Calcium channels q type. Medical search

Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue.

A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cellular membranes.

Long-lasting voltage-gated CALCIUM CHANNELS found in both excitable and nonexcitable tissue. They are responsible for normal myocardial and vascular smooth muscle contractility. Five subunits (alpha-1, alpha-2, beta, gamma, and delta) make up the L-type channel. The alpha-1 subunit is the binding site for calcium-based antagonists. Dihydropyridine-based calcium antagonists are used as markers for these binding sites.

Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ION CHANNEL GATING can be due to a variety of stimuli such as LIGANDS, a TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, mechanical deformation or through INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS.

CALCIUM CHANNELS that are concentrated in neural tissue. Omega toxins inhibit the actions of these channels by altering their voltage dependence.

A heterogenous group of transient or low voltage activated type CALCIUM CHANNELS. They are found in cardiac myocyte membranes, the sinoatrial node, Purkinje cells of the heart and the central nervous system.

Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes, sparks, or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins.

Agents that increase calcium influx into calcium channels of excitable tissues. This causes vasoconstriction in VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE and/or CARDIAC MUSCLE cells as well as stimulation of insulin release from pancreatic islets. Therefore, tissue-selective calcium agonists have the potential to combat cardiac failure and endocrinological disorders. They have been used primarily in experimental studies in cell and tissue culture.

The opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. The stimulus can be a change in membrane potential (voltage-gated), drugs or chemical transmitters (ligand-gated), or a mechanical deformation. Gating is thought to involve conformational changes of the ion channel which alters selective permeability.

Potassium channels where the flow of K+ ions into the cell is greater than the outward flow.

CALCIUM CHANNELS located within the PURKINJE CELLS of the cerebellum. They are involved in stimulation-secretion coupling of neurons.

CALCIUM CHANNELS located in the neurons of the brain.

Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.

CALCIUM CHANNELS located in the neurons of the brain. They are inhibited by the marine snail toxin, omega conotoxin MVIIC.

A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.

A class of drugs that act by inhibition of potassium efflux through cell membranes. Blockade of potassium channels prolongs the duration of ACTION POTENTIALS. They are used as ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS and VASODILATOR AGENTS.

Cell membrane glycoproteins that form channels to selectively pass chloride ions. Nonselective blockers include FENAMATES; ETHACRYNIC ACID; and TAMOXIFEN.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

A neurotoxic peptide, which is a cleavage product (VIa) of the omega-Conotoxin precursor protein contained in venom from the marine snail, CONUS geographus. It is an antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS, N-TYPE.

Calcium compounds used as food supplements or in food to supply the body with calcium. Dietary calcium is needed during growth for bone development and for maintenance of skeletal integrity later in life to prevent osteoporosis.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

A family of structurally related neurotoxic peptides from mollusk venom that inhibit voltage-activated entry of calcium into the presynaptic membrane. They selectively inhibit N-, P-, and Q-type calcium channels.

Potassium channel whose permeability to ions is extremely sensitive to the transmembrane potential difference. The opening of these channels is induced by the membrane depolarization of the ACTION POTENTIAL.

A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.

Heteromultimers of Kir6 channels (the pore portion) and sulfonylurea receptor (the regulatory portion) which affect function of the HEART; PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS. KATP channel blockers include GLIBENCLAMIDE and mitiglinide whereas openers include CROMAKALIM and minoxidil sulfate.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.

An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.

Potassium channels whose activation is dependent on intracellular calcium concentrations.

A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.

A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.

The ability of a substrate to allow the passage of ELECTRONS.

A class of drugs that act by inhibition of sodium influx through cell membranes. Blockade of sodium channels slows the rate and amplitude of initial rapid depolarization, reduces cell excitability, and reduces conduction velocity.

An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.

A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.

A neuropeptide toxin from the venom of the funnel web spider, Agelenopsis aperta. It inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, P-TYPE by altering the voltage-dependent gating so that very large depolarizations are needed for channel opening. It also inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, Q-TYPE.

A subgroup of TRP cation channels that contain 3-4 ANKYRIN REPEAT DOMAINS and a conserved C-terminal domain. Members are highly expressed in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Selectivity for calcium over sodium ranges from 0.5 to 10.

Voltage-gated potassium channels whose primary subunits contain six transmembrane segments and form tetramers to create a pore with a voltage sensor. They are related to their founding member, shaker protein, Drosophila.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A major class of calcium activated potassium channels whose members are voltage-dependent. MaxiK channels are activated by either membrane depolarization or an increase in intracellular Ca(2+). They are key regulators of calcium and electrical signaling in a variety of tissues.

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).

A subgroup of cyclic nucleotide-regulated ION CHANNELS within the superfamily of pore-loop cation channels. They are expressed in OLFACTORY NERVE cilia and in PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS and some PLANTS.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

A subgroup of TRP cation channels named after vanilloid receptor. They are very sensitive to TEMPERATURE and hot spicy food and CAPSAICIN. They have the TRP domain and ANKYRIN repeats. Selectivity for CALCIUM over SODIUM ranges from 3 to 100 fold.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

A tetrameric calcium release channel in the SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM membrane of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, acting oppositely to SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES. It is important in skeletal and cardiac excitation-contraction coupling and studied by using RYANODINE. Abnormalities are implicated in CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS and MUSCULAR DISEASES.

A subgroup of TRP cation channels named after melastatin protein. They have the TRP domain but lack ANKYRIN repeats. Enzyme domains in the C-terminus leads to them being called chanzymes.

A family of proton-gated sodium channels that are primarily expressed in neuronal tissue. They are AMILORIDE-sensitive and are implicated in the signaling of a variety of neurological stimuli, most notably that of pain in response to acidic conditions.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Venoms of arthropods of the order Araneida of the ARACHNIDA. The venoms usually contain several protein fractions, including ENZYMES, hemolytic, neurolytic, and other TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL.

Calcium salts of phosphoric acid. These compounds are frequently used as calcium supplements.

Sodium channels found on salt-reabsorbing EPITHELIAL CELLS that line the distal NEPHRON; the distal COLON; SALIVARY DUCTS; SWEAT GLANDS; and the LUNG. They are AMILORIDE-sensitive and play a critical role in the control of sodium balance, BLOOD VOLUME, and BLOOD PRESSURE.

A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that is the predominant VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL of T-LYMPHOCYTES.

A family of voltage-gated potassium channels that are characterized by long N-terminal and C-terminal intracellular tails. They are named from the Drosophila protein whose mutation causes abnormal leg shaking under ether anesthesia. Their activation kinetics are dependent on extracellular MAGNESIUM and PROTON concentration.

Stable calcium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element calcium, but differ in atomic weight. Ca-42-44, 46, and 48 are stable calcium isotopes.

A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that is selectively inhibited by a variety of SCORPION VENOMS.

A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that is commonly mutated in human episodic ATAXIA and MYOKYMIA.

Single chains of amino acids that are the units of multimeric PROTEINS. Multimeric proteins can be composed of identical or non-identical subunits. One or more monomeric subunits may compose a protomer which itself is a subunit structure of a larger assembly.

Unstable isotopes of calcium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ca atoms with atomic weights 39, 41, 45, 47, 49, and 50 are radioactive calcium isotopes.

A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that conducts a delayed rectifier current. It contributes to ACTION POTENTIAL repolarization of MYOCYTES in HEART ATRIA.

A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.

The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.

An aquatic genus of the family, Pipidae, occurring in Africa and distinguished by having black horny claws on three inner hind toes.

A class of polyamine and peptide toxins which are isolated from the venom of spiders such as Agelenopsis aperta.

A major class of calcium-activated potassium channels that are found primarily in excitable CELLS. They play important roles in the transmission of ACTION POTENTIALS and generate a long-lasting hyperpolarization known as the slow afterhyperpolarization.

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active, passive or facilitated. Ions may travel by themselves (uniport), or as a group of two or more ions in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) directions.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

Venoms from mollusks, including CONUS and OCTOPUS species. The venoms contain proteins, enzymes, choline derivatives, slow-reacting substances, and several characterized polypeptide toxins that affect the nervous system. Mollusk venoms include cephalotoxin, venerupin, maculotoxin, surugatoxin, conotoxins, and murexine.

A broad group of eukaryotic six-transmembrane cation channels that are classified by sequence homology because their functional involvement with SENSATION is varied. They have only weak voltage sensitivity and ion selectivity. They are named after a DROSOPHILA mutant that displayed transient receptor potentials in response to light. A 25-amino-acid motif containing a TRP box (EWKFAR) just C-terminal to S6 is found in TRPC, TRPV and TRPM subgroups. ANKYRIN repeats are found in TRPC, TRPV & TRPN subgroups. Some are functionally associated with TYROSINE KINASE or TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES.

A family of delayed rectifier voltage-gated potassium channels that share homology with their founding member, KCNQ1 PROTEIN. KCNQ potassium channels have been implicated in a variety of diseases including LONG QT SYNDROME; DEAFNESS; and EPILEPSY.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

A subfamily of shaker potassium channels that shares homology with its founding member, Shab protein, Drosophila. They regulate delayed rectifier currents in the NERVOUS SYSTEM of DROSOPHILA and in the SKELETAL MUSCLE and HEART of VERTEBRATES.

A voltage-gated potassium channel that is expressed primarily in the HEART.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.

A shaker subfamily that is prominently expressed in NEURONS and are necessary for high-frequency, repetitive firing of ACTION POTENTIALS.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A fast inactivating subtype of shaker potassium channels that contains two inactivation domains at its N terminus.

An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.

Chemicals that bind to and remove ions from solutions. Many chelating agents function through the formation of COORDINATION COMPLEXES with METALS.

Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.

A family of inwardly-rectifying potassium channels that are activated by PERTUSSIS TOXIN sensitive G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS. GIRK potassium channels are primarily activated by the complex of GTP-BINDING PROTEIN BETA SUBUNITS and GTP-BINDING PROTEIN GAMMA SUBUNITS.

The calcium salt of gluconic acid. The compound has a variety of uses, including its use as a calcium replenisher in hypocalcemic states.

A shaker subfamily of potassium channels that participate in transient outward potassium currents by activating at subthreshold MEMBRANE POTENTIALS, inactivating rapidly, and recovering from inactivation quickly.

The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included.

A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.

A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

A very slow opening and closing voltage-gated potassium channel that is expressed in NEURONS and is commonly mutated in BENIGN FAMILIAL NEONATAL CONVULSIONS.

A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits CA(2+)-TRANSPORTING ATPASE mediated uptake of CALCIUM into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.

The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.

A subgroup of cyclic nucleotide-regulated ION CHANNELS of the superfamily of pore-loop cation channels that are opened by hyperpolarization rather than depolarization. The ion conducting pore passes SODIUM, CALCIUM, and POTASSIUM cations with a preference for potassium.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

The nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)

A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.

The study of PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and PHYSICAL PROCESSES as applied to living things.

Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.

An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions similar to those of chlorpropamide.

Lanthanum. The prototypical element in the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol La, atomic number 57, and atomic weight 138.91. Lanthanide ion is used in experimental biology as a calcium antagonist; lanthanum oxide improves the optical properties of glass.

An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

Venoms from animals of the order Scorpionida of the class Arachnida. They contain neuro- and hemotoxins, enzymes, and various other factors that may release acetylcholine and catecholamines from nerve endings. Of the several protein toxins that have been characterized, most are immunogenic.

Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.

A voltage-gated sodium channel subtype that mediates the sodium ion PERMEABILITY of CARDIOMYOCYTES. Defects in the SCN5A gene, which codes for the alpha subunit of this sodium channel, are associated with a variety of CARDIAC DISEASES that result from loss of sodium channel function.

A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.

A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

A very slow opening and closing voltage-gated potassium channel that is expressed in NEURONS and is closely related to KCNQ2 POTASSIUM CHANNEL. It is commonly mutated in BENIGN FAMILIAL NEONATAL CONVULSIONS.

A major class of calcium-activated potassium channels that were originally discovered in ERYTHROCYTES. They are found primarily in non-excitable CELLS and set up electrical gradients for PASSIVE ION TRANSPORT.

The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as CATIONS; those with a negative charge are ANIONS.

The pore-forming subunits of large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. They form tetramers in CELL MEMBRANES.

Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.

A subcomponent of complement C1, composed of six copies of three polypeptide chains (A, B, and C), each encoded by a separate gene (C1QA; C1QB; C1QC). This complex is arranged in nine subunits (six disulfide-linked dimers of A and B, and three disulfide-linked homodimers of C). C1q has binding sites for antibodies (the heavy chain of IMMUNOGLOBULIN G or IMMUNOGLOBULIN M). The interaction of C1q and immunoglobulin activates the two proenzymes COMPLEMENT C1R and COMPLEMENT C1S, thus initiating the cascade of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION via the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Intracellular receptors that bind to INOSITOL 1,4,5-TRISPHOSPHATE and play an important role in its intracellular signaling. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors are calcium channels that release CALCIUM in response to increased levels of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in the CYTOPLASM.

A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.

A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.

A group of slow opening and closing voltage-gated potassium channels. Because of their delayed activation kinetics they play an important role in controlling ACTION POTENTIAL duration.

A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels.

A voltage-gated sodium channel subtype that mediates the sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Defects in the SCN2A gene which codes for the alpha subunit of this sodium channel are associated with benign familial infantile seizures type 3, and early infantile epileptic encephalopathy type 11.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.

A family of membrane proteins that selectively conduct SODIUM ions due to changes in the TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE. They typically have a multimeric structure with a core alpha subunit that defines the sodium channel subtype and several beta subunits that modulate sodium channel activity.

Striated muscle cells found in the heart. They are derived from cardiac myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, CARDIAC).

A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.

Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes.

A 37-amino acid residue peptide isolated from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus. It is a neurotoxin that inhibits calcium activated potassium channels.

The physical characteristics and processes of biological systems.

Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.

The fluid inside CELLS.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

Regulatory proteins that act as molecular switches. They control a wide range of biological processes including: receptor signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and protein synthesis. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.

A cell line generated from human embryonic kidney cells that were transformed with human adenovirus type 5.

Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.

Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.

Inorganic compounds that contain calcium as an integral part of the molecule.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

One of the POTASSIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS, with secondary effect on calcium currents, which is used mainly as a research tool and to characterize channel subtypes.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.

Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms with a valence of plus 2, which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The additional presence of DIACYLGLYCEROLS markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by PHORBOL ESTERS and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

A highly neurotoxic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It consists of 18 amino acids with two disulfide bridges and causes hyperexcitability resulting in convulsions and respiratory paralysis.

A group of enzymes that are dependent on CYCLIC AMP and catalyze the phosphorylation of SERINE or THREONINE residues on proteins. Included under this category are two cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase subtypes, each of which is defined by its subunit composition.

Proteins to which calcium ions are bound. They can act as transport proteins, regulator proteins, or activator proteins. They typically contain EF HAND MOTIFS.

A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.

A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes SMOOTH MUSCLE, stimulates CARDIAC MUSCLE, stimulates DIURESIS, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide PHOSPHODIESTERASES, antagonism of ADENOSINE RECEPTORS, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling.

Proteins that bind specific drugs with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Drug receptors are generally thought to be receptors for some endogenous substance not otherwise specified.

A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.

Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular HYPERTENSION regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are DIURETICS; (especially DIURETICS, THIAZIDE); ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; GANGLIONIC BLOCKERS; and VASODILATOR AGENTS.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

ATP-BINDING CASSETTE PROTEINS that are highly conserved and widely expressed in nature. They form an integral part of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel complex which has two intracellular nucleotide folds that bind to sulfonylureas and their analogs.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.

The excitable plasma membrane of a muscle cell. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

A voltage-gated sodium channel subtype that mediates the sodium ion PERMEABILITY of SKELETAL MYOCYTES. Defects in the SCN4A gene, which codes for the alpha subunit of this sodium channel, are associated with several MYOTONIC DISORDERS.

The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

A family of voltage-gated eukaryotic porins that form aqueous channels. They play an essential role in mitochondrial CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY, are often regulated by BCL-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS, and have been implicated in APOPTOSIS.

Interstitial space between cells, occupied by INTERSTITIAL FLUID as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. For organisms with a CELL WALL, the extracellular space includes everything outside of the CELL MEMBRANE including the PERIPLASM and the cell wall.

A proline analog that acts as a stoichiometric replacement of proline. It causes the production of abnormal proteins with impaired biological activity.

One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors were originally distinguished by their preference for NICOTINE over MUSCARINE. They are generally divided into muscle-type and neuronal-type (previously ganglionic) based on pharmacology, and subunit composition of the receptors.

Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the CELL MEMBRANE.

The lower right and left chambers of the heart. The right ventricle pumps venous BLOOD into the LUNGS and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic arterial circulation.

Excitatory but not inhibitory synaptic transmission is reduced in lethargic (Cacnb4(lh)) and tottering (Cacna1atg) mouse thalami. (1/132)

Excitatory but not inhibitory synaptic transmission is reduced in lethargic (Cacnb4(lh)) and tottering (Cacna1atg) mouse thalami. Recent studies of the homozygous tottering (Cacna1atg) and lethargic mouse (Cacnb4(lh)) models of absence seizures have identified mutations in the genes encoding the alpha1A and beta4 subunits, respectively, of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs). beta subunits normally regulate Ca2+ currents via a direct interaction with alpha1 (pore-forming) subunits of VGCCs, and VGCCs are known to play a significant role in controlling the release of transmitter from presynaptic nerve terminals in the CNS. Because the gene mutation in Cacnb4(lh) homozygotes results in loss of the beta4 subunit's binding site for alpha1 subunits, we hypothesized that synaptic transmission would be altered in the CNS of Cacnb4(lh) homozygotes. We tested this hypothesis by using whole cell recordings of single cells in an in vitro slice preparation to investigate synaptic transmission in one of the critical neuronal populations that generate seizure activity in this strain, the somatosensory thalamus. The primary finding reported here is the observation of a significant decrease in glutamatergic synaptic transmission mediated by both N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptors in somatosensory thalamic neurons of Cacnb4(lh) homozygotes compared with matched, nonepileptic mice. In contrast, there was no significant decrease in GABAergic transmission in Cacnb4(lh) homozygotes nor was there any difference in effects mediated by presynaptic GABAB receptors. We found a similar decrease in glutamatergic but not GABAergic responses in Cacna1atg homozygotes, suggesting that the independent mutations in the two strains each affected P/Q channel function by causing defective neurotransmitter release specific to glutamatergic synapses in the somatosensory thalamus. This may be an important factor underlying the generation of seizures in these models. (+info)

Direct alteration of the P/Q-type Ca2+ channel property by polyglutamine expansion in spinocerebellar ataxia 6. (2/132)

Spinocerebellar ataxia 6 (SCA6) is caused by expansion of a polyglutamine stretch, encoded by a CAG trinucleotide repeat, in the human P/Q-type Ca(2+) channel alpha(1A) subunit. Although SCA6 shares common features with other neurodegenerative glutamine repeat disorders, the polyglutamine repeats in SCA6 are exceptionally small, ranging from 21 to 33. Because this size is too small to form insoluble aggregates that have been blamed for the cause of neurodegeneration, SCA6 is the disorder suitable for exploring the pathogenic mechanisms other than aggregate formation, whose universal role has been questioned. To characterize the pathogenic process of SCA6, we studied the effects of polyglutamine expansion on channel properties by analyzing currents flowing through the P/Q-type Ca(2+) channels with an expanded stretch of 24, 30, or 40 polyglutamines, recombinantly expressed in baby hamster kidney cells. Whereas the Ca(2+) channels with +info)

Ataxic mouse mutants and molecular mechanisms of absence epilepsy. (3/132)

Mouse genetic models for common human diseases have been studied for most of the 20th century. Although many polygenic strain differences and spontaneous single gene mutants have been extensively characterized over the years, knowing their innermost secrets ultimately requires the identity of the mutated genes. One group of neurological mutants, detected initially due to cerebellar dysfunction, was identified as models for epilepsy when they were unexpectedly found to have spike-wave seizures associated with behavioral arrest, a central feature of absence or petit-mal epilepsy. A further surprise was that recently identified defective genes encode different subunits of voltage-gated Ca(2+)channels (VGCCs), implying common seizure mechanisms. In this review we first consider these spontaneous mutants with VGCC defects in the context of other mouse models for epilepsy. Then, from the new wave of genetic and functional studies of these mutants we discuss their prospects for yielding insight into the molecular mechanisms of epilepsy. (+info)

Significant role of neuronal non-N-type calcium channels in the sympathetic neurogenic contraction of rat mesenteric artery. (4/132)

1. The possible involvement of pre-junctional non-N-type Ca2+ channels in noradrenaline (NA)-mediated neurogenic contraction by electrical field stimulation (EFS) was examined pharmacomechanically in the isolated rat mesenteric artery. 2. EFS-generated contraction of endothelium-denuded mesenteric artery was frequency-dependent (2 - 32 Hz) and was abolished by tetrodotoxin (TTX, 1 microM), guanethidine (5 microM) or prazosin (100 nM), indicating that NA released from sympathetic nerve endings mediates the contractile response. 3. NA-mediated neurogenic contractions to lower frequency stimulations (2 - 8 Hz) were almost abolished by an N-type Ca2+ channel blocker, omega-conotoxin-GVIA (1 microM) whereas the responses to higher frequency stimulations (12 - 32 Hz) were less sensitive to omega-conotoxin-GVIA. The omega-conotoxin-GVIA-resistant component of the contractile response to 32 Hz stimulation was inhibited partly (10 - 20%) by omega-agatoxin-IVA (10 - 100 nM; concentrations which are relatively selective for P-type channels) and to a greater extent by omega-agatoxin-IVA (1 microM) and omega-conotoxin-MVIIC (3 microM), both of which block Q-type channels at the concentrations used. 4. omega-Agatoxin-IVA (10 - 100 nM) alone inhibited 32 Hz EFS-induced contraction by 10 approximately 20% whereas omega-conotoxin-MVIIC (3 microM) alone inhibited the response by approximately 60%. 5. These omega-toxin treatments did not affect the contractions evoked by exogenously applied NA. 6. These findings show that P- and Q-type as well as N-type Ca2+ channels are involved in the sympathetic neurogenic vascular contraction, and suggest the significant role of non-N-type Ca2+ channels in NA release from adrenergic nerve endings when higher frequency stimulations are applied to the nerve. (+info)

Ablation of P/Q-type Ca(2+) channel currents, altered synaptic transmission, and progressive ataxia in mice lacking the alpha(1A)-subunit. (5/132)

The Ca(2+) channel alpha(1A)-subunit is a voltage-gated, pore-forming membrane protein positioned at the intersection of two important lines of research: one exploring the diversity of Ca(2+) channels and their physiological roles, and the other pursuing mechanisms of ataxia, dystonia, epilepsy, and migraine. alpha(1A)-Subunits are thought to support both P- and Q-type Ca(2+) channel currents, but the most direct test, a null mutant, has not been described, nor is it known which changes in neurotransmission might arise from elimination of the predominant Ca(2+) delivery system at excitatory nerve terminals. We generated alpha(1A)-deficient mice (alpha(1A)(-/-)) and found that they developed a rapidly progressive neurological deficit with specific characteristics of ataxia and dystonia before dying approximately 3-4 weeks after birth. P-type currents in Purkinje neurons and P- and Q-type currents in cerebellar granule cells were eliminated completely whereas other Ca(2+) channel types, including those involved in triggering transmitter release, also underwent concomitant changes in density. Synaptic transmission in alpha(1A)(-/-) hippocampal slices persisted despite the lack of P/Q-type channels but showed enhanced reliance on N-type and R-type Ca(2+) entry. The alpha(1A)(-/-) mice provide a starting point for unraveling neuropathological mechanisms of human diseases generated by mutations in alpha(1A). (+info)

Presynaptic Ca(2+) influx at a mouse central synapse with Ca(2+) channel subunit mutations. (6/132)

Genetic alterations in Ca(2+) channel subunits can be used to study the interaction among channel subunits and their roles in channel function. P/Q- and N-type Ca(2+) channels reside at the presynaptic terminal and control the release of neurotransmitter at mammalian central synapses. We used fluorescence imaging techniques to investigate presynaptic Ca(2+) currents and neurotransmitter release at hippocampal Schaffer collateral synapses in both tottering (tg, alpha(1A) subunit) and lethargic (lh, beta(4) subunit) mutant mice. Application of selective toxins revealed a large reduction in presynaptic P/Q-type Ca(2+) transients, from 39% of total in +/+ mice to 6% in tg/tg mice, whereas the proportion of N-type increased from 35 to 68%, respectively. Neurotransmitter release in the tg/tg mutant relied almost exclusively on N-type channels, as shown by the complete blockade of synaptic transmission with omega-conotoxin GVIA. Remarkably, loss of beta4, a subunit predicted to regulate the subcellular targeting and modulation of both P/Q- and N-type channels, resulted in no significant difference in the ratio of Ca(2+) channel subtypes or Ca(2+) dependence of neurotransmitter release in lethargic mice. G-protein-mediated inhibition of Ca(2+) channels was also unaltered. These results indicate that a profound decrease in presynaptic P/Q-type currents leads to dependence of neurotransmitter release on N-type channels. In contrast, absence of beta(4) appears not to compromise either P/Q- or N-type channel function at this hippocampal synapse, implicating rescue of presynaptic Ca(2+) currents by other available beta subunits. The present study reveals compensatory molecular mechanisms in the regulation of presynaptic Ca(2+) entry and neurotransmitter release. (+info)

P2Y purinoceptors inhibit exocytosis in adrenal chromaffin cells via modulation of voltage-operated calcium channels. (7/132)

We have used combined membrane capacitance measurements (C(m)) and voltage-clamp recordings to examine the mechanisms underlying modulation of stimulus-secretion coupling by a G(i/o)-coupled purinoceptor (P2Y) in adrenal chromaffin cells. P2Y purinoceptors respond to extracellular ATP and are thought to provide an important inhibitory feedback regulation of catecholamine release from central and sympathetic neurons. Inhibition of neurosecretion by other G(i/o)-protein-coupled receptors may occur by either inhibition of voltage-operated Ca(2+) channels or modulation of the exocytotic machinery itself. In this study, we show that the P2Y purinoceptor agonist 2-methylthio ATP (2-MeSATP) significantly inhibits Ca(2+) entry and changes in C(m) evoked by single 200 msec depolarizations or a train of 20 msec depolarizations (2.5 Hz). We found that P2Y modulation of secretion declines during a train such that only approximately 50% of the modulatory effect remains at the end of a train. The inhibition of both Ca(2+) entry and DeltaC(m) are also attenuated by large depolarizing prepulses and treatment with pertussis toxin. Inhibition of N-type, and to lesser extent P/Q-type, Ca(2+) channels contribute to the modulation of exocytosis by 2-MeSATP. The Ca(2+)-dependence of exocytosis triggered by either single pulses or trains of depolarizations was unaffected by 2-MeSATP. When Ca(2+) channels were bypassed and exocytosis was evoked by flash photolysis of caged Ca(2+), the inhibitory effect of 2-MeSATP was not observed. Collectively, these data suggest that inhibition of exocytosis by G(i/o)-coupled P2Y purinoceptors results from inhibition of Ca(2+) channels and the Ca(2+) signal controlling exocytosis rather than a direct effect on the secretory machinery. (+info)

Combinatorial synthesis of omega-conotoxin MVIIC analogues and their binding with N- and P/Q-type calcium channels. (8/132)

Omega-conotoxin MVIIC (MVIIC) blocks P/Q-type calcium channels with high affinity and N-type calcium channels with low affinity, while the highly homologous omega-conotoxin MVIIA blocks only N-type calcium channels. We wished to obtain MVIIC analogues more selective for P/Q-type calcium channels than MVIIC to elucidate structural differences among the channels, which discriminate the omega-conotoxins. To prepare a number of MVIIC analogues efficiently, we developed a combinatorial method which includes a random air oxidation step. Forty-seven analogues were prepared in six runs and some of them exhibited higher selectivity for P/Q-type calcium channels than MVIIC in binding assays. (+info)

The R-type calcium channel is a type of voltage-dependent calcium channel. Like the others of this class, the α1 subunit forms ... "Entrez Gene: CACNA1E calcium channel, voltage-dependent, R type, alpha 1E subunit". Soong TW, Stea A, Hodson CD, Dubel SJ, ... This α1 subunit is also known as the calcium channel, voltage-dependent, R type, alpha 1E subunit (CACNA1E) or Cav2.3 which in ... They are poorly understood, but like Q-type calcium channels, they appear to be present in cerebellar granule cells. They have ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-type_calcium_channel

Long-Lasting calcium channels). The new T-type channels were much different from the L-type calcium channels due to their ... are both blockers of T-type calcium channels; the second-line treatment, lamotrigine, although not a T-type calcium channel ... Calcium channel blockers (CCB) such as mibefradil can also block L-type calcium channels, other enzymes, as well as other ... Novel T-type calcium channel inhibitors have recently been discovered which more selectively target the CaV3.3 channel sub-type ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-type_calcium_channel

N-type calcium channels also called Cav2.2 channels are voltage gated calcium channels that are localized primarily on the ... and this shows that only the N-type calcium channel, not the P/Q/L type calcium channels, are involved in the release of ... to block the N-type calcium channels, have produced alleviation of intractable pain. Blockade of the N-type calcium channel is ... blocking of N-type calcium channels reduce glomerular pressure through dilation of arterioles. N-type calcium channels have ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-type_calcium_channel

P-type, and N-type. L-type calcium channels were peptide sequenced and it was found that there were 4 kinds of L-type calcium ... The L-type calcium channel (also known as the dihydropyridine channel, or DHP channel) is part of the high-voltage activated ... Unlike other voltage gated calcium channels, L-type calcium channels are resistant to ⍵-CT X (GVIA) and ⍵-AG A (IVA) inhibitory ... This channel has four isoforms: Cav1.1, Cav1.2, Cav1.3, and Cav1.4. L-type calcium channels are responsible for the excitation- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-type_calcium_channel

The Q-type calcium channel is a type of voltage-dependent calcium channel. Like the others of this class, the α1 subunit is the ... Q-Type+Calcium+Channel at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) (Articles with short description ... They are poorly understood, but like R-type calcium channels, they appear to be present in cerebellar granule cells. They have ... Short description matches Wikidata, Protein pages needing a picture, Genes on human chromosome 19, Ion channels, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-type_calcium_channel

The P-type calcium channel is a type of voltage-dependent calcium channel. Similar to many other high-voltage-gated calcium ... P-type calcium channels play a similar role to the N-type calcium channel in neurotransmitter release at the presynaptic ... There are many different types of calcium channels, so to prove that the P/Q type calcium channels are directly involved, a P/Q ... corresponds to what is functionally defined as the P-type and Q-type isoforms. P-type and Q-type calcium channels are closely ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-type_calcium_channel

... a protein in the voltage-dependent calcium channel complex. Calcium channels mediate the influx of calcium ions into the cell ... Calcium channel, voltage-dependent, T type, alpha 1H subunit, also known as CACNA1H, is a protein which in humans is encoded by ... "Entrez Gene: CACNA1H calcium channel, voltage-dependent, T type, alpha 1H subunit". Cribbs LL, Lee JH, Yang J, Satin J, Zhang Y ... 2003). "T-type calcium channel regulation by specific G-protein betagamma subunits". Nature. 424 (6945): 209-13. doi:10.1038/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_channel,_voltage-dependent,_T_type,_alpha_1H_subunit

N-type, L-type, and T-type voltage-dependent calcium channels are present in the zona glomerulosa of the human adrenal gland, ... Calcium channel blockers (CCB), calcium channel antagonists or calcium antagonists are a group of medications that disrupt the ... may increase or enhance the effects of calcium channel blockade. N-type calcium channels are found in neurons and are involved ... The resulting increase in intracellular calcium has different effects in different types of cells. Calcium channel blockers ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker

the receptor-operated calcium channels (in vasoconstriction) P2X receptors L-type calcium channel blockers are used to treat ... T-type calcium channel blockers are used to treat epilepsy. Increased calcium conductance in the neurons leads to increased ... A calcium channel is an ion channel which shows selective permeability to calcium ions. It is sometimes synonymous with voltage ... Calcium in biology - Use of calcium by organisms. "calcium channel" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary Striggow F, Ehrlich BE ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_channel

High-voltage-gated calcium channels include the neural N-type channel blocked by ω-conotoxin GVIA, the R-type channel (R stands ... opening of the L-type calcium channel permits influx of calcium into the cell. The calcium binds to the calcium release ... See reference for an illustration of the signaling cascade involving L-type calcium channels in smooth muscle). L-type calcium ... Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), also known as voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs), are a group of voltage-gated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-gated_calcium_channel

... groups of ligand-gated ion channels for chloride that have been identified in many epithelial and endothelial cell types as ... The Calcium-Dependent Chloride Channel (Ca-ClC) proteins (or calcium-activated chloride channels (CaCCs), are heterogeneous ... "1.A.17 The Calcium-Dependent Chloride Channel (Ca-ClC) Family". TCDB. Retrieved 16 April 2016. "Calcium activated chloride ... and calcium-dependent chloride channel anoctamin (ANO or TMEM16) channels ANO1 is highly expressed in human gastrointestinal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium-dependent_chloride_channel

It was concluded that there was a different unknown type of potassium channel allowing these currents. It is clear that SK ... Calcium-activated potassium channels are potassium channels gated by calcium, or that are structurally or phylogenetically ... These channels can only be opened by increased levels of intracellular calcium. This trait of SK channels suggests that they ... BK channel SK channel Slow after-hyperpolarisation Vergara, C.; Latorre, R.; Marrion, N. V.; Adelman, J. P. (1998). "Calcium- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium-activated_potassium_channel

A calcium channel opener is a type of drug which facilitates ion transmission through calcium channels. An example is Bay K8644 ... mucolipin TRP channels (TRPMLs) and purinergic receptors of the P2X channel type. Calcium channel blocker Schramm M, Thomas G, ... Calcium permeable ion channels in lysosomal membranes that may be activated by a luminal pH increase include two pore channels ... which is an analogue of nifedipine that specifically and directly activates L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_channel_opener

When an action potential depolarizes the cell membrane, voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (e.g., L-type calcium channels) are ... Calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) describes a biological process whereby calcium is able to activate calcium release from ... Iosub R, Avitabile D, Grant L, Tsaneva-Atanasova K, Kennedy HJ (March 2015). "Calcium-Induced calcium release during action ... Fabiato A (July 1983). "Calcium-induced release of calcium from the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum". The American Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium-induced_calcium_release

... inhibits N-type calcium channels. The concentration of piracetam achieved in central nervous system after a typical ... is much higher than the concentration necessary to inhibit N-type calcium channels (IC50 of piracetam in rat neurons was 3 μM ... Piracetam may exert its global effect on brain neurotransmission via modulation of ion channels (i.e., Na+, K+). It has been ... It is hypothesized to act on ion channels or ion carriers, thus leading to increased neuron excitability. GABA brain metabolism ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracetam

"Osteoprotegerin expression and secretion are regulated by calcium influx through the L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channel ... This gene encodes an alpha-1 subunit of a voltage-dependent calcium channel. Calcium channels mediate the influx of calcium ... Calcium channel, voltage-dependent, L type, alpha 1C subunit (also known as Cav1.2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by ... Calcium channel Calcium channel associated transcriptional regulator ENSG00000285479 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cav1.2

"Molecular characterization of T-type calcium channels". Cell Calcium. 40 (2): 89-96. doi:10.1016/j.ceca.2006.04.012. PMID ... Seizures are believed to originate in the thalamus, where there is an abundance of T-type calcium channels such as those ... first-line treatment for seizures only by blocking the low-threshold calcium currents produced by T-type calcium channels in ... there is an association between mutations in the calcium channel, voltage-dependent, T type, alpha 1H subunit (CACNA1H), and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_absence_epilepsy

... inhibits P-type calcium channels Myasthenia gravis Botulinum toxin: inhibits SNARE proteins Calcium channel blockers ( ... and thereby affecting P-type calcium channels): Antibiotics (clindamycin, polymyxin) Magnesium: antagonizes P-type calcium ... Nicotinic receptors come in two main types, known as muscle-type and neuronal-type. The muscle-type can be selectively blocked ... nifedipine, diltiazem) do not affect P-channels. These drugs affect L-type calcium channels. The autonomic nervous system ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine

... reversibly blocks N-type calcium channels. In addition, it has a low affinity for L or P/Q-type channels. The mechanism by ... Ptu1 is a toxin that can reversibly bind N-type calcium channels. Its isolated from the assassin bug Peirates turpis. The toxin ... Second, Ptu1 has a relatively low binding affinity for N-type calcium channels compared to MVIIA. A possible explanation for ... a toxin from the assassin bug Peirates turpis that blocks the voltage-sensitive calcium channel N-type". Biochemistry. 40 (43 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptu1

... are derivatives of 1,4-dihydropyridine that are used as L-type calcium channel ... Calcium channel blocker (including section on non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers) Calcium channel Dihydropyridine ... Dihydropyridine class L-type calcium channel blockers include, in alphabetical order (brand names vary in different countries ... Compared with certain other L-type calcium channel blockers (for example those of the phenylalkylamine class such as verapamil ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydropyridine_calcium_channel_blockers

Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-3 subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CACNG3 gene. L-type calcium ... This gene is a member of the neuronal calcium channel gamma subunit gene subfamily of the PMP-22/EMP/MP20 family. This gene is ... "Entrez Gene: CACNG3 calcium channel, voltage-dependent, gamma subunit 3". Powers PA, Liu S, Hogan K, Gregg RG (1993). " ... It is an integral membrane protein that is thought to stabilize the calcium channel in an inactive (closed) state. This protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CACNG3

Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-1 subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CACNG1 gene. L-type calcium ... 1993). "Localization of the gamma-subunit of the skeletal muscle L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel gene (CACNLG) to ... and gamma-subunits of the human skeletal muscle L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel on chromosome 17q and exclusion as ... This gene is a member of the neuronal calcium channel gamma subunit gene subfamily of the PMP-22/EMP/MP20 family and is located ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CACNG1

... is a chemical compound that functions as an L-type calcium channel agonist. Bay K8644 is used primarily as a ... Bay K8644 targets L-type voltage-gated calcium channels. It is the first positive inotropic agent shown to act specifically and ... that enhances calcium currents in guinea pig and calf myocardial cells. A new type of positive inotropic agent". Circ Res. 56 ( ... Calcium channel openers, Nitro compounds, All stub articles, Cardiovascular system drug stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_K8644

Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-4 subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CACNG4 gene. L-type calcium ... This gene is a member of the neuronal calcium channel gamma subunit gene subfamily of the PMP-22/EMP/MP20 family and is located ... "Entrez Gene: CACNG4 calcium channel, voltage-dependent, gamma subunit 4". Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). " ... Voltage-dependent calcium channel GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000075461 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CACNG4

L-type calcium channels are composed of five subunits. The protein encoded by this gene represents one of these subunits, gamma ... Calcium channel, voltage-dependent, gamma subunit 2, also known as CACNG2 or stargazin is a protein that in humans is encoded ... "Entrez Gene: CACNG2 calcium channel, voltage-dependent, gamma subunit 2". Brandler WM, Antaki D, Gujral M, Noor A, Rosanio G, ... This gene is a member of the neuronal calcium channel gamma subunit gene subfamily of the PMP-22/EMP/MP20 family. Stargazin is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CACNG2

Unlike other calcium antagonists, cilnidipine can act on the N-type calcium channel in addition to acting on the L-type calcium ... It is a calcium antagonist accompanied with L-type and N-type calcium channel blocking functions. ... Due to its blocking action at the N-type and L-type calcium channel, cilnidipine dilates both arterioles and venules, reducing ... May 2002). "Cilnidipine is a novel slow-acting blocker of vascular L-type calcium channels that does not target protein kinase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilnidipine

"Entrez Gene: CACNA1F calcium channel, voltage-dependent, L type, alpha 1F subunit". Catterall WA, Perez-Reyes E, Snutch TP, ... a protein in the voltage-dependent calcium channel complex. Calcium channels mediate the influx of calcium ions into the cell ... 1998). "An L-type calcium-channel gene mutated in incomplete X-linked congenital stationary night blindness". Nat. Genet. 19 (3 ... Cav1.4 also known as the calcium channel, voltage-dependent, L type, alpha 1F subunit (CACNA1F), is a human gene. This gene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cav1.4

Cheng RC, Tikhonov DB, Zhorov BS (October 2009). "Structural model for phenylalkylamine binding to L-type calcium channels". ... Cheng RC, Tikhonov DB, Zhorov BS (October 2009). "Structural model for phenylalkylamine binding to L-type calcium channels". ... "L-type Ca2+ channel antagonists block voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels in identified leech neurons". Brain Research. 1013 (2): ... Devapamil is a calcium channel blocker. It is also known as desmethoxyverapamil, which is a phenylalkylamine (PAA) derivative. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devapamil

Proximal muscle weakness is a product of pathogenic autoantibodies directed against P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channels, ... which activates voltage-gated calcium channels to allow calcium ions to enter the neuron. Calcium ions bind to sensor proteins ... This type of tumor also expresses voltage-gated calcium channels. Oftentimes, LEMS also occurs alongside myasthenia gravis. ... by lengthening the time that voltage-gated calcium channels remain open after blocking voltage-gated potassium channels. In the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromuscular_junction

The T-type calcium channel is found in neurons throughout the brain. These channels produce particularly large currents in ... Recent research has also been conducted on the T-type calcium channel and how modulation of these channels may allow for the ... Antiepileptic drugs can control absence seizures by inhibiting the T-type calcium channels which prevents low-voltage calcium ... T-type calcium channels have been known to play a role in the spike-and-wave discharges of absence seizures. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-threshold_spikes

For example, muscle contraction depends upon the movement of calcium, sodium and potassium through ion channels in the cell ... Three types of photosynthesis occur in plants, C3 carbon fixation, C4 carbon fixation and CAM photosynthesis. These differ by ... Hundreds of separate types of dehydrogenases remove electrons from their substrates and reduce NAD+ into NADH. This reduced ... Chemolithotrophy is a type of metabolism found in prokaryotes where energy is obtained from the oxidation of inorganic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

The most widely used tocolytics include beta agonists, calcium channel blockers, and magnesium sulfate. The goal of ... Otherwise depending on how far along the pregnancy is, medications may be used to start labour or a type of surgery known as ... Levine D (15 March 2012). "Types of Forceps Used in Delivery". Healthline. Healthline Networks. Retrieved 10 August 2013. ... three channels to pass through it: the urethra, the vagina and the rectum. The infant's head and shoulders must go through a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirth

It later becomes incorporated into the CatSper complex, a specialized calcium ion channel that enables spermatozoa motility. ... Han C, Chen T, Li N, Yang M, Wan T, Cao X (February 2007). "HDJC9, a novel human type C DnaJ/HSP40 member interacts with and ... Liu J, Xia J, Cho KH, Clapham DE, Ren D (June 2007). "CatSperbeta, a novel transmembrane protein in the CatSper channel complex ... Liu J, Xia J, Cho KH, Clapham DE, Ren D (June 2007). "CatSperbeta, a novel transmembrane protein in the CatSper channel complex ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA1B

L type, alpha 1C subunit), DPYD (Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase [NADP+]), CACNB2 (Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel ... miR-137 is located on human chromosome 1p22 and has been implicated to act as a tumor suppressor in several cancer types ... a well-known member of the Rho GTPase family found be upregulated in many human cancer types such as colorectal, testicular and ... and is reported to be frequently silenced by promoter hyper-methylation in many tumour types, including colorectal, gastric, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiR-137

Mn2+ enters through voltage dependent calcium channels, is taken into intracellular organelles and is transported by the ... "Transsynaptic transport of wheat germ agglutinin expressed in a subset of type II taste cells of transgenic mice". BMC ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterograde_tracing

With sixteen different identified genes for human calcium channels, this type of channel differs in function between cell types ... glutamate-gated ion channels, calcium-dependent chloride channels, monovalent cation:proton antiporters, type 1, and potassium ... Voltage-gated sodium channels and calcium channels are made up of a single polypeptide with four homologous domains. Each ... Voltage-gated ion-channels are usually ion-specific, and channels specific to sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-gated_ion_channel

... studying the mechanisms of C-type inactivation in voltage-gated ion channels and the effects of neurotoxins and local ... Duchen at the University College London, Khodorov was studying calcium homeostasis, glutamate excitotoxicity and mitochondrial ... After Soviet science was liberalized in the 1960s, he moved to ion channels, developing as a leader in the actions of local ... At the Vishnevsky Institute of Surgery, the Khodorov laboratory carried out pioneering studies in the field of ion channel ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Khodorov

... there is a short-circuit channel (i.e. a highly K-permeable ion channel) for potassium in the membrane, thus the voltage across ... In many types of tissue, ATP consumption by the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPases have been related to glycolysis. This was first discovered in ... This increased presence of calcium is what allows for the force of contraction to be increased. In the case of patients where ... This enzyme belongs to the family of P-type ATPases. The Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase helps maintain resting potential, affects transport, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium–potassium_pump

Other research has also suggested that calcium flow through N-type calcium channels is essential for normal breathing, and is ... L-type calcium channels are known to increase the frequency of action potentials in some neurons, which might be the reason ... P/Q-type calcium channels are mainly responsible for the release of neurotransmitters that excite, or activate, postsynaptic ... Fictive sigh depends critically on synaptic mechanisms that involve P/Q type calcium channels, suggestive of a subset of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Bötzinger_complex

In addition, calcium hydroxide commonly being produced by calcination of calcium carbonate releases yet more carbon dioxide ... As of 2006, almost all of the petroleum-based diesel fuel available in Europe and North America is of a ULSD type. However, ... According to a Discovery Channel article on Sonic Sea Journeys Deep into the Ocean over the last century, extremely loud noise ... usually calcium sulfate if flue gases are scrubbed by being passed through calcium hydroxide solution) which would have to be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping

... calcium channel blockers, and phenytoin) HHS is usually precipitated by an infection, myocardial infarction, stroke or another ... DKA usually occurs in type 1 diabetics whereas HHS is more common in type 2 diabetics. DKA is characterized by a rapid onset, ... The main risk factor is a history of diabetes mellitus type 2. Occasionally it may occur in those without a prior history of ... and abdominal pain Weakness Low blood pressure with standing The main risk factor is a history of diabetes mellitus type 2. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperosmolar_hyperglycemic_state

... the CNG ion channel is open allowing sodium and calcium to rush into the cell. The influx of calcium begins a cascade of events ... which are located on the membranes of the cilia have been classified as a complex type of ligand-gated metabotropic channels. ... Calcium first binds to calmodulin to form CaM. CaM will then bind to the CNG channel and close it, stopping the sodium and ... opens ion channels in the cell membrane, resulting in an influx of sodium and calcium ions into the cell, and an efflux of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_receptor_neuron

... the β and γ subunits interact with N-type voltage gated calcium channels, to reduce action potential mediated influx of calcium ... Silver RB, Poonwasi KS, Seyedi N, Wilson SJ, Lovenberg TW, Levi R (Jan 2002). "Decreased intracellular calcium mediates the ... "Histamine Receptors: H3". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine_H3_receptor

The σ1 receptor has been shown to appear in a complex with voltage gated K+ channels (Kv1.4 and Kv1.5), leading to the idea ... Kekuda R, Prasad PD, Fei YJ, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V (December 1996). "Cloning and functional expression of the human type 1 ... that modulates calcium signaling through the IP3 receptor. In humans, the σ1 receptor is encoded by the SIGMAR1 gene. The σ1 ... Mutations in sigma-1 receptor have been associated with distal spinal muscular atrophy type 2. The following ligands have high ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-1_receptor

Subjects covered in the book include both traditional approaches to looking at arrhythmia, such as ion channel effects, and ... Overall, the book advocates for segregating drug targets by disease type and state, rather than the conventional approach of ... Novel ideas offered included studying sodium-calcium exchanger and ryanodine receptor effects. One chapter (5) is dedicated to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel_Therapeutic_Targets_for_Antiarrhythmic_Drugs

... closing calcium channels, and opening potassium channels. Opioids like oxycodone are thought to produce their analgesic effects ... It may improve quality of life in certain types of pain. It is unclear if use in chronic pain results in improved quality of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxycodone

... characterized calcium channel types Frans Wackers (1977-1981, 1984-): nuclear cardiologist Brian Kobilka (1977-1981): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_School_of_Medicine

Bertelsen, Anne K.; Backonja, Misha-Miroslav (2007). "Drugs Targeting Voltage-Gated Sodium and Calcium Channels". Encyclopedia ... These metabolizer types include poor, intermediate, extensive, and ultrarapid metabolizers. Most people are extensive ... Doxepin is also a potent blocker of voltage-gated sodium channels, and this action is thought to be involved in both its ... Individuals can be categorized into different types of cytochrome P450 metabolizers depending on which genetic variations they ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxepin

... the opening of calcium channels increasing in this way the cytosolic calcium concentrations. The lipophilic diacylglycerol ... a type of ion channel-linked receptor that is central in a neurotoxic process called excitotoxicity. Proteins called PDZ ... They can also inhibit glutamate release and can modulate voltage-dependent calcium channels. Group I mGluRs, but not other ... Eight different types of mGluRs, labeled mGluR1 to mGluR8 (GRM1 to GRM8), are divided into groups I, II, and III. Receptor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor

BPPV is a type of balance disorder along with labyrinthitis and Ménière's disease. It can result from a head injury or simply ... Within the labyrinth of the inner ear lie collections of calcium crystals known as otoconia or otoliths. In people with BPPV, ... These drugs vary considerably in their mechanisms of action, with many of them being receptor- or ion channel-specific. Among ... The Epley maneuver employs gravity to move the calcium crystal build-up from the posterior semicercular canal ( resulting in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benign_paroxysmal_positional_vertigo

"La Storia del Calcio: Il calcio dalle origini a oggi" (in Italian). Treccani: Enciclopedia dello Sport (2002). Retrieved 18 May ... A quick passing movement like a pair of one-two passes will leave the channel behind the defending full-back open. This ... there were often at least two types of centre-backs who played alongside one another: at least one man-to-man marking centre- ... Damele, Fulvio (1998). Calcio da manuale. Demetra. p. 104. Fontana, Mattia (7 July 2015). "L'evoluzione del libero: da Picchi a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)

... inhibit calcium N channels, and disinhibit K+A channels. There are at least two types of cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis

The three types of nephridia are: integumentary, septal, and pharyngeal. The integumentary nephridia lie attached to the inner ... Food moves into the esophagus, where calcium (from the blood and ingested from previous meals) is pumped in to maintain proper ... Physical: The earthworm's burrowing creates a multitude of channels through the soil and is of great value in maintaining the ... blood calcium levels in the blood and food pH. From there the food passes into the crop and gizzard. In the gizzard, strong ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworm

In May 2014, Publix began offering Amlodipine, a calcium channel blocker used to treat high blood pressure and chest pain ( ... The store marked the first under the Food World banner for Publix and would become the first of 22 more of the type. In ... Publix announced in August 2007, that it would offer several types of antibiotics free to its customers. Customers must have a ... In March 2010, Publix announced the launch of another free prescription, Metformin for Type II Diabetes, the generic of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publix

... and large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (BKCa) are the two primary channels for potassium secretion. WNK1 ... WNK1 has mutations associated with Gordon hyperkalemia-hypertension syndrome (pseudohypoaldosteronism Type II, featuring ... WNK1 regulates potassium channels found in the cortical collecting duct (CCD) and connecting tubule (CNT). Renal outer medullar ... GABA activates the GABAA receptor which is a Cl− ion channel. Cl− ions will enter the neuron causing hyperpolarization and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNK1

The enzyme calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) is most likely responsible for the apoptotic cell releasing LPC as it ... Four types of find-me signals released from apoptotic cells have been discovered: Lipid lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) ... They are released through a pannexin family channel known as PANX1. PANX1 is a four pass transmembrane protein that forms large ... "Pannexin 1 channels mediate 'find-me' signal release and membrane permeability during apoptosis". Nature. 467 (7317): 863-867. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Find-me_signals

Different types of cells (e.g. bone marrow stem cells, T-cells) can be engineered to express a luciferase allowing their non- ... Therefore, in order to lower the pH, voltage-gated channels in the scintillon membrane are opened to allow the entry of protons ... Calcium triggers release of the luciferin (coelenterazine) from the luciferin binding protein. The substrate is then available ... "BL Web: Luciferin types". ISCID Encyclopedia of Science and Philosophy. ISCID. Archived from the original on 2012-09-21. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciferase

... s also inhibit magnesium and calcium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb. Absorption of magnesium and calcium ... The difference in voltage in both sides are set up by potassium recycling through renal outer medullary potassium channel. By ... Meanwhile, according to 2013 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines, a loop diuretic can only replace thiazide-type ... This causes the magnesium and calcium ions to be repelled from luminal side to interstitial side, promoting their absorption. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_diuretic

... calcium channel - calcium signaling - calcium-binding protein - calmodulin - calmodulin-binding protein - Calvin cycle - CAM ... IGF type 1 receptor - IGF type 2 receptor - IgG - IgM - immediate-early protein - immune cell - immune system - immunoglobulin ... Ion channel - ion channel gating - Ionic bond - ionization potential - iron-sulfur protein - isoenzyme - isoleucine - Isomer - ... interferon type I - interferon type II - interferon-alpha - interferon-beta - interleukin receptor - interleukin-1 receptor - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

Calcium channel blockers are a common type of medication for high blood pressure and heart conditions. Learn how these ... Calcium channel blockers are a type of medication that people take to increase the flow of blood and oxygen to the heart. ... What are calcium channel blockers? Types, examples, side effects, and all else you need to know. ... Dihydropyridines target a specific type of calcium channel in the body. They cause the blood vessels to widen, lowering blood ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326788

... The L-type calcium channel is a type of voltage-dependent calcium channel. Like the others of this class ... Calcium channel. Voltage-dependent calcium channel (L-type/Cavα(1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4), N-type, P-type/Cavα(2.1), Q-type, R-type, ... The L-type calcium channel is a type of voltage-dependent calcium channel. Like the others of this class, the α1 subunit is the ... L-type calcium channel blockers are used as antiarrhythmics or antihypertensives, depending on whether the drugs has higher ...

https://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/L-type_calcium_channel.html

The complete amino acid sequence of a rabbit brain calcium channel (BIII) has been deduced by cloning and sequencing the cDNA. ... Primary structure and functional expression of the omega-conotoxin-sensitive N-type calcium channel from rabbit brain Neuron. ... The complete amino acid sequence of a rabbit brain calcium channel (BIII) has been deduced by cloning and sequencing the cDNA. ... sensitive calcium current with kinetics and voltage dependence like those previously reported for whole-cell N-type current. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8386525/?dopt=Abstract

These peptides target a wide variety of membrane receptors, ion channels and transporters, and have enormous potential for a ... Analgesic conotoxins: block and G protein-coupled receptor modulation of N-type (Ca(V) 2.2) calcium channels Br J Pharmacol. ... Structurally related ω-conotoxins bind directly to and selectively inhibit neuronal (N)-type voltage-gated calcium channels ( ... A series of newly discovered ω-conotoxins from Conus catus, including CVID-F, are potent and selective antagonists of N-type ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22091786/?dopt=Abstract

IPR005451 Voltage-dependent calcium channel, L-type, alpha-1C subunit. IPR005446 Voltage-dependent calcium channel, L-type, ... IPR031649 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel, IQ-associated domain. IPR031688 Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha ... IPR002077 Voltage-dependent calcium channel, alpha-1 subunit. IPR014873 Voltage-dependent calcium channel, alpha-1 subunit, IQ ... J:329880 Sanderson JL, et al., The CaV1.2 G406R mutation decreases synaptic inhibition and alters L-type Ca(2+) channel- ...

http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:103013

Schön, Christian; Paquet-Durand, Francois; Michalakis, Stylianos (2016): Ca(v)1.4 L-Type Calcium Channels Contribute to Calpain ... 1.4 L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC). Previously, we have shown that genetic ablation of the Cngb1 gene encoding ... In this study, we crossbred rd1 mice with the Cacna1f-deficient mouse lacking the Ca(v)1.4 alpha 1 subunit of the L-type VGCC. ... Our results show that genetic deletion of the synaptic Ca-v 1.4 L-type VGCCs impairs calpain activation and leads to a short- ...

https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/37784/

Type Calcium Channel Modulators SyncroPatch 384PE (a predecessor model of the SyncroPatch 384 instrument) Publication in ACS ... To illustrate, T-type Ca2+ channels are largely inactivated and unable to open to allow Ca2+ influx at −25 mV, the typical ... T-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels have been implicated in many human disorders, and there has been increasing interest in ... However, the unique biophysical properties of T-type Ca2+ channels are not conducive for developing high-throughput screening ( ...

https://www.nanion.de/zh/news/corporate-blog/197-home-zh/articles-zh/7731-2022-novel-fluorescence-based-high-throughput-flipr-assay-utilizing-membrane-tethered-genetic-calcium-sensors-to-identify-t-type-calcium-channel-modulators-zh.html

Cardiac L-type calcium channel (Cav1.2) associates with gamma subunits. Yang L, et al. FASEB J, 2011 Mar. PMID 21127204, Free ... voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-6 subunit. Names. calcium channel, voltage-dependent, gamma subunit 6. neuronal voltage ... part_of L-type voltage-gated calcium channel complex IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor. more info ... part_of L-type voltage-gated calcium channel complex IDA Inferred from Direct Assay. more info ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/59285

Centrally expressed Cav3.2 T-type calcium channel is critical for the initiation and maintenance of neuropathic pain. ... The terpenes camphene and alpha-bisabolol inhibit inflammatory and neuropathic pain via Cav3.2 T-type calcium channels.. ... The terpenes camphene and alpha-bisabolol inhibit inflammatory and neuropathic pain via Cav3.2 T-type calcium channels. ... The terpenes camphene and alpha-bisabolol inhibit inflammatory and neuropathic pain via Cav3.2 T-type calcium channels. ...

https://www.painresearchforum.org/papers/183521-terpenes-camphene-and-alpha-bisabolol-inhibit-inflammatory-and-neuropathic-pain-cav32?quicktabs_most_popular_papers=1

Calcium channel blocker (CCB) toxicity is one of the most lethal prescription drug overdoses; therefore, understanding the ... 9] The L-type calcium channel blockers decrease the flow of calcium into the cells of the cardiac conduction pathway, which ... encoded search term (Calcium Channel Blocker Toxicity) and Calcium Channel Blocker Toxicity What to Read Next on Medscape ... L-type calcium channels mediate the influx of calcium during depolarization in arterial smooth muscle. Clevidipine reduces mean ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/2184611-167291/what-are-the-signs-and-symptoms-of-calcium-channel-blocker-ccb-toxicity

We investigated the gene expression of calcium-handling genes including L-type calcium channel, sarcoplasmic reticular calcium ... We investigated the gene expression of calcium-handling genes including L-type calcium channel, sarcoplasmic reticular calcium ... We investigated the gene expression of calcium-handling genes including L-type calcium channel, sarcoplasmic reticular calcium ... We investigated the gene expression of calcium-handling genes including L-type calcium channel, sarcoplasmic reticular calcium ...

https://tmu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/down-regulation-of-l-type-calcium-channel-and-sarcoplasmic-reticu

Effects of combination of perindopril, indapamide, and calcium channel blockers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: ... T1 - Effects of combination of perindopril, indapamide, and calcium channel blockers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ... Effects of combination of perindopril, indapamide, and calcium channel blockers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: ... Effects of combination of perindopril, indapamide, and calcium channel blockers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus : ...

https://moh-it.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/effects-of-combination-of-perindopril-indapamide-and-calcium-chan

Types of blood pressure medications. American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/ ... Examples of calcium channel blockers. Calcium channel blockers are available in short-acting and long-acting forms. Short- ... Calcium causes the heart and arteries to squeeze (contract) more strongly. By blocking calcium, calcium channel blockers allow ... Calcium channel blockers are medications used to lower blood pressure. They work by preventing calcium from entering the cells ...

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/in-depth/calcium-channel-blockers/art-20047605

Calcium-channel blockers are a type of medicine used to treat high blood pressure and heart rhythm disturbances. They are one ... The specific ingredients in each type of calcium-channel blocker vary. However, the main ingredient is called a calcium-channel ... Calcium-channel blockers are a type of medicine used to treat high blood pressure and heart rhythm disturbances. They are one ... Verapamil (a type of calcium channel blocker) overdose is associated with the highest mortality risk. ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002580.htm

dc.type. Journal / periodical articles. dc.subject.meshqualifier. adverse effects. en. dc.subject.meshqualifier. adverse ... Calcium channel blockers as antihypertensive agents : a need for caution : reports on individual drugs. dc.date.accessioned. ... Calcium channel blockers as antihypertensive agents : a need for caution : reports on individual drugs. en. ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/handle/10665/54076?show=full

T-type calcium channel selectively regulates P-selectin surface expression in pulmonary capillary endothelium Academic Article ... expression considerably mitigated by pharmacologic blockade of the T-type channel or genetic knockout of the T-type channel α1G ... the regulated P-selectin surface expression is triggered by Ca2+ transients evoked through activation of the α1G T-type channel ... Ca2+ transients also provoked P-selectin surface expression in alveolar capillaries that was abolished by T-type channel ...

https://scholars.uab.edu/display/pub1556768

... researchers discuss the role of calcium signaling pathways as targets of inhibition in potential new antiviral therapeutic ... The entry of calcium into the cells occurs via several types of calcium channels. ... This leads to CRAC channel activation.. CRAC channels regulate calcium channels in multiple cells including T cells, where they ... exploiting the various types of calcium channels.. Inhibition of such channels must also take into account the many and diverse ...

https://www.news-medical.net/news/20220120/Exploring-the-potential-utility-of-calcium-channel-inhibitors-in-SARS-CoV-2-infection.aspx

Calcium channels -- physiology -- pharmacology -- congresses , Cell communication -- congresses , Calcium channel blockers -- ... Low-voltage-activated t-type calcium channels : proceedings from the International Electrophysiology meeting, Montpellier, 21- ... Item type. Current library. Call number. Copy number. Status. Date due. Barcode. ... JoëlMaterial type: TextPublication details: Chester : Adis International, 1998. Description: 394 pISBN: 1898970823Subject(s): ...

https://kohahq.searo.who.int/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=su:%7BCell%20communication%7D

Item Type:. Journal Article, refereed, original work. Communities & Collections:. 04 Faculty of Medicine , Department of ... The calcium-activated chloride channel TMEM16A is a member of a conserved protein family that comprises ion channels and lipid ... The calcium-activated chloride channel TMEM16A is a member of a conserved protein family that comprises ion channels and lipid ... Structural basis for anion conduction in the calcium-activated chloride channel TMEM16A ...

https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/138562/

Association of A Novel Splice Site Mutation in P/Q-Type Calcium Channels with Childhood Epilepsy and Late-Onset Slowly ... Association of A Novel Splice Site Mutation in P/Q-Type Calcium Channels with Childhood Epilepsy and Late-Onset Slowly ... The disease is associated with mutations in the voltage-gated calcium channel alpha 1A subunit (Cav2.1) that is encoded by the ... laevis oocytes expressing a wild-type versus mutant channel showed that the genetic defect caused a complete loss of channel ...

https://www.synergy-munich.de/publications/2020/stendel1.html

Dive into the research topics of Novel neuroactive steroid with hypnotic and T-type calcium channel blocking properties exerts ... Novel neuroactive steroid with hypnotic and T-type calcium channel blocking properties exerts effective analgesia in a rodent ... Novel neuroactive steroid with hypnotic and T-type calcium channel blocking properties exerts effective analgesia in a rodent ... Novel neuroactive steroid with hypnotic and T-type calcium channel blocking properties exerts effective analgesia in a rodent ...

https://profiles.wustl.edu/en/publications/novel-neuroactive-steroid-with-hypnotic-and-t-type-calcium-channe

Posted in T-Type Calcium Channels Search. Search. Recent Posts. *Intra\time and inter\time precision as symbolized with the ... Category: T-Type Calcium Channels. As shown in Figure 3C, JMJD6 was indeed able to decrease H4R3 ADMA test in which, ... Posted in T-Type Calcium Channels His-AfGST bound to LL-beads clearly, as shown from the same assay depicted in Shape 2a, as ... Similarly, inhibition of BK (1 M paxilline) or SK (300 nM apamin) channels had no effect on baseline afferent activity compared ...

https://nipponkaigi-tokyo.com/category/t-type-calcium-channels/

P-Type Calcium Channels. P-Type Calcium Channels The over-expression of c-MET is situated in 7C27% of EOC [169,170,171,172], ...

https://innovation-ecosystems-agora.com/category/p-type-calcium-channels/

Download Low-voltage-activated T-type calcium channels. Read Low-voltage-activated T-type calcium channels. A Guide for Parents ... Low-voltage-activated T-type calcium channels buy ebook Low-voltage-activated T-type calcium channels ibook download Cognitive ... artificielle ebook Low-voltage-activated T-type calcium channels pdf download Low-voltage-activated T-type calcium channels . ... B.O.O.K Low-voltage-activated T-type calcium channels Ebook. ... download Low-voltage-activated T-type calcium channels pdf ...

http://www.appiaimmobiliare.com/web/?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&task=user&id=137436

Type. Structure, Target. Structure. Mol file. Member. .mem1{display:none;}. DG00322 Amlodipine ...

https://www.kegg.jp/entry/DG01928

Ample data support a prominent role of peripheral T-type calcium channels 3.2 (CaV3.2) in generating ... 2.5.1. T-type/calcium channels 3.2 calcium channel current on cultured cell lines. Modified Tyrode solution consists of the ... potassium channels, enabling KCa1.1 activation,70 and may also affect sodium channels.30 T-type calcium channel specificity of ... Trigeminal neuropathic pain is alleviated by inhibition of Cav3.3 T-type calcium channels in mice. Channels (Austin) 2021;15:31 ...

https://journals.lww.com/pain/Fulltext/2022/12000/Targeting_intrinsically_disordered_regions.23.aspx?context=FeaturedArticles&collectionId=2

Posted by By cahrr November 5, 2021Posted inT-Type Calcium Channels ... Posted by By cahrr November 3, 2021Posted inT-Type Calcium Channels ...

http://www.cahrr.org/category/t-type-calcium-channels/

A series of dihydropyrazole derivatives was developed as potent, selective, and brain-penetrating T-type calcium channel ... Preparation, Antiepileptic Activity, and Cardiovascular Safety of Dihydropyrazoles as Brain-Penetrant T-Type Calcium Channel ...

https://sophion.com/publications/preparation-antiepileptic-activity-cardiovascular-safety-dihydropyrazoles-brain-penetrant-t-type-calcium-channel-blockers/

Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) comprise five subtypes: The L‑type; R‑type; N‑type; P/Q‑type; and T‑type, which are ... N-type calcium channel family. The N-type calcium channel is encoded by an α1 subunit termed CACNA1B (Cav2.2), which is ... R-type calcium channel family. Cav2.3 (CACNA1E) is the only subtype of R-type calcium channels and is localized in cerebellar ... L-type calcium channel family. The L-type calcium channel is encoded by four genes: Cav1.1 (CACNA1S); Cav1.2 (CACNA1C); Cav1.3 ...

https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/ol.2017.6457

Learn about drug types, how they work, side effects, and other treatments. ... NSAID/calcium channel blocker. A combination formulation of NSAID and calcium channel blocker reduces pain and inflammation, ... The FDA-approved combination NSAID/calcium channel blocker drug for osteoarthritis patients with hypertension is:. *Celecoxib/ ... Osteoarthritis is a type of arthritis that involves the entire joint. Osteoporosis is not a type of arthritis. It is a disease ...

https://www.medicinenet.com/types_of_osteoarthritis_medications/drug-class.htm

What are calcium channel blockers? (medicalnewstoday.com)
Calcium channel blockers are a type of medication that people take to increase the flow of blood and oxygen to the heart. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Calcium channel blockers reduce the amount of calcium that can enter muscle cells in the heart and blood vessel walls through these channels. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Calcium channel blockers are common medications that have a low risk of complications. (medicalnewstoday.com)
There are two different types of calcium channel blockers, which are called dihydropyridines and nondihydropyridines. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Doctors may also minimize this risk by prescribing extended-release calcium channel blockers. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Doctors commonly use calcium channel blockers to treat high blood pressure . (medicalnewstoday.com)
Scientists are currently exploring other potential uses for calcium channel blockers. (medicalnewstoday.com)
For example, by reducing high blood pressure, they believe that calcium channel blockers may be able to lower the risk of Alzheimer's disease . (medicalnewstoday.com)
Several other types of medication have an effect similar to that of calcium channel blockers. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Researchers have found that both beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers are effective in lowering blood pressure, making them useful treatments for a variety of conditions that affect the heart, including angina and arrhythmia. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The American Heart Association recommends calcium channel blockers as a first-line pharmacological treatment for high blood pressure in most people and advise that beta-blockers should be a second-choice option. (medicalnewstoday.com)
L-type calcium channel blockers are used as antiarrhythmics or antihypertensives, depending on whether the drugs has higher affinity to the heart (like verapamil ) or to the vessels ( nifedipine ). (bionity.com)
Calcium channel blockers are medications used to lower blood pressure. (mayoclinic.org)
By blocking calcium, calcium channel blockers allow blood vessels to relax and open. (mayoclinic.org)
Some calcium channel blockers can also slow the heart rate, which can further lower blood pressure. (mayoclinic.org)
Calcium channel blockers are also called calcium antagonists. (mayoclinic.org)
Calcium channel blockers are available in short-acting and long-acting forms. (mayoclinic.org)
For blacks and older people, calcium channel blockers might work better than other blood pressure medications, such as beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers. (mayoclinic.org)
Avoid grapefruit products while taking certain calcium channel blockers. (mayoclinic.org)
The objective of the present analysis was to determine the effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide in combination with calcium channel blockers (CCBs) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (elsevier.com)
Calcium-channel blockers are a type of medicine used to treat high blood pressure and heart rhythm disturbances. (medlineplus.gov)
Other medicines may also contain calcium-channel blockers. (medlineplus.gov)
Earlier, calcium channel blockers were successfully tested against flu viruses, the Japanese encephalitis virus, and the Ebola virus, among others. (news-medical.net)
Treatment with calcium channel blockers was associated with an anti-inflammatory effect and thus a reduced likelihood of cytokine storm . (news-medical.net)
A series of dihydropyrazole derivatives was developed as potent, selective, and brain-penetrating T-type calcium channel blockers. (sophion.com)
This indicates that ZNS is distinct from other T-type calcium channel blockers in terms of modulation of the voltage dependence of the mutant Ca V 3.1. (biomedcentral.com)
These results suggest that ZNS is distinct from other T-type calcium channel blockers in terms of its modulation of the voltage dependence of the mutant Ca V 3.1. (biomedcentral.com)
Blain A, Greally E, Laval S, Blamire A, Straub V, MacGowan GA. Beta-Blockers, Left and Right Ventricular Function, and In-Vivo Calcium Influx in Muscular Dystrophy Cardiomyopathy . (ncl.ac.uk)
The pharmacology of these calcium channel blockers is very well-understood, so an understanding of how they influence myelination could potentially bring us closer to new therapies more rapidly than some other therapeutic possibilities," said Lawrence Wrabetz, MD, professor of neurology and biochemistry and director of the HJKRI. (buffalo.edu)
Voltage-gated calcium channel (vCa) plays a key role in regulating intracellular and extracellular Ca2+concentration.Cytoplasmic level of Ca2+was manipulated by supplying calcium carbonateand by using vCa blockers i.e. nifedipine-(N-type-vCa-CCB) and ethosuximide (T-type, vCa-CCB).Methods:Obesity was induced by progesterone in female mice and test drugs were co-administered with progesterone whereas sibutramine was used as standard. (who.int)
Drugs used to prevent recurrences are given orally and include calcium channel blockers, long-acting beta-blockers, and digitalis. (medscape.com)
Alternatives to metoprolol for the treatment of AFib include other beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and digoxin. (druggenius.com)
Alternatives for metoprolol for the treatment of high blood pressure include other beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers. (druggenius.com)
Calcium channel blockers, such as verapamil hydrochloride and diltiazem hydrochloride, lower blood pressure by preventing calcium from entering the cells of the heart and arteries. (druggenius.com)
Calcium channel blockers , which work similarly to beta-blockers to stop arrhythmias. (druggenius.com)
Alternatives to metoprolol for the treatment of PVCs include other beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, or anti-arrhythmic drugs, such as amiodarone (Pacerone) or flecainide (Tambocor). (druggenius.com)
Alternative drugs for the treatment of SVT include adenosine (Adenocard), which also decreases heart rate, calcium channel blockers (like diltiazem), digoxin (Lanoxin), other beta-blocker or amiodarone (Cordarone, Pacerone). (druggenius.com)
Alternative medications for palpitations may include other beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and digoxin to lower blood pressure and slow the heart rate. (druggenius.com)
calcium channel blockers lower blood high cholesterol arteries pressure within 50 years. (atime.org)
high blood pressure medication labetalol side effects These medications are available to calcium channel blockers, and then calcium channel blocker. (atime.org)
Here, L-type calcium channel blockers obtained from a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved compound library were identified as effective anti-SFTSV compounds. (bvsalud.org)
In this article, L-type calcium channel blockers were identified as anti-SFTSV compounds through an FDA-approved compound library screen. (bvsalud.org)

Previously, we have shown that genetic ablation of the Cngb1 gene encoding the B subunit of the rod CNG channel delays the fast progressing degeneration in the rd1 mutant mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. (uni-muenchen.de)
In this study, we crossbred rd1 mice with the Cacna1f-deficient mouse lacking the Ca(v)1.4 alpha 1 subunit of the L-type VGCC. (uni-muenchen.de)
This particular gamma subunit is an integral membrane protein that is thought to stabilize the calcium channel in an inactive (closed) state. (nih.gov)
Only in capillaries was the thrombin-stimulated P-selectin surface expression considerably mitigated by pharmacologic blockade of the T-type channel or genetic knockout of the T-type channel α1G-subunit. (uab.edu)
The disease is associated with mutations in the voltage-gated calcium channel alpha 1A subunit (Cav2.1) that is encoded by the CACNA1A gene. (synergy-munich.de)
and T‑type, which are encoded by α1 subunit genes. (spandidos-publications.com)
These alterations of L-type HVCC subunit expressions followed the increased their mRNA expressions, suggesting that the L-type HVCC functions associated with increase in their protein molecules are involved in development of physical dependence. (nii.ac.jp)
In addition, the differences in L-type HVCC subunit expression patterns and in response of L-type HVCC subunit expression to dantrolene are considered to suggest different pathogenesis between physical and psychological dependence. (nii.ac.jp)
The total and membrane protein expression levels of Cav1.2 [pore-forming subunit of L-type calcium channels (LTCC)], but not the insulin receptors, were decreased in OZR. (cdc.gov)

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are another type of medication for high blood pressure and a variety of heart conditions. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Here, we describe a novel GCaMP6s-CAAX-based calcium assay utilizing a high-throughput fluorometric imaging plate reader (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA) format that can identify both activators and inhibitors of T-type Ca 2+ channels. (nanion.de)
The current paper discusses the potential for the use of calcium inhibitors in SARS-CoV-2 infections. (news-medical.net)
Several inhibitors of these channels, such as amlodipine, nifedipine, felodipine, verapamil and diltiazem are being tested for the current infection as well. (news-medical.net)
Development of primary sensory neuron-specific inhibitors of Ca V 3.2 channels is an opportunity for achieving effective analgesic therapeutics, but success has been elusive. (lww.com)
Thus, an MLPCN high-throughput screen (HTS) was conducted to identify novel T-type Ca(2+) channel inhibitors free from IP constraints, and freely available through the MLPCN, for use by the biomedical community to study T-type Ca(2+) channels. (vanderbilt.edu)
Based on the basal ganglia circuitry in Parkinson's disease (PD), the effects of ML218 in STN neurons suggest a therapeutic role for T-type Ca(2+) channel inhibitors, and ML218 was found to be orally efficacious in haloperidol-induced catalepsy, a preclinical PD model, with comparable efficacy to an A(2A) antagonist, a clinically validated PD target. (vanderbilt.edu)
Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are the first antidiabetic compounds that effectively reduce heart failure hospitalization and cardiovascular death in type 2 diabetics. (frontiersin.org)
Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors (SGLT2i) are kidney-targeted anti-diabetic agents that have exhibited marked reductions in cardiovascular events and mortality of type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. (frontiersin.org)
Phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitors and on-demand paroxetine in arousal cues adds to the processing of the skin into a for a particular collier draws upon a number of gay ance occurring in mid- to late adult life. (gatech.edu)

Doctors may prescribe a calcium channel blocker to treat high blood pressure or a variety of heart conditions. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Ingestion of excessive calcium channel blocker (CCB) agents is one of the most potentially lethal prescription drug overdoses. (medscape.com)
The image below illustrates the chemical structure of the calcium channel blocker diltiazem. (medscape.com)
Sometimes, a doctor might prescribe a calcium channel blocker with other high blood pressure medications or with cholesterol-lowering drugs such as statins. (mayoclinic.org)
Calcium-channel blocker overdose occurs when someone takes more than the normal or recommended amount of this medicine. (medlineplus.gov)
The specific ingredients in each type of calcium-channel blocker vary. (medlineplus.gov)
Taking too much of a calcium-channel blocker can be very dangerous. (medlineplus.gov)
Verapamil (a type of calcium channel blocker) overdose is associated with the highest mortality risk. (medlineplus.gov)
Background and Purpose: Neuroactive steroid (3β,5β,17β)-3-hydroxyandrostane-17-carbonitrile (3β-OH) is a novel hypnotic and voltage-dependent blocker of T-type calcium channels. (wustl.edu)
A combination formulation of NSAID and calcium channel blocker reduces pain and inflammation, and in addition, lowers blood pressure . (medicinenet.com)
This symptom improved with the administration of low-dose of zonisamide (ZNS), a T-type calcium channel blocker effective for treating Parkinson's disease and epilepsy. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, efonidipine, another T-type calcium channel blocker, had no effect on tremors in our patient with SCA42 and did not improve the abnormal shift in the voltage dependence of the mutant Ca V 3.1. (biomedcentral.com)
We also treated the cells with efonidipine, another T-type VDCC blocker that does not affect tremor suppression, and found that efonidipine did not affect the voltage dependence of Ca V 3.1. (biomedcentral.com)
Manidipine, a representative L-type calcium channel blocker, restricted SFTSV genome replication and exhibited inhibitory effects against other NSVs. (bvsalud.org)

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have demonstrated that atrial electrical remodeling in atrial fibrillation is associated with intracellular calcium overload. (elsevier.com)
These changes in intracellular calcium dynamics are considered to participate in psychological dependence by MET and cocains. (nii.ac.jp)
Includes calculation of intracellular Calcium. (yale.edu)
17] Moreover, it has been suggested that an extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) also contributes to the rise in intracellular calcium concentration. (hardmix.net)

Chronic administrations of ethanol, morphine, and nicotine produced increase of Bmax values of [^3H] diltiazem binding to the particulate fractions from animal cerebral cortex and increased expressions of α1C and α1D subunits of L-type high voltage-gated calcium channels (HVCCs) in animal cerebral cortex. (nii.ac.jp)
Similarly, long-term exposure of cerebrocortical neurons in primary culture to these drugs of abuse also increased Bmax values of [^3H]diltiazem binding and expressions of α1C and α1D subunits of L-type HVCCs. (nii.ac.jp)

The principal mechanism of action for Verapamil is to prevent calcium entering cells. (trymable.com)
Research suggests that Verapamil has an effect on many different types of calcium channels, some of which are found in high numbers in the trigeminal system, and other parts of the brain and brainstem. (trymable.com)
Acting at these calcium channels to prevent nerve activation, Verapamil reduces the likelihood of migraines occurring. (trymable.com)
També vam demostrar que la combinació amb verapamil, un inhibidor dels canals de calci, augmentava l'alliberament viral, la citotoxicitat i l'eficàcia antitumoral en varis models tumorals. (ub.edu)

A new paper, published in Cells , discusses the role of calcium signaling pathways as targets of inhibition in potential new antiviral therapeutic pathways. (news-medical.net)
A new plant-derived natural small molecule, called neferine, was also identified as a potential entry inhibitor of the virus, and showed 75% inhibition of infection in cell cultures in a pseudovirus assay, by inhibiting calcium channels in the cell membrane. (news-medical.net)
The role of calcium has been well documented in numerous cellular processes, including cell proliferation and inhibition and activation of various intracellular enzymes ( 23 - 25 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Electrophysiology studies in subthalamic nucleus (STN) neurons demonstrated robust effects of ML218 on the inhibition of T-Type calcium current, inhibition of low threshold spike and rebound burst activity. (vanderbilt.edu)
However, inhibition of Ca2+ influx through voltage-operated calcium channels and L-type Ca(2+)channel blocking effect appears to be involved in the mechanism of vasorelaxant effect of TMB at high concentrations. (ktu.edu.tr)
Inhibition of L-type calcium channels for preventing noise induced hearing loss and tinnitus. (cdc.gov)
Inhibition of calcineurin, the activation of which is triggered by calcium influx, using FK506 or cyclosporine was shown to reduce SFTSV production, suggesting the important role of calcium signaling on SFTSV genome replication. (bvsalud.org)
Inhibition of cancer cell growth and c-Myc transcriptional activity by a c-Myc helix 1-type peptide fused to an internalization sequence. (semanticscholar.org)
Inhibition of cancer cell growth by calcium channel antagonists in the athymic mouse. (semanticscholar.org)

In skeletal muscle, there is a very high concentration of DHP receptors, representing L-type calcium channels, situated in the T-tubules. (bionity.com)
These peptides target a wide variety of membrane receptors, ion channels and transporters, and have enormous potential for a range of pharmaceutical applications. (nih.gov)
However, unlike many forms of synaptic plasticity, thalamoamygdala LTP was independent of NMDA receptors, despite their presence at these synapses, and instead was dependent on L-type voltage-gated calcium channels. (nyu.edu)
Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are endogenous lipids that bind principally type‐1 and type‐2 cannabinoid (CB1 and CB2) receptors. (semanticscholar.org)
In addition, sustained exposure to MET and cocaine significantly enhanced ryanodine-induced increase of calcium oscillation in cerebrocortical neurons when examining with fura-2, suggesting the lonf-term exposure to MET and cocaine enhanced ryanodine receptors through which calcium-induced calcium release. (nii.ac.jp)
Atenolol selectively blocks beta-1 receptors, with little or no effect on beta-2 types. (medscape.com)
These receptors could also impact the function and manifestation of CCR5 and CXCR4 on human being monocytes, two main GPCR chemokine coreceptors of human being immunodeficiency pathogen type 1 (HIV-1) [14], [15]. (mdm2-inhibitors.com)
Furthermore, human being FPR expression continues to be observed in several distinct cells and cell types ([6]C[7] and sources therein), indicating a much broad distribution of the receptors and their significant role in vivo physiologically. (mdm2-inhibitors.com)

To illustrate, T-type Ca 2+ channels are largely inactivated and unable to open to allow Ca 2+ influx at −25 mV, the typical resting membrane potential of the cell lines commonly used in cellular screening assays. (nanion.de)
Membrane depolarization causes the rapid influx of calcium, shifting the membrane potential towards the positive side. (news-medical.net)
In vivo myocardial calcium influx is increased in the delta sarcoglycan deficient mouse model of muscular dystrophy cardiomyopathy. (ncl.ac.uk)
Journal Article] First phase of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from MIN 6 cells does not always require extracelluar calcium influx. (nii.ac.jp)
Furthermore, the L-type calcium current (ICaL) in OZR exhibited defective inactivation and lost the complete inactivation back to the closed state, leading to increased Ca2+ influx. (cdc.gov)

A phylogenetic tree representing evolutionary relationships indicates that BIII is grouped together with the other rabbit brain calcium channels, BI and BII, into a subfamily that is distinct from the dihydropyridine-sensitive L-type subfamily. (nih.gov)
Nitrendipine, a dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist is a typical poorly water-soluble drug. (sphinxsai.com)
Dihydropyridine calcium channel-blocking drugs are not recommended for the treatment of HFrEF. (medscape.com)

The calcium-activated chloride channel TMEM16A is a member of a conserved protein family that comprises ion channels and lipid scramblases. (uzh.ch)

Motivated by the negative feedback calcium exerts on the gating dynamics of a calcium-conducting ion channel in olfactory receptor neurons, we develop an abstract two-state (open/closed) signalling module with negative feedback. (math.ca)

So, blocking calcium allows blood vessels to relax and open. (druggenius.com)

Cardiac L-type calcium channel (Cav1.2) associates with gamma subunits. (nih.gov)
These are the channels allowing for the fastest movement of calcium ions in the cytosol and are thus found in excitable tissues, including pacemaker, neuronal or certain types of cardiac cells, as well as skeletal muscle cells. (news-medical.net)
Blain A, Greally E, Laval S, Straub V, MacGowan G. An MRI study of the effects of metoprolol on in vivo cardiac calcium homeostasis . (ncl.ac.uk)
Here, we review the direct effects of SGLT2i Empagliflozin (Empa), Dapagliflozin (Dapa), and Canagliflozin (Cana) on various cardiac cell types and cardiac function, and how these may contribute to the cardiovascular benefits observed in large clinical trials. (frontiersin.org)
These results also provided mechanistic insights into a remodeled cardiac electrophysiology under the condition of insulin resistance, enhancing our understanding of long QT associated with obese type 2 diabetic patients. (cdc.gov)

In conditioned place preference(CPP) test, intraventricular administration of nifedipine and dantrolene abolished increased CPP by MET and enhanced L-type HVCC functions described above. (nii.ac.jp)
In cerebrocortical neurons, exposure to nifedipine and dantrolene also abolished the alteration of L-type HVCC functions induced by MET and cocaine, while the changes of L-type HVCCs associated with increased expressions of their subunits were not affected by similar treatments. (nii.ac.jp)

To address this issue, we developed cell lines that express K ir 2.3 channels to hyperpolarize the membrane potential to −70 mV, thus allowing T-type channels to return to their resting state where they can be subsequently activated by membrane depolarization in the presence of extracellular KCl. (nanion.de)
3], Elevation of extracellular calcium concentrations induces an increase in intracellular free calcium concentrations. (hardmix.net)

Predicting functional effects of missense variants in voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels. (uni-koeln.de)

Murali Prakriya, PhD, associate professor of Pharmacology, and his team have shown how two channel proteins interact with each other to control the flow of calcium ions into cells and modulate downstream immune responses. (northwestern.edu)
Our findings show that these calcium channels modulate the maturation of oligodendrocytes in the brain after birth , " said Pablo M. Paez, PhD, an assistant professor in the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology in the Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at UB and a research scientist with the Hunter James Kelly Research Institute (HJKRI) at UB, where most of the work was done. (buffalo.edu)

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the gene expression of calcium-handling genes including L-type calcium channel, sarcoplasmic reticular calcium adenosine triphosphatase (Ca 2+ -ATPase), ryanodine receptor, calsequestrin and phospholamban in human atrial fibrillation. (elsevier.com)

Ca2+ can enter the photoreceptor cell via outer segment cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels or synaptic Ca(v)1.4 L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC). (uni-muenchen.de)
Our results show that genetic deletion of the synaptic Ca-v 1.4 L-type VGCCs impairs calpain activation and leads to a short-term preservation of photoreceptors in the rd1 mouse. (uni-muenchen.de)
The immediately releasable pool of mouse chromaffin cell vesicles is coupled to P/Q-type calcium channels via the synaptic protein interaction site. (uba.ar)
LTP at these synapses was dependent on postsynaptic calcium entry, similar to synaptic plasticity in other regions of the brain. (nyu.edu)

A total of 11 140 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomly assigned to fixed combination of perindopril-indapamide (4/1.25 mg) or placebo. (elsevier.com)
The combination of perindopril and indapamide with CCBs seems to provide further protection against mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (elsevier.com)
Misalignment of circadian rhythms has been evidenced in patients with type 1 diabetes and there is a close relationship between alterations in neuroendocrine sleep architecture, circadian clock oscillations, glucose metabolism, autonomic function, and diurnal profiles of blood pressure and heart rate [ 1 - 5 ]. (intechopen.com)
They are not that the benefits of cost-lowering the blood circulation of these medications and allow a calcium intake to the body herbs to lower blood pressure Dr. Axe to reduce the risk of diabetes, or kidney disease. (jewishledger.com)
Regular exercise is linked to lower weight, improved blood pressure and cholesterol levels, enhanced mood, and reduced risk of type 2 diabetes. (sharecare.com)
For example, in random controlled studies, drinking hibiscus tea or extract lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure in adults with moderate hypertension and type 2 diabetes. (webmd.com)
In randomized controlled trials of patients with type 2 diabetes who were largely free of symptomatic HF at baseline, thiazolidinediones were associated with fluid retention and increased rates of HF . (medscape.com)

Analgesics include two types, opioid and non-opioid. (medicinenet.com)

Evaluation of voltage-dependent calcium channel γ gene families identified several novel potential susceptible genes to schizophrenia. (nih.gov)
CONCLUSIONS: L-type calcium channel and the sarcoplasmic reticular Ca 2+ -ATPase gene were down-regulated in atrial fibrillation. (elsevier.com)
In addition, the molecular mechanism of action of a tumor suppressor gene may change depending on the tumor type. (spandidos-publications.com)
The voltage gated N-type calcium channel (Ca V 2.2) is encoded by the gene CACNA1B. (nanion.de)
Localization of the gene encoding the α 2 / δ -subunits of the L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel to chromosome 7q and analysis of the segregation of flanking markers in malignant hyperthermia susceptible families. (bvsalud.org)

A series of newly discovered ω-conotoxins from Conus catus, including CVID-F, are potent and selective antagonists of N-type VGCCs. (nih.gov)
T-type voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels have been implicated in many human disorders, and there has been increasing interest in developing highly selective and potent T-type Ca 2+ channel modulators for potential clinical use. (nanion.de)
In the present research, we have investigated the role of Ca2+ions in obesity by manipulating cytosolic Ca2+ion concentration by selective blocking/advancing the Ca2+ions through the voltage-gated calcium channels. (who.int)

Muscle depolarization results in large gating currents, but anomolously low calcium flux, which is now explained by the very slow activation of the ionic currents. (bionity.com)
Surprisingly, however, α-conotoxins Vc1.1, RgIA and PeIA more potently inhibit N-type VGCC currents via a GABA(B) GPCR mechanism in rat sensory neurones. (nih.gov)
The Dynamite 8 simulates ion channel currents in cells in real-time during patch clamp experiments. (nanion.de)
Decay of internal calcium concentration due to calcium currents and atpase pump. (ox.ac.uk)

Calcium channel gamma subunits: a functionally diverse protein family. (nih.gov)
Within coronaviruses too, the viral envelope proteins have been found to act as calcium ion channels within key protein processing organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus intermediate compartment (ERGIC). (news-medical.net)
Using established prediction algorithms, we localized the IDRs in Ca V 3.2 protein and identified several Ca V 3.2iPA candidates that significantly reduced Ca V 3.2 current in HEK293 cells stably expressing human wide-type Ca V 3.2. (lww.com)
By deleting the ORAI2 protein from the CRAC channel, the scientists showed that the flow of calcium ions into cells was markedly increased. (northwestern.edu)
The bone marrow (BM) stromal cell antigen-2 (BST-2), also known as tetherin, CD317, PDCA-1, or HM1.24, is a membrane protein overexpressed in several types of tumors and may act as a promising target for cancer treatment via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. (bvsalud.org)
Two extra human being FPRs, AZD-3965 IC50 specified FPR2 (www.uniprot.org/uniprot/"type":"entrez-protein","attrs":"text":"P25090″,"term_id":"399504″,"term_text":"P25090″P25090) and FPR3 (www.uniprot.org/uniprot/"type":"entrez-protein","attrs":"text":"P25089″,"term_id":"38258904″,"term_text":"P25089″P25089), had been subsequently cloned by low-stringency hybridization using the FPR1 AZD-3965 IC50 cDNA like a probe. (mdm2-inhibitors.com)

Currently it is recommended to continue with the optimal dose for three months, before considering another type of preventive medication. (trymable.com)

Structurally related ω-conotoxins bind directly to and selectively inhibit neuronal (N)-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) of nociceptive primary afferent neurones. (nih.gov)
Calcium channels may be generally categorized into two major classes: Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) and ligand-gated calcium channels (LGCCs). (spandidos-publications.com)

L-type channels are selectively blocked by dihydropyridines. (bionity.com)

A new study published in Nature Communications and co-authored by Northwestern Medicine scientists shows how two proteins of the Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channel family interact with each other to control the flow of calcium ions into cells and modulate downstream immune responses. (northwestern.edu)
The scientists showed that ORAI2 slows down or puts a "brake" on ORAI1's ability to conduct calcium ions. (northwestern.edu)
The authors suggest that their results show how ORAI2 adjusts the amount of calcium ions flowing through ORAI1 channels with both proteins synergizing to control immune responses. (northwestern.edu)

Types of blood pressure medications. (mayoclinic.org)
https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/changes-you-can-make-to-manage-high-blood-pressure/types-of-blood-pressure-medications. (mayoclinic.org)
What are the types of osteoarthritis medications? (medicinenet.com)
The different types of medications prescribed for osteoarthritis help alleviate symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. (medicinenet.com)
how do i naturally reduce my blood pressure and can make the most benefits to avoid high blood pressure medications but supplements to take for high blood pressure are always types of medicine. (gordanaj.com)
The SPCs are the first types of the use of these medications that may be found in pregnancy, especially those who isn't likely to be done. (sc-celje.si)

Furthermore, to simplify the HTS assay and to reduce reagent cost, we stably expressed a membrane-tethered genetic calcium sensor, GCaMP6s-CAAX, that displays superior signal to the background compared to the untethered GCaMP6s or the synthetic Ca 2+ sensor Fluo-4AM. (nanion.de)
Depolarization of endothelial plasma membrane via high K+ perfusion capable of eliciting cytosolic Ca2+ transients also provoked P-selectin surface expression in alveolar capillaries that was abolished by T-type channel blockade or α1G knockout. (uab.edu)
Voltage-gated calcium ion channels are found mostly in the cell membrane of excitable cells. (news-medical.net)
Calcium can then enter the cell and initiates the fusion of the neurotransmitter vesicles with the membrane. (nanion.de)

3β-OH exerted prominent enantioselective thermal and mechanical antinociception in healthy rats and reduced T-channel-dependent excitability of primary sensory neurons. (wustl.edu)
3β-OH can be used to reduce T-channel-dependent excitability of peripheral sensory neurons as an adjuvant for induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia while improving analgesia and lowering the amount of volatile anaesthetic needed for surgery. (wustl.edu)
Conventional studies on ion channels have primarily focused on the crucial roles these channels perform in excitatory cell types, including neurons, cardiomyocytes and secretory cells ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
The Discovery and Characterization of ML218: A Novel, Centrally Active T-Type Calcium Channel Inhibitor with Robust Effects in STN Neurons and in a Rodent Model of Parkinson's Disease. (vanderbilt.edu)
On the other hand, methamphetamine(MET) and cocaine produced decreased Kd value of binding with no changes of L-type HVCC subu … More nit expressions in animal cerebral cortex and cerebral cortical neurons. (nii.ac.jp)
Journal Article] Increase in expression of α1 and α2/δ subunits of L-type high voltage-gated calcium channels after sustained ethanol exposure in cerebral cortical neurons. (nii.ac.jp)

The results are of particular interest, he noted, because many therapies are already on the market that target calcium channels for cardiovascular disorders and other diseases. (buffalo.edu)

However, the main ingredient is called a calcium-channel antagonist. (medlineplus.gov)

Because LTCCs have a broad role in neuronal function and are altered with aging, we examined the effects of E2 on these channels. (jneurosci.org)
The strong depolarization of neuronal action potentials causes the opening of the channel. (nanion.de)

The terpenes camphene and alpha-bisabolol inhibit inflammatory and neuropathic pain via Cav3.2 T-type calcium channels. (painresearchforum.org)
[5] So it is difficult to select a right drug in different types of neuropathic pain. (ijp-online.com)

In keeping with the central place of calcium in bodily processes, the concentrations of calcium within the cell and within cell organelle compartments are maintained within very tight limits, using various energy-intensive methods including molecular pumps, ion channels and ATPases. (news-medical.net)

An increase in L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (LTCC) current is a prominent biomarker of brain aging and is believed to contribute to cognitive decline and vulnerability to neuropathologies. (jneurosci.org)

It can be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents, especially thiazide-type diuretics [see DRUG INTERACTIONS ]. (rxlist.com)

The effect of calcium on these processes varies by location, extent and calcium homeostasis stage ( 26 , 27 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) 42 is caused by a mutation in CACNA1G , which encodes the low voltage-gated calcium channel Ca V 3.1 (T-type). (biomedcentral.com)
To investigate this possibility, we transfected wild-type and mutant CACNA1G into HEK293T cells and recorded the current using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. (biomedcentral.com)

The L-type calcium channel is a type of voltage-dependent calcium channel . (bionity.com)
Voltage-dependent calcium channels are composed of five subunits. (nih.gov)
ZNS is known to have various effects, including impacts on T-type voltage-dependent calcium channel (VDCC) activity [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Among this bones, it is important to be effective in treating blood pressure, but also really as well as a majority of both calcium intake and in many of these patients. (jewishledger.com)
L-type calcium channel mutations in Japanese patients with inherited arrhythmias. (cdc.gov)

Transient expression in cultured skeletal muscle myotubes derived from muscular dysgenic mice demonstrates that the BIII channel mediates an omega-conotoxin-sensitive calcium current with kinetics and voltage dependence like those previously reported for whole-cell N-type current. (nih.gov)
Greally E, Blain A, Blamire AM, MacGowan G, Laval SH, Straub V. Manganese enhanced MRI as a useful in vivo outcome measure in assessing skeletal muscle calcium uptake in mouse models of muscular dystrophy . (ncl.ac.uk)

Metoprolol treats arrhythmia, a type of irregular heartbeat. (druggenius.com)

Analytic results are obtained for the open probability of the channel as well as the auto-correlation and response functions (both for the discrete channel variable and the continuous calcium concentration). (math.ca)

We have a reasonable understanding of how ORAI1 channels open, where they are expressed especially in the immune system, and we know that mutations in ORAI1 that kill its activity give rise to severe immunodeficiencies. (northwestern.edu)

CO, Pb++ and SO2 effects on L-type calcium channel and action potential in human atrial myocytes. (udem.edu.co)

The nosocomial epidemiology of this organism is com- methods, performed organism typing by pulsed-field gel plex. (cdc.gov)

Cell-attached patch recordings, with isotonic barium as the charge carrier, revealed distinct single channels with an average slope conductance of 14.3 pS. (nih.gov)
Although the structure of the scramblase nhTMEM16 has defined the architecture of the family, it was unknown how a channel has adapted to cope with its distinct functional properties. (uzh.ch)
Although different cell types establish distinct structures delineating the inside and outside of an embryo, they progressively become specified by the blastocyst stage, when two types of cell lineages are formed: the inner cell mass (ICM) and the trophectoderm (TE). (jbc.org)

Omega toxins inhibit the actions of these channels by altering their voltage dependence. (bvsalud.org)

Anatomy29

Organisms12

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs160

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment10

Phenomena and Processes37

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Excitatory but not inhibitory synaptic transmission is reduced in lethargic (Cacnb4(lh)) and tottering (Cacna1atg) mouse thalami. (1/132)

Direct alteration of the P/Q-type Ca2+ channel property by polyglutamine expansion in spinocerebellar ataxia 6. (2/132)

Ataxic mouse mutants and molecular mechanisms of absence epilepsy. (3/132)

Significant role of neuronal non-N-type calcium channels in the sympathetic neurogenic contraction of rat mesenteric artery. (4/132)

Ablation of P/Q-type Ca(2+) channel currents, altered synaptic transmission, and progressive ataxia in mice lacking the alpha(1A)-subunit. (5/132)

Presynaptic Ca(2+) influx at a mouse central synapse with Ca(2+) channel subunit mutations. (6/132)

P2Y purinoceptors inhibit exocytosis in adrenal chromaffin cells via modulation of voltage-operated calcium channels. (7/132)

Combinatorial synthesis of omega-conotoxin MVIIC analogues and their binding with N- and P/Q-type calcium channels. (8/132)

Calcium Channels

Calcium Channel Blockers

Calcium Channels, L-Type

Ion Channels

Calcium Channels, N-Type

Calcium Channels, T-Type

Calcium Signaling

Calcium Channel Agonists

Ion Channel Gating

Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying

Calcium Channels, P-Type

Calcium Channels, Q-Type

Dihydropyridines

Calcium Channels, R-Type

Nifedipine

Potassium Channel Blockers

Chloride Channels

Electrophysiology

omega-Conotoxin GVIA

Calcium, Dietary

Membrane Potentials

omega-Conotoxins

Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated

Diltiazem

KATP Channels

Calcium

Verapamil

Patch-Clamp Techniques

Isradipine

Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated

Nitrendipine

Mibefradil

Electric Conductivity

Sodium Channel Blockers

Barium

Nimodipine

omega-Agatoxin IVA

TRPC Cation Channels

Shaker Superfamily of Potassium Channels

Kinetics

Neurons

Cells, Cultured

Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels

Potassium

Calcium Carbonate

Molecular Sequence Data

Oocytes

Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels

Amino Acid Sequence

Calcium Chloride

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

TRPV Cation Channels

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Nicardipine

Xenopus laevis

Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel

TRPM Cation Channels

Acid Sensing Ion Channels

Cell Line

Spider Venoms

Calcium Phosphates

Epithelial Sodium Channels

Kv1.3 Potassium Channel

Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels

Calcium Isotopes

Kv1.2 Potassium Channel

Kv1.1 Potassium Channel

Protein Subunits

Calcium Radioisotopes

Kv1.5 Potassium Channel

Amlodipine

Myocardium

Xenopus

Agatoxins

Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels

Sodium

Rabbits

Action Potentials

Time Factors

Ion Transport