Calcium channels p type. Medical search

Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue.

A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cellular membranes.

Long-lasting voltage-gated CALCIUM CHANNELS found in both excitable and nonexcitable tissue. They are responsible for normal myocardial and vascular smooth muscle contractility. Five subunits (alpha-1, alpha-2, beta, gamma, and delta) make up the L-type channel. The alpha-1 subunit is the binding site for calcium-based antagonists. Dihydropyridine-based calcium antagonists are used as markers for these binding sites.

A genus of REOVIRIDAE, causing acute gastroenteritis in BIRDS and MAMMALS, including humans. Transmission is horizontal and by environmental contamination. Seven species (Rotaviruses A thru G) are recognized.

Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ION CHANNEL GATING can be due to a variety of stimuli such as LIGANDS, a TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, mechanical deformation or through INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS.

Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.

CALCIUM CHANNELS that are concentrated in neural tissue. Omega toxins inhibit the actions of these channels by altering their voltage dependence.

A heterogenous group of transient or low voltage activated type CALCIUM CHANNELS. They are found in cardiac myocyte membranes, the sinoatrial node, Purkinje cells of the heart and the central nervous system.

Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes, sparks, or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins.

Agents that increase calcium influx into calcium channels of excitable tissues. This causes vasoconstriction in VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE and/or CARDIAC MUSCLE cells as well as stimulation of insulin release from pancreatic islets. Therefore, tissue-selective calcium agonists have the potential to combat cardiac failure and endocrinological disorders. They have been used primarily in experimental studies in cell and tissue culture.

The opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. The stimulus can be a change in membrane potential (voltage-gated), drugs or chemical transmitters (ligand-gated), or a mechanical deformation. Gating is thought to involve conformational changes of the ion channel which alters selective permeability.

Potassium channels where the flow of K+ ions into the cell is greater than the outward flow.

CALCIUM CHANNELS located within the PURKINJE CELLS of the cerebellum. They are involved in stimulation-secretion coupling of neurons.

CALCIUM CHANNELS located in the neurons of the brain.

Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.

CALCIUM CHANNELS located in the neurons of the brain. They are inhibited by the marine snail toxin, omega conotoxin MVIIC.

A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.

A class of drugs that act by inhibition of potassium efflux through cell membranes. Blockade of potassium channels prolongs the duration of ACTION POTENTIALS. They are used as ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS and VASODILATOR AGENTS.

Cell membrane glycoproteins that form channels to selectively pass chloride ions. Nonselective blockers include FENAMATES; ETHACRYNIC ACID; and TAMOXIFEN.

Proteins that form the CAPSID of VIRUSES.

An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.

A neurotoxic peptide, which is a cleavage product (VIa) of the omega-Conotoxin precursor protein contained in venom from the marine snail, CONUS geographus. It is an antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS, N-TYPE.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

Calcium compounds used as food supplements or in food to supply the body with calcium. Dietary calcium is needed during growth for bone development and for maintenance of skeletal integrity later in life to prevent osteoporosis.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

A family of structurally related neurotoxic peptides from mollusk venom that inhibit voltage-activated entry of calcium into the presynaptic membrane. They selectively inhibit N-, P-, and Q-type calcium channels.

Potassium channel whose permeability to ions is extremely sensitive to the transmembrane potential difference. The opening of these channels is induced by the membrane depolarization of the ACTION POTENTIAL.

A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.

Steroids which have undergone contraction in ring size or reduction in side chains.

Heteromultimers of Kir6 channels (the pore portion) and sulfonylurea receptor (the regulatory portion) which affect function of the HEART; PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS. KATP channel blockers include GLIBENCLAMIDE and mitiglinide whereas openers include CROMAKALIM and minoxidil sulfate.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.

A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.

An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

Potassium channels whose activation is dependent on intracellular calcium concentrations.

A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.

A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.

The ability of a substrate to allow the passage of ELECTRONS.

INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.

A class of drugs that act by inhibition of sodium influx through cell membranes. Blockade of sodium channels slows the rate and amplitude of initial rapid depolarization, reduces cell excitability, and reduces conduction velocity.

An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.

A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.

A neuropeptide toxin from the venom of the funnel web spider, Agelenopsis aperta. It inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, P-TYPE by altering the voltage-dependent gating so that very large depolarizations are needed for channel opening. It also inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, Q-TYPE.

A subgroup of TRP cation channels that contain 3-4 ANKYRIN REPEAT DOMAINS and a conserved C-terminal domain. Members are highly expressed in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Selectivity for calcium over sodium ranges from 0.5 to 10.

Voltage-gated potassium channels whose primary subunits contain six transmembrane segments and form tetramers to create a pore with a voltage sensor. They are related to their founding member, shaker protein, Drosophila.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A major class of calcium activated potassium channels whose members are voltage-dependent. MaxiK channels are activated by either membrane depolarization or an increase in intracellular Ca(2+). They are key regulators of calcium and electrical signaling in a variety of tissues.

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.

A subgroup of cyclic nucleotide-regulated ION CHANNELS within the superfamily of pore-loop cation channels. They are expressed in OLFACTORY NERVE cilia and in PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS and some PLANTS.

Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).

A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

A subgroup of TRP cation channels named after vanilloid receptor. They are very sensitive to TEMPERATURE and hot spicy food and CAPSAICIN. They have the TRP domain and ANKYRIN repeats. Selectivity for CALCIUM over SODIUM ranges from 3 to 100 fold.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

A tetrameric calcium release channel in the SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM membrane of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, acting oppositely to SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES. It is important in skeletal and cardiac excitation-contraction coupling and studied by using RYANODINE. Abnormalities are implicated in CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS and MUSCULAR DISEASES.

Process of determining and distinguishing species of bacteria or viruses based on antigens they share.

A subgroup of TRP cation channels named after melastatin protein. They have the TRP domain but lack ANKYRIN repeats. Enzyme domains in the C-terminus leads to them being called chanzymes.

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

A family of proton-gated sodium channels that are primarily expressed in neuronal tissue. They are AMILORIDE-sensitive and are implicated in the signaling of a variety of neurological stimuli, most notably that of pain in response to acidic conditions.

Venoms of arthropods of the order Araneida of the ARACHNIDA. The venoms usually contain several protein fractions, including ENZYMES, hemolytic, neurolytic, and other TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

Calcium salts of phosphoric acid. These compounds are frequently used as calcium supplements.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Sodium channels found on salt-reabsorbing EPITHELIAL CELLS that line the distal NEPHRON; the distal COLON; SALIVARY DUCTS; SWEAT GLANDS; and the LUNG. They are AMILORIDE-sensitive and play a critical role in the control of sodium balance, BLOOD VOLUME, and BLOOD PRESSURE.

A scanning microscope-based, cytofluorimetry technique for making fluorescence measurements and topographic analysis on individual cells. Lasers are used to excite fluorochromes in labeled cellular specimens. Fluorescence is detected in multiple discrete wavelengths and the locational data is processed to quantitatively assess APOPTOSIS; PLOIDIES; cell proliferation; GENE EXPRESSION; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; and other cellular processes.

A family of voltage-gated potassium channels that are characterized by long N-terminal and C-terminal intracellular tails. They are named from the Drosophila protein whose mutation causes abnormal leg shaking under ether anesthesia. Their activation kinetics are dependent on extracellular MAGNESIUM and PROTON concentration.

Stable calcium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element calcium, but differ in atomic weight. Ca-42-44, 46, and 48 are stable calcium isotopes.

A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that is selectively inhibited by a variety of SCORPION VENOMS.

A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that is commonly mutated in human episodic ATAXIA and MYOKYMIA.

Unstable isotopes of calcium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ca atoms with atomic weights 39, 41, 45, 47, 49, and 50 are radioactive calcium isotopes.

Single chains of amino acids that are the units of multimeric PROTEINS. Multimeric proteins can be composed of identical or non-identical subunits. One or more monomeric subunits may compose a protomer which itself is a subunit structure of a larger assembly.

A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.

A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that conducts a delayed rectifier current. It contributes to ACTION POTENTIAL repolarization of MYOCYTES in HEART ATRIA.

A class of polyamine and peptide toxins which are isolated from the venom of spiders such as Agelenopsis aperta.

An aquatic genus of the family, Pipidae, occurring in Africa and distinguished by having black horny claws on three inner hind toes.

The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.

A major class of calcium-activated potassium channels that are found primarily in excitable CELLS. They play important roles in the transmission of ACTION POTENTIALS and generate a long-lasting hyperpolarization known as the slow afterhyperpolarization.

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active, passive or facilitated. Ions may travel by themselves (uniport), or as a group of two or more ions in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) directions.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

Venoms from mollusks, including CONUS and OCTOPUS species. The venoms contain proteins, enzymes, choline derivatives, slow-reacting substances, and several characterized polypeptide toxins that affect the nervous system. Mollusk venoms include cephalotoxin, venerupin, maculotoxin, surugatoxin, conotoxins, and murexine.

A broad group of eukaryotic six-transmembrane cation channels that are classified by sequence homology because their functional involvement with SENSATION is varied. They have only weak voltage sensitivity and ion selectivity. They are named after a DROSOPHILA mutant that displayed transient receptor potentials in response to light. A 25-amino-acid motif containing a TRP box (EWKFAR) just C-terminal to S6 is found in TRPC, TRPV and TRPM subgroups. ANKYRIN repeats are found in TRPC, TRPV & TRPN subgroups. Some are functionally associated with TYROSINE KINASE or TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES.

A family of delayed rectifier voltage-gated potassium channels that share homology with their founding member, KCNQ1 PROTEIN. KCNQ potassium channels have been implicated in a variety of diseases including LONG QT SYNDROME; DEAFNESS; and EPILEPSY.

A subfamily of shaker potassium channels that shares homology with its founding member, Shab protein, Drosophila. They regulate delayed rectifier currents in the NERVOUS SYSTEM of DROSOPHILA and in the SKELETAL MUSCLE and HEART of VERTEBRATES.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

A voltage-gated potassium channel that is expressed primarily in the HEART.

A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A shaker subfamily that is prominently expressed in NEURONS and are necessary for high-frequency, repetitive firing of ACTION POTENTIALS.

A fast inactivating subtype of shaker potassium channels that contains two inactivation domains at its N terminus.

An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Chemicals that bind to and remove ions from solutions. Many chelating agents function through the formation of COORDINATION COMPLEXES with METALS.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.

A family of inwardly-rectifying potassium channels that are activated by PERTUSSIS TOXIN sensitive G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS. GIRK potassium channels are primarily activated by the complex of GTP-BINDING PROTEIN BETA SUBUNITS and GTP-BINDING PROTEIN GAMMA SUBUNITS.

The calcium salt of gluconic acid. The compound has a variety of uses, including its use as a calcium replenisher in hypocalcemic states.

A shaker subfamily of potassium channels that participate in transient outward potassium currents by activating at subthreshold MEMBRANE POTENTIALS, inactivating rapidly, and recovering from inactivation quickly.

The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included.

An infant during the first month after birth.

A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.

A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits CA(2+)-TRANSPORTING ATPASE mediated uptake of CALCIUM into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.

The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.

A very slow opening and closing voltage-gated potassium channel that is expressed in NEURONS and is commonly mutated in BENIGN FAMILIAL NEONATAL CONVULSIONS.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Services for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in the aged and the maintenance of health in the elderly.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

The nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.

A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)

A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.

Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.

The study of PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and PHYSICAL PROCESSES as applied to living things.

An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions similar to those of chlorpropamide.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Lanthanum. The prototypical element in the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol La, atomic number 57, and atomic weight 138.91. Lanthanide ion is used in experimental biology as a calcium antagonist; lanthanum oxide improves the optical properties of glass.

An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.

Venoms from animals of the order Scorpionida of the class Arachnida. They contain neuro- and hemotoxins, enzymes, and various other factors that may release acetylcholine and catecholamines from nerve endings. Of the several protein toxins that have been characterized, most are immunogenic.

Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.

A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.

A voltage-gated sodium channel subtype that mediates the sodium ion PERMEABILITY of CARDIOMYOCYTES. Defects in the SCN5A gene, which codes for the alpha subunit of this sodium channel, are associated with a variety of CARDIAC DISEASES that result from loss of sodium channel function.

A variety of surgical reconstructive procedures devised to restore gastrointestinal continuity, The two major classes of reconstruction are the Billroth I (gastroduodenostomy) and Billroth II (gastrojejunostomy) procedures.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

A major class of calcium-activated potassium channels that were originally discovered in ERYTHROCYTES. They are found primarily in non-excitable CELLS and set up electrical gradients for PASSIVE ION TRANSPORT.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.

A very slow opening and closing voltage-gated potassium channel that is expressed in NEURONS and is closely related to KCNQ2 POTASSIUM CHANNEL. It is commonly mutated in BENIGN FAMILIAL NEONATAL CONVULSIONS.

The pore-forming subunits of large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. They form tetramers in CELL MEMBRANES.

An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as CATIONS; those with a negative charge are ANIONS.

Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

Intracellular receptors that bind to INOSITOL 1,4,5-TRISPHOSPHATE and play an important role in its intracellular signaling. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors are calcium channels that release CALCIUM in response to increased levels of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in the CYTOPLASM.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.

A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.

A group of slow opening and closing voltage-gated potassium channels. Because of their delayed activation kinetics they play an important role in controlling ACTION POTENTIAL duration.

A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The oldest recognized genus of the family PASTEURELLACEAE. It consists of several species. Its organisms occur most frequently as coccobacillus or rod-shaped and are gram-negative, nonmotile, facultative anaerobes. Species of this genus are found in both animals and humans.

A family of membrane proteins that selectively conduct SODIUM ions due to changes in the TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE. They typically have a multimeric structure with a core alpha subunit that defines the sodium channel subtype and several beta subunits that modulate sodium channel activity.

Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.

Striated muscle cells found in the heart. They are derived from cardiac myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, CARDIAC).

A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.

A 37-amino acid residue peptide isolated from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus. It is a neurotoxin that inhibits calcium activated potassium channels.

Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes.

The physical characteristics and processes of biological systems.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The fluid inside CELLS.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.

An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.

Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.

An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.

A cell line generated from human embryonic kidney cells that were transformed with human adenovirus type 5.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

Regulatory proteins that act as molecular switches. They control a wide range of biological processes including: receptor signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and protein synthesis. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.

Inorganic compounds that contain calcium as an integral part of the molecule.

Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

One of the POTASSIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS, with secondary effect on calcium currents, which is used mainly as a research tool and to characterize channel subtypes.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.

Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms with a valence of plus 2, which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

A highly neurotoxic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It consists of 18 amino acids with two disulfide bridges and causes hyperexcitability resulting in convulsions and respiratory paralysis.

An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The additional presence of DIACYLGLYCEROLS markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by PHORBOL ESTERS and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

A group of enzymes that are dependent on CYCLIC AMP and catalyze the phosphorylation of SERINE or THREONINE residues on proteins. Included under this category are two cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase subtypes, each of which is defined by its subunit composition.

Proteins to which calcium ions are bound. They can act as transport proteins, regulator proteins, or activator proteins. They typically contain EF HAND MOTIFS.

A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.

A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes SMOOTH MUSCLE, stimulates CARDIAC MUSCLE, stimulates DIURESIS, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide PHOSPHODIESTERASES, antagonism of ADENOSINE RECEPTORS, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling.

Proteins that bind specific drugs with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Drug receptors are generally thought to be receptors for some endogenous substance not otherwise specified.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.

Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular HYPERTENSION regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are DIURETICS; (especially DIURETICS, THIAZIDE); ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; GANGLIONIC BLOCKERS; and VASODILATOR AGENTS.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

ATP-BINDING CASSETTE PROTEINS that are highly conserved and widely expressed in nature. They form an integral part of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel complex which has two intracellular nucleotide folds that bind to sulfonylureas and their analogs.

Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

Excitatory but not inhibitory synaptic transmission is reduced in lethargic (Cacnb4(lh)) and tottering (Cacna1atg) mouse thalami. (1/164)

Excitatory but not inhibitory synaptic transmission is reduced in lethargic (Cacnb4(lh)) and tottering (Cacna1atg) mouse thalami. Recent studies of the homozygous tottering (Cacna1atg) and lethargic mouse (Cacnb4(lh)) models of absence seizures have identified mutations in the genes encoding the alpha1A and beta4 subunits, respectively, of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs). beta subunits normally regulate Ca2+ currents via a direct interaction with alpha1 (pore-forming) subunits of VGCCs, and VGCCs are known to play a significant role in controlling the release of transmitter from presynaptic nerve terminals in the CNS. Because the gene mutation in Cacnb4(lh) homozygotes results in loss of the beta4 subunit's binding site for alpha1 subunits, we hypothesized that synaptic transmission would be altered in the CNS of Cacnb4(lh) homozygotes. We tested this hypothesis by using whole cell recordings of single cells in an in vitro slice preparation to investigate synaptic transmission in one of the critical neuronal populations that generate seizure activity in this strain, the somatosensory thalamus. The primary finding reported here is the observation of a significant decrease in glutamatergic synaptic transmission mediated by both N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptors in somatosensory thalamic neurons of Cacnb4(lh) homozygotes compared with matched, nonepileptic mice. In contrast, there was no significant decrease in GABAergic transmission in Cacnb4(lh) homozygotes nor was there any difference in effects mediated by presynaptic GABAB receptors. We found a similar decrease in glutamatergic but not GABAergic responses in Cacna1atg homozygotes, suggesting that the independent mutations in the two strains each affected P/Q channel function by causing defective neurotransmitter release specific to glutamatergic synapses in the somatosensory thalamus. This may be an important factor underlying the generation of seizures in these models. (+info)

Direct alteration of the P/Q-type Ca2+ channel property by polyglutamine expansion in spinocerebellar ataxia 6. (2/164)

Spinocerebellar ataxia 6 (SCA6) is caused by expansion of a polyglutamine stretch, encoded by a CAG trinucleotide repeat, in the human P/Q-type Ca(2+) channel alpha(1A) subunit. Although SCA6 shares common features with other neurodegenerative glutamine repeat disorders, the polyglutamine repeats in SCA6 are exceptionally small, ranging from 21 to 33. Because this size is too small to form insoluble aggregates that have been blamed for the cause of neurodegeneration, SCA6 is the disorder suitable for exploring the pathogenic mechanisms other than aggregate formation, whose universal role has been questioned. To characterize the pathogenic process of SCA6, we studied the effects of polyglutamine expansion on channel properties by analyzing currents flowing through the P/Q-type Ca(2+) channels with an expanded stretch of 24, 30, or 40 polyglutamines, recombinantly expressed in baby hamster kidney cells. Whereas the Ca(2+) channels with +info)

Ataxic mouse mutants and molecular mechanisms of absence epilepsy. (3/164)

Mouse genetic models for common human diseases have been studied for most of the 20th century. Although many polygenic strain differences and spontaneous single gene mutants have been extensively characterized over the years, knowing their innermost secrets ultimately requires the identity of the mutated genes. One group of neurological mutants, detected initially due to cerebellar dysfunction, was identified as models for epilepsy when they were unexpectedly found to have spike-wave seizures associated with behavioral arrest, a central feature of absence or petit-mal epilepsy. A further surprise was that recently identified defective genes encode different subunits of voltage-gated Ca(2+)channels (VGCCs), implying common seizure mechanisms. In this review we first consider these spontaneous mutants with VGCC defects in the context of other mouse models for epilepsy. Then, from the new wave of genetic and functional studies of these mutants we discuss their prospects for yielding insight into the molecular mechanisms of epilepsy. (+info)

Action potential-induced dendritic calcium dynamics correlated with synaptic plasticity in developing hippocampal pyramidal cells. (4/164)

In hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells, intracellular calcium increases are required for induction of long-term potentiation (LTP), an activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. LTP is known to develop in magnitude during the second and third postnatal weeks in the rats. Little is known, however, about development of intracellular calcium dynamics during the same postnatal weeks. We investigated postnatal development of intracellular calcium dynamics in the proximal apical dendrites of CA1 pyramidal cells by whole cell patch-clamp recordings and calcium imaging with the Ca(2+) indicator fura-2. Dendritic calcium increases induced by intrasomatically evoked action potentials were slight during the first postnatal week but gradually became robust 3 to 6-fold during the second and third postnatal weeks. These calcium increases were blocked by application of 250 microM CdCl(2), a nonspecific blocker for high-threshold voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs). Under the voltage-clamp condition, both calcium currents and dendritic calcium accumulations induced by depolarization were larger at the late developmental stage (P15-18) than the early stage (P4-7), indicating developmental enhancement of calcium influx mediated by high-threshold VDCCs. Moreover, theta-burst stimulation (TBS), a protocol for LTP induction, induced large intracellular calcium increases at the late developmental stage, in synchrony with maturation of TBS-induced LTP. These results suggest that developmental enhancement of intracellular calcium increases induced by action potentials may underlie maturation of calcium-dependent functions such as synaptic plasticity in hippocampal neurons. (+info)

Significant role of neuronal non-N-type calcium channels in the sympathetic neurogenic contraction of rat mesenteric artery. (5/164)

1. The possible involvement of pre-junctional non-N-type Ca2+ channels in noradrenaline (NA)-mediated neurogenic contraction by electrical field stimulation (EFS) was examined pharmacomechanically in the isolated rat mesenteric artery. 2. EFS-generated contraction of endothelium-denuded mesenteric artery was frequency-dependent (2 - 32 Hz) and was abolished by tetrodotoxin (TTX, 1 microM), guanethidine (5 microM) or prazosin (100 nM), indicating that NA released from sympathetic nerve endings mediates the contractile response. 3. NA-mediated neurogenic contractions to lower frequency stimulations (2 - 8 Hz) were almost abolished by an N-type Ca2+ channel blocker, omega-conotoxin-GVIA (1 microM) whereas the responses to higher frequency stimulations (12 - 32 Hz) were less sensitive to omega-conotoxin-GVIA. The omega-conotoxin-GVIA-resistant component of the contractile response to 32 Hz stimulation was inhibited partly (10 - 20%) by omega-agatoxin-IVA (10 - 100 nM; concentrations which are relatively selective for P-type channels) and to a greater extent by omega-agatoxin-IVA (1 microM) and omega-conotoxin-MVIIC (3 microM), both of which block Q-type channels at the concentrations used. 4. omega-Agatoxin-IVA (10 - 100 nM) alone inhibited 32 Hz EFS-induced contraction by 10 approximately 20% whereas omega-conotoxin-MVIIC (3 microM) alone inhibited the response by approximately 60%. 5. These omega-toxin treatments did not affect the contractions evoked by exogenously applied NA. 6. These findings show that P- and Q-type as well as N-type Ca2+ channels are involved in the sympathetic neurogenic vascular contraction, and suggest the significant role of non-N-type Ca2+ channels in NA release from adrenergic nerve endings when higher frequency stimulations are applied to the nerve. (+info)

Ablation of P/Q-type Ca(2+) channel currents, altered synaptic transmission, and progressive ataxia in mice lacking the alpha(1A)-subunit. (6/164)

The Ca(2+) channel alpha(1A)-subunit is a voltage-gated, pore-forming membrane protein positioned at the intersection of two important lines of research: one exploring the diversity of Ca(2+) channels and their physiological roles, and the other pursuing mechanisms of ataxia, dystonia, epilepsy, and migraine. alpha(1A)-Subunits are thought to support both P- and Q-type Ca(2+) channel currents, but the most direct test, a null mutant, has not been described, nor is it known which changes in neurotransmission might arise from elimination of the predominant Ca(2+) delivery system at excitatory nerve terminals. We generated alpha(1A)-deficient mice (alpha(1A)(-/-)) and found that they developed a rapidly progressive neurological deficit with specific characteristics of ataxia and dystonia before dying approximately 3-4 weeks after birth. P-type currents in Purkinje neurons and P- and Q-type currents in cerebellar granule cells were eliminated completely whereas other Ca(2+) channel types, including those involved in triggering transmitter release, also underwent concomitant changes in density. Synaptic transmission in alpha(1A)(-/-) hippocampal slices persisted despite the lack of P/Q-type channels but showed enhanced reliance on N-type and R-type Ca(2+) entry. The alpha(1A)(-/-) mice provide a starting point for unraveling neuropathological mechanisms of human diseases generated by mutations in alpha(1A). (+info)

Presynaptic Ca(2+) influx at a mouse central synapse with Ca(2+) channel subunit mutations. (7/164)

Genetic alterations in Ca(2+) channel subunits can be used to study the interaction among channel subunits and their roles in channel function. P/Q- and N-type Ca(2+) channels reside at the presynaptic terminal and control the release of neurotransmitter at mammalian central synapses. We used fluorescence imaging techniques to investigate presynaptic Ca(2+) currents and neurotransmitter release at hippocampal Schaffer collateral synapses in both tottering (tg, alpha(1A) subunit) and lethargic (lh, beta(4) subunit) mutant mice. Application of selective toxins revealed a large reduction in presynaptic P/Q-type Ca(2+) transients, from 39% of total in +/+ mice to 6% in tg/tg mice, whereas the proportion of N-type increased from 35 to 68%, respectively. Neurotransmitter release in the tg/tg mutant relied almost exclusively on N-type channels, as shown by the complete blockade of synaptic transmission with omega-conotoxin GVIA. Remarkably, loss of beta4, a subunit predicted to regulate the subcellular targeting and modulation of both P/Q- and N-type channels, resulted in no significant difference in the ratio of Ca(2+) channel subtypes or Ca(2+) dependence of neurotransmitter release in lethargic mice. G-protein-mediated inhibition of Ca(2+) channels was also unaltered. These results indicate that a profound decrease in presynaptic P/Q-type currents leads to dependence of neurotransmitter release on N-type channels. In contrast, absence of beta(4) appears not to compromise either P/Q- or N-type channel function at this hippocampal synapse, implicating rescue of presynaptic Ca(2+) currents by other available beta subunits. The present study reveals compensatory molecular mechanisms in the regulation of presynaptic Ca(2+) entry and neurotransmitter release. (+info)

P2Y purinoceptors inhibit exocytosis in adrenal chromaffin cells via modulation of voltage-operated calcium channels. (8/164)

We have used combined membrane capacitance measurements (C(m)) and voltage-clamp recordings to examine the mechanisms underlying modulation of stimulus-secretion coupling by a G(i/o)-coupled purinoceptor (P2Y) in adrenal chromaffin cells. P2Y purinoceptors respond to extracellular ATP and are thought to provide an important inhibitory feedback regulation of catecholamine release from central and sympathetic neurons. Inhibition of neurosecretion by other G(i/o)-protein-coupled receptors may occur by either inhibition of voltage-operated Ca(2+) channels or modulation of the exocytotic machinery itself. In this study, we show that the P2Y purinoceptor agonist 2-methylthio ATP (2-MeSATP) significantly inhibits Ca(2+) entry and changes in C(m) evoked by single 200 msec depolarizations or a train of 20 msec depolarizations (2.5 Hz). We found that P2Y modulation of secretion declines during a train such that only approximately 50% of the modulatory effect remains at the end of a train. The inhibition of both Ca(2+) entry and DeltaC(m) are also attenuated by large depolarizing prepulses and treatment with pertussis toxin. Inhibition of N-type, and to lesser extent P/Q-type, Ca(2+) channels contribute to the modulation of exocytosis by 2-MeSATP. The Ca(2+)-dependence of exocytosis triggered by either single pulses or trains of depolarizations was unaffected by 2-MeSATP. When Ca(2+) channels were bypassed and exocytosis was evoked by flash photolysis of caged Ca(2+), the inhibitory effect of 2-MeSATP was not observed. Collectively, these data suggest that inhibition of exocytosis by G(i/o)-coupled P2Y purinoceptors results from inhibition of Ca(2+) channels and the Ca(2+) signal controlling exocytosis rather than a direct effect on the secretory machinery. (+info)

... is classified as a selective antagonist of T-type voltage-operated calcium ion channels, because its binding blocks ... Cinnarizine is an antihistamine and calcium channel blocker of the diphenylmethylpiperazine group.[1] It is prescribed for ... Arab SF, Düwel P, Jüngling E, Westhofen M, Lückhoff A (June 2004). "Inhibition of voltage-gated calcium currents in type II ... hypothesized that cinnarizine exerts its effects by inhibiting the calcium currents in voltage gated channels in type II ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnarizine

... inhibits N-type calcium channels. The concentration of piracetam achieved in central nervous system after a typical ... is much higher than the concentration necessary to inhibit N-type calcium channels (IC50 of piracetam in rat neurons was 3 μM ... Piracetam may exert its global effect on brain neurotransmission via modulation of ion channels (i.e., Na+, K+). It has been ... It is hypothesized to act on ion channels or ion carriers, thus leading to increased neuron excitability. GABA brain metabolism ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracetam

Unlike other calcium antagonists, cilnidipine can act on the N-type calcium channel in addition to acting on the L-type calcium ... It is a calcium antagonist accompanied with L-type and N-type calcium channel blocking functions. ... Due to its blocking action at the N-type and L-type calcium channel, cilnidipine dilates both arterioles and venules, reducing ... May 2002). "Cilnidipine is a novel slow-acting blocker of vascular L-type calcium channels that does not target protein kinase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilnidipine

N-type calcium-channel blocker.. Intrathecal.. Protein binding = 50%; half-life = 2.9-6.5 hours; excretion = urine (,1%).[122] ... Binds to the α2δ-1 subunit of voltage gated calcium ion channels in the spinal cord. May also modulate NMDA receptors and ... Comes in calcium salt form; fairly soluble in water.. Is metabolised to aspirin and urea. As per aspirin.. Oral.. No data.. ... Each different type of analgesic has its own associated side effects. Classification[edit]. Analgesics are typically classified ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algesic

"Osteoprotegerin expression and secretion are regulated by calcium influx through the L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channel ... This gene encodes an alpha-1 subunit of a voltage-dependent calcium channel. Calcium channels mediate the influx of calcium ... Calcium channel, voltage-dependent, L type, alpha 1C subunit (also known as Cav1.2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by ... Calcium channel Calcium channel associated transcriptional regulator ENSG00000285479 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cav1.2

"Molecular characterization of T-type calcium channels". Cell Calcium. 40 (2): 89-96. doi:10.1016/j.ceca.2006.04.012. PMID ... Seizures are believed to originate in the thalamus, where there is an abundance of T-type calcium channels such as those ... a T-type calcium channel". J Neurosci. 25 (19): 4844-55. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0847-05.2005. PMC 6724770. PMID 15888660. Liang ... "Gating effects of mutations in the Cav3.2 T-type calcium channel associated with childhood absence epilepsy". J Biol Chem. 279 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_absence_epilepsy

... inhibits P-type calcium channels Botulinum toxin: inhibits SNARE proteins Calcium channel blockers (nifedipine, diltiazem) do ... and thereby affecting P-type calcium channels): Antibiotics (clindamycin, polymyxin) Magnesium: antagonizes P-type calcium ... Nicotinic receptors come in two main types, known as muscle-type and neuronal-type. The muscle-type can be selectively blocked ... These drugs affect L-type calcium channels. The autonomic nervous system controls a wide range of involuntary and unconscious ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine

... reversibly blocks N-type calcium channels. In addition, it has a low affinity for L or P/Q-type channels. The mechanism by ... Ptu1 is a toxin that can reversibly bind N-type calcium channels. Its isolated from the assassin bug Peirates turpis. The toxin ... Second, Ptu1 has a relatively low binding affinity for N-type calcium channels compared to MVIIA. A possible explanation for ... a toxin from the assassin bug Peirates turpis that blocks the voltage-sensitive calcium channel N-type". Biochemistry. 40 (43 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptu1

The α1B protein, together with β and α2δ subunits forms N-type calcium channel (Cav2.2 channel) PMID 26386135 GRCh38: Ensembl ... subunits for the calcium channel I-II linker in relation to calcium channel function". The Journal of Physiology. 574 (Pt 2): ... "Entrez Gene: CACNA1B calcium channel, voltage-dependent, N type, alpha 1B subunit". Diriong S, Lory P, Williams ME, Ellis SB, ... The voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CACNA1B gene. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CACNA1B

Cav3.1 is a type of low-voltage-activated calcium channel, also known as "T-type" for its transient on and off. It is expressed ... Calcium channel, voltage-dependent, T type, alpha 1G subunit, also known as CACNA1G or Cav3.1 is a protein which in humans is ... "Entrez Gene: CACNA1H calcium channel, voltage-dependent, T type, alpha 1H subunit". Perez-Reyes E, Cribbs LL, Daud A, Lacerda ... Kopecky, Benjamin J.; Liang, Ruqiang; Bao, Jianxin (2014). "T-type Calcium Channel Blockers as Neuroprotective Agents". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CACNA1G

Cheng, R. C., Tikhonov, D. B., & Zhorov, B. S. (2009). Structural model for phenylalkylamine binding to L-type calcium channels ... The drug targets L-type Ca+2 channels, and decreases conduction in cells where Ca+2 is required for action potential upstroke ( ... BRL-32872's class III activity is directed towards the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) K+ channel.[4] hERG channels are ... 1995). Electrophysiological effect of BRL-32872, a novel antiarrhythmic agent with potassium and calcium channel blocking ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRL-32872

Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-3 subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CACNG3 gene. L-type calcium ... This gene is a member of the neuronal calcium channel gamma subunit gene subfamily of the PMP-22/EMP/MP20 family. This gene is ... "Entrez Gene: CACNG3 calcium channel, voltage-dependent, gamma subunit 3". Powers PA, Liu S, Hogan K, Gregg RG (1993). " ... It is an integral membrane protein that is thought to stabilize the calcium channel in an inactive (closed) state. This protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CACNG3

"Entrez Gene: CACNA1F calcium channel, voltage-dependent, L type, alpha 1F subunit". Catterall WA, Perez-Reyes E, Snutch TP, ... a protein in the voltage-dependent calcium channel complex. Calcium channels mediate the influx of calcium ions into the cell ... 1998). "An L-type calcium-channel gene mutated in incomplete X-linked congenital stationary night blindness". Nat. Genet. 19 (3 ... Cav1.4 also known as the calcium channel, voltage-dependent, L type, alpha 1F subunit (CACNA1F), is a human gene. This gene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cav1.4

Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-1 subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CACNG1 gene. L-type calcium ... 1993). "Localization of the gamma-subunit of the skeletal muscle L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel gene (CACNLG) to ... and gamma-subunits of the human skeletal muscle L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel on chromosome 17q and exclusion as ... This gene is a member of the neuronal calcium channel gamma subunit gene subfamily of the PMP-22/EMP/MP20 family and is located ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CACNG1

Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-4 subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CACNG4 gene. L-type calcium ... This gene is a member of the neuronal calcium channel gamma subunit gene subfamily of the PMP-22/EMP/MP20 family and is located ... "Entrez Gene: CACNG4 calcium channel, voltage-dependent, gamma subunit 4". Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). " ... Voltage-dependent calcium channel GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000075461 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CACNG4

L-type calcium channels are composed of five subunits. The protein encoded by this gene represents one of these subunits, gamma ... Calcium channel, voltage-dependent, gamma subunit 2, also known as CACNG2 or stargazin is a protein that in humans is encoded ... "Entrez Gene: CACNG2 calcium channel, voltage-dependent, gamma subunit 2". Brandler WM, Antaki D, Gujral M, Noor A, Rosanio G, ... This gene is a member of the neuronal calcium channel gamma subunit gene subfamily of the PMP-22/EMP/MP20 family. Stargazin is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CACNG2

... is a cardioselective L-type calcium channel blocker. AH-1058 binds to the same sites on the alpha-1 subunit of L-type ... These sites on the alpha-1 subunit differ from the active site of the calcium channel, meaning AH-1058 binds L-type calcium ... L-type calcium channel blockers). Class I antiarrhythmic (sodium channel blocker) characteristics have also been seen, but the ... In addition AH-1058 appears to interact with multiple states of L-type calcium channels (i.e. resting and inactive) to suppress ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AH-1058

... is a calcium channel blocker. Lacroix P, Linee P, Forest MC (January 1991). "Diproteverine (BRL 40015): a new type of calcium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diproteverine

... calcium channel blocker, inhibits both L-type and T-type calcium channels. Efonidipine exhibits antihypertensive effect through ... It was launched in 1995, under the brand name Landel (ランデル). The drug blocks both T-type and L-type calcium channels. Drug ... Working on sino atrial node cells by inhibiting T-type calcium channel activation, Efonidipine prolongs the late phase-4 ... Efonidipine increases coronary blood flow by blocking L & T-type calcium channels and attenuates myocardial ischaemia. By ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efonidipine

SLC30A1 modulates zinc permeation through the L-type calcium channel. SLC30A1 downregulates not only Zn++ influx, but also Ca++ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_transporter_1

Cheng RC, Tikhonov DB, Zhorov BS (October 2009). "Structural model for phenylalkylamine binding to L-type calcium channels". ... Cheng RC, Tikhonov DB, Zhorov BS (October 2009). "Structural model for phenylalkylamine binding to L-type calcium channels". ... "L-type Ca2+ channel antagonists block voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels in identified leech neurons". Brain Research. 1013 (2): ... Devapamil is a calcium channel blocker. It is also known as desmethoxyverapamil, which is a phenylalkylamine (PAA) derivative. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devapamil

Proximal muscle weakness is a product of pathogenic autoantibodies directed against P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channels, ... which activates voltage-gated calcium channels to allow calcium ions to enter the neuron. Calcium ions bind to sensor proteins ... This type of tumor also expresses voltage-gated calcium channels. Oftentimes, LEMS also occurs alongside myasthenia gravis. ... by lengthening the time that voltage-gated calcium channels remain open after blocking voltage-gated potassium channels. In the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromuscular_junction

It is a calcium channel blocker of the dihydropyridine type. Nifedipine is taken by mouth and comes in fast- and slow-release ... Although nifedipine and other dihydropyridines are commonly regarded as specific to the L-type calcium channel, they also ... As calcium channel blocker, nifedipine has a risk of causing gingival hyperplasia A number of persons have developed toxicity ... Nifedipine, sold under the brand name Adalat among others, is a calcium channel blocker medication used to manage angina, high ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nifedipine

The T-type calcium channel is found in neurons throughout the brain. These channels produce particularly large currents in ... Recent research has also been conducted on the T-type calcium channel and how modulation of these channels may allow for the ... Antiepileptic drugs can control absence seizures by inhibiting the T-type calcium channels which prevents low-voltage calcium ... T-type calcium channels have been known to play a role in the spike-and-wave discharges of absence seizures. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-threshold_spikes

Sodium channel, voltage-gated, type XI, alpha subunit also known as SCN11A or Nav1.9 is a voltage-gated sodium ion channel ... Nomenclature and structure-function relationships of voltage-gated calcium channels". Pharmacological Reviews. 57 (4): 411-25. ... "Entrez Gene: Sodium channel, voltage-gated, type XI, alpha subunit". Catterall WA, Perez-Reyes E, Snutch TP, Striessnig J ( ... This property is found in similar channels, namely Nav1.8, and has been associated with slower channel kinetics than the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nav1.9

Ritz, Beate; Rhodes, Shannon L; Qian, Lei; Schernhammer, Eva; Olsen, Jorgen; Friis, Soren (2009). "L-type calcium channel ... Lang, Yakun; Gong, Dandan; Fan, Yu (2015). "Calcium channel blocker use and risk of Parkinson's disease: A meta-analysis". ... Gudala, Kapil; Kanukula, Raju; Bansal, Dipika (2015). "Reduced Risk of Parkinson's Disease in Users of Calcium Channel Blockers ... Pasternak, Björn; Svanström, Henrik; Nielsen, Nete M; Fugger, Lars; Melbye, Mads; Hviid, Anders (2012). "Use of Calcium Channel ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._James_Surmeier

"Structure-activity relationships for P-type calcium channel-selective omega-agatoxins". Nat. Struct. Biol. 1 (12): 853-6. doi: ... The mechanism of many spider toxins is through blockage of calcium channels. A remotely related group of atracotoxins operate ... consensus molecular folding of calcium channel blockers". J. Mol. Biol. 250 (5): 659-71. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1995.0406. PMID ... "Three-dimensional solution structure of the calcium channel antagonist omega-agatoxin IVA: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_toxin

... type-1) and atypical (type-2). They are both caused by mutations in CACNA1C, the gene encoding the calcium channel Cav1.2 α ... With the characterization of Timothy syndrome mutations indicating that they cause defects in calcium currents, calcium channel ... "Severe arrhythmia disorder caused by cardiac L-type calcium channel mutations". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 102 (23): 8089-8096. ... However, it was linked with calcium channel abnormalities in 2004, and the disorder was thence named "Timothy syndrome" in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_syndrome

Treatment of the allergic event alone can abolish type I variant. Giving vasodilators such as nitroglycerin or calcium channel ... Three variants of Kounis syndrome were found and a study concluded that type 1 variant was most commonly seen followed by type ... Acute coronary event protocol is applied and type II can be treated similarly to type I for cardiac symptom control. Glucagon ... Type III is subdivided now to stent thrombosis (subtype a) and stent restenosis (subtype b). The management of these patients ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kounis_syndrome

Models of this type are typically built in large simulation platforms like GENESIS or NEURON. There have been some attempts to ... With the emergence of two-photon microscopy and calcium imaging, we now have powerful experimental methods with which to test ... Voltage sensitive ion channels are glycoprotein molecules which extend through the lipid bilayer, allowing ions to traverse ... "Intracellular Calcium Dynamics Permit a Purkinje Neuron Model to Perform Toggle and Gain Computations Upon its Inputs" ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_neuroscientist

The type of leaf is usually characteristic of a species (monomorphic), although some species produce more than one type of leaf ... Veins sunken below the surface, resulting in a rounded channel. Sometimes confused with "guttered" because the channels may ... Cote, G. G. (2009). "Diversity and distribution of idioblasts producing calcium oxalate crystals in Dieffenbachia seguine ( ... Analyses of vein patterns often fall into consideration of the vein orders, primary vein type, secondary vein type (major veins ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauline

Other research has also suggested that calcium flow through N-type calcium channels is essential for normal breathing, and is ... L-type calcium channels are known to increase the frequency of action potentials in some neurons, which might be the reason ... P/Q-type calcium channels are mainly responsible for the release of neurotransmitters that excite, or activate, postsynaptic ... Fictive sigh depends critically on synaptic mechanisms that involve P/Q type calcium channels, suggestive of a subset of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Bötzinger_complex

... which opens ion channels (largely sodium channels, though calcium can enter through these channels as well). The positive ... One type of photosensitive pigment Three types of photosensitive pigment in humans ... This change in the cell's membrane potential causes voltage-gated calcium channels to close. This leads to a decrease in the ... A decrease in the intracellular calcium concentration means that less glutamate is released via calcium-induced exocytosis to ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell

The microscopic structure of conifer wood consists of two types of cells: parenchyma, which have an oval or polyhedral shape ... The eggs hatch in about 2 weeks, and the tiny larvae tunnel to the wood and score its surface with their feeding channels. With ... calcium, magnesium, and sulfur, all used in relatively large amounts (Buckman and Brady 1969).[31] Nutrient concentrations in ... All three types or reproductive cycles have a long gap in between pollination and fertilization. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coniferous_forest

Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine ... They form various types of oxides, such as simple oxides (containing the O2− ion), peroxides (containing the O2−. 2 ion, where ... Hellgren, Mikko; Sandberg, Lars; Edholm, Olle (2006). "A comparison between two prokaryotic potassium channels (KirBac1.1 and ... A wheel type radiotherapy device which has a long collimator to focus the radiation into a narrow beam. The caesium-137 ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_metal

... is a hypothesized type of nuclear reaction that would occur at, or near, room temperature. This is compared with ... 265-268 "(...) the equality of the two channels is known to be preserved from high energy through 20 keV and down to about 5 ... Several medium and heavy elements like calcium, titanium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper and zinc have been reported ... Nuclear fusion of the type postulated would be inconsistent with current understanding and, if verified, would require ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_fusion

The link was a single nucleotide polymorphism of two genes involved in calcium channel signaling with neurons. One of these ... Phenylalanine is ingested through food, so a diet should decrease types of foods that have high amounts of phenylalanine. Foods ... Both males and females with larger combs have higher bone density and strength, which allows females to deposit more calcium ... the part of the bone that transfers calcium into developing eggshells) are located at the same locus as the gene affecting comb ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiotropic

Diets of this type include NCEP Step I and II. A meta-analysis of 16 trials of 2-12 months' duration found that low-fat diets ( ... "Mitochondrial Ion Channels: Gatekeepers of Life and Death". Physiology. 20 (5): 303-315. doi:10.1152/physiol.00020.2005. ISSN ... The American Diabetes Association recommended a low carbohydrate diet to reduce weight for those with or at risk of Type 2 ... Trapp, Caroline B.; Barnard, Neal D. (2010-04-01). "Usefulness of vegetarian and vegan diets for treating type 2 diabetes". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_plan

calcium channel activity. • aspartic-type endopeptidase activity. • endopeptidase activity. • hydrolase activity. • aspartic ... The study showed that presenilin-1 is down regulated in cell type while it is overexpressed in the other cell type.[27] Another ... endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion homeostasis. • response to oxidative stress. • autophagosome assembly. • positive regulation ... smooth endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion homeostasis. • synaptic vesicle targeting. • Cajal-Retzius cell differentiation. • ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSEN1

They include the myoga (Zingiber mioga), the several types of galangal, the fingerroot (Boesenbergia rotunda), and the bitter ... States in which ginger is exported follow the marketing channels of vegetable marketing in India, and the steps are similar to ... Ginger has the ability to grow in a wide variety of land types and areas, however is best produced when grown in a warm, humid ... On the island of Corfu, Greece, a traditional drink called τσιτσιμπύρα (tsitsibira), a type of ginger beer, is made. The people ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger

embryonic camera-type eye morphogenesis. • post-embryonic camera-type eye development. • positive regulation of T cell cytokine ... Wnt signaling pathway, calcium modulating pathway. • Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway. • beta-catenin ... "IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.. ... embryonic camera-type eye development. • multicellular organism development. • cell surface receptor signaling pathway. • ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FZD5

Calcium supports child growth in many varying ways. Common sources of calcium are found in dates, grapefruit,oranges, celery, ... Better Health Channel. 2015-02-09. Retrieved 03/04/2015. Check date values in: ,access-date= (help) "Healthy Kids Association ... Data also proposed a decrease in weight gain as a result of increased consumption lessens the risk of developing diabetes type ... A diet rich with Calcium, Vitamin C, B Vitamins, Iodine and Zinc ensures a growing child receives the most benefits from the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_and_vegetables_for_kids

Epithelial sodium channel blockers: amiloride and triamterene.. Calcium-sparing diureticsEdit. The term "calcium-sparing ... TypesEdit. High ceiling/loop diureticEdit. High ceiling diuretics may cause a substantial diuresis - up to 20%[3] of the ... The reduced concentration of calcium in the urine can lead to an increased rate of calcium in serum. The sparing effect on ... calcium chloride, ammonium chloride 1. Arginine vasopressin. receptor 2 antagonists amphotericin B, lithium[13][14]. Inhibits ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diuretic

Manufacturers do not state which particular type of capsaicinoids are used. Personal pepper sprays can range from a low of 0.18 ... because there are six different types of capsaicinoids, causing different levels of irritation. ... See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Ion channel modulators. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper_spray

NMDA receptor activation by rapid successive firing allows calcium influx in addition to sodium. The calcium influx triggered ... Certain types of physical exercise have been shown to markedly (threefold) increase BDNF synthesis in the human brain, a ... will communicate regularly and maintain the synapse structure and function long after the initial activation of NMDA channels. ... Promoter IV activity, leading to the translation of exon IV-containing mRNA, is strongly stimulated by calcium and is primarily ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDNF

TypesEdit. There are three types of dentin, primary, secondary and tertiary.[13][14] Secondary dentin is a layer of dentin ... It is made up of 70% inorganic materials (mainly hydroxylapatite and some non-crystalline amorphous calcium phosphate), 20% ... Dentine consists of microscopic channels, called dentinal tubules, which radiate outward through the dentine from the pulp to ... It is of two types, either reactionary, where dentin is formed from a pre-existing odontoblast, or reparative, where newly ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentin

Calcium concentrations falling below the needs of some freshwater organisms. *The additive-and possibly synergistic-effects of ... which underlies many larger rivers and can contain substantially more water than is seen in the open channel. It may also be in ... are types of freshwater systems. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater

Ion channel. modulators. Calcium blockers. *Gabapentin. *Gabapentin enacarbil. *Mirogabalin. *Pregabalin. *Ziconotide. Sodium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-366,833

... calcium channel blockers) ବା ବିଟା ବ୍ଲକର (beta blockers) ଦିଆଯାଏ । ଦୀର୍ଘକାଳୀନ ଭିତ୍ତିରେ କେତେକ ଲୋକଙ୍କର ଆସ୍ପିରିନ (aspirin) ବା ... "Types of Arrhythmia". NHLBI. July 1, 2011.. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{ ...

https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/ସୁପ୍ରାଭେଣ୍ଟ୍ରିକୁଲାର_ଟାକିକାର୍ଡ଼ିଆ

L-Type calcium channel blockers (e.g., dihydropyridines: nifedipine). *Nebivolol (beta blocker) ... Similarly, pentamidine inhibits type II topoisomerase in the mitochondria of the Trypanosoma parasite, resulting in a broken ... "Structural insights into calcium-bound S100P and the V domain of the RAGE complex". PLOS ONE. 9 (8): e103947. Bibcode ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentamidine

Varying amounts of potassium, sodium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc were present.[81] ... reported that in Arabia locusts were eaten frequently and one Arab described to a European traveler the different types of ... Visual neuron of the locust, Ri Channel video, October 2011. *FAO Locust Watch ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locusts

This type of fracture occurs only in very homogeneous minerals. Other types of fracture are fibrous, splintery, and hackly. The ... In a limestone, calcite or aragonite (both CaCO3) form because the rock is rich in calcium and carbonate. A corollary is that a ... They form in the presence of water at low temperatures and pressures, and have channels and voids in their structure. Zeolites ... These rocks may consist of one type of mineral, or may be an aggregate of two or more different types of minerals, spacially ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral

These holes are proteins that are called calcium channels. The calcium ions rush into the cell. Calcium also comes out of a ... Types of muscles[change , change source]. There are three kinds of muscles: *Skeletal muscle, the muscle attached to bones. ... This calcium sticks to the specialized proteins actin and myosin. This triggers these proteins to contract the muscle. ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscles

... but could relate to actions of the drug on voltage-activated calcium channels. Lamotrigine blocks T-type calcium channels ... It also blocks L-, N-, and P-type calcium channels and has weak 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 (5-HT3) receptor inhibition. These ... However, it does inhibit native and recombinant high-voltage-activated calcium channels (N- and P/Q/R-types) at therapeutic ... Whether this activity on calcium channels accounts for lamotrigine's broader clinical spectrum of activity in comparison with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamotrigine

regulation of intracellular calcium activated chloride channel activity. • negative regulation of dendritic spine maintenance. ... type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptor binding. • type 8 metabotropic glutamate receptor binding. • signaling receptor activity ... calcium-mediated signaling using intracellular calcium source. • negative regulation of catalytic activity. • positive ... ion channel binding. • microtubule binding. • ATP-dependent protein binding. • metal ion binding. • tubulin binding. • protein ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRNP

General: β-receptor blockers ("beta blockers"), calcium channel blockers, diuretics, cardiac glycosides, antiarrhythmics, ... Types of medicinesEdit. For the digestive systemEdit. *Upper digestive tract: antacids, reflux suppressants, antiflatulents, ... calcium channel blockers, thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics, aldosterone inhibitors. *Coagulation: anticoagulants, heparin, ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical

Calcium channel blockers. *renin-angiotensin system *ACE inhibitors. *Angiotensin II receptor antagonists ... Types[edit]. *5-HT3 receptor antagonists block serotonin receptors in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. As ... cation uptake by the receptor channel and contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum", Eur J Pharmacol, 530 (1-2): 136-43, doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiemetic

Ion channel modulators. Calcium. VDCCs. Blockers. *L-type-selective: Dihydropyridines: Amlodipine. *Aranidipine ... The cause is thought to be blockade of hERG voltage-gated potassium channels.[41][42] The risks are dose-dependent, and appear ... the voltage-gated potassium channel KCNH2 gene (hERG/Kv11.1), and the α1D-adrenoceptor ADRA1D gene.[58] ... thereby being free of the extrapyramidal side effects that were associated with drugs of this type.[70] This led to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domperidone

Calcium channel blockers are a common type of medication for high blood pressure and heart conditions. We discuss how these ... What is a calcium channel blocker?. Share on Pinterest. A doctor may prescribe calcium channel blockers to treat high blood ... Types and examples. There are two different types of calcium channel blocker, which are called dihydropyridines and ... Calcium channel blockers are a type of medication that people take to increase the flow of blood and oxygen to the heart. ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326788

T-type calcium channels in burst-firing, network synchrony, and epilepsy.. Cain SM1, Snutch TP. ... In this review we summarize recent findings concerning the role of T-type calcium channels in burst-firing and discuss how they ... Low voltage-activated (LVA) T-type calcium channels are well regarded as a key mechanism underlying the generation of neuronal ... Publication types, MeSH terms, Substances, Grant support. Publication types. *Research Support, Non-U.S. Govt ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22885138?dopt=Abstract

Calcium channel blockers are drugs used to lower blood pressure. Learn more from WebMD about how they work and their side ... certain drugs may interact with calcium channel blockers.. How Should I Take Calcium Channel Blockers?. Most calcium channel ... Interactions With Calcium Channel Blockers Calcium channel blockers are drugs used to lower blood pressure. They work by ... Side Effects of Calcium Channel Blockers. Potential side effects from taking a calcium channel blocker include:. * Dizziness or ...

https://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/guide/treatment-calcium-channel

... which inhibits the T-type calcium channel Cav3.2. This calcium channel was highly expressed in human GBM specimens and enriched ... Targetable T-type Calcium Channels Drive Glioblastoma. Ying Zhang, Nichola Cruickshanks, Fang Yuan, Baomin Wang, Mary Pahuski, ... Targetable T-type Calcium Channels Drive Glioblastoma. Ying Zhang, Nichola Cruickshanks, Fang Yuan, Baomin Wang, Mary Pahuski, ... Targetable T-type Calcium Channels Drive Glioblastoma. Ying Zhang, Nichola Cruickshanks, Fang Yuan, Baomin Wang, Mary Pahuski, ...

http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/77/13/3479

... were prepared and tested for N-type calcium channel inhibition in a SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma FLIPR assay. N-type or Cav2.2 channel ... Keywords: N-type calcium channel; Cav2.2; channel blocker; pain; FLIPR N-type calcium channel; Cav2.2; channel blocker; pain; ... were prepared and tested for N-type calcium channel inhibition in a SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma FLIPR assay. N-type or Cav2.2 channel ... Inhibition of N-Type Calcium Channels by Fluorophenoxyanilide Derivatives. Ellen C. Gleeson 1,2. ...

http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/13/4/2030

Mus musculus calcium channel, voltage-dependent, T type, alpha 1G subunit (Cacna... Mus musculus calcium channel, voltage- ... Mus musculus calcium channel, voltage-dependent, T type, alpha 1G subunit (Cacna1g), transcript variant 3, mRNA. NCBI Reference ... See the reference protein sequence for voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G isoform c (NP_001171359.1). ... Calcium Regulation in the Cardiac Cell Calcium Regulation in the Cardiac CellCalcium is a common signaling mechanism, as once ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001177888

Voltage-dependent calcium channel, L-type, alpha-1 subunit (IPR005446) *Voltage-dependent calcium channel, L-type, alpha-1S ... while the Cav3 family mediates T-type calcium currents.. L-type calcium channels are formed from alpha-1S, alpha-1C, alpha-1D, ... The Cav1 family forms channels mediating L-type calcium currents, the Cav2 family mediates P/Q-, N-, and R-type calcium ... Nomenclature of voltage-gated calcium channels.. Neuron 25 533-5 2000. Triggle DJ. 1,4-Dihydropyridines as calcium channel ...

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR005450

R type, alpha 1E subunit Identifiers Symbol CACNA1E Alt. Symbols CACNL1A6 Entrez 777 HUGO 1392 OMIM ... R-type calcium channel calcium channel, voltage-dependent, ... Calcium channel. Voltage-dependent calcium channel (L-type/Cavα ... The R-type calcium channel is a type of voltage-dependent calcium channel. Like the others of this class, the α1 subunit is the ... 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4), N-type, P-type/Cavα(2.1), Q-type, R-type, T-type, β-subunits (β1, β2, β4), γ-subunits (γ2) • Inositol ...

https://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/R-type_calcium_channel.html

2011) Location of release sites and calcium-activated chloride channels relative to calcium channels at the photoreceptor ... Lateral Mobility of Presynaptic L-Type Calcium Channels at Photoreceptor Ribbon Synapses. Aaron J. Mercer, Minghui Chen and ... 2004) Role of lipid microdomains in P/Q-type calcium channel (Cav2.1) clustering and function in presynaptic membranes. J Biol ... 2004) The CACNA1F gene encodes an L-type calcium channel with unique biophysical properties and tissue distribution. J Neurosci ...

http://www.jneurosci.org/content/31/12/4397

... the possible role of auxiliary subunit composition of the channels in Angiotensin II modulation of L-type calcium channels has ... Angiotensin II regulation of L-type calcium currents in cardiac muscle is controversial and the underlying signaling events are ... L-type calcium channel β subunit modulates angiotensin II responses in cardiomyocytes Channels (Austin). May-Jun 2011;5(3):280- ... the possible role of auxiliary subunit composition of the channels in Angiotensin II modulation of L-type calcium channels has ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21525790/?dopt=Abstract

... and R-type Ca2+ channels are replaced by P/Q-type Ca2+ channels with development. In contrast, multiple types of Ca2+ channels ... 1991) N-type and L-type calcium channels are present in nerve growth cones. Numbers increase on synaptogenesis. Dev Brain Res ... Using type-specific Ca2+ channel blocker toxins, we have demonstrated that the contributions of N-type Ca2+ channels to ... Among them, the ω-conotoxin GVIA-sensitive N-type channels and the ω-Aga-IVA-sensitive P/Q-type channels mediate fast synaptic ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/20/1/59?ijkey=1c12d7b0426a02e4210ce61acc6c2bb526424cef&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

The R-type calcium channel is a type of voltage-dependent calcium channel. Like the others of this class, the α1 subunit forms ... "Entrez Gene: CACNA1E calcium channel, voltage-dependent, R type, alpha 1E subunit". Soong TW, Stea A, Hodson CD, Dubel SJ, ... This α1 subunit is also known as the calcium channel, voltage-dependent, R type, alpha 1E subunit (CACNA1E) or Cav2.3 which in ... They are poorly understood, but like Q-type calcium channels, they appear to be present in cerebellar granule cells. They have ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-type_calcium_channel

Long-Lasting calcium channels). The new T-type channels were much different from the L-type calcium channels due to their ... Calcium channel blockers (CCB) such as mibefradil can also block L-type calcium channels, other enzymes, as well as other ... Novel T-type calcium channel inhibitors have recently been discovered which more selectively target the CaV3.3 channel sub-type ... The α1 subunit also determines the type of calcium channel. The β, α2δ, and γ subunits, present in only some types of calcium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-type_calcium_channel

Abstract 16089: Functional Coupling of SK Channels and L-type Calcium Channels in Cardiomyocytes. Xiao-Dong Zhang, Wei Chun ... Abstract 16089: Functional Coupling of SK Channels and L-type Calcium Channels in Cardiomyocytes ... Abstract 16089: Functional Coupling of SK Channels and L-type Calcium Channels in Cardiomyocytes ... Abstract 16089: Functional Coupling of SK Channels and L-type Calcium Channels in Cardiomyocytes ...

http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/132/Suppl_3/A16089

Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C. Q13936. Details. Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit ... Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F. O60840. Details. Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit ... Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-1. Q02641. Details. Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta ... Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-3. P54284. Details. Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta ...

https://www.drugbank.ca/bio_entities/BE0008715

Calcium signalling through L-type calcium channels: role in pathophysiology of spinal nociceptive transmission, British Journal ... L-type calcium channels and NMDA receptors: a determinant duo for short-term nociceptive plasticity. Authors. *. Pascal Fossat, ... Shohei Yamamoto, Yuma Suzuki, Hideki Ono, Kazuhiko Kume, Masahiro Ohsawa, N- and L-type calcium channels blocker cilnidipine ... Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 L-type calcium channels independently control short- and long-term sensitization to pain, The Journal of ...

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05256.x/abstract

T-type Cav3.1 channels augment nitric oxide and co-localize with eNOS. Therefore, the hypothesis... ... T-type Cav3.1 channels augment nitric oxide and co-localize with eNOS. Therefore, the hypothesis was that T-type channels ... and T-type calcium channels in local and remote calcium responses in rat mesenteric terminal arterioles. J Vasc Res 46:138-151 ... Deletion of T-type calcium channels Cav3.1 or Cav3.2 attenuates endothelial dysfunction in aging mice. ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00424-017-2068-x

アルコール長期曝露によるL型高電位開口性カルシウムチャネルの機能変化とその意義 [in Japanese] Functional significance of L-type high voltage-gated calcium channels ... Protein kinase Cε mediates up-regulation of N-type calcium channels by ethanol MCMAHON T. ... Functional changes of L-type high voltage-gated calcium channels (HVCCs) after sustained exposure of cerebral cortical neurons ... Subunits of purified calcium channels α2 and δ are encoded by

https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10016593172/en/

2. The channel had a conductance of 210 pS in a 150 mM:150 mM K+ gradient, was highly selective for K+ ov … ... A high-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (BK KCa) was characterized at a cholinergic presynaptic nerve terminal ... Single-channel properties of BK-type calcium-activated potassium channels at a cholinergic presynaptic nerve terminal J Physiol ... suggesting that the channel can be activated by calcium ion influx through neighbouring calcium channels. 5. The properties of ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10420003/?dopt=Abstract

Reducing agents sensitize C-type nociceptors by relieving high-affinity zinc inhibition of T-type calcium channels J Neurosci ... New evidence that both T-type calcium channels and GABAA channels are responsible for the potent peripheral analgesic effects ... Recent studies have highlighted the importance of T-type calcium channels (T-channels) in peripheral nociception; therefore, ... Silencing of the Cav3.2 T-type calcium channel gene in sensory neurons demonstrates its major role in nociception EMBO J 2005; ...

http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/58/11/2656.full

Two types of calcium channels in single smooth muscle cells from rabbit ear artery studies with whole-cell and single-channel ... Single L-Type Calcium Channels in Smooth Muscle Cells From Resistance Arteries of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Yusuke Ohya ... which inactivated the T-type Ca2+ channels as well as Na+ channels10; and (3) the channel opening disappeared with the ... Single-channel conductance of L-type Ca2+ channels was about 20 pS in both SHR and WKY. We used 50 mmol/L Ba2+ to record the ...

http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/31/5/1125

... Minerva ... Estradiol receptor antagonist reduces ventricular arrhythmia via L-type calcium channels in chronic heart failure.. *. ... Estradiol receptor antagonist reduces ventricular arrhythmia via L-type calcium channels in chronic heart failure. Minerva ... Exendin-4 Reduces Ventricular Arrhythmia Activity and Calcium Sparks-Mediated Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca Leak in Rats with Heart ...

https://medworm.com/759935708/estradiol-receptor-antagonist-reduces-ventricular-arrhythmia-via-l-type-calcium-channels-in-chronic-/

Reducing Agents Sensitize C-Type Nociceptors by Relieving High-Affinity Zinc Inhibition of T-Type Calcium Channels. Michael T. ... Reducing Agents Sensitize C-Type Nociceptors by Relieving High-Affinity Zinc Inhibition of T-Type Calcium Channels ... Reducing Agents Sensitize C-Type Nociceptors by Relieving High-Affinity Zinc Inhibition of T-Type Calcium Channels ... Reducing Agents Sensitize C-Type Nociceptors by Relieving High-Affinity Zinc Inhibition of T-Type Calcium Channels ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/27/31/8250?ijkey=c7c3093dd8edcedfd4149e4069ad7501c4dc381f&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

The isoform alpha-1B gives rise to N-type calcium currents. N-type calcium channels belong to the high-voltage activated (HVA ... Voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B - O55017 (CAC1B_MOUSE) ... Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a ... In many cases, this subunit is sufficient to generate voltage-sensitive calcium channel activity. The auxiliary subunits beta ...

http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/protein/O55017

Voltage-dependent calcium channel type A subunit alpha-1 - P91645 (CAC1A_DROME) ... Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a ... variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility ...

http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/protein/P91645

Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D. Details. Name. Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit ... Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D. Q01668. Details. Drug Relations. Drug Relations. DrugBank ID. Name. ...

https://www.drugbank.ca/biodb/bio_entities/BE0002359

The isoform alpha-1E gives rise to R-type calcium currents. ... mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are ... also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, ... Voltage-dependent R-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1E (Brain calcium channel II, BII) (Calcium channel, L type, alpha-1 ... Voltage-dependent R-type calcium channel subunit alphaUniRule annotation. Automatic assertion according to rulesi ...

https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/E9QK20

T-type calcium channels are key contributors to neuronal physiology where they shape electrical activity of nerve cells and ... Senatore A & Spafford JD (2015). Physiology and pathology of voltage-gated T-type calcium channels. In T-type Calcium Channels ... Calcium channel T-type channel Cav3.2 Glucose N-glycosylation Trafficking ... Modulation of Cav3.2 T-type calcium channel permeability by asparagine-linked glycosylation. Channels (Austin) 10(3):175-184 ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00424-016-1881-y

Proliferation of GSCs reportedly requires calcium influx through T-type calcium channels (Cav3.2). In this study we ... Abstract 3147: Comprehensive characterization of the role of T-type calcium channels in glioblastoma. Ying Zhang, Nichola ... Comprehensive characterization of the role of T-type calcium channels in glioblastoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the ... Abstract 3147: Comprehensive characterization of the role of T-type calcium channels in glioblastoma ...

http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/77/13_Supplement/3147

L type, alpha 1S subunit ELISA Kits from leading suppliers on Biocompare. View specifications, prices, citations, reviews, and ... calcium channel, voltage-dependent, L type, alpha 1S subunit ELISA Kits. Clear ... calcium channel, voltage-dependent, L type, alpha 1S subunit ELISA Kits. The ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is a ... Mouse Calcium Channel, Voltage Dependent, L-Type, Alpha 1S Subunit (CACNa1S) ELISA Kit ...

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The Cav1 family forms channels mediating L-type calcium currents, the Cav2 family mediates P/Q-, N-, and R-type calcium currents, while the Cav3 family mediates T-type calcium currents. (ebi.ac.uk)
Angiotensin II regulation of L-type calcium currents in cardiac muscle is controversial and the underlying signaling events are not completely understood. (nih.gov)
In fact, Ca 2+ currents directly recorded from the auditory calyceal presynaptic terminal were identified as N-, P/Q-, and R-types at postnatal day 7 (P7) to P10 but became predominantly P/Q-type at P13. (jneurosci.org)
SK currents coupled with Ca 2+ influx via LTCCs continued to be elicited after application of caffeine, ryanodine or thapsigargin to deplete SR Ca 2+ store, suggesting that LTCCs provide the immediate Ca 2+ microdomain for the activation of SK channels in CMs. (ahajournals.org)
BAY K 8644 (10(-8)-10(-4) M) produced a dose-dependent stimulation in CCK release with a mean effective concentration value of 0.2 mu M Recordings of single-channel currents from inside-out membrane patches showed activation of calcium channels by BAY K 8644 (1 mu M), with a primary channel conductance of 26.0 +/- 1.2 pS. (rti.org)
These disturbances were accompanied by significant biophysical and biochemical modulation of T-channels in dorsal root ganglion neurons as measured by a large increase in the amplitude of T-currents and the expression of mRNA. (diabetesjournals.org)
To further test the hypothesis that activation of L-type Ca 2+ channels in arterial smooth muscle cells would be enhanced in SHR, we recorded single Ca 2+ channel currents in resistance mesenteric artery cells from SHR and WKY (8 to 9 weeks of age) using a cell-attached patch clamp technique. (ahajournals.org)
The amplitude of whole-cell L-type Ca 2+ channel currents is increased in resistance mesenteric arteries of young SHR, in cerebral arteries of adult stroke-prone SHR, and in azygous vein of neonatal SHR compared with age-matched WKY. (ahajournals.org)
The T-type channel is regulated by both dopamine and other neurotransmitters, which inhibit T-type currents. (wikipedia.org)
Here, we demonstrate that reducing agents as well as endogenous metal chelators sensitize C-type dorsal root ganglion nociceptors by chelating Zn 2+ ions off specific extracellular histidine residues on Ca v 3.2 T-channels, thus relieving tonic channel inhibition, enhancing Ca v 3.2 currents, and lowering the threshold for nociceptor excitability in vitro and in vivo . (jneurosci.org)
Here, we show that reducing agents selectively sensitize C-type nociceptors that express Ca v 3.2 T-currents. (jneurosci.org)
The isoform alpha-1B gives rise to N-type calcium currents. (rcsb.org)
Recently, it was demonstrated that asparagine-linked glycosylation not only plays an essential role in regulating cell surface expression of Ca v 3.2 channels, but may also support glucose-dependent potentiation of T-type currents. (springer.com)
The authors of this paper studied the effect of PnTx3-6 on a panel of recombinant Ca channels and on Ca channel currents recorded from neuroblastoma cells. (pharmiweb.com)
In contrast, DB1, DB6 and midget bipolar cells lacked T-type currents. (arvojournals.org)
one type, which we denote as DB3a, expressed large voltage-gated sodium currents but lacked T-type calcium currents, while a second type, which we denote as DB3b, exhibited large T-type calcium currents but lacked sodium currents. (arvojournals.org)
T-type currents remained in cells in which the axon terminal system had been removed, suggesting localization of channels in the somatic and/or dendritic compartments. (arvojournals.org)
Immunohistochemistry for the T-type calcium channel subunit, CaV3.1, revealed expression in the somatodendritic compartment of the same bipolar cell types that exhibited T-type currents by electrophysiology. (arvojournals.org)
These data demonstrate the presence of CaV3.1-mediated currents in sub-types of primate bipolar cells. (arvojournals.org)
Comparing the isolated T-type calcium currents in cells with and without processes revealed that cells with dendrites had much larger T-type currents than soma-only cells and we concluded that the dendrites had 4 to 12 times the channel density as that observed in the soma. (arvojournals.org)
Voltage-clamp data were used to construct a model of the T-type currents and this model was used to study the roles which T-type calcium channels can play in contributing to ganglion cell function. (arvojournals.org)
A diverse set of calcium channels contribute to the timely regulation of calcium currents at cellular level. (nc3rs.org.uk)
Herein, I show that cocaine, in pharmacological doses, selectively and potently enhances L-type calcium channel currents in isolated rat ventricular myocytes. (aspetjournals.org)
Myocytes isolated from the RV of pulmonary hypertensive rats that displayed elevated T-type currents and RV dysfunction, also showed impaired contractility with decreased sensitivity to Ca 2+ . (ahajournals.org)
The cells displayed typical high-voltage activated calcium currents sensitive to the L-type Ca v blocker calciseptine. (ahajournals.org)
Cardiac myocytes express two types of voltage operated calcium currents, a high voltage activated (HVA) L-type, and a low voltage activated (LVA) T-type. (illinois.edu)
Several subtypes of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels are known and the L-type has been found to be the main contributor to electrical Ca2+ currents in beta-cells. (avhandlingar.se)
The cell line was pharmacologically characterized by ion channel specific modulators, and revealed functional P/Q-type calcium currents. (eurekaselect.com)
The T-type channels generate currents that are both transient, owing to fast inactivation, and tiny, owing to small conductance. (nih.gov)
Moreover, upon switching to divalent free external solutions, Orai3 currents were considerably more stable than Orai1 or Orai2, indicating that Orai3 channels undergo a lesser degree of depotentiation. (unboundmedicine.com)
Accordingly, we performed voltage-clamp experiments to compare the currents carried by L-type channels during depolarizing waveforms that approximated APs or dendritic EPSPs. (umn.edu)

In skeletal muscle, the L-type calcium channels act as a voltage sensor for excitation-contraction coupling, and in cardiac muscle, they provide a pathway for calcium influx. (ebi.ac.uk)
Ca 2+ influx through LTCCs provides the immediate and efficient Ca 2+ microdomain for the activation of SK channels. (ahajournals.org)
Furthermore, changes in SK channel activation kinetics following SR Ca 2+ depletion suggest both LTCC-mediated Ca 2+ influx and SR Ca 2+ release are necessary for the activation of cardiac SK channels. (ahajournals.org)
4. In cell-attached patch recordings BK channel opening was enhanced by a prepulse permissive for calcium influx through the patch, suggesting that the channel can be activated by calcium ion influx through neighbouring calcium channels. (nih.gov)
5. The properties of the presynaptic BK channel are well suited for rapid activation during the presynaptic depolarization and Ca2+ influx that are associated with transmitter release. (nih.gov)
The corresponding influx of calcium serves to trigger secretion of CCK. (rti.org)
1 2 3 A greater amplitude of the whole-cell Ca 2+ channel current would be related with the increase in Ca 2+ influx into the cell, which may contribute to alterations in the function of vascular smooth muscle cells. (ahajournals.org)
Proliferation of GSCs reportedly requires calcium influx through T-type calcium channels (Cav3.2). (aacrjournals.org)
The L-type calcium channel ([I.sub.Ca,L]) may also be activated by cell membrane stretch with resultant calcium influx into the cell (Figure 1) [8, 9]. (thefreelibrary.com)
Both the pharmacologically isolated GIRK-like and the TRPC-like components of the TRH-induced response were decreased by nifedipine and increased by BayK8644, implying Ca 2+ influx via L-type Ca 2+ channels. (physiology.org)
Collectively, the data imply that TRH-induced depolarization and inward current in PVT neurons involve both a dependency on extracellular Ca 2+ influx via opening of L-type Ca 2+ channels, a sensitivity of a TRPC-like component to intracellular Ca 2+ release via ryanodine channels, and a modulation by MAPK of a GIRK-like conductance component. (physiology.org)
Ca 2+ influx through L-type voltage-activated channels (LTCs) is particularly effective at activating transcription factors such as CREB and MEF-2. (sciencemag.org)
For many neurons, N-type calcium channels provide the primary pathway for calcium influx during an action potential. (rupress.org)
The authors have previously demonstrated a hypotonically induced depolarization of the osteoblast plasma membrane, sufficient to open L-type Ca channels and mediate Ca 2+ influx. (springer.com)
Cell membrane depolarization, followed by activation of Ca v , and calcium influx, has been suggested to inhibit renin release. (ahajournals.org)
Influx of calcium into the cell through the L-type channel is responsible for excitation-contraction coupling in the heart. (illinois.edu)
An atrial myocyte cell line (HL-1) that selectively expresses T-type calcium current was employed to show that inhibiting calcium influx through the T-type calcium channel inhibits cellular proliferation. (illinois.edu)
Furthermore, blocking the calcium influx through the T-type calcium channel arrests cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. (illinois.edu)
Interestingly, the proliferative effect of calcium influx through the T-type calcium channel appears to happen in the early G1 phase of the cell cycle. (illinois.edu)
5 MAP kinase has been shown to be activated by calcium influx through both N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and L-type Ca 2+ channels. (asahq.org)
The Ca 2+ influx through L-type voltage sensitive Ca 2+ channels activates the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathway. (asahq.org)
Calcium channels mediate the influx of calcium ions into the cell upon membrane polarization. (biomol.com)
Inhibition of TRPC 3 attenuates vascular calcium influx in spontaneously hypertensive rats ( SHR s). (ahajournals.org)
Calcium channels mediate the influx of calcium ions into the cell upon membrane polarization and consist of a complex of alpha-1, alpha-2/delta, beta, and gamma subunits in a 1:1:1:1 ratio. (creativebiomart.net)
Makarenko VV, Ahmmed GU, Peng YJ, Khan SA, Nanduri J, Kumar GK, Fox AP, Prabhakar NR. CaV3.2 T-type Ca2+ channels mediate the augmented calcium influx in carotid body glomus cells by chronic intermittent hypoxia. (uchicago.edu)
[6] Strong depolarization by an action potential causes these channels to open and allow influx of Ca 2+ , initiating vesicle fusion and release of stored neurotransmitter. (ipfs.io)
The relative ineffectiveness of APs as a stimulus for CREB phosphorylation could be overcome by exposure to the agonist Bay K8644, which potentiated the AP-induced influx through L-type channels by ~10-fold. (umn.edu)

A set of fluorophenoxyanilides, designed to be simplified analogues of previously reported ω-conotoxin GVIA mimetics, were prepared and tested for N-type calcium channel inhibition in a SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma FLIPR assay. (mdpi.com)
In cardiomyocytes, Angiotensin II exposure induces rapid inhibition of L-type current with a magnitude that is correlated with the rate of current inactivation. (nih.gov)
Over-expression of individual b subunits in heterologous systems reveals that the magnitude of Angiotensin II inhibition is dependent on the Ca(v)β subunit isoform, with Ca(v)β(1b) containing channels being more strongly regulated. (nih.gov)
Moreover, PLC or diacylglycerol lipase inhibition prevents the Angiotensin II effect on L-type calcium channels, while PKC inhibition with chelerythrine does not, suggesting a role of arachidonic acid in this process. (nih.gov)
These data demonstrate that Ca(v)β subunits alter the magnitude of inhibition of L-type current by Angiotensin II. (nih.gov)
It is concluded that inhibition of potassium channel activity depolarizes the plasma membrane, thereby activating L-type, but not T-type, calcium channels. (rti.org)
We then demonstrate that the sensitization is facilitated through a novel mechanism, whereby reducing agents chelate Zn 2+ ions off specific extracellular histidine residues in domain I of Ca v 3.2, thereby relieving tonic channel inhibition. (jneurosci.org)
Ca v 1.3 channels were less sensitive to pentobarbital inhibition than Ca v 1.2 channels, similar to dihydropyridine (DHP) L-VGCC antagonists. (aspetjournals.org)
Compared with Ca v 1.2, recombinant Ca v 1.3 channels were 1.5-fold less sensitive to inhibition by flurazepam, 3-fold less sensitive to inhibition by pentobarbital, and 3-fold more sensitive to inhibition by diltiazem. (aspetjournals.org)
The n5209 suppressor of peptidergic inhibition affects the T-type calcium channel gene cca-1 . (elifesciences.org)
Inhibition of K V channels with 4-AP inhibited 21% of the current. (ahajournals.org)
Our results suggest that NNC55-0396 could be a more favorable T-type Ca 2+ antagonist than its parent compound, mibefradil, which was withdrawn from the market because of strong inhibition of CYP3A4. (aspetjournals.org)
Fujita T, Ando K, Nishimura H, Ideura T, Yasuda G, Isshiki M, Takahashi K, Cilnidipine versus Amlodipine Randomised Trial for Evaluation in Renal Disease (CARTER) Study Investigators: Antiproteinuric effect of the calcium channel blocker cilnidipine added to renin-angiotensin inhibition in hypertensive patients with chronic renal disease. (springermedizin.de)
Activation of several G-protein-coupled receptors leads to voltage- dependent (VD) inhibition of N- and P/Q-type Ca 2+ channels via G-protein βγ subunits (Gβγ). (elsevier.com)
The purpose of the present study was to determine the ability of different Gβγ combinations to produce VD inhibition of N-type Ca 2+ channels in rat superior cervical ganglion neurons. (elsevier.com)
Various Gβγ combinations were heterologously overexpressed by intranuclear microinjection of cDNA and tonic VD Ca 2+ channel inhibition evaluated using the whole-cell voltage-clamp technique. (elsevier.com)
Overexpression of Gβ1-Gβ5, in combination with several different Gγ subunits, resulted in tonic VD Ca 2+ channel inhibition. (elsevier.com)
Inhibition of the activation pathway of the T-type calcium channel Ca(V)3.1 by ProTxII. (uchicago.edu)
The molecular basis for T-type Ca2+ channel inhibition by G protein beta2gamma2 subunits. (uchicago.edu)
We conclude that palmitate increases alpha-cell exocytosis principally by enhanced Ca(2+) entry via l-type Ca(2+) channels and, possibly, relief from paracrine inhibition by somatostatin released by neighboring delta-cells. (ox.ac.uk)

Calcium channel blockers are a type of medication that people take to increase the flow of blood and oxygen to the heart. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Calcium channel blockers are common medications that have a low risk of complications. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Calcium channel blockers reduce the amount of calcium that can enter muscle cells in the heart and blood vessel walls via these channels. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Doctors commonly use calcium channel blockers to treat high blood pressure . (medicalnewstoday.com)
Scientists are currently exploring other potential uses for calcium channel blockers. (medicalnewstoday.com)
For example, by reducing high blood pressure, they believe that calcium channel blockers may be able to lower the risk of Alzheimer's disease . (medicalnewstoday.com)
Several other types of medication have an effect similar to that of calcium channel blockers. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Researchers have found that both beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers are effective in lowering blood pressure, making them useful treatments for a variety of conditions that affect the heart, including angina and arrhythmia. (medicalnewstoday.com)
However, the American Heart Association recommend calcium channel blockers as a first-line pharmacological treatment for high blood pressure in most people and advise that beta-blockers should be a second-choice option. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Doctors may also minimize this risk by prescribing extended release calcium channel blockers. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Calcium channel blockers are drugs used to lower blood pressure . (webmd.com)
certain drugs may interact with calcium channel blockers. (webmd.com)
How Should I Take Calcium Channel Blockers? (webmd.com)
Grapefruits and grapefruit juice can affect the action of many of the calcium channel blockers. (webmd.com)
We have addressed this question by testing type-specific Ca 2+ channel blockers at developing central synapses. (jneurosci.org)
We showed that windup of the reflex is actually suppressed by blockers of L -type calcium current and Ca 2+ -activated non-specific cationic current (I can ), the two main depolarizing conductances of plateau potentials. (wiley.com)
Advances in the development of Cav2.2 (N-type) calcium channel blockers as analgesics. (pharmiweb.com)
Ca channel blockers stepped into the spotlight at the end of last year with the FDA approval of Elan's Ziconotide (PRIALT), an intrathecally administered peptide that blocks the Cav2.2 (N-type) channel. (pharmiweb.com)
Voltage-Dependent T-Type Calcium Channel Blockers - Pipeline Insight, 2019" offers comprehensive insights of the pipeline (under development) therapeutics scenario and growth prospects across "Voltage-Dependent T-Type Calcium Channel Blockers development. (reportbuyer.com)
Descriptive coverage of pipeline development activities for "Voltage-Dependent T-Type Calcium Channel Blockers - Pipeline therapeutics development coverage provides descriptive product profiles including (but not limited to) drug description, product development and R&D activities encompassing clinical and pre-clinical studies, designations, collaborations, licensing deals, grants, technologies and patent details. (reportbuyer.com)
The report assesses the active Voltage-Dependent T-Type Calcium Channel Blockers pipeline products by developmental stage, product type, molecule type, and administration route. (reportbuyer.com)
Membrane depolarization of neurons to −30 mV leads to a sustained increase in CREB phosphorylation that is eliminated by dihydropyridine (DHP) LTC blockers, but is only slightly sensitive to blockers of N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptors and is completely insensitive to blockers of other voltage-gated calcium channels ( Fig. 1 A) ( 9 ). (sciencemag.org)
Several studies have shown that voltage-gated calcium channel blockers can prevent the behavioral and reinforcing effects of the drug and also cocaine-induced cardiac events, including lethal ventricular fibrillation. (aspetjournals.org)
2,3 However, the inability of depolarization to change calcium concentration in JG cells and the lack of effect of calcium channel blockers on renin release have questioned the relevance of Ca v in the control of renin secretion. (ahajournals.org)
Both angiotensin II type I receptor blockers (ARBs) and calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are widely used antihypertensive drugs. (springermedizin.de)
P/Q-channel blockers may normalize current flow and consequently lead to an alleviation of disease symptoms. (eurekaselect.com)
Here we describe a high throughput screen (HTS) for P/Q-type calcium channel blockers and the confirmation of hits by automated electrophysiology. (eurekaselect.com)
The discovery of P/Q-channel blockers may foster the development of new therapeutics for a variety of neurological diseases. (eurekaselect.com)
Calcium channel blockers, also referred to as calcium antagonists, can be used to treat several different medical conditions. (healthguideinfo.com)
Like all medications, calcium channel blockers can cause side effects. (healthguideinfo.com)
2009). Calcium Channel Blockers. (healthguideinfo.com)
What are calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and how do they work? (rxlist.com)
Calcium channel blockers are drugs that block the entry of calcium into the muscle cells of the heart and arteries. (rxlist.com)
Thus, by blocking the entry of calcium, calcium channel blockers reduce electrical conduction within the heart, decrease the force of contraction (work) of the muscle cells, and dilate arteries. (rxlist.com)
In addition, calcium channel blockers slow electrical conduction through the heart and thereby correct abnormal rapid heartbeats. (rxlist.com)
For what conditions are calcium channel blockers used? (rxlist.com)
Are there any differences among calcium channel blockers? (rxlist.com)
Although calcium channel blockers have a similar mechanism of action, they differ in their ability to affect heart muscle vs. arteries, and they differ in their ability to affect heart rate and contraction. (rxlist.com)
Sexual dysfunction , overgrowth of gums, and liver dysfunction also have been associated with calcium channel blockers. (rxlist.com)
With which drugs do calcium channel blockers interact? (rxlist.com)
Several calcium channel blockers [for example, diltiazem (Cardizem LA, Tiazac), felodipine ( Plendil )] increase the level of cyclosporine ( Sandimmune , Neoral , Restasis ) and similarly lead to toxicity of cyclosporine. (rxlist.com)
What are some examples of calcium channel blockers available? (rxlist.com)

1,4-dihydropyridines act as antagonists of these channels [ PMID: 12825828 , PMID: 15336981 ]. (ebi.ac.uk)
CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that T-type calcium channel antagonists have potential for alleviating nicotine addiction by selectively decreasing the incentive motivational properties of nicotine. (biomedsearch.com)
Background and Purpose Neuroprotection by antagonists of both L-type and N-type calcium channels occurs in in vivo models of ischemia. (ahajournals.org)
The site of action of calcium channel antagonists is unclear, however, and it is likely that a combination of vascular and direct neuronal actions occurs. (ahajournals.org)
Conclusions These studies present clear evidence that neuroprotection by selective N-type calcium channel antagonists is mediated directly through neuronal calcium channels. (ahajournals.org)
10 11 12 Such contradictory results could be explained if the effects of calcium channel antagonists are all mediated by effects on blood flow in vivo, or it may be that in dissociated cell cultures subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation, cell death occurs through pathways where voltage-gated calcium channels are relatively less important than in vivo. (ahajournals.org)
Uchida S, Yamada S, Nagai K, Deguchi Y, Kimura R (1997) Brain pharmacokinetics and in vivo receptor binding of 1, 4-dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists. (springer.com)
Swart T, Hurley MJ (2016) Calcium channel antagonists as disease-modifying therapy for Parkinson's disease: therapeutic rationale and current status. (springer.com)
During the past three decades, Ca 2+ channel antagonists belonging to many structurally diverse classes, such as dihydropyridines, phenylalkylamines, and benzothiazepines, have been developed for the treatment of hypertension and chronic stable angina pectoris ( Oparil and Calhoun, 1991 ). (aspetjournals.org)
Calcium antagonists: Do they equally protect against kidney injury? (uchicago.edu)
The calcium channel antagonists (CCAs) are commonly used in the therapy of various cardiovascular diseases and are under investigation due to their potential in modulating calcium-dependent neurotransmitter release. (unboundmedicine.com)

The opening and closing of these channels by depolarizing stimuli, such as action potentials, allows Ca2+ ions to enter neurons down a steep electrochemical gradient, producing transient intracellular Ca2+ signals. (ebi.ac.uk)
As a member of the Cav3 subfamily of voltage-gated calcium channels, the function of the T-type channel is important for the repetitive firing of action potentials in cells with rhythmic firing patterns such as cardiac muscle cells and neurons in the thalamus of the brain. (wikipedia.org)
Recent studies have demonstrated an important role for T-type Ca 2+ channels (T-channels) in controlling the excitability of peripheral pain-sensing neurons (nociceptors). (jneurosci.org)
Calcium channels containing alpha-1B subunit may play a role in directed migration of immature neurons. (rcsb.org)
Duzhyy DE, Viatchenko-Karpinski VY, Khomula EV, Voitenko NV, Belan PV (2015) Upregulation of T-type Ca2+ channels in long-term diabetes determines increased excitability of a specific type of capsaicin-insensitive DRG neurons. (springer.com)
T-type channels have been first well described functionally in primary sensory neurons ( Carbone and Lux, 1984 ). (frontiersin.org)
L-type calcium channels and MAP kinase contribute to thyrotropin-releasing hormone induced depolarization in thalamic paraventricular nucleus neurons. (physiology.org)
Neurons express at least nine types of voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels that are specialized for different functions ( 2 ). (sciencemag.org)
The egg-laying circuit comprises three cell-types: the serotonergic HSNs, the cholinergic ventral cord neurons VC4 and VC5, and electrically coupled vulval and uterine muscles, of which the vulval muscles (VMs) receive direct synaptic input from motor neurons ( Figure 1-figure supplement 1 ). (elifesciences.org)
Studies on neonatal rat sympathetic neurons found that N-channels, like L-type calcium channels, could gate in different modes. (rupress.org)
This 48-amino acid peptide, omega-agatoxin (omega-Aga)-IVB, was found to be a potent (Kd, approximately 3 nM) blocker of P-type calcium channels in rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons but had no activity against T-type, L-type, or N-type calcium channels in a variety of neurons. (aspetjournals.org)
CACNA1E gives rise to R-type calcium channels that belong to the high-voltage activated (HVA) group, which may be involved in modulating firing patterns of neurons important for information processing. (thefreedictionary.com)
facilitate trafficking and targeting of the voltage-gated N-type Ca 2+ channel (Cav2.2) in neurons. (biologists.org)
In this study, we have used immunocytochemistry, immunoprecipitation, biotinylation, electrophysiology and a transmitter-release radioimmunoassay to demonstrate the effect(s) of CRMP-2 on Ca 2+ channel function and transmitter release in sensory neurons. (biologists.org)
Ciliary neurotrophic factor-treated astrocyte conditioned medium regulates the L-type calcium channel activity in rat cortical neurons. (nextbio.com)
β-Hydroxybutyrate modulates N-type calcium channels in rat sympathetic neurons by acting as an agonist for the G-protein-coupled receptor FFA3. (semanticscholar.org)
However, it is not known whether presynaptic N-type Ca 2+ channels contribute to short-term synaptic plasticity (STP) mediated by GABA release at inhibitory synapses of cultured hippocampal neurons. (begellhouse.com)
These results confirm that N-type Ca 2+ channels are highly involved in inhibitory synaptic transmission and short-term synaptic plasticity in cultured hippocampal neurons. (begellhouse.com)
T-type channels serve pacemaking functions in both central neurons and cardiac nodal cells and support calcium signaling in secretory cells and vascular smooth muscle. (nih.gov)
[7] [8] Blockade of N-type calcium channels in sensory neurons has therapeutic potential for the treatment of certain types of pain, particularly neuropathic pain. (ipfs.io)
Activity-dependent gene expression in neurons shows a remarkable ability to differentiate between different types of stimulation: orthodromic inputs that engage synaptic transmission are much more effective than antidromic stimuli that do not. (umn.edu)

The alpha-1 subunit forms the pore for the import of extracellular calcium ions and, though regulated by the other subunits, is primarily responsible for the pharmacological properties of the channel [ PMID: 11031246 ]. (ebi.ac.uk)
L-type calcium channels are formed from alpha-1S, alpha-1C, alpha-1D, and alpha-1F subunits. (ebi.ac.uk)
α 2 δ 4 antibodies labeled photoreceptor terminals and colocalized with antibodies to synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2 and voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel 1.4 (Ca V 1.4) α 1 subunits. (jneurosci.org)
L-type Ca V channels are composed of a pore-forming α subunit, with accessory β, α 2 δ and γ subunits ( Catterall, 2000 ). (jneurosci.org)
In this work we study the role of Ca(v)β subunits and the intracellular signaling responsible for L-type calcium current modulation by Angiotensin II. (nih.gov)
11 ) involving isoform-specific oligonucleotides that downregulate each of the three isoforms of pore-forming subunits of T-channel, Ca v 3.1 (α1G), Ca v 3.2 (α1H), and Ca v 3.3 (α1I), in DRG cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
The auxiliary subunits beta and alpha-2/delta linked by a disulfide bridge regulate the channel activity. (rcsb.org)
Dubel SJ, Altier C, Chaumont S, Lory P, Bourinet E, Nargeot J (2004) Plasma membrane expression of T-type calcium channel alpha(1) subunits is modulated by high voltage-activated auxiliary subunits. (springer.com)
By use of the whole-cell voltage-clamp technique, the current studies investigated the effects of BDZs (diazepam, flurazepam, and desalkylflurazepam), allopregnanolone, pentobarbital, and ethanol on recombinant L-VGCCs containing the neuronal L-type α 1 subunit, Ca v 1.2 or Ca v 1.3, along with β 3 and α 2 δ-1 subunits. (aspetjournals.org)
Antibodies to the three major classes of T-type calcium channel subunits (G,H,I) were developed and applied to the rat and tiger salamander retinas. (arvojournals.org)
The calcium channel consists of a complex of alpha-1, alpha-2/delta, beta, and gamma subunits in a 1:1:1:1 ratio. (biomol.com)
To this end, mutant Gβ subunits were constructed that differentially modulated N-type Ca 2+ and G-protein-gated inward rectifier K + channels. (elsevier.com)
Calcium channels are made up of subunits in various ratios, known by letters of the Greek alphabet (alpha, beta etc. (painonline.com)

Ball CJ, Wilson DP, Turner SP, Saint DA, Beltrame JF (2009) Heterogeneity of L- and T-channels in the vasculature: rationale for the efficacy of combined L- and T-blockade. (springer.com)
Blockade of potassium channels with barium chloride (5 mM) increased the release of CCK by 374.6 +/- 46.6% of control levels. (rti.org)
For example, it has been shown that pharmacological blockade of T-channels with mibefradil and ethosuximide ( 9 ), and with (3β,5α,17β)-17-hydroxyestrane-3-carbonitrile (ECN) ( 10 ), alleviates mechanical hypersensitivity induced by peripheral nerve injury in rats. (diabetesjournals.org)
Prior to impact, swine were randomly assigned to either calcium channel blockade with a verapamil infusion (0.4mg/kg) or placebo (normal saline, 100 ml) [11]. (thefreelibrary.com)
Blockade of Cav2.2 (N-type) channels has previously been shown to prevent pain transmission and activity against this channel has been proposed as the mechanism of action of Ziconotide, a neuroactive peptide developed by Elan as a novel non-opioid treatment for severe chronic pain. (pharmiweb.com)
TRH-induced inward current was unchanged by T-type Ca 2+ channel blockade, but was decreased by blockade of high-voltage-activated Ca 2+ channels (HVACCs). (physiology.org)
The aim of this project is to develop an Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) that describes the series of causally related key events triggered by the blockade of L-type calcium channel, and that can ultimately lead to heart failure. (nc3rs.org.uk)
1 2 Removal of extracellular calcium has been demonstrated to prevent glutamate-induced neuronal death in such cultures, 3 4 5 and blockade of VSCCs by nifedipine reduces the damage that follows exposure to glutamate receptor agonists. (ahajournals.org)
9 This is in contrast to data from in vivo studies in which there is clear evidence that blockade of either L-type or N-type calcium channels is neuroprotective. (ahajournals.org)
Blockade of K + channels with TEA inhibited 83% of the current at +105 mV. (ahajournals.org)
Blockade of calcium-sensitive voltage-gated K + channels (BK Ca ) with charybdotoxin or iberiotoxin inhibited 89% and 82% of the current, respectively. (ahajournals.org)
Mibefradil induces coronary and peripheral vasodilation through a direct effect on smooth muscle via blockade of T-type and L-type Ca 2+ channels ( Massie, 1997 ). (aspetjournals.org)
However, blockade of the RyRs also slightly improved spatial memory of the LPS-infused rats, demonstrating that other Ca +2 channels are dysregulated during chronic neuroinflammation. (biomedcentral.com)
Blockade of the N-type calcium channel is a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of alcoholism . (ipfs.io)
In addition, TTA-P2 or nifedipine also inhibited aldosterone secretion stimulated by angiotensin II- or elevations in extracellular K + . Remarkably, blockade of either L- or T-type calcium channels inhibits basal and stimulated aldosterone production to a similar extent. (bioscientifica.com)

L-type Ca2+ channels support Ca2+ entry into cells, which triggers cardiac contraction, controls hormone secretion from endocrine cells and initiates transcriptional events that support learning and memory. (nih.gov)
Our previous studies revealed that cardiac SK2 channels coupled with L-type Ca 2+ channels (LTCCs) through a physical bridge, α-actinin2, suggesting that LTCCs may be functionally coupled with SK2 channels by providing local Ca 2+ domain to activate the SK channels. (ahajournals.org)
However, a recent study suggested that sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca 2+ release is necessary and sufficient for the activation of cardiac SK channels. (ahajournals.org)
Within cardiac muscle cell and smooth muscle cells voltage-gated calcium channel activation initiates contraction directly by allowing the cytosolic concentration to increase. (wikipedia.org)
Not only are T-type calcium channels known to be present within cardiac and smooth muscle, but they also are present in many neuronal cells within the central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
This is very important for the heart when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system that causes the heart rate to increase, in that not only does the T-type calcium channel provide an extra depolarization punch in addition to the voltage gated sodium channels to cause a stronger depolarization, but it also helps provide a quicker depolarization of the cardiac cells. (wikipedia.org)
Therefore, while they help provide stronger and quicker depolarization of cardiac muscle cells and thalamus nerve cells, T-type channels also allow for more frequent depolarization events. (wikipedia.org)
Although all of these functions of the T-type voltage gated calcium channel are important, quite possibly the most important of its functions is its ability to generate potentials that allow for rhythmic bursts of action potentials in cardiac cells of the sinoatrial node of the heart and in the thalamus of the brain. (wikipedia.org)
Among them, the L-type calcium channel is responsible for the excitation-contraction coupling of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. (nc3rs.org.uk)
Pharmaceuticals that unintentionally block this channel in cardiac cells may impair heart function and health, leading to various cardiac pathologies and predisposing individuals to heart failure. (nc3rs.org.uk)
Alterations in intracellular calcium (Ca 2+ ) have a significant impact on Ca 2+ signaling, an integral part of the cardiac response to pathological conditions. (ahajournals.org)
To investigate the up regulation of cardiac T-type Ca 2+ channels in vivo , rats were maintained in chronic hypoxia, where they developed significantly elevated RV systolic pressure, RV hypertrophy and reduced cardiac output. (ahajournals.org)
Specifically, Cav1.2 is a cardiac L-type calcium channel and is important for excitation and contraction of the heart. (creativebiomart.net)
We selected most pathways CACNA1C participated on our site, such as MAPK signaling pathway, Calcium signaling pathway, Cardiac muscle contraction, which may be useful for your reference. (creativebiomart.net)
L-type (CaV1.2) voltage-gated calcium channels play critical roles in membrane excitability, gene expression, cardiac and smooth muscle contraction. (nus.edu.sg)
Certain proteins such as caveolins and Ca2+ channels found in the heart control the cardiac contractile function and could offer protection during hypertrophy. (grantome.com)

Their low threshold for activation combined with a rapid and transient calcium conductance generates low-threshold calcium potentials (LTCPs), upon the crest of which high frequency action potentials fire for a brief period. (nih.gov)
Voltage-gated calcium channels are classified as T, L, N, P, Q and R, and are distinguished by their sensitivity to pharmacological blocks, single-channel conductance kinetics, and voltage-dependence. (ebi.ac.uk)
Small conductance Ca 2+ -activated K + (SK) channels play significant roles in regulating the excitability of cardiomyocytes (CMs). (ahajournals.org)
1. A high-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (BK KCa) was characterized at a cholinergic presynaptic nerve terminal using the calyx synapse isolated from the chick ciliary ganglion. (nih.gov)
2. The channel had a conductance of 210 pS in a 150 mM:150 mM K+ gradient, was highly selective for K+ over Na+, and was sensitive to block by external charybdotoxin or tetraethylammonium (TEA) and by internal Ba2+. (nih.gov)
There were no overt differences in conductance or [Ca2+]i sensitivity between BK channels from the transmitter release face and the non-release face. (nih.gov)
Single-channel conductance (20 pS) and open time (1 ms at 0 mV) did not differ in the two strains. (ahajournals.org)
The new T-type channels were much different from the L-type calcium channels due to their ability to be activated by more negative membrane potentials, had small single channel conductance, and also were unresponsive to calcium antagonist drugs that were present. (wikipedia.org)
0 mV, have a slope conductance of ∼20 pS, a single channel current at 0 mV of 1.4 pA, and are active from a holding potential of −40 mV. (rupress.org)
This potentiation by cocaine is due to an increase and decrease, respectively, in the calcium channel opening and closing rates, with no apparent effects on voltage-dependence or single-channel conductance. (aspetjournals.org)

Low voltage-activated (LVA) T-type calcium channels are well regarded as a key mechanism underlying the generation of neuronal burst-firing. (nih.gov)
T-type calcium channels are key contributors to neuronal physiology where they shape electrical activity of nerve cells and contribute to the release of neurotransmitters. (springer.com)
Voltage-activated Ca channels play a major role in many physiological processes including release of neurotransmitters and the regulation of neuronal excitability. (pharmiweb.com)
The Kelch-like 1 protein (KLHL1) is a neuronal actin-binding protein that modulates calcium channel function. (hindawi.com)
Benzodiazepines (BDZs) depress neuronal excitability via positive allosteric modulation of inhibitory GABA A receptors (GABA A R). BDZs and other positive GABA A R modulators, including barbiturates, ethanol, and neurosteroids, can also inhibit L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (L-VGCCs), which could contribute to reduced neuronal excitability. (aspetjournals.org)
Increases in the intracellular concentration of calcium ([Ca 2+ ] i ) activate various signaling pathways that lead to the expression of genes that are essential for dendritic development, neuronal survival, and synaptic plasticity. (sciencemag.org)
Voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels have a central role in neuronal function and are essential for converting electrical activity into biochemical events ( 1 ). (sciencemag.org)
Activation of the L-type Ca 2+ channel (LTC) specifically increases the expression of a group of Ca 2+ -regulated genes, including those encoding c-Fos, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and Bcl-2, that are important for neuronal survival, learning, and other adaptive responses in the nervous system ( 3 ). (sciencemag.org)
We have investigated the effects of blocking neuronal calcium channels using an organotypic hippocampal-slice model of ischemia. (ahajournals.org)
This damage was prevented by preincubation with omega conotoxin MVIIA, a selective N-type calcium channel blocker, and omega conotoxin MVIIC, which blocks N-type and other presynaptic neuronal calcium channels. (ahajournals.org)
Voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels and interacting proteins are essential in neuronal signaling and synaptic transmission during this period. (biologists.org)
T-type channels are thought to be involved in pacemaker activity, low-threshold calcium spikes, neuronal oscillations and resonance, and rebound burst firing. (nih.gov)
Prolonged neuroinflammation produces elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species which can alter neuronal Ca +2 homeostasis via L-type voltage-dependent Ca +2 channels (L-VDCCs) and ryanodine receptors (RyRs). (biomedcentral.com)

Intracellular calcium overload underlies the mechanism of VF in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT). (thefreelibrary.com)
Intracellular calcium overload may also contribute to arrhythmogenesis in the Long QT Syndrome (LQTS), particularly in the Timothy syndrome [10]. (thefreelibrary.com)
In the current experiment we test the hypothesis that chest wall impact activates [I.sub.Ca,L], causing an intracellular calcium spike, which can result in early-after-depolarizations (EADs) or delayed-after-depolarizations (DADs) and induce VF. (thefreelibrary.com)
Verapamil, a synthetic papaverine derivative, primarily blocks ICa L but also may have some blocking effect on the ryanodine receptor, both of which may contribute to intracellular calcium overload. (thefreelibrary.com)
An early cellular response of osteoblasts to swelling is plasma membrane depolarization, accompanied by a transient increase in intracellular calcium ([Ca 2+ ] i ), which initiates regulatory volume decrease (RVD). (springer.com)
Importantly, elevated intracellular calcium levels via this mechanism triggering second messenger pathways and gene activation may contribute to many of the cardiovascular and central nervous system effects of cocaine. (aspetjournals.org)
Vasodilators generally stimulate renin release by increasing the intracellular concentration of cAMP and vasoconstrictors generally inhibit renin release by increasing the intracellular calcium concentration. (ahajournals.org)

Moreover, (3β,5α,17β)-17-hydroxyestrane-3-carbonitrile (ECN), a novel neuroactive steroid and selective T-channel antagonist, provided dose-dependent alleviation of neuropathic thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity in diabetic ob/ob mice. (diabetesjournals.org)
Estradiol receptor antagonist reduces ventricular arrhythmia via L-type calcium channels in chronic heart failure. (medworm.com)
Structure and properties of omega-agatoxin IVB, a new antagonist of P-type calcium channels. (aspetjournals.org)
A new peptide antagonist of voltage-activated calcium channels was purified from venom of the funnel web spider, Agelenopsis aperta. (aspetjournals.org)
is certainly a selective serotonin antagonist that works on the 5-HT type 3 (5-HT3) receptor. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)

Abstract -The amplitude of the whole-cell L-type Ca 2+ channel current recorded from vascular smooth muscle cells is reportedly greater in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) than in Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). (ahajournals.org)

Here, we show how GSCs can be targeted by the FDA-approved drug mibefradil, which inhibits the T-type calcium channel Cav3.2. (aacrjournals.org)
Protein kinase A activity controls the regulation of T-type CaV3.2 channels by Gbetagamma dimers. (uchicago.edu)

The pore is formed by the alpha-1 subunit which incorporates the conduction pore, the voltage sensor and gating apparatus, and the known sites of channel regulation by second messengers, drugs, and toxins [ PMID: 14657414 ]. (ebi.ac.uk)
Structure and regulation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. (ebi.ac.uk)
These findings support a novel role for CRMP-2 in the regulation of N-type Ca 2+ channels and in transmitter release. (biologists.org)
Regulation of presynaptic Ca 2+ channels and interacting proteins has a significant impact on synaptic strength. (biologists.org)
Improper function and regulation of these Ca 2+ channels contributes to epilepsy, migraine, ataxia and other neurological diseases. (biologists.org)
Calcium regulation: Isn't that spatial? (deepdyve.com)
In conclusion this thesis not only supports the notion of L-type Ca2+ channels being essential for beta-cell function but also reveals new aspects that help to understand their regulation in health and disease with the prospect of this being of relevance for future scientific work. (avhandlingar.se)
Souvannakitti D, Nanduri J, Yuan G, Kumar GK, Fox AP, Prabhakar NR. NADPH oxidase-dependent regulation of T-type Ca2+ channels and ryanodine receptors mediate the augmented exocytosis of catecholamines from intermittent hypoxia-treated neonatal rat chromaffin cells. (uchicago.edu)
In this study, we investigated the regulation of CRAC channel function by extracellular Ca(2+) for channels composed primarily of Orai1, Orai2, and Orai3, by co-expressing these proteins together with Stim1, as well as the endogenous channels in HEK293 cells. (unboundmedicine.com)
In ZG cells, calcium entry through voltage-gated calcium channels plays a central role in the regulation of aldosterone secretion. (bioscientifica.com)

We examined the lateral membrane mobility of presynaptic L-type Ca 2+ channels at photoreceptor ribbon synapses of the tiger salamander ( Ambystoma tigrinum ) retina. (jneurosci.org)
Our results show that Ca V channels at rod and cone synapses are not fixed, but move within a membrane domain equal to or slightly larger than the area beneath the synaptic ridge at the base of the ribbon. (jneurosci.org)
Pharmacological disruption of the cytoskeleton or membrane cholesterol significantly increased the dimensions of the confinement domain of Ca V channels, suggesting that macromolecular scaffolds are important for organizing the synapse. (jneurosci.org)
SK channels are unique in that they are gated solely by intracellular Ca 2+ and hence, function to integrate intracellular Ca 2+ and membrane potentials on a beat-to-beat basis in the heart. (ahajournals.org)
On the other hand, the number of radiolabeled dihydropyridine (PN200-110) bindings to the aorta of SHR did not differ from that of WKY, 4 5 suggesting that the density of Ca 2+ channels in the membrane is not increased in SHR. (ahajournals.org)
T-type calcium channels are low voltage activated calcium channels that become deinactivated during cell membrane hyperpolarization but then open to depolarization. (wikipedia.org)
Like any other channel in a cell membrane, the primary function of the T-type voltage gated calcium channel is to allow passage of ions, in this case calcium, through the membrane when the channel is activated. (wikipedia.org)
When membrane depolarization occurs in a cell membrane where these channels are embedded, they open and allow calcium to enter the cell, which leads to several different cellular events depending on where in the body the cell is found. (wikipedia.org)
In the present study, we show that site-specific N-glycosylation of Ca v 3.2 is essential to stabilize expression of the channel at the plasma membrane. (springer.com)
In contrast, elevated external glucose concentration appears to potentiate intracellular forward trafficking of the channel to the cell surface, resulting in an increased steady-state expression of the channel protein at the plasma membrane. (springer.com)
The rapid rise in LV pressure likely results in myocardial cell membrane stretch and deformation of the cell membrane with resultant activation of mechanosensitive ion channels. (thefreelibrary.com)
We sought to understand these processes by studying L-Type Calcium Channel (LTCC) activity and sub-type-specific βAR-cAMP signaling within cardiomyocyte membrane microdomains. (frontiersin.org)
Electrophysiological measurements revealed elevated membrane capacitance in RV myocytes indicative of RV hypertrophy, and T-type current density was also increased. (ahajournals.org)
The ion channels responsible for setting the membrane potential of JG cells are not known with certainty. (ahajournals.org)
Synaptic transmission induces depolarization in the postsynaptic membrane and activates the L-type voltage sensitive Ca 2+ channels (L-VSCC). (asahq.org)
Ca V 2.2 (N-type) and Ca V 1.2 (L-type) calcium channels gate differently in response to membrane depolarization, which is critical to the unique physiological functions mediated by these channels. (elsevier.com)
Ion channels are integral membrane proteins that help establish and control the small voltage gradient across the plasma membrane of living cells by allowing the flow of ions down their electrochemical gradient. (creativebiomart.net)

Further research is continuously occurring to better understand these distinct channels, as well as to create drugs to selectively target these channels. (wikipedia.org)
Under the terms of the agreement, Neuromed grants Merck an exclusive worldwide license to research, develop and commercialize NMED-160 and other compounds that selectively target the N-type calcium channel. (bionity.com)
The features of the LTC that specify its functions are not known, but one possibility is that Ca 2+ -binding proteins bound to the channel sense the local Ca 2+ concentration and selectively activate signaling pathways when the channel opens. (sciencemag.org)
L-type calcium channels selectively signal to the nucleus. (sciencemag.org)
The latter effect was abolished by isradipine, suggesting that palmitate selectively modulates l-type Ca(2+) channels. (ox.ac.uk)

At most synapses, presynaptic Ca 2+ channels are positioned near vesicle release sites, and increasing this distance reduces synaptic strength. (jneurosci.org)
but the mobility of presynaptic Ca V channels has not been explored. (jneurosci.org)
Consistent with the proposal that synaptic vesicle fusion may cause a disorganization of presynaptic release proteins ( Neher and Sakaba, 2008 ), we found that fusion of adjacent synaptic vesicles caused brief jumps in Ca V channel position, propelling channels toward the edge of the confinement domain. (jneurosci.org)
Neurotransmitter release is triggered by Ca 2+ entry through presynaptic voltage-dependent Ca 2+ channels ( Katz, 1969 ). (jneurosci.org)
this interaction induces a deacrease in the number of presynaptic functional CACNA1B channels at the cell surface (PubMed:24709664). (rcsb.org)
We recently identified the presynaptic N-type voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel (Cav2.2) as a CRMP-2-interacting partner. (biologists.org)
A variety of interactions between Ca 2+ channels and presynaptic proteins contribute to the molecular and mechanistic complexities of the vesicle release cycle and synaptic transmission ( Sudhof, 1995 ). (biologists.org)
There is evidence that migraine, Alzheimer's disease, and epilepsy involve a gain-of-function of the channel, leading to abnormal presynaptic vesicle release. (eurekaselect.com)
Cav2.1[EFb] channels show somatic, proximal and distal dendritic localization while Cav2.1[EFa] channels are expressed in the cell bodies, proximal dendrites as well as presynaptic terminals. (nus.edu.sg)
N-type ('N' for "Neural-Type" ) calcium channels are found primarily at presynaptic terminals and are involved in neurotransmission . (ipfs.io)

Multiple types of high-voltage-activated Ca 2+ channels trigger neurotransmitter release at the mammalian central synapse. (jneurosci.org)
N-type calcium channels belong to the 'high-voltage activated' (HVA) group and are blocked by omega-conotoxin-GVIA (omega-CTx-GVIA) and by omega-agatoxin-IIIA (omega-Aga-IIIA). (rcsb.org)
We studied the sensitivity of GABAergic paired pulse depression (PPD) as a common form of STP to selective N-type high-voltage-activated Ca 2+ channels blocker omega-conotoxin (ω-CgTx). (begellhouse.com)
Long-lasting (L-type) calcium channels belong to the 'high-voltage activated' (HVA) group. (drugbank.com)

Here, we examine the gating kinetics of single N-channels. (rupress.org)
As a first step, we examined the effect of domain exchange between N-type and L-type channels on activationdeactivation kinetics, which were significantly different between these channels. (elsevier.com)

In the second study we found that glucose stimulation of an insulin secreting cell line induces the internalization of the L-type channel isoform Cav1.2. (avhandlingar.se)
In the last part of this thesis we gathered genetic, molecular and functional data about the two main L-type Ca2+ channel isoforms Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 in order to identify significant differences that may allow for development of currently unavailable isoform specific drugs. (avhandlingar.se)
This study provides essential evidence for the molecular diversity of CaV1.2 calcium channels in the cardiovascular system. (nus.edu.sg)

Calmodulin supports both inactivation and facilitation of L-type calcium channels. (nih.gov)
Among the many types of voltage-gated Ca2+ channel, L-type Ca2+ channels particularly display inactivation and facilitation, both of which are closely linked to the earlier entry of Ca2+ ions. (nih.gov)
Another important facet of the T-type voltage gated calcium channel is its fast voltage-dependent inactivation compared to that of other calcium channels. (wikipedia.org)
Because the T-type channels are voltage dependent, hyperpolarization of the cell past its inactivation voltage will close the channels throughout the SA node, and allow for another depolarizing event to occur. (wikipedia.org)
All GABA A R modulators induced a negative shift in the steady-state inactivation curve of Ca v 1.3 channels, but only BDZs and pentobarbital induced a negative shift in Ca v 1.2 channel inactivation. (aspetjournals.org)
The corresponding mutations affect the T-type calcium channel CCA-1 and symmetrically re-tune its voltage-dependencies of activation and inactivation towards more hyperpolarized potentials. (elifesciences.org)
Although N-channel P o during individual sweeps at +40 mV was often high (∼0.8), mean P o was reduced by null sweeps, low P o gating, inactivation, and slow activation. (rupress.org)
Effects on permeation were isolated using instantaneous current-voltage relationships (IIV) after strong, brief depolarizations to activate channels with minimal inactivation. (deepdyve.com)
The n5209 mutation changes the voltage-dependence of steady-state activation and inactivation of T-type channels. (elifesciences.org)
A particularity of this type of channel is an opening at quite negative potentials and a voltage-dependent inactivation. (nih.gov)
An inner pore residue (Asn406) in the Nav1.5 channel controls slow inactivation and enhances mibefradil block to T-type Ca2+ channel levels. (uchicago.edu)

Collectively, our data further support a role for Ca v 3.2 channels in peripheral nociception and identify a novel mechanism for Ca v 3.2 modulation that underlies nociceptor sensitization. (jneurosci.org)
The report provides detailed coverage of the pipeline landscape for this mechanism of action, equipped with data from multiple sources with complete pipeline analysis by developmental stage, associated indications, route of administration and molecule type. (reportbuyer.com)
This approach has allowed us to separate the Ca 2+ -conducting properties of the LTC from its signaling properties and has provided insight into the mechanism by which voltage-gated channels regulate gene expression. (sciencemag.org)
Our results indicate that T-type calcium channels are critical regulators of a C. elegans serotonergic circuit and demonstrate a mechanism in which T-type channels functionally gate inhibitory modulation in vivo . (elifesciences.org)
Introduction: Functional and structural diversity among voltage-gated calcium channels is an important mechanism employed by cells to optimize calcium dependent signaling. (sid.ir)

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are another type of medication for high blood pressure and a variety of heart conditions. (medicalnewstoday.com)

The naturally occurring ù-conotoxins have activity at various Ca channels including the N- (Cav2.2), P/Q- (Cav2.1), R- (Cav2.3), and T- (Cav3.1/3.2) type channels and have served as platforms for the development of therapeutic agents now in development. (pharmiweb.com)
Here, we examine the localization and functional expression of the T-type calcium channel subunit, CaV3.1, in bipolar cells of the macaque monkey retina. (arvojournals.org)
Evaluation of a Two-Site, Three-Barrier Model for Permeation in CaV3.1 (α1G) T-Type Calcium. (deepdyve.com)

We further showed that, during windup, NMDA receptors provide a critical excitatory component in a dynamic balance of excitatory and inhibitory inputs which ultimately activates L -type calcium channels. (wiley.com)
Where they terminate at a synapse, nociceptors have a unique set of ion channels and receptors which control release of pain neurotransmitters. (painonline.com)

A similar transient contribution of N-type channels to neuromuscular transmission was found in neonatal rats ( Rosato Siri and Uchitel, 1999 ). (jneurosci.org)
Different experimental studies within the 1970s allowed for the distinction of T-type calcium channels (transient opening calcium channels) from the already well-known L-type calcium channels (Long-Lasting calcium channels). (wikipedia.org)
We propose that these channels serve to boost signaling within transient visual pathways. (arvojournals.org)
Recently, transient receptor potential channel, canonical type 3 ( TRPC 3), has been shown to localize to the mitochondria and to play a role in maintaining mitochondrial calcium homeostasis. (ahajournals.org)
A heterogenous group of transient or low voltage activated type CALCIUM CHANNELS. (uchicago.edu)

Application of mibefradil, a T-type calcium channel blocker, to sural nerve receptive fields increased mechanical thresholds of Aβ-, Aδ- and C-fibers, confirming the functional involvement of accumulated channels in the sural nerve in SNI rats. (frontiersin.org)
NFAT activation was markedly stimulated by over expressing the human Ca v 3.2 T-type Ca 2+ channel cDNA in NRVM, and this activation was inhibited by cyclosporin A (a calcineurin inhibitor), by T-type selective concentrations of mibefradil and NiCl 2 , and in the absence of extracellular Ca 2+ . (ahajournals.org)
A novel mibefradil derivative, NNC55-0396, designed to be hydrolysis-resistant, was shown to be a selective T-type Ca 2+ channel inhibitor without L-type Ca 2+ channel efficacy. (aspetjournals.org)
T-type calcium channels belong to the 'low-voltage activated (LVA)' group and are strongly blocked by mibefradil. (nih.gov)

Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death. (rcsb.org)
Calcium ions play a vital role in cellular and organism physiology. (nc3rs.org.uk)
A gene on chromosome 1q25-q31 that encodes the alpha-1E subunit of a voltage-dependent calcium channel, which mediates the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells. (thefreedictionary.com)
Whereas some ion channels permit the passage of ions based on charge, others conduct based on a ionic species, such as sodium or potassium. (creativebiomart.net)

Here we focus on new research describing a constituent of the venom from the Brazilian Wandering Spider as another Cav2.2 channel blocker. (pharmiweb.com)
Cav2.2 (N-type) channels were most sensitive to PnTx3-6, blocked at low nanomolar potency, with activity observed in both transfected HEK cells and neuroblastoma cell lines. (pharmiweb.com)

N-type calcium channels are important for neurotransmitter release at synapses of the peripheral and central nervous system. (rupress.org)
These channels are also involved in various calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and apoptosis. (thefreedictionary.com)
The distinct subcellular localization of Cav2.1[EFa] and Cav2.1[EFb] channels suggests compartmentalized roles of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in neurotransmitter release and generation of synaptic plasticity. (nus.edu.sg)

This α1 subunit is also known as the calcium channel, voltage-dependent, R type, alpha 1E subunit (CACNA1E) or Cav2.3 which in humans is encoded by the CACNA1E gene. (wikipedia.org)
The Ca v 2.2 gene whic h encodes the functional core of the N-type calcium channels ( a 1B ( has the potential to generate several Ca v 2.2 splice variants with different properties. (sid.ir)
This gene encodes an alpha-1 subunit of a voltage-dependent calcium channel. (biomol.com)
Mutations in this gene have been shown to cause incomplete X-linked congential stationary night blindness type 2 (CSNB2). (creativebiomart.net)
This gene encodes a T-type, low-voltage activated calcium channel. (nih.gov)
The α 1 subunit is also known as the calcium channel, voltage-dependent, N type, alpha 1B subunit ( CACNA1B ) or Ca v 2.2 [1] which in humans is encoded by the CACNA1B gene . (ipfs.io)

It shares sequence characteristics with all voltage-dependent cation channels, and exploits the same 6-helix bundle structural motif - in both sodium and calcium channels, this motif is repeated 4 times within the sequence to give a 24-helix bundle. (ebi.ac.uk)
T-type calcium channels are activated in the same range as voltage-gated sodium channels, which is at about -55 mV. (wikipedia.org)

Moreover, the possible role of auxiliary subunit composition of the channels in Angiotensin II modulation of L-type calcium channels has not yet been explored. (nih.gov)
Ca(v)β(2a) containing channels were insensitive to modulation and this effect was partially due to the N-terminal palmitoylation sites of this subunit. (nih.gov)
Although the effective treatment of chronic pain remains elusive, recent findings suggest the importance of T-channels in peripheral nociception, raising the possibility that modulation of those channels might be therapeutic in the treatment of acute ( 6 , 7 ) and chronic ( 8 ) pain. (diabetesjournals.org)
The modulation of calcium channels by the actin cytoskeleton or actin-binding proteins (ABP) is not well understood. (hindawi.com)
L-channels lack this response to roscovitine, which allowed us to use N-L chimeras to test the role of domain III in roscovitine modulation of N-channel deactivation. (elsevier.com)
Robust Ca 2+ channel modulation required coexpression of both Gβ and Gγ. (elsevier.com)

Among them, the ω-conotoxin GVIA-sensitive N-type channels and the ω-Aga-IVA-sensitive P/Q-type channels mediate fast synaptic transmission. (jneurosci.org)
Our results indicate that N-type channels contribute to thalamic and cerebellar IPSCs only transiently during early postnatal period and P/Q-type channels predominantly mediate mature synaptic transmission, as we reported previously at the brainstem auditory synapse formed by the calyx of Held. (jneurosci.org)

Aβ-, Aδ- and C-fibers of the uninjured sural nerve were sensitized revealed by in vivo single-unit recording, which were accompanied by accumulation of Ca v 3.2 T-type calcium channel proteins shown by Western blotting. (frontiersin.org)
In addition, a yeast-two-hybrid screen was performed to find potential interacting proteins with the EF-hand of the Cav2.1[EFa] channel. (nus.edu.sg)
The recent discoveries of Stim1 and Orai proteins have shed light on the molecular makeup of both the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) sensor and the calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channel, respectively. (unboundmedicine.com)

CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that pharmacological antagonism of T-channels is potentially an important novel therapeutic approach for the management of painful diabetic neuropathy. (diabetesjournals.org)
Pharmacological evidence of T-type calcium channels suggest that they play a role in several forms of cancer, absence epilepsy, pain, and Parkinson's disease. (wikipedia.org)
Thus a combination of kinetic and pharmacological evidence supports the hypothesis that domain III is an important regulator of N-channel closing. (elsevier.com)

The authors further demonstrate that substrate interaction determines which specific α 1 Ca channel subunit isoform predominates and mediates Ca 2+ entry and RVD. (springer.com)

Like the others of this class, the α1 subunit forms the pore through which calcium enters the cell and determines most of the channel's properties. (wikipedia.org)
The α1 subunit of T-type channels is the primary subunit that forms the pore of the channel, and allows for entry of calcium. (wikipedia.org)
As with other sub-types of voltage-gated calcium channel, the α 1 subunit forms the pore through which calcium enters the cell and determines most of the channel's properties. (ipfs.io)

The functional properties of bipolar cells are shaped by the inventory and sub-cellular distribution of voltage-gated ion channels they express. (arvojournals.org)
These voltage-gated ion channels can contribute to several functional reqirements of ganglion cells. (arvojournals.org)
This study aimed at identifying the type and functional significance of potassium channels and voltage-dependent calcium channels (Ca v ) in single rat JG cells using whole-cell patch clamp. (ahajournals.org)
We conclude that JG cells express functional cAMP-sensitive BK Ca channels (the ZERO splice variant) and voltage-dependent L-type Ca 2+ channels. (ahajournals.org)

To examine the role of calcium channels in depolarization-activated cholecystokinin (CCK) release, studies were performed in an intestinal CCK-secreting cell line, STC-1. (rti.org)
With 100 mM Ba 2+ in the pipet, mean N-channel open probability ( P o , measured over 100 ms) increased with depolarization, but the range at a single voltage was large (e.g. (rupress.org)

The present study aims to investigate the possible contribution of Ca v 3.2 T-type calcium channels in uninjured afferent nerve fibers to neuropathic pain in rats with spared nerve injury (SNI). (frontiersin.org)
These results suggest that axonal accumulation of Ca v 3.2 T-type calcium channels plays an important role in the uninjured sural nerve sensitization and contributes to neuropathic pain. (frontiersin.org)

RyR expression is altered in patients with AD and mild cognitive impairment [ 10 ], and patients with sporadic AD both have L-VDCC and RyR mutations that interact to increase and have amyloid deposition [ 11 ], demonstrating the importance of these two channels in the AD pathology. (biomedcentral.com)
However, recent clinical studies show that somatic mutations in L-type calcium channels are the second most prevalent cause of aldosterone-producing adenoma. (bioscientifica.com)

The pore-forming α1 subunit of T-type channels has at least three subtypes, α1G (Ca v 3.1), α1H (Ca v 3.2) and α1I (Ca v 3.3). (frontiersin.org)

These channels are examples of molecular signal-transduction units that regulate themselves through their own activity. (nih.gov)
Despite extensive biophysical analysis, the molecular basis of autoregulation remains unclear, although a putative Ca2+-binding EF-hand motif and a nearby consensus calmodulin-binding isoleucine-glutamine ('IQ') motif in the carboxy terminus of the alpha1C channel subunit have been implicated. (nih.gov)
Thus, although Ca V channels are mobile, molecular scaffolds confine them beneath the ribbon to maintain neurotransmission even at high release rates. (jneurosci.org)
We conclude that Ca V channels are mobile, but molecular scaffolds maintain channels within a confinement area beneath the ribbon to support synaptic release even at high rates. (jneurosci.org)
However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the functions of T-channels in nociceptors are poorly understood. (jneurosci.org)
Another area that is being extensively mined for new molecular targets includes the voltage-activated Ca channels. (pharmiweb.com)
This represents the first molecular identification of the Ca channels that transduce the initiation signal for RVD by osteoblastic cells. (springer.com)
We have used the patch-clamp technique in combination with molecular techniques to define the ion channels involved in the outward current and to study the presence of Ca v in JG cells and their possible interaction with the secretory process. (ahajournals.org)

They are poorly understood, but like Q-type calcium channels , they appear to be present in cerebellar granule cells. (bionity.com)
In contrast to thalamic and cerebellar IPSCs and brainstem auditory EPSCs, N-type Ca 2+ channels persistently contribute to cerebral cortical EPSCs and spinal IPSCs throughout postnatal months. (jneurosci.org)

On the basis of their voltage activation properties, the voltage-gated calcium classes can be further divided into two broad groups: the low (T-type) and high (L, N, P, Q and R-type) threshold-activated channels. (ebi.ac.uk)
However, the role of voltage-gated calcium channels in cocaine-induced responses is not clear. (aspetjournals.org)
Electrophysiological experiments, carried out on mouse pancreatic B-cells, showed that glacontryphan-M blocks L-type voltage-gated calcium ion channel activity in a calcium-dependent manner. (lu.se)
CACNA1C has several biochemical functions, for example, calcium channel activity, high voltage-gated calcium channel activity, ion channel activity. (creativebiomart.net)
We present a series of three patients with a myasthenic syndrome, dropped-head syndrome, bulbar and respiratory muscle weakness and positive testing for anti-N-type voltage-gated calcium channel antibodies. (pagepressjournals.org)
In two cases anti-acetylcholin receptor antibodies were elevated, anti-P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channel antibodies were negative. (pagepressjournals.org)
Our patients showed features of pre- and postsynaptic myasthenic syndrome as well as severe dropped-head syndrome and bulbar and axial muscle weakness, but only anti-N-type voltage-gated calcium channel antibodies were positive. (pagepressjournals.org)

The results show that Ca 2+ channels are dynamic and move within a confined region beneath the synaptic ribbon. (jneurosci.org)
Fusion of nearby synaptic vesicles caused jumps in Ca 2+ channel position, propelling them toward the outer edge of the confinement domain. (jneurosci.org)
However, at most central synapses, it is not known whether the contributions of different Ca 2+ channel types to synaptic transmission remain stable throughout postnatal development. (jneurosci.org)
Thus, in adult animals, synaptic transmission is predominantly mediated by P/Q-type channels at a subset of synapses and mediated synergistically by multiple types of Ca 2+ channels at other synapses. (jneurosci.org)
Recently, however, the contribution of N-type Ca 2+ channels to rat auditory brainstem synaptic transmission was found to be restricted to the early postnatal period ( Iwasaki and Takahashi, 1998 ). (jneurosci.org)
These findings raise the possibility that the contribution of N-type Ca 2+ channels to synaptic transmission might be developmentally regulated at other CNS synapses. (jneurosci.org)
Although it is clear that N-type Ca 2+ channels contribute to synaptic transmission at many developing synapses, our results suggest that, at a subset of CNS synapses, there is a developmental switch to P/Q-type Ca 2+ channels. (jneurosci.org)
Dysregulation of Ca(v)1.4 channels disrupts the maturation of photoreceptor synaptic ribbons in congenital stationary night blindness type 2. (creativebiomart.net)
N-type Ca(V)2.2 calcium channels (see prior articles on these using SEARCH at this site) are found in PRE-synaptic nerve terminals. (painonline.com)

By means of extracellular recordings in the dorsal horn, we showed that windup of dorsal horn neuron discharge was sensitive to the modulators of L -type calcium current. (wiley.com)

The variability in mean P o across patches resulted from differences in the frequency these different gating processes were expressed by the channels. (rupress.org)
While P o of the main N-channel gating state is high, the net P o is reduced to a maximum value of close to 0.5 by other gating processes. (rupress.org)

Voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCC) are a family of molecules that allow cells to couple electrical activity to intracellular Ca2+ signalling. (ebi.ac.uk)
T-type calcium channels function to control the pace-making activity of the SA Node within the heart and relay rapid action potentials within the thalamus. (wikipedia.org)
The channel activity is directed by the pore-forming and voltage-sensitive alpha-1 subunit. (rcsb.org)
In many cases, this subunit is sufficient to generate voltage-sensitive calcium channel activity. (rcsb.org)
Based on indirect experimental evidence, the difference may be associated with their differing activity on the voltage-operated calcium channel (L-VOCC). (aspetjournals.org)
Glacontryphan-M is the first contryphan reported to modulate the activity of L-type calcium ion channels. (lu.se)
In addition, its substrate NADPH reduces L-type channel activity while at the same time it is increasing the rate of insulin release. (avhandlingar.se)
Our studies of the e37a/e37b splice site reveal a multifunctional domain in the C-terminus of Ca(V)2.2 that regulates the overall activity of N-type calcium channels in nociceptors. (painonline.com)
Previous studies in animal adrenals and human adrenal adrenocortical cell lines suggest that the T-type but not the L-type calcium channel activity drives aldosterone production. (bioscientifica.com)

Swelling-induced [Ca 2+ ] i transients, and RVD in cells grown on a type I collagen matrix, are inhibited by removal of Ca from extracellular solutions, dihydropyridines, and antisense oligodeoxynucleotides directed exclusively to the α 1C isoform of the L-type Ca channel. (springer.com)
Ca 2+ transients and RVD in cells grown on untreated glass cover slips were inhibited by similar maneuvers, but only by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides directed to the α 1S isoform of the L-type Ca channel. (springer.com)
However, which L-type isoform is operative in human beta-cells and how the L-type channels may be regulated in health and disease are two questions that remain unanswered and formed the basis for this thesis. (avhandlingar.se)
The third study revealed that the L-type Ca2+ channel isoform Cav1.3 is the major isoform in enriched human beta-cells and that islets of type 2 diabetes patients express reduced levels of Cav1.3 mRNA than controls. (avhandlingar.se)

However, there is more than one type and the subtypes have subtypes, so it is necessary to pinpoint the real evildoer and Castiglioni may have done it. (painonline.com)
TTA-P2, a specific inhibitor of T-type calcium channel subtypes, reduced basal aldosterone secretion from acutely prepared slices of human adrenals. (bioscientifica.com)

A doctor may sometimes prescribe an ACE inhibitor with a calcium channel blocker. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Surprisingly, nifedipine, the prototypic inhibitor of L-type calcium channels, also decreased basal aldosterone secretion, suggesting that L-type calcium channels are active under basal conditions. (bioscientifica.com)

Anatomy30

Organisms13

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs154

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment10

Phenomena and Processes36

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Named Groups1

Excitatory but not inhibitory synaptic transmission is reduced in lethargic (Cacnb4(lh)) and tottering (Cacna1atg) mouse thalami. (1/164)

Direct alteration of the P/Q-type Ca2+ channel property by polyglutamine expansion in spinocerebellar ataxia 6. (2/164)

Ataxic mouse mutants and molecular mechanisms of absence epilepsy. (3/164)

Action potential-induced dendritic calcium dynamics correlated with synaptic plasticity in developing hippocampal pyramidal cells. (4/164)

Significant role of neuronal non-N-type calcium channels in the sympathetic neurogenic contraction of rat mesenteric artery. (5/164)

Ablation of P/Q-type Ca(2+) channel currents, altered synaptic transmission, and progressive ataxia in mice lacking the alpha(1A)-subunit. (6/164)

Presynaptic Ca(2+) influx at a mouse central synapse with Ca(2+) channel subunit mutations. (7/164)

P2Y purinoceptors inhibit exocytosis in adrenal chromaffin cells via modulation of voltage-operated calcium channels. (8/164)

Calcium Channels

Calcium Channel Blockers

Calcium Channels, L-Type

Rotavirus

Ion Channels

Rotavirus Infections

Calcium Channels, N-Type

Calcium Channels, T-Type

Calcium Signaling

Calcium Channel Agonists

Ion Channel Gating

Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying

Calcium Channels, P-Type

Calcium Channels, Q-Type

Dihydropyridines

Calcium Channels, R-Type

Nifedipine

Potassium Channel Blockers

Chloride Channels

Capsid Proteins

Diarrhea

omega-Conotoxin GVIA

Electrophysiology

Calcium, Dietary

Membrane Potentials

omega-Conotoxins

Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated

Diltiazem

Norsteroids

KATP Channels

Calcium

Verapamil

Isradipine

Patch-Clamp Techniques

Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated

Nitrendipine

Mibefradil

Electric Conductivity

Gastroenteritis

Sodium Channel Blockers

Barium

Nimodipine

omega-Agatoxin IVA

TRPC Cation Channels

Shaker Superfamily of Potassium Channels

Kinetics

Neurons

Cells, Cultured

Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels

Potassium

Feces

Calcium Carbonate

Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels

Oocytes

Calcium Chloride

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

TRPV Cation Channels

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Nicardipine

Xenopus laevis

Amino Acid Sequence

Genotype

Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel

Serotyping

TRPM Cation Channels

Antigens, Viral

Acid Sensing Ion Channels

Spider Venoms

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Calcium Phosphates

Cell Line

Epithelial Sodium Channels

Laser Scanning Cytometry

Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels

Calcium Isotopes

Kv1.2 Potassium Channel

Kv1.1 Potassium Channel

Calcium Radioisotopes

Protein Subunits

Amlodipine