and named by him ... Calcium minerals, Nesosilicates, Gemstones, Monoclinic minerals, Minerals in space group 14, Luminescent minerals). ...
Cvek, M.; Hollender, L.; Nord, C. E. (1976). "Treatment of non-vital permanent incisors with calcium hydroxide. VI. A clinical ...
If the given formula is Ca(OH)2, it can be seen that OH− is the hydroxide ion. Since the charge on the calcium ion is 2+, it ... Therefore, the name of the compound is calcium hydroxide. If one is asked to write the formula for copper(I) chromate, the ... hydroxide (OH−) cyanide (CN−) phosphate (PO3−4) hydrogen phosphate (HPO2−4) dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO−4) carbonate (CO2−3) ...
Cvek M, Granath LE, Hollender L (1974). "Treatment of non-vital permanent incisors with calcium hydroxide. 3. Variation of ... When there is an uninterrupted blood supply, all of the metabolites (calcium, phosphate, potassium) and glucose that the cells ...
Slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) Barnhart's Concise Dictionary of Etymology "Puto". Rice Recipes. Philippine Rice Research ... Potassium hydroxide soaps are softer and more easily dissolved in water than sodium hydroxide soaps. Sodium hydroxide and ... "Lye" most commonly refers to sodium hydroxide (NaOH), but historically has been used for potassium hydroxide (KOH). Today, lye ... Lye in the form of both sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide is used in making soap. ...
It can be created by neutralising hydrochloric acid with calcium hydroxide. Calcium chloride is commonly encountered as a ... The same is true for rorisite, CaClF (calcium chloride fluoride). Calcium(I) chloride Calcium chloride transformation Magnesium ... Molten calcium chloride can be electrolysed to give calcium metal and chlorine gas: CaCl2 → Ca + Cl2 In much of the world, ... Calcium chloride can be used to precipitate fluoride ions from water as insoluble CaF2. Calcium chloride is also an ingredient ...
Potasium Sodium Calcium Manganese Titanium Iron Oxide Silicate Hydroxide)". Rozhdestvenskaya, I. V.; Nikishova, L. V.; Lazebnik ... Calcium minerals, Sodium minerals, Potassium minerals, Inosilicates, Gemstones, Triclinic minerals, Minerals in space group 2) ...
Lakhi also used to trade cotton, lime powder, and calcium hydroxide. He had four Tandas, each with 50,000 bulk carts, and 3, ...
This is obtained by adding calcium hydroxide (CaOH2) to the wastewater. This resulted in a regained solubility of the pectins, ...
Both a sodium hypochlorite solution and calcium hydroxide can be highly effective in killing A. israelii when it has caused ... sodium hypochlorite and calcium hydroxide". International Endodontic Journal. 29 (5): 320-326. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.1996. ...
Calcium oxide (quick lime) reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide (stalked lime) CaO ( s ) + H 2 O ( l ) ⟶ Ca ( OH ) 2 {\ ... Calcium oxide (lime) combined with water gives calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) ,- , c) Between elements and compounds , 2CO + ...
3. Cation exchange with calcium hydroxide (portlandite) and precipitation of amorphous calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) ... and soluble alkali chlorides cannot produce soluble alkali hydroxide by interacting with calcium hydroxide. So, does it exist ... The moist NaOH impregnates the surface and the porosity of calcium hydroxide grains with a high specific surface area. Soda ... When pH slowly drops due to the progress of the silica dissolution reaction, solubility of calcium hydroxide increases and the ...
... which decomposes calcium hydroxide into calcium oxide and water: Ca(OH)2 → CaO + H2O Calcium hydroxide reacts with hydrogen ... Limewater, also called milk of lime, is the common name for a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide. Calcium hydroxide is ... calcium hydroxide (portlandite) dissolves in water to produce an alkaline solution with a pH of about 12.5. Calcium hydroxide ... Calcium hydroxide is commonly used to prepare lime mortar. One significant application of calcium hydroxide is as a flocculant ...
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2741 Calcium hydroxide (Previous) (Back) (Next) Geometry predicted using PM7. # Species Formula ... PM7 Calcium hydroxide H=-146.0 HR=NIST Ca 0.00000000 +0 0.0000000 +0 0.0000000 +0 0 0 0 O 1.87386541 +1 0.0000000 +0 0.0000000 ...
Chemistry: Na(Mn, Ca)2Si3O8(OH), Sodium Manganese Calcium Silicate Hydroxide *Class: Silicates *Subclass: Inosilicates *Uses: ...
Chemistry: (Pb, Ca)(Cu, Zn)AsO4(OH), Lead Calcium Copper Zinc Arsenate Hydroxide ... The formula is typically written without the calcium and zinc as these elements are not always a significant percentage of the ...
Jale Özdemir offers original research regarding the cytotoxic impacts of calcium hydroxide and tricalcium phosphate, which are ... 2Calcium hydroxide comes out when calcium oxide contacts with water. CaO + H2O = Ca (OH)2Calcium hydroxide powder becomes paste ... Frank has advised the application of calcium hydroxide and CMCP mixture to root channel.11,12,13Calcium hydroxide forms an ... methyl cellulose and calcium hydroxide) paste are being used.Calcium hydroxide becomes dissociated into Ca++ and OH+ ions in ...
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View images of aluminum hydroxide/aspirin/calcium carbonate/magnesium hydroxide and identify pills by imprint code, shape and ... Aluminum hydroxide/aspirin/calcium carbonate/magnesium hydroxide Pill Images. Note: Multiple pictures are displayed for those ...
calcium hydroxide ,, calcium oxide?. EmmisonJ - 19-3-2009 at 04:33. are there any simple techniques to get calcium oxide from ... calcium hydroxide?. heating or use of H2SO4? any by-products to be concerned with by the reaction?. not_important - 19-3-2009 ... Sulfuric acid just gives calcium sulfate, as a first year chemistry book would tell you (hint).. chief - 19-3-2009 at 10:59. ... Second paper 1st page is dehdrating the hydroxide at temperatures delow 600 C, while the other paper starts off talking about ...
Buy Sigma Aldrich 239232-2.5KG Calcium Hydroxide, ≥95%, ACS Reagent Grade, 2.5Kg Bottle ... Sigma Aldrich 239232-2.5KG Calcium Hydroxide, ≥95%, ACS Reagent Grade, 2.5Kg Bottle. Sigma-Aldrich 239232-2.5KG ... Sigma Aldrich 239232-2.5KG Calcium Hydroxide, ≥95%, ACS Reagent Grade, 2.5Kg Bottle ...
... TWO NEW MODIFICATIONS ... FREE CALCIUM HYDROXIDE VALUES, DETERMINED BY X-RAY QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS, ARE LOW. THE METHODS HAVE ALSO BEEN USED FOR HYDRATED ... TRT Terms: Calcium compounds; Hydration; Hydroxides; Portland cement; Silicates; Stoichiometry; X ray analysis ... RESULTS FOR HYDRATED CALCIUM SILICATES COMPARE FAVORABLY WITH VALUES CALCULATED ON THE BASIS OF THE STOICHIOMETRY OF HYDRATION ...
... calcium hydroxide has to be handled with care. Calcium oxide may have been slaked to produce it, but the hydroxide is still an ... It is almost easier to say where calcium hydroxide is not used, so broad are its applications. It is the formation of calcium ... but it was only with Davys discovery of calcium in 1808 that it could be specifically identified as calcium hydroxide. ... Calcium hydroxide is also a boon for those who are fond of breathing in difficult circumstances, for whom it provides a carbon ...
You may be able to find the Calcium Hydroxide (pickling lime) at UK: http://www.ebay.co.uk or at aquarium shops where they call ... Where to get calcium hydroxide or pickling lime?? #95792 15 years ago 15,524 * You may be able to find the Calcium Hydroxide ( ... Re: Where to get calcium hydroxide or pickling lime??. Advertisement. Free Natural Teeth Restoration!. Make your own Organic, ... You may be able to find the Calcium Hydroxide (pickling lime) at. UK: http://www.ebay.co.uk. or at aquarium shops where they ...
In 2021, Top exporters of Hydraulic lime; excluding calcium oxide and hydroxide of heading no. 2825 to Indonesia were Singapore ... Hydraulic lime; excluding calcium oxide and hydroxide of heading no. 2825. 2021. Indonesia. 101.33. 1,245,660. Kg. ... Hydraulic lime; excluding calcium oxide and hydroxide of heading no. 2825. 2021. Indonesia. 1.10. 273. Kg. ... Hydraulic lime; excluding calcium oxide and hydroxide of heading no. 2825. 2021. Indonesia. 1.10. 273. Kg. ...
After incubating for as few as 10 minutes in saturated calcium hydroxide at 99°C, immunoreactivity of protease resistant bands ... Hydrolysis in boiling saturated calcium hydroxide (limewater) utilizes inexpensive chemicals to digest protein components of ... this work was to determine if incubating brain material from scrapie-infected sheep in near-boiling saturated calcium hydroxide ... Western blot after calcium hydroxide treatment. Western blot analysis of calcium hydroxide treatment of scrapie-negative (A) ...
5-10ml or 1 or 2 teaspoons makes or can be used for 1 gallon of high quality calcium supplement Instructions for use: Add 5- ... Ideal for use as a Calcium and PH booster Lab tested and pharmaceutical grade Can be used as a supplement or added to top off ... For best results, drip Calcium slowly into the sump of the aquarium. Never add the powder or residual Calcium Hydroxide to the ... Watch your PH closely as Calcium Hydroxide can quickly raise PH values. Recommended Calcium levels are between 380-450 PPM ...
See: alkalinity, calcium mud, calcium oxide, carbonate ion, equivalent weight, lime mud, low-colloid oil mud, oil-base mud ...
Calcium Hydroxide powder ,/p, ,p,,strong,Packing,/strong,,/p, ,p,1 x 15 gm bottle,/p, ,p,,strong,Shelf Life,/strong,,/p, ,p,3 ... Bactericidal calcium hydroxide powder,/strong, for use in root canal therapy. ,/li,,li,Fast and simple relines and repairs,/li ...
Calcium hydroxide is used in Michel Garcias 1-2-3 vat recipe, which we describe in our blog. It is a mild alkali and easier to ... Calcium hydroxide is used in indigo vats, which we go into detail about here. It is a mild alkali and easier to use than lye or ... Calcium hydroxide is used to make an indigo or woad vat more alkaline. It is a fine white powder and is also known as pickling ... Calcium hydroxide can also be used when creating an indigo stock solution (also called a starter or mother). Indigo is ...
Food Ingredients are suppliers food grade calcium hydroxide bulk calcium Hydroxide ( Food grade & physical properties Toll FREE ... O Food grade calcium Hydroxide - Food grade calcium Hydroxide ( 950 Gram for. Is a strong base that has limited water ... Hydroxide, ingesting it can result in calcium Hydroxide, ingesting it result! Of these are alkali, 4 % are other Chemicals ... Find 21 Hydroxide. Of 1 Start over page 1 of 1 Start over page 1 of.! Economical Food grade calcium Hydroxide is used in a ...
Calcium hydroxide is an odorless white powder. Its used in industrial settings, like sewage treatment, paper production, ... Calcium hydroxide is commonly used in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to adjust pH. Calcium hydroxide has numerous ... Sujata Nutri Pharma is one of the leading manufacturers and exporters of Calcium hydroxide CAS no. 1305-62-0. ...
Chemtradeasia as a leading chemicals supplier provides Calcium Hydroxide in bulk and various grades. Click here to find 500+ ... Calcium hydroxide is used to produce beverages like alcohol and soft drinks. Calcium hydroxide is prevents fruits from ripening ... The calcium oxide is broken down into fine particles of calcium hydroxide in this hydration reaction, which occurs in a ... Calcium hydroxide is used to produce ammonia gas by reacting it with ammonium chloride. It is also used as an intermediate to ...
Calcium hydroxide in endodontic therapy. / Lin, L. M.; Chance, K.; Skribner, J. In: The Compendium of continuing education in ... Lin LM, Chance K, Skribner J. Calcium hydroxide in endodontic therapy. The Compendium of continuing education in dentistry. ... Lin, L. M. ; Chance, K. ; Skribner, J. / Calcium hydroxide in endodontic therapy. In: The Compendium of continuing education in ... Lin, L. M., Chance, K., & Skribner, J. (1986). Calcium hydroxide in endodontic therapy. The Compendium of continuing education ...
Global Calcium Hydroxide Market Size, Report and Forecast 2023-2028, gives an in-depth analysis of the global calcium ... Global Calcium Hydroxide Market Share, Report, Trends, Growth, Size, Key Players, Forecast 2023-2028. 05/09/2023 ps9140487925@ ...
Get best quality Calcium Hydroxide at market leading price. ... Exporter and Supplier of Calcium Hydroxide from Dehradun, ... Other Products in Calcium Hydroxide category. Industrial Calcium Hydroxide. Minimum Order Quantity : 1000. Price Range : 6.00 ... High Graded Calcium Hydroxide. Minimum Order Quantity : 1000. Price Range : 6.00 - 50.00 INR/Kilograms. Send Inquiry ... Calcium Hydroxide. Minimum Order Quantity : 1000. Price Range : 6.00 - 50.00 INR/Kilograms. Send Inquiry ...
... agricultural and laboratory uses of calcium hydroxide which is due to its alkaline nature, reactivity and.. ... Calcium hydroxide is slightly soluble in water; it is an alkaline solution and is known as lime water. Calcium hydroxide is a ... Uses of Calcium Hydroxide. Calcium hydroxide is of great importance to chemist, engineers, agriculturists, biologists and ... Some of the uses of calcium hydroxide are enumerated below.. 1. Calcium hydroxide otherwise known as slaked lime is a cheap ...
How limestone produces calcium hydroxide. First of all, quarrying, calcination, slaking, purification and drying are carried ... HOW IS CALCIUM HYDROXIDE PRODUCED FROM LIMESTONE? Calcium hydroxide, also known as slaked lime or hydrated lime, is typically ... You are here: Home / blog / news / HOW IS CALCIUM HYDROXIDE PRODUCED FROM LIMESTONE? ... www.ly-gaifeng.com/blog/production-of-calcium-hydroxide-from-limestone.html ...
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How limestone produces calcium hydroxide. First of all, quarrying, calcination, slaking, purification and drying are carried ... HOW IS CALCIUM HYDROXIDE PRODUCED FROM LIMESTONE? News Calcium hydroxide, also known as slaked lime or hydrated lime, is ... You are here: Home / Blog / News / HOW IS CALCIUM HYDROXIDE PRODUCED FROM LIMESTONE? ... www.ly-gaifeng.com/blog/production-of-calcium-hydroxide-from-limestone.html ...
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  • It is a colorless crystal or white powder and is produced when quicklime (calcium oxide) is mixed with water. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2 Calcium hydroxide comes out when calcium oxide contacts with water. (dentistryiq.com)
  • EmmisonJ - 19-3-2009 at 04:33 are there any simple techniques to get calcium oxide from calcium hydroxide? (sciencemadness.org)
  • Its best known common description, slaked lime, suggests that it is lime (more properly known as calcium oxide) that has drunk its fill. (chemistryworld.com)
  • Hydrated lime' merely describes its formation by adding calcium oxide to water, while the rather entertaining 'pickling lime' shows up one of its less well known uses. (chemistryworld.com)
  • This compound is readily manufactured from calcium oxide by adding water, a process so simple it makes it obvious why it is has been so widely used. (chemistryworld.com)
  • The calcium oxide, with that traditional name of lime, is produced from quarried limestone by heating it in a kiln to more than 825°C, which gives off carbon dioxide from the calcium carbonate that is the prime constituent of the rock, leaving the oxide. (chemistryworld.com)
  • The process of producing calcium hydroxide can also easily be reversed by heating it to 512°C, at which point the water is driven off, reverting the compound to calcium oxide. (chemistryworld.com)
  • It is the formation of calcium hydroxide from the calcium oxide in cement, when water is added, that starts the process of forming calcium carbonate, providing the solidity of the set mixture that is so important to the building industry. (chemistryworld.com)
  • Traditional lime mortar used pure calcium oxide, but the harder cement typically starts with a calcium silicate that is, in effect, calcium oxide bonded to silicon dioxide. (chemistryworld.com)
  • Calcium oxide may have been slaked to produce it, but the hydroxide is still an aggressive base that will burn the skin, damage the eyes and put the lungs at risk if inhaled. (chemistryworld.com)
  • We can provide calcium hydro oxide, if it is requi. (curezone.org)
  • Can be accommodated through our packaging partners specifications we have for this product Chemical formula Ca ( ). Oxy / Occitental Chemical Corporation calcium Oxide ( Quicklime ) is an inorganic compound with the Chemical formula Ca OH. (seznamka-sms.cz)
  • Is produced when Quicklime ( calcium Oxide ) is an inorganic compound with the Chemical formula Ca ( )... … hot selling best price bulk Food grade & physical properties, please use your heading shortcut key navigate! (seznamka-sms.cz)
  • Calcium oxide vary in the degree of crystallization and cohesion of the crystalline mass and the homogeneity of the matrix. (leatherchemical.net)
  • Method 2: Calcium carbonate is heated to a higher temperature to undergo thermal decomposition to form calcium oxide or burnt lime. (leatherchemical.net)
  • The calcium oxide is broken down into fine particles of calcium hydroxide in this hydration reaction, which occurs in a continuous hydrator. (leatherchemical.net)
  • Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH) 2 also known as slaked lime is manufactured by heating limestone to a high temperature of about 1000 0 C and then adding water to the calcium oxide. (gulpmatrix.com)
  • Calcination: Limestone is heated to a high temperature (around 1000°C) in a lime kiln to produce calcium oxide (also known as quicklime). (ls-casting-mold.com)
  • This process is called calcination and drives off carbon dioxide from the limestone, leaving behind calcium oxide. (ls-casting-mold.com)
  • Due to the mixing motion and the high reaction heat, calcium oxide is turned into fine calcium hydroxide. (kfn.ch)
  • calcium hydroxide is formed as a result of hydrating lime (calcium oxide, CaO). (digital-analysis.com)
  • What does aluminum hydroxide/aspirin/calcium carbonate/magnesium hydroxide look like? (drugs.com)
  • As with magnesium hydroxide , Lime is not very soluble in water. (digital-analysis.com)
  • Although the reaction times of lime are substantially less than magnesium hydroxide, lime is difficult to handle because it is handled as a slurry. (digital-analysis.com)
  • As with magnesium hydroxide, lime is normally delivered in dry crystalline form. (digital-analysis.com)
  • Magnesium hydroxide is used to treat occasional constipation in children and adults on a short-term basis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Magnesium hydroxide is in a class of medications called saline laxatives. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Magnesium hydroxide come as a chewable tablet, tablet, and a suspension (liquid) to take by mouth. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Magnesium hydroxide usually causes a bowel movement within 30 minutes to 6 hours after taking it. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Take magnesium hydroxide exactly as directed. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you are giving magnesium hydroxide to your child, read the package label carefully to make sure that it is the right product for the age of the child. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Do not give children magnesium hydroxide products that are made for adults. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Do not take magnesium hydroxide for longer than 1 week without talking to your doctor. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Magnesium hydroxide is also used as an antacid with other medications to relieve heartburn, acid indigestion, and upset stomach. (medlineplus.gov)
  • tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to magnesium hydroxide, any other medications, or any of the ingredients in magnesium hydroxide preparations. (medlineplus.gov)
  • if you are taking other medications, take them at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after taking magnesium hydroxide. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you become pregnant while taking magnesium hydroxide, call your doctor. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Tell your doctor if you are on a magnesium-restricted diet before taking magnesium hydroxide. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Magnesium hydroxide may cause side effects. (medlineplus.gov)
  • More aesthetically pleasing is calcium hydroxide's use in paper production, where reacted with sodium sulfide and sodium carbonate it generates the sodium hydroxide that is used to treat wood chips, breaking down the lignin to free up the cellulose. (chemistryworld.com)
  • Calcium hydroxide is also a boon for those who are fond of breathing in difficult circumstances, for whom it provides a carbon dioxide scrubber, producing harmless calcium carbonate from CO 2 in exhaled air. (chemistryworld.com)
  • Method 1: Calcium carbonate is reacted with hydrochloric acid to generate calcium chloride. (leatherchemical.net)
  • The solution is filtered, and sodium bicarbonate is added to generate a calcium carbonate precipitate. (leatherchemical.net)
  • Calcium hydroxide (traditionally called slaked lime) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ca(OH)2. (wikipedia.org)
  • Limewater, also called milk of lime, is the common name for a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide. (wikipedia.org)
  • Calcium hydroxide is produced commercially by treating (slaking) lime with water: CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 In the laboratory it can be prepared by mixing aqueous solutions of calcium chloride and sodium hydroxide. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Calcium hydroxide is commonly used to prepare lime mortar. (wikipedia.org)
  • Slaked lime was a familiar substance for thousands of years before, but it was only with Davy's discovery of calcium in 1808 that it could be specifically identified as calcium hydroxide. (chemistryworld.com)
  • Re: Where to get calcium hydroxide or pickling lime? (curezone.org)
  • Specified mississippi lime VitaCal calcium Hydroxide 1305-62-0 with reasonable price and fast delivery! (seznamka-sms.cz)
  • Calcium hydroxide does not occur naturally since it reacts readily with water (to form hydrated lime) and carbon dioxide to form limestone. (leatherchemical.net)
  • 1. Calcium hydroxide otherwise known as slaked lime is a cheap alkali commonly used in treating acidic soils. (gulpmatrix.com)
  • 2. A suspension of calcium hydroxide in water, known as milk of lime, is used as white wash. (gulpmatrix.com)
  • Calcium hydroxide, also known as slaked lime or hydrated lime, is typically produced from limestone through a process called slaking. (ls-casting-mold.com)
  • Calcium Hydroxide is also known as Slaked Lime and Hydrated Lime. (laballey.com)
  • This enables us to offer you nekapur® 2, a calcium hydroxide in ideal grain size and highest construction lime quality, and nekablanc® 0 a very fine hydrated lime for special chemical applications. (kfn.ch)
  • The ease with which caustic (sodium hydroxide) can be handled makes it far more favorable than lime, at least for low volume applications. (digital-analysis.com)
  • Calcium salts are normally quite insoluble, and due to the fact that lime is divalent, sludge densities are normally much higher than those formed with caustic (NaOH). (digital-analysis.com)
  • 1 Calcium hydroxide is a white, odorless powder. (dentistryiq.com)
  • CaO + H 2 O = Ca (OH) 2 Calcium hydroxide powder becomes paste when it is mixed with appropriate substances. (dentistryiq.com)
  • Calcium hydroxide and tricalcium phosphate have been used in different ways as powder and paste for the purpose of checking the cytotoxicity of the same.0.5 grams from each of the test materials has been taken. (dentistryiq.com)
  • Never add the powder or residual Calcium Hydroxide to the aquarium. (portcreditpets.com)
  • Indigo is dependent on a balanced blend of indigo powder , a base or alkali such as calcium hydroxide, and a reducing agent, such as fructose or henna . (botanicalcolors.com)
  • 3. Bleaching powder is manufactured by passing chlorine over moist calcium hydroxide. (gulpmatrix.com)
  • We are a well known supplier of Calcium Hydroxide Powder in the market. (jaychemicals.net.in)
  • Calcium Hydroxide Powder is made at our vendors' unit using premium grade compounds and top notch machinery as per the prevailing norms and standards in the industry. (jaychemicals.net.in)
  • Due to its high purity, our Calcium Hydroxide Powder is an FCC Grade chemical. (laballey.com)
  • Dr. Jale Özdemir offers original research regarding the cytotoxic impacts of calcium hydroxide and tricalcium phosphate, which are used in endodontics, as examined in VERO cell cultures (African Green Monkey Kidney Cell). (dentistryiq.com)
  • Cytotoxic impacts of calcium hydroxide and tricalcium phosphate, which are used in endodontics, have been examined in cell cultures. (dentistryiq.com)
  • Calcium hydroxide is widely used in the field of endodontics as a temporary root canal filling. (journal-imab-bg.org)
  • The use of calcium hydroxide, antibiotics and biocides as antimicrobial medicaments in endodontics. (journal-imab-bg.org)
  • For such purpose, Ringer solution, sterile saline, CMCP, distilled water, anesthetic solution, iodoform chlorothymonal, cresatine and pulpdent (methyl cellulose and calcium hydroxide) paste are being used.Calcium hydroxide becomes dissociated into Ca++ and OH+ ions in aqueous solution. (dentistryiq.com)
  • Providing the importance of dental anatomy and auxiliary chemical substances in the pulp therapy, this study aimed to review the scientific production on the effects of calcium hydroxide and Iodoform associated or not, on immature teeth. (bvsalud.org)
  • Radio Opaque Calcium Hydroxide paste with Iodoform, having excellent consistency specially formulated for endodontic applications. (dentact.com)
  • Influence of iodoform on antimicrobial potential of calcium hydroxide. (journal-imab-bg.org)
  • To evaluate the effect of intra-duct medication with calcium hydroxide paste on the pen- etration of the sealing cement inside the dentinal tubules. (bvsalud.org)
  • They were randomly divided into two groups: one sealed with a single cone technique and Ah plus cement with rhodamine-B and another sealed with the same technique and Ah plus cement with rhodamine B, previous placement for 15 days and removal by recapping the paste calcium hydroxide. (bvsalud.org)
  • Aqueous solutions of calcium hydroxide are called limewater and are medium-strength bases, which react with acids and can attack some metals such as aluminium[citation needed] (amphoteric hydroxide dissolving at high pH), while protecting other metals, such as iron and steel, from corrosion by passivation of their surface. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hydrolysis in boiling saturated calcium hydroxide (limewater) utilizes inexpensive chemicals to digest protein components of offal. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, other calcium salts like calcium chloride show and increase in solubility since the enthalpy change is larger and dominates the free energy change during dissolution. (wikipedia.org)
  • The very fine calcium hydroxide is also used in the chemical industry as raw material for the production of various calcium salts. (kfn.ch)
  • Efficacy of chlorhexidine- and calcium hydroxide-containing medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis in vitro. (journal-imab-bg.org)
  • 6. Mohammadi Z, Shalavi S. Is chlorhexidine an ideal vehicle for calcium hydroxide? (journal-imab-bg.org)
  • 10. Lambrianidis T, Kosti E, Boutsioukis C, Mazinis M. Removal efficacy of various calcium hydroxide/chlorhexidine medicaments from the root canal. (journal-imab-bg.org)
  • Sulfuric acid just gives calcium sulfate, as a first year chemistry book would tell you (hint). (sciencemadness.org)
  • cytotoxicity, biocompatibility Introduction Calcium hydroxide has been widely used in endodontic treatment since it was introduced to dentistry in 1920 by Hermann. (dentistryiq.com)
  • Reef Crest bulk calcium Hydroxide is a high purity product which meets or exceeds the 6th Food. (seznamka-sms.cz)
  • The elimination of calcium hydroxide in the root canal is decisive for the success of endodontic treatment, the remnants can interact negatively with endodontic sealants increasing filtrations and decreasing the quality of the seal. (bvsalud.org)
  • Dycal is a self-set rigid dental cement based on calcium hydroxide. (surgical-hut.com)
  • Remaining calcium hydroxide decreases the penetration of the sealing cement Ah plus in the dentinal tubules in all thirds of the root canal. (bvsalud.org)
  • Data are given for levels of sulfuric-acid (7664939), chlorine (7782505), sodium-hydroxide (1310732), ferrous-sulfate (7720787), calcium- hydroxide (1305620), acrylic-acid (79107) resin or polyamide- polymer, ferric-chloride (7705080), Fuller's earth (8031183), and respirable and total inert dusts and nuisance dusts. (cdc.gov)
  • 8. Kim D, Kim E. Antimicrobial effect of calcium hydroxide as an intracanal medicament in root canal treatment: a literature review - Part I. In vitro studies. (journal-imab-bg.org)
  • According to Hopkins and Wulff (1965), the decrease of calcium hydroxide solubility with temperature was known since the works of Marcellin Berthelot (1875) and Julius Thomsen (1883) (see Thomsen-Berthelot principle), when the presence of ions in aqueous solutions was still questioned. (wikipedia.org)
  • At high pH values due to a common-ion effect with the hydroxide anion, its solubility drastically decreases. (wikipedia.org)
  • One significant application of calcium hydroxide is as a flocculant, in water and sewage treatment. (wikipedia.org)
  • Calcium hydroxide is used as a flocculant in water and sewage treatment. (leatherchemical.net)
  • commonly known as slaked food grade calcium hydroxide bulk ) is also available in 50-pound bags packaged in. (seznamka-sms.cz)
  • Calcium hydroxide is commonly used in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to adjust pH. (sujatanutripharma.com)
  • Calcium hydroxide is being widely used in clinical applications due to its various biological features such as antimicrobial activity, capacity to dissolve tissues, suspending root resorption, and repairing with hard tissue formation. (dentistryiq.com)
  • As technology grow and as new demands for industrial chemicals increase, Calcium hydroxide would continue to be useful in several organic and inorganic chemical applications both for engineers, students and researchers. (gulpmatrix.com)
  • Description: Hygenic's Calcium Hydroxide Points are an effective, time saving product for use in endodontic therapy. (shine-qatar.com)
  • MTA or calcium hydroxide treatment for immature permanent teeth? (bvsalud.org)
  • We provide a food grade quality calcium hydroxide. (botanicalcolors.com)
  • Alibaba.com offers 624 food grade calcium hydroxide products. (seznamka-sms.cz)
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  • citation needed] It is also used in the preparation of ammonia gas (NH3), using the following reaction: Ca(OH)2 + 2 NH4Cl → 2 NH3 + CaCl2 + 2 H2O Another large application is in the paper industry, where it is an intermediate in the reaction in the production of sodium hydroxide. (wikipedia.org)
  • Calcium hydroxide is used to produce ammonia gas by reacting it with ammonium chloride. (leatherchemical.net)
  • 4. Calcium hydroxide is used to recover ammonia from ammonium chloride in the Solvay process . (gulpmatrix.com)
  • Calcium Hydroxide Points combine the efficacy of calcium hydroxide in a matrix of 42 % bio-inert guttapercha. (shine-qatar.com)
  • 5. Farhad AR, Barekatain B, Allameh M, Narimani T. Evaluation of the antibacterial effect of calcium hydroxide in combination with three different vehicles: An in vitro study. (journal-imab-bg.org)
  • The variably hydrated phases of calcium sulfate (gypsum, bassanite and anhydrite) also exhibit a slight retrograde solubility due to the presence of the calcium ion. (wikipedia.org)
  • https://www.ls-casting-mold.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/移动氢氧化钙生产线7-e1644565056663.jpg 529 600 lsmojv http://www.ls-casting-mold.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/lslogo-300x138.png lsmojv 2023-05-24 10:45:26 2023-05-24 10:45:26 HOW IS CALCIUM HYDROXIDE PRODUCED FROM LIMESTONE? (ls-casting-mold.com)
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  • Multi-Cal is a smooth, creamy calcium hydroxide preparation recommended for all clinical applications where calcium hydroxide is indicated. (chasedentalsupply.com)
  • After calcium hydroxide removals following the procedures above, teeth were separated longitudinally in a buccal-lingual direction and remnants of medicaments were observed in the apical, middle and coronal part of each tooth. (journal-imab-bg.org)
  • 3. Contardo L, De Luca M, Bevilacqua L, Breschi L, Di Lenarda R. Influence of calcium hydroxide debris on the quality of endodontic apical seal. (journal-imab-bg.org)
  • The reason for this rather uncommon behavior is that the dissolution of calcium hydroxide in water involves an entropy decrease, due to the ordering of water molecules around the doubly charged calcium ion, This counter-intuitive temperature dependence of the solubility is referred to as "retrograde" or "inverse" solubility. (wikipedia.org)
  • 5. Temporarily hard water is softened by the addition of calcium hydroxide. (gulpmatrix.com)
  • Findings: The proposed solvothermal reactions can be used to produce stable and highly concentrated calcium hydroxide nanoparticle dispersions in alcohols, needing no further purification before the application. (unifi.it)
  • Calcium hydroxide is used in many applications, including food preparation, where it has been identified as E number E526. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is almost easier to say where calcium hydroxide is not used, so broad are its applications. (chemistryworld.com)
  • Calcium hydroxide has numerous applications due to its strong basic characteristics. (sujatanutripharma.com)
  • Calcium hydroxide is used in many applications, including food preparation. (powderpackchem.com)
  • KFN's calcium hydroxide also increases heat and weathering stability and notch toughness of plastic products. (kfn.ch)
  • To evaluate the most effective irrigation protocol of calcium hydroxide removal from root canals. (journal-imab-bg.org)
  • The Endodontic Calcium Hydroxide Material report presents a high-quality, wide-ranging research study with key factors that are expected to have a major impact on Endodontic Calcium Hydroxide Material over the forecast period. (dental-news.org)
  • The formula is typically written without the calcium and zinc as these elements are not always a significant percentage of the mineral. (galleries.com)