Calcium channel blockers. Medical search

A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cellular membranes.

Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue.

Long-lasting voltage-gated CALCIUM CHANNELS found in both excitable and nonexcitable tissue. They are responsible for normal myocardial and vascular smooth muscle contractility. Five subunits (alpha-1, alpha-2, beta, gamma, and delta) make up the L-type channel. The alpha-1 subunit is the binding site for calcium-based antagonists. Dihydropyridine-based calcium antagonists are used as markers for these binding sites.

Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.

A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.

A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.

A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.

Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ION CHANNEL GATING can be due to a variety of stimuli such as LIGANDS, a TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, mechanical deformation or through INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS.

CALCIUM CHANNELS that are concentrated in neural tissue. Omega toxins inhibit the actions of these channels by altering their voltage dependence.

A heterogenous group of transient or low voltage activated type CALCIUM CHANNELS. They are found in cardiac myocyte membranes, the sinoatrial node, Purkinje cells of the heart and the central nervous system.

A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.

A class of drugs that act by inhibition of potassium efflux through cell membranes. Blockade of potassium channels prolongs the duration of ACTION POTENTIALS. They are used as ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS and VASODILATOR AGENTS.

A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.

A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.

A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.

Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes, sparks, or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins.

Agents that increase calcium influx into calcium channels of excitable tissues. This causes vasoconstriction in VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE and/or CARDIAC MUSCLE cells as well as stimulation of insulin release from pancreatic islets. Therefore, tissue-selective calcium agonists have the potential to combat cardiac failure and endocrinological disorders. They have been used primarily in experimental studies in cell and tissue culture.

A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.

A class of drugs that act by inhibition of sodium influx through cell membranes. Blockade of sodium channels slows the rate and amplitude of initial rapid depolarization, reduces cell excitability, and reduces conduction velocity.

A family of structurally related neurotoxic peptides from mollusk venom that inhibit voltage-activated entry of calcium into the presynaptic membrane. They selectively inhibit N-, P-, and Q-type calcium channels.

The opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. The stimulus can be a change in membrane potential (voltage-gated), drugs or chemical transmitters (ligand-gated), or a mechanical deformation. Gating is thought to involve conformational changes of the ion channel which alters selective permeability.

A neurotoxic peptide, which is a cleavage product (VIa) of the omega-Conotoxin precursor protein contained in venom from the marine snail, CONUS geographus. It is an antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS, N-TYPE.

A proline analog that acts as a stoichiometric replacement of proline. It causes the production of abnormal proteins with impaired biological activity.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular HYPERTENSION regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are DIURETICS; (especially DIURETICS, THIAZIDE); ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; GANGLIONIC BLOCKERS; and VASODILATOR AGENTS.

A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.

CALCIUM CHANNELS located within the PURKINJE CELLS of the cerebellum. They are involved in stimulation-secretion coupling of neurons.

Cell membrane glycoproteins that form channels to selectively pass chloride ions. Nonselective blockers include FENAMATES; ETHACRYNIC ACID; and TAMOXIFEN.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

Potassium channels where the flow of K+ ions into the cell is greater than the outward flow.

CALCIUM CHANNELS located in the neurons of the brain.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.

CALCIUM CHANNELS located in the neurons of the brain. They are inhibited by the marine snail toxin, omega conotoxin MVIIC.

A neuropeptide toxin from the venom of the funnel web spider, Agelenopsis aperta. It inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, P-TYPE by altering the voltage-dependent gating so that very large depolarizations are needed for channel opening. It also inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, Q-TYPE.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Potassium channel whose permeability to ions is extremely sensitive to the transmembrane potential difference. The opening of these channels is induced by the membrane depolarization of the ACTION POTENTIAL.

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

Potassium channels whose activation is dependent on intracellular calcium concentrations.

Heteromultimers of Kir6 channels (the pore portion) and sulfonylurea receptor (the regulatory portion) which affect function of the HEART; PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS. KATP channel blockers include GLIBENCLAMIDE and mitiglinide whereas openers include CROMAKALIM and minoxidil sulfate.

A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility.

Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR. Included are ANGIOTENSIN II analogs such as SARALASIN and biphenylimidazoles such as LOSARTAN. Some are used as ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS.

A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.

Agents that promote the excretion of urine through their effects on kidney function.

Venoms of arthropods of the order Araneida of the ARACHNIDA. The venoms usually contain several protein fractions, including ENZYMES, hemolytic, neurolytic, and other TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety.

Calcium compounds used as food supplements or in food to supply the body with calcium. Dietary calcium is needed during growth for bone development and for maintenance of skeletal integrity later in life to prevent osteoporosis.

An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.

The ability of a substrate to allow the passage of ELECTRONS.

PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

Compounds with a BENZENE fused to IMIDAZOLES.

A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning.

A subgroup of TRP cation channels that contain 3-4 ANKYRIN REPEAT DOMAINS and a conserved C-terminal domain. Members are highly expressed in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Selectivity for calcium over sodium ranges from 0.5 to 10.

A major class of calcium activated potassium channels whose members are voltage-dependent. MaxiK channels are activated by either membrane depolarization or an increase in intracellular Ca(2+). They are key regulators of calcium and electrical signaling in a variety of tissues.

An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.

A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.

Unstable isotopes of calcium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ca atoms with atomic weights 39, 41, 45, 47, 49, and 50 are radioactive calcium isotopes.

A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.

Voltage-gated potassium channels whose primary subunits contain six transmembrane segments and form tetramers to create a pore with a voltage sensor. They are related to their founding member, shaker protein, Drosophila.

The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)

Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.

An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions similar to those of chlorpropamide.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

One of the POTASSIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS, with secondary effect on calcium currents, which is used mainly as a research tool and to characterize channel subtypes.

Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

Chemicals that bind to and remove ions from solutions. Many chelating agents function through the formation of COORDINATION COMPLEXES with METALS.

Cell membrane glycoproteins that are selectively permeable to potassium ions. At least eight major groups of K channels exist and they are made up of dozens of different subunits.

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.

Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.

A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that is the predominant VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL of T-LYMPHOCYTES.

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

The nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.

A subgroup of cyclic nucleotide-regulated ION CHANNELS within the superfamily of pore-loop cation channels. They are expressed in OLFACTORY NERVE cilia and in PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS and some PLANTS.

A subgroup of TRP cation channels named after vanilloid receptor. They are very sensitive to TEMPERATURE and hot spicy food and CAPSAICIN. They have the TRP domain and ANKYRIN repeats. Selectivity for CALCIUM over SODIUM ranges from 3 to 100 fold.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.

The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.

Benzoic acid or benzoic acid esters substituted with one or more nitro groups.

Drugs used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.

A major class of calcium-activated potassium channels that are found primarily in excitable CELLS. They play important roles in the transmission of ACTION POTENTIALS and generate a long-lasting hyperpolarization known as the slow afterhyperpolarization.

Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active, passive or facilitated. Ions may travel by themselves (uniport), or as a group of two or more ions in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) directions.

A class of polyamine and peptide toxins which are isolated from the venom of spiders such as Agelenopsis aperta.

A tetrameric calcium release channel in the SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM membrane of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, acting oppositely to SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES. It is important in skeletal and cardiac excitation-contraction coupling and studied by using RYANODINE. Abnormalities are implicated in CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS and MUSCULAR DISEASES.

A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.

The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.

A family of voltage-gated potassium channels that are characterized by long N-terminal and C-terminal intracellular tails. They are named from the Drosophila protein whose mutation causes abnormal leg shaking under ether anesthesia. Their activation kinetics are dependent on extracellular MAGNESIUM and PROTON concentration.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Lanthanum. The prototypical element in the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol La, atomic number 57, and atomic weight 138.91. Lanthanide ion is used in experimental biology as a calcium antagonist; lanthanum oxide improves the optical properties of glass.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

Compounds containing 1,3-diazole, a five membered aromatic ring containing two nitrogen atoms separated by one of the carbons. Chemically reduced ones include IMIDAZOLINES and IMIDAZOLIDINES. Distinguish from 1,2-diazole (PYRAZOLES).

A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.

Partially saturated 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene compounds.

A highly neurotoxic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It consists of 18 amino acids with two disulfide bridges and causes hyperexcitability resulting in convulsions and respiratory paralysis.

A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that is commonly mutated in human episodic ATAXIA and MYOKYMIA.

An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.

A 37-amino acid residue peptide isolated from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus. It is a neurotoxin that inhibits calcium activated potassium channels.

Agents that inhibit SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS. They act as DIURETICS. Excess use is associated with HYPOKALEMIA.

A subgroup of TRP cation channels named after melastatin protein. They have the TRP domain but lack ANKYRIN repeats. Enzyme domains in the C-terminus leads to them being called chanzymes.

A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.

A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that is selectively inhibited by a variety of SCORPION VENOMS.

A family of delayed rectifier voltage-gated potassium channels that share homology with their founding member, KCNQ1 PROTEIN. KCNQ potassium channels have been implicated in a variety of diseases including LONG QT SYNDROME; DEAFNESS; and EPILEPSY.

Sodium channels found on salt-reabsorbing EPITHELIAL CELLS that line the distal NEPHRON; the distal COLON; SALIVARY DUCTS; SWEAT GLANDS; and the LUNG. They are AMILORIDE-sensitive and play a critical role in the control of sodium balance, BLOOD VOLUME, and BLOOD PRESSURE.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that conducts a delayed rectifier current. It contributes to ACTION POTENTIAL repolarization of MYOCYTES in HEART ATRIA.

The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included.

An aquatic genus of the family, Pipidae, occurring in Africa and distinguished by having black horny claws on three inner hind toes.

The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.

Agents used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. They may affect the polarization-repolarization phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibers. Anti-arrhythmia agents are often classed into four main groups according to their mechanism of action: sodium channel blockade, beta-adrenergic blockade, repolarization prolongation, or calcium channel blockade.

Venoms from mollusks, including CONUS and OCTOPUS species. The venoms contain proteins, enzymes, choline derivatives, slow-reacting substances, and several characterized polypeptide toxins that affect the nervous system. Mollusk venoms include cephalotoxin, venerupin, maculotoxin, surugatoxin, conotoxins, and murexine.

A family of proton-gated sodium channels that are primarily expressed in neuronal tissue. They are AMILORIDE-sensitive and are implicated in the signaling of a variety of neurological stimuli, most notably that of pain in response to acidic conditions.

Venoms from animals of the order Scorpionida of the class Arachnida. They contain neuro- and hemotoxins, enzymes, and various other factors that may release acetylcholine and catecholamines from nerve endings. Of the several protein toxins that have been characterized, most are immunogenic.

Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.

Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.

Single chains of amino acids that are the units of multimeric PROTEINS. Multimeric proteins can be composed of identical or non-identical subunits. One or more monomeric subunits may compose a protomer which itself is a subunit structure of a larger assembly.

A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

Calcium salts of phosphoric acid. These compounds are frequently used as calcium supplements.

Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTORS. Many drugs in this class specifically target the ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR.

Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic action.

An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Stable calcium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element calcium, but differ in atomic weight. Ca-42-44, 46, and 48 are stable calcium isotopes.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

The physiological narrowing of BLOOD VESSELS by contraction of the VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.

Non-inflammatory enlargement of the gingivae produced by factors other than local irritation. It is characteristically due to an increase in the number of cells. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p400)

ISOQUINOLINES with a benzyl substituent.

An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.

Interstitial space between cells, occupied by INTERSTITIAL FLUID as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. For organisms with a CELL WALL, the extracellular space includes everything outside of the CELL MEMBRANE including the PERIPLASM and the cell wall.

A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits CA(2+)-TRANSPORTING ATPASE mediated uptake of CALCIUM into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.

A broad group of eukaryotic six-transmembrane cation channels that are classified by sequence homology because their functional involvement with SENSATION is varied. They have only weak voltage sensitivity and ion selectivity. They are named after a DROSOPHILA mutant that displayed transient receptor potentials in response to light. A 25-amino-acid motif containing a TRP box (EWKFAR) just C-terminal to S6 is found in TRPC, TRPV and TRPM subgroups. ANKYRIN repeats are found in TRPC, TRPV & TRPN subgroups. Some are functionally associated with TYROSINE KINASE or TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES.

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A subfamily of shaker potassium channels that shares homology with its founding member, Shab protein, Drosophila. They regulate delayed rectifier currents in the NERVOUS SYSTEM of DROSOPHILA and in the SKELETAL MUSCLE and HEART of VERTEBRATES.

A strain of Rattus norvegicus with elevated blood pressure used as a model for studying hypertension and stroke.

Any of a variety of eruptive skin disorders characterized by erythema, oozing, vesiculation, and scaling. Etiology is varied.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

2-, 3-, or 4-Pyridinecarboxylic acids. Pyridine derivatives substituted with a carboxy group at the 2-, 3-, or 4-position. The 3-carboxy derivative (NIACIN) is active as a vitamin.

Ion channels that specifically allow the passage of SODIUM ions. A variety of specific sodium channel subtypes are involved in serving specialized functions such as neuronal signaling, CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, and KIDNEY function.

A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.

The fluid inside CELLS.

Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.

A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels.

A shaker subfamily that is prominently expressed in NEURONS and are necessary for high-frequency, repetitive firing of ACTION POTENTIALS.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The additional presence of DIACYLGLYCEROLS markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by PHORBOL ESTERS and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors were originally distinguished by their preference for NICOTINE over MUSCARINE. They are generally divided into muscle-type and neuronal-type (previously ganglionic) based on pharmacology, and subunit composition of the receptors.

A major class of calcium-activated potassium channels that were originally discovered in ERYTHROCYTES. They are found primarily in non-excitable CELLS and set up electrical gradients for PASSIVE ION TRANSPORT.

A voltage-gated potassium channel that is expressed primarily in the HEART.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number one carbon adjacent to the benzyl portion, in contrast to ISOINDOLES which have the nitrogen away from the six-membered ring.

An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.

Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from DRUG TOLERANCE which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration.

Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.

The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.

Contractile activity of the MYOCARDIUM.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Coronary vasodilator; inhibits calcium function in muscle cells in excitation-contraction coupling; proposed as antiarrhythmic and antianginal agents.

A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.

A family of inwardly-rectifying potassium channels that are activated by PERTUSSIS TOXIN sensitive G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS. GIRK potassium channels are primarily activated by the complex of GTP-BINDING PROTEIN BETA SUBUNITS and GTP-BINDING PROTEIN GAMMA SUBUNITS.

The lower right and left chambers of the heart. The right ventricle pumps venous BLOOD into the LUNGS and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic arterial circulation.

A fast inactivating subtype of shaker potassium channels that contains two inactivation domains at its N terminus.

An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.

The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705)

A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.

A subgroup of cyclic nucleotide-regulated ION CHANNELS of the superfamily of pore-loop cation channels that are opened by hyperpolarization rather than depolarization. The ion conducting pore passes SODIUM, CALCIUM, and POTASSIUM cations with a preference for potassium.

Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.

An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.

The physiological widening of BLOOD VESSELS by relaxing the underlying VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.

A shaker subfamily of potassium channels that participate in transient outward potassium currents by activating at subthreshold MEMBRANE POTENTIALS, inactivating rapidly, and recovering from inactivation quickly.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE. It is used as an antipsychotic and an antiemetic.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

A group of slow opening and closing voltage-gated potassium channels. Because of their delayed activation kinetics they play an important role in controlling ACTION POTENTIAL duration.

Ionic currents underlying spontaneous action potentials in isolated cerebellar Purkinje neurons. (1/6563)

Acutely dissociated cell bodies of mouse Purkinje neurons spontaneously fired action potentials at approximately 50 Hz (25 degrees C). To directly measure the ionic currents underlying spontaneous activity, we voltage-clamped the cells using prerecorded spontaneous action potentials (spike trains) as voltage commands and used ionic substitution and selective blockers to isolate individual currents. The largest current flowing during the interspike interval was tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium current (approximately -50 pA between -65 and -60 mV). Although the neurons had large voltage-dependent calcium currents, the net current blocked by cobalt substitution for calcium was outward at all times during spike trains. Thus, the electrical effect of calcium current is apparently dominated by rapidly activated calcium-dependent potassium currents. Under current clamp, all cells continued firing spontaneously (though approximately 30% more slowly) after block of T-type calcium current by mibefradil, and most cells continued to fire after block of all calcium current by cobalt substitution. Although the neurons possessed hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih), little current flowed during spike trains, and block by 1 mM cesium had no effect on firing frequency. The outward potassium currents underlying the repolarization of the spikes were completely blocked by 1 mM TEA. These currents deactivated quickly (<1 msec) after each spike. We conclude that the spontaneous firing of Purkinje neuron cell bodies depends mainly on tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium current flowing between spikes. The high firing rate is promoted by large potassium currents that repolarize the cell rapidly and deactivate quickly, thus preventing strong hyperpolarization and restoring a high input resistance for subsequent depolarization. (+info)

Activation of human D3 dopamine receptor inhibits P/Q-type calcium channels and secretory activity in AtT-20 cells. (2/6563)

The D3 dopamine receptor is postulated to play an important role in the regulation of neurotransmitter secretion at both pre- and postsynaptic terminals. However, this hypothesis and the underlying mechanisms remain untested because of the lack of D3-selective ligands, paucity of appropriate model secretory systems, and the weak and inconsistent coupling of D3 receptors to classical signal transduction pathways. The absence of ligands that selectively discriminate between D3 and D2 receptors in vivo precludes the study of D3 receptor function in the brain and necessitates the use of heterologous expression systems. In this report we demonstrate that activation of the human D3 dopamine receptor expressed in the AtT-20 neuroendocrine cell line causes robust inhibition of P/Q-type calcium channels via pertussis toxin-sensitive G-proteins. In addition, using the vesicle trafficking dye FM1-43, we show that D3 receptor activation significantly inhibits spontaneous secretory activity in these cells. Our results not only support the hypothesis that the D3 receptor can regulate secretory activity but also provide insight into the underlying signaling mechanisms. We propose a functional model in which the D3 receptor tightly regulates neurotransmitter release at a synapse by only allowing the propagation of spikes above a certain frequency or burst-duration threshold. (+info)

Luteinizing hormone inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone in luteal cells from rats on day 19 of pregnancy. (3/6563)

We have previously reported that intrabursal ovarian administration of LH at the end of pregnancy in rats induces a decrease in luteal progesterone (P4) synthesis and an increase in P4 metabolism. However, whether this local luteolytic effect of LH is exerted directly on luteal cells or on other structures, such as follicular or stromal cells, to modify luteal function is unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of LH on isolated luteal cells obtained on Day 19 of pregnancy. Incubation of luteal cells with 1, 10, 100, or 1000 ng/ml of ovine LH (oLH) for 6 h did not modify basal P4 production. The addition to the culture medium of 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol (22R-HC, 10 microgram/ml), a membrane-permeable P4 precursor, or pregnenolone (10(-2) microM) induced a significant increase in P4 accumulation in the medium in relation to the control value. When luteal cells were preincubated for 2 h with oLH, a significant (p < 0.01) reduction in the 22R-HC- or pregnenolone-stimulated P4 accumulation was observed. Incubation of luteal cells with dibutyryl cAMP (1 mM, a cAMP analogue) plus isobutylmethylxanthine (1 mM, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor) also inhibited pregnenolone-stimulated P4 accumulation. Incubation with an inositol triphosphate synthesis inhibitor, neomycin (1 mM), or an inhibitor of intracellular Ca2+ mobilization, (8,9-N, N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate (1 mM), did not prevent the decrease in pregnenolone-stimulated P4 secretion induced by oLH. It was concluded that the luteolytic action of LH in late pregnancy is due, at least in part, to a direct action on the luteal cells and that an increase in intracellular cAMP level might mediate this effect. (+info)

Drug-protein binding and blood-brain barrier permeability. (4/6563)

The permeability surface area (PS) product, an index of permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), was measured by using the in situ perfusion method. In the cerebral circulation, the fraction of drug that permeates into the brain through the BBB is not only the unbound fraction but also the fraction dissociated from the protein in the perfusate. The sum of these two fractions, the apparent exchangeable fraction, was estimated by fitting the parameters of the BBB permeability under the condition of varying BSA concentrations in the perfusate. The unbound fraction of drugs in a buffer containing 0.5 mM BSA was measured by using the ultrafiltration method in vitro, and the apparent exchangeable fraction was measured in vivo by using the intracarotid artery injection method. The apparent exchange fraction was 100% for S-8510, 96.5% for diazepam, 90.9% for caffeine, 38.3% for S-312-d, 33.1% for propranolol, and 6.68% for (+)-S-145 Na, and each of these was higher than the corresponding unbound fraction in vitro in all drugs. The apparent exchangeable fractions, for example, were 8 times higher for diazepam and 38 times for S-312-d than the unbound fractions in vitro. The apparent exchangeable fraction of drugs was also estimated from the parameters obtained with the perfusion method. Because drugs can be infused for an arbitrary length of time in the perfusion method, substances with low permeability can be measured. The apparent exchangeable fractions obtained with this method were almost the same as those obtained with the intracarotid artery injection method. (+info)

Glomerular size-selective dysfunction in NIDDM is not ameliorated by ACE inhibition or by calcium channel blockade. (5/6563)

BACKGROUND: In patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and overt nephropathy glomerular barrier size-selectivity progressively deteriorates with time and is effectively improved by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition. Whether similar glomerular functional changes develop in proteinuric patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), and whether antihypertensive agents can favorably affect glomerular filtration of macromolecules in these patients, has not been documented yet. METHODS: We investigated renal hemodynamics and fractional clearance of neutral dextrans of graded sizes, in nine proteinuric patients with NIDDM and renal biopsy findings of typical diabetic glomerulopathy. Six healthy volunteers served as controls. We also investigated the effects of an ACE inhibitor and of a calcium channel blocker, both given in doses targeted to achieve a comparable level of systemic blood pressure control, on glomerular hemodynamics and sieving function. Theoretical analysis of glomerular macromolecule transport was adopted to evaluate intrinsic glomerular membrane permeability properties. RESULTS: Fractional clearance of large macromolecules (42 to 66 A in radius) was significantly higher in diabetic patients than in controls, and the distribution of membrane pore radii was calculated to be shifted towards larger pore sizes in diabetics (mean radius increased from 55 to 60 A). Despite effective blood pressure control, neither antihypertensive affected glomerular hemodynamics to any significant extent. Fractional clearance of dextrans, as well as of albumin and IgG, and total urinary proteins were not modified by either treatments. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that patients with NIDDM and overt nephropathy develop abnormalities in size-selective function of the glomerular barrier and, at variance to IDDM, such changes were not ameliorated either by ACE inhibition or calcium channel blockade. (+info)

N-type voltage-dependent calcium channels mediate the nicotinic enhancement of GABA release in chick brain. (6/6563)

The role of voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-mediated enhancement of spontaneous GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) was investigated in chick brain slices. Whole cell recordings of neurons in the lateral spiriform (SpL) and ventral lateral geniculate (LGNv) nuclei showed that cadmium chloride (CdCl2) blocked the carbachol-induced increase of spontaneous GABAergic IPSCs, indicating that VDCCs might be involved. To conclusively show a role for VDCCs, the presynaptic effect of carbachol on SpL and LGNv neurons was examined in the presence of selective blockers of VDCC subtypes. omega-Conotoxin GVIA, a selective antagonist of N-type channels, significantly reduced the nAChR-mediated enhancement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release in the SpL by 78% compared with control responses. Nifedipine, an L-type channel blocker, and omega-Agatoxin-TK, a P/Q-type channel blocker, did not inhibit the enhancement of GABAergic IPSCs. In the LGNv, omega-Conotoxin GVIA also significantly reduced the nAChR-mediated enhancement of GABA release by 71% from control values. Although omega-Agatoxin-TK did not block the nicotinic enhancement, L-type channel blockers showed complex effects on the nAChR-mediated enhancement. These results indicate that the nAChR-mediated enhancement of spontaneous GABAergic IPSCs requires activation of N-type channels in both the SpL and LGNv. (+info)

Light-induced calcium influx into retinal axons is regulated by presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activity in vivo. (7/6563)

Visual activity is thought to be a critical factor in controlling the development of central retinal projections. Neuronal activity increases cytosolic calcium, which was hypothesized to regulate process outgrowth in neurons. We performed an in vivo imaging study in the retinotectal system of albino Xenopus laevis tadpoles with the fluorescent calcium indicator calcium green 1 dextran (CaGD) to test the role of calcium in regulating axon arbor development. We find that visual stimulus to the retina increased CaGD fluorescence intensity in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon arbors within the optic tectum and that branch additions to retinotectal axon arbors correlated with a local rise in calcium in the parent branch. We find three types of responses to visual stimulus, which roughly correlate with the ON, OFF, and SUSTAINED response types of RGC reported by physiological criteria. Imaging in bandscan mode indicated that patterns of calcium transients were nonuniform throughout the axons. We tested whether the increase in calcium in the retinotectal axons required synaptic activity in the retina; intraocular application of tetrodotoxin (10 microM) or nifedipine (1 and 10 microM) blocked the stimulus-induced increase in RGC axonal fluorescence. A second series of pharmacological investigations was designed to determine the mechanism of the calcium elevation in the axon terminals within the optic tectum. Injection of bis-(o-aminophenoxy)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid-AM (BAPTA-AM) (20 mM) into the tectal ventricle reduced axonal calcium levels, supporting the idea that visual stimulation increases axonal calcium. Injection of BAPTA (20 mM) into the tectal ventricle to chelate extracellular calcium also attenuated the calcium response to visual stimulation, indicating that calcium enters the axon from the extracellular medium. Caffeine (10 mM) caused a large increase in axonal calcium, indicating that intracellular stores contribute to the calcium signal. Presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) may play a role in axon arbor development and the formation of the topographic retinotectal projection. Injection of nicotine (10 microM) into the tectal ventricle significantly elevated RGC axonal calcium levels, whereas application of the nAChR antagonist alphaBTX (100 nM) reduced the stimulus-evoked rise in RGC calcium fluorescence. These data suggest that light stimulus to the retina increases calcium in the axon terminal arbors through a mechanism that includes influx through nAChRs and amplification by calcium-induced calcium release from intracellular calcium stores. Such a mechanism may contribute to developmental plasticity of the retinotectal system by influencing both axon arbor elaboration and the strength of synaptic transmission. (+info)

Retinal input induces three firing patterns in neurons of the superficial superior colliculus of neonatal rats. (8/6563)

By using an in vitro isolated brain stem preparation, we recorded extracellular responses to electrical stimulation of the optic tract (OT) from 71 neurons in the superficial superior colliculus (SC) of neonatal rats (P1-13). At postnatal day 1 (P1), all tested neurons (n = 10) already received excitatory input from the retina. Sixty-nine (97%) superficial SC neurons of neonatal rats showed three response patterns to OT stimulation, which depended on stimulus intensity. A weak stimulus evoked only one spike that was caused by activation of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors. A moderate stimulus elicited a short train (<250 ms) of spikes, which was induced by activation of both NMDA and non-NMDA receptors. A strong stimulus gave rise to a long train (>300 ms) of spikes, which was associated with additional activation of L-type high-threshold calcium channels. The long train firing pattern could also be induced either by temporal summation of retinal inputs or by blocking gamma-aminobutyric acid-A receptors. Because retinal ganglion cells show synchronous bursting activity before eye opening at P14, the retinotectal inputs appear to be sufficient to activate L-type calcium channels in the absence of pattern vision. Therefore activation of L-type calcium channels is likely to be an important source for calcium influx into SC neurons in neonatal rats. (+info)

Calcium channel blocker (including section on non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers) Calcium channel Dihydropyridine ... Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers are derivatives of 1,4-dihydropyridine that are used as L-type calcium channel ... Compared with certain other L-type calcium channel blockers (for example those of the phenylalkylamine class such as verapamil ... Dihydropyridine class L-type calcium channel blockers include, in alphabetical order (brand names vary in different countries ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydropyridine_calcium_channel_blockers

Calcium channel blockers (CCB), calcium channel antagonists or calcium antagonists are a group of medications that disrupt the ... "Calcium-Channel Blockers (CCBs)". CV Pharmacology. Retrieved 2020-02-07. Domenic A. Sica, MD. "Calcium Channel Blocker-Related ... Ziconotide is a selective blocker of these calcium channels and acts as an analgesic. Calcium channel blockers came into wide ... of people receiving calcium channel blocker, is caused by calcium channel blockers' preferential arteriolar or precapillary ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker

... is the taking of too much of the medications known as calcium channel blockers (CCBs), either ... Calcium channel blockers, also known as calcium channel antagonists, are widely used for a number of health conditions. Thus ... Along with beta blockers and digoxin calcium channel blockers have one of the highest rates of death in overdose. These ... It may not be possible to tell the difference between beta blocker toxicity and calcium channel blocker overdose based on signs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker_toxicity

... and apoptotic death is reduced through the reduction of calcium-dependent apoptotic agents. While some calcium-channel blockers ... Lomerizine (INN) (also known as KB-2796) is a diphenylpiperazine class L-type and T-type calcium channel blocker. This drug is ... Ertel, T. Godfraind with a contribution by E. (2004). Calcium channel blockers. Basel [u.a.]: Birkhauser. p. 139. ISBN ... Lomerizine works as a calcium antagonist by blocking voltage-dependent calcium channels. A study using [3H]Nitrendipine showed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomerizine

Calcium channel blockers: Calcium channel blockers are vasodilators, i.e. widen our arteries by regulating the calcium entering ... Elliott WJ, Ram CV (September 2011). "Calcium channel blockers". Journal of Clinical Hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.). 13 (9): ... Beta-blockers: Beta-blockers impede the effects of adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, and subsequently slow the heart rate ... "Women taking beta blockers for hypertension may have higher risk of heart failure with acute coronary syndrome". medicalxpress. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease_in_women

... blocker drugs are used as cardiac antiarrhythmics or antihypertensives, depending on whether the drugs ... L-type calcium channels were peptide sequenced and it was found that there were 4 kinds of L-type calcium channels: α1S ( ... The L-type calcium channel (also known as the dihydropyridine channel, or DHP channel) is part of the high-voltage activated ... calcium-induced-calcium-release). Phosphorylation of these channels increases their permeability to calcium and increases the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-type_calcium_channel

"Calcium Channel Blockers". livertox.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-22. "Calcium channel blockers are not recommended for the ... A variety of medications have been developed to relax the blood vessels in the lung, calcium channel blockers are used but only ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_heart_disease

"Dihydropyrimidine calcium channel blockers. 4. Basic 3-substituted-4-aryl-1,4-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid esters. ... are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as calcium channel blockers, antihypertensive agents, and alpha-1-a-antagonists ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biginelli_reaction

... is an angioselective calcium channel blocker and inhibits the movement of calcium ions into vascular smooth muscle ... Wang JG (2009). "A combined role of calcium channel blockers and angiotensin receptor blockers in stroke prevention". Vascular ... It targets L-type calcium channels in muscle cells and N-type calcium channels in the central nervous system which are involved ... calcium channel blockers exacerbate the situation by preventing the flow of calcium ions into cardiac cells, which is required ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amlodipine

"Combination of calcium channel blockers and beta blockers for patients with exercise-induced angina pectoris: a double-blind ... or calcium channel blockers.[needs update] Large differences exist in the pharmacology of agents within the class, thus not all ... "Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021 (10 ... "Pheochromocytoma Medication: Alpha Blockers, Antihypertensives, BPH, Alpha Blocker, Vasodilators, Beta Blockers, Nonselective, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_blocker

Packer M (December 1990). "Calcium channel blockers in chronic heart failure. The risks of "physiologically rational" therapy ... Phosphorylation of calcium channels permits an increase in calcium influx into the cell. This increase in calcium influx ... This PKA will phosphorylate many components of the cardiomyocyte such as calcium channels and components of the myofilaments. ... In those with heart failure there may be a decreased amount of calcium within the cardiomyocytes reducing the available calcium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milrinone

Vasodilators - calcium channel blockers, such as the dihydropyridines nifedipine or amlodipine, preferably slow-release ... Medications for treatment of cases that do not improve include calcium channel blockers and iloprost. Little evidence supports ... The limited evidence available shows that calcium-channel blockers are only slightly effective in reducing how often the ... "Calcium channel blockers for primary Raynaud's phenomenon". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2: CD002069. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raynaud_syndrome

"Calcium channel blocker poisoning". UpToDate. Retrieved 2019-07-09. "Naturally Occurring Cardiac Glycoside Poisoning · ... a calcium transporting ATPase, as one host factor required for box jellyfish venom cytotoxicity. Look up antidote in Wiktionary ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidote

Clomipramine and calcium channel blockers have been tried. While the frequency of the condition is not well studied, some have ... associated with a decline in delta sleep Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome Temporary calcium channel dysfunction PTSD ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploding_head_syndrome

Sirmans SM, Pieper JA, Lalonde RL, Smith DG, Self TH (July 1988). "Effect of calcium channel blockers on theophylline ... "Oxidation of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers and analogues by human liver cytochrome P-450 IIIA4". Journal of ... Katoh M, Nakajima M, Yamazaki H, Yokoi T (October 2000). "Inhibitory potencies of 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium antagonists to P- ... egress and solvent channels to dehydrogenation of 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP3A4

Ichthyotoxins, Potassium channel blockers, Calcium channel openers, Glycoproteins). ... Verrucotoxin has been studied to interact with both calcium ion channels and potassium ATP channels. The calcium ion channel is ... modulates calcium channel activity in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes". British Journal of Pharmacology. 151 (8): 1198-1203. ... The potassium ATP channel operates by pumping potassium ions out of the intercellular membrane. It's capable of doing so by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrucotoxin

Kopecky, Benjamin J.; Liang, Ruqiang; Bao, Jianxin (2014). "T-type Calcium Channel Blockers as Neuroprotective Agents". ... Calcium channel, voltage-dependent, T type, alpha 1G subunit, also known as CACNA1G or Cav3.1 is a protein which in humans is ... "Entrez Gene: CACNA1H calcium channel, voltage-dependent, T type, alpha 1H subunit". Perez-Reyes E, Cribbs LL, Daud A, Lacerda ... Cav3.1 is a type of low-voltage-activated calcium channel, also known as "T-type" for its transient on and off. It is expressed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CACNA1G

Langham J, Goldfrad C, Teasdale G, Shaw D, Rowan K (2003). "Calcium channel blockers for acute traumatic brain injury". The ... calcium channel blockers, PPAR-γ agonists, curcuminoids, ethanol, NMDA antagonists, caffeine. In addition to traditional ... influx of calcium and sodium ions into neurons, and dysfunction of mitochondria. Injured axons in the brain's white matter may ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury

Essali, Adib; Soares-Weiser, Karla; Bergman, Hanna; Adams, Clive E (26 March 2018). "Calcium channel blockers for antipsychotic ... or calcium channel blockers (e.g. diltiazem). Tardive dyskinesia most commonly occurs in people with psychiatric conditions who ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardive_dyskinesia

Lang, Yakun; Gong, Dandan; Fan, Yu (2015). "Calcium channel blocker use and risk of Parkinson's disease: A meta-analysis". ... Gudala, Kapil; Kanukula, Raju; Bansal, Dipika (2015). "Reduced Risk of Parkinson's Disease in Users of Calcium Channel Blockers ... "L-type calcium channel blockers and Parkinson's disease in Denmark". Annals of Neurology. 67 (5): 600-6. doi:10.1002/ana.21937 ... "Use of Calcium Channel Blockers and Parkinson's Disease". American Journal of Epidemiology. 175 (7): 627-35. doi:10.1093/aje/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._James_Surmeier

Class IV drugs are calcium (Ca) channel blockers. They work by inhibiting the action potential of the SA and AV nodes. If the ... Class I agents are sodium (Na) channel blockers (which slow conduction by blocking the Na+ channel) and are divided into 3 ... Not all beta blockers are the same; some are cardio selective (affecting only beta 1 receptors) while others are non-selective ... Class II agents are beta blockers which inhibit SA and AV node depolarization and slow heart rate. They also decrease cardiac ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardioversion

It is a calcium channel blocker of the dihydropyridine type. Nifedipine is taken by mouth and comes in fast- and slow-release ... As calcium channel blocker, nifedipine has a risk of causing gingival hyperplasia A number of persons have developed toxicity ... Flenady V, Wojcieszek AM, Papatsonis DN, Stock OM, Murray L, Jardine LA, Carbonne B (June 2014). "Calcium channel blockers for ... Thompson AE, Pope JE (February 2005). "Calcium channel blockers for primary Raynaud's phenomenon: a meta-analysis". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nifedipine

the receptor-operated calcium channels (in vasoconstriction) P2X receptors L-type calcium channel blockers are used to treat ... T-type calcium channel blockers are used to treat epilepsy. Increased calcium conductance in the neurons leads to increased ... Calcium channel blockers reduce the neuronal calcium conductance and reduce the likelihood of experiencing epileptic attacks. ... A calcium channel is an ion channel which shows selective permeability to calcium ions. It is sometimes synonymous with voltage ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_channel

... is a calcium channel blocker. It is a long acting calcium channel antagonist of the dihydropyridine group. Jin Yang ... Calcium channel blockers, Dihydropyridines, Carboxylate esters, Nitrobenzenes, Methyl esters, All stub articles, Cardiovascular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranidipine

Malik et al., 2013) Calcium channel blockers are medications prescribed for the treatment of a number of heart conditions and ... Livada, R.; Shiloah, J. (January 2014). "Calcium channel blocker-induced gingival enlargement". Journal of Human Hypertension. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_manifestations_of_systemic_disease

... is a calcium channel blocker. It is the main active metabolite of verapamil. Christiane Pauli-Magnus, Oliver von ... Calcium channel blockers, Phenol ethers, Nitriles, Isopropyl compounds, Amines, Human drug metabolites, All stub articles, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norverapamil

... is a calcium channel blocker. It has antibiotic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects and is found in some sponges ... Calcium channel blockers, Furanones, Secondary alcohols, Cyclohexenes, All stub articles, Biochemistry stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoalide

... is a calcium channel blocker. Felodipine has additionally been found to act as an antagonist of the ... Felodipine is a medication of the calcium channel blocker type which is used to treat high blood pressure. It was patented in ... 4-dihydropyridine class of calcium channel blockers.: 20-21 It is a racemic mixture, and is insoluble in water but is soluble ... an in vitro study on human vascular and cardiac tissues comparing how selective various calcium channel blockers are for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felodipine

... is a calcium channel blocker. It is also known as desmethoxyverapamil, which is a phenylalkylamine (PAA) derivative. ... glutathione and calcium channel blockers in the stress-induced ulcer model in rats". Pharmacological Research. 30 (2): 123-35. ... Calcium channel blockers, Catechol ethers, Nitriles, Isopropyl compounds, Phenethylamines, All stub articles, Biochemistry ... Devapamil not only inhibits by blocking the calcium gated channels, but also by depolarizing the membrane during the sodium- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devapamil

... is a calcium channel blocker. Benidipine has additionally been found to act as an antagonist of the ... Benidipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker for the treatment of high blood pressure (hypertension). It is a triple ... and N-type calcium channel blocker. It is reno- and cardioprotective. It was patented in 1981 and approved for medical use in ... Calcium channel blockers, Carboxylate esters, Dihydropyridines, Methyl esters, Nitrobenzenes, Piperidines). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benidipine

The most widely used tocolytics include beta agonists, calcium channel blockers, and magnesium sulfate. The goal of ... three channels to pass through it: the urethra, the vagina and the rectum. The infant's head and shoulders must go through a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirth

Beta blockers: To block the effects of certain hormones on the heart to slow the heart rate. Calcium Channel Blockers: Help ... 35 Adenosine Beta-blocker Calcium channel antagonist Digoxin Excitation (vagal stimulation) LAMB:p. 35 Lidocaine Amiodarone ... 32 Oxygen Beta blocker ASA Thrombolytics (e.g. heparin) Morphine Ace prn Nitroglycerin COAG:p. 32 Cyclomorph Oxygen Aspirin ... Rest Converting enzyme inhibitor Thrombolysis IV beta blocker Oxygen 60% Nitrates Stool Softeners ASK MEp. 32 Atrial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cardiology_mnemonics

Sobolevsky, Alexander I.; Koshelev, Sergey G.; Khodorov, Boris I. (December 1999). "Probing of NMDA Channels with Fast Blockers ... Duchen at the University College London, Khodorov was studying calcium homeostasis, glutamate excitotoxicity and mitochondrial ... After Soviet science was liberalized in the 1960s, he moved to ion channels, developing as a leader in the actions of local ... At the Vishnevsky Institute of Surgery, the Khodorov laboratory carried out pioneering studies in the field of ion channel ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Khodorov

... beta-blockers, thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, and phenytoin) HHS is usually precipitated by an infection, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperosmolar_hyperglycemic_state

"Outcomes of Unintentional beta-Blocker or Calcium Channel Blocker Overdoses: a Retrospective Review of Poison Center Data" (PDF ... and discussed the outcomes of unintentional beta-blocker or calcium channel blocker overdoses among patients. Furthermore, he ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_LoVecchio

... is also a potent blocker of voltage-gated sodium channels, and this action is thought to be involved in both its ... Bertelsen, Anne K.; Backonja, Misha-Miroslav (2007). "Drugs Targeting Voltage-Gated Sodium and Calcium Channels". Encyclopedia ... Sodium channel blockers, Tricyclic antidepressants, Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate). ... Alpha-1 blockers, Alpha-2 blockers, Antihistamines, D2 antagonists, Dibenzoxepins, Dimethylamino compounds, Embryotoxicants, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxepin

In May 2014, Publix began offering Amlodipine, a calcium channel blocker used to treat high blood pressure and chest pain ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publix

It may have a role when thiazides, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers are not appropriate or have ... If concomitant treatment with a beta blocker has to be stopped, the beta blocker should be discontinued first, then moxonidine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxonidine

Calcium channel blockers, GABA analogues, Prodrugs, GSK plc brands). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabapentin_enacarbil

One comparison from 2014 found that a small dose of a calcium-channel blocker (such as amlodipine) may be used pre-operatively ... December 2014). "Both preoperative alpha and calcium channel blockade impact intraoperative hemodynamic stability similarly in ... A retrospective analysis of beta blocker found that some beta blocker use may cause people to more prone to hypoglycemia and ... Dungan K, Merrill J, Long C, Binkley P (November 2019). "Effect of beta blocker use and type on hypoglycemia risk among ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheochromocytoma

... is a calcium channel blocker of the dihydropyridine class. It is a vasodilator that acts upon the coronary arteries ... Calcium channel blockers, Pyridines, Carboxylate esters, Ethers, Nitrobenzenes, All stub articles, Biochemistry stubs). ... It was found to produce a calcium antagonistic effect on the smooth muscle of hearts of canines and guinea pigs inhibiting ... Hashimoto, K (1979). "Effects of niludipine on the Cardiovascular system with a note on its Calcium-Antagonistic effects". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niludipine

They are relatively homologous to the calcium channel blockers omega-conotoxins from marine cone snails and belong to the four- ... blocks reversibly the N-type calcium channels, but at the same time is less specific for the L- or P/Q-type calcium channels. ... a toxin from the assassin bug Peirates turpis that blocks the voltage-sensitive calcium channel N-type". Biochemistry. 40 (43 ... Assassin bug toxins are small peptides with disulfide connectivity that target ion channels. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_toxin

This gene encodes an alpha-1 subunit of a voltage-dependent calcium channel. Calcium channels mediate the influx of calcium ... Zühlke RD, Bouron A, Soldatov NM, Reuter H (May 1998). "Ca2+ channel sensitivity towards the blocker isradipine is affected by ... Calcium channel Calcium channel associated transcriptional regulator ENSG00000285479 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ... When calcium ions bind to calmodulin, which in turn binds to a Cav1.2 channel, it allows the Cav1.2 channels within a cluster ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cav1.2

... is a drug used in the treatment of migraine, which acts as a calcium channel blocker, and also as an antagonist at ... Calcium channel blockers, Cyclizines, Ketals, Serotonin receptor antagonists, All stub articles, Antihypertensive agent stubs, ... "Regional differences of cerebrovascular reactivity effected by calcium channel blocker - dotarizine". Journal of the ... Kuridze N, Gajkowska B, Czernicki Z, Jurkiewicz J, Cervos-Navarro J (1998). "The effect of Dotarizine--(Ca2+ channel blocker)-- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotarizine

Diltiazem is a commercially available pharmaceutical which acts as a calcium channel blocker. Cappi et al. utilized the Juliá- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliá–Colonna_epoxidation

Research has also shown that voltage-gated calcium channels have a role in the increased excitability of spinal neurons. As ... or neuromuscular blockers are used to prevent contractions of muscles in response to motor neuron activity; or the spinal cord ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_reflex

... consensus molecular folding of calcium channel blockers". J. Mol. Biol. 250 (5): 659-71. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1995.0406. PMID ... The mechanism of many spider toxins is through blockage of calcium channels. A remotely related group of atracotoxins operate ... "Structure-activity relationships for P-type calcium channel-selective omega-agatoxins". Nat. Struct. Biol. 1 (12): 853-6. doi: ... "Three-dimensional solution structure of the calcium channel antagonist omega-agatoxin IVA: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_toxin

... and T-type triple calcium channel blocker benidipine acts as an antagonist of mineralocorticoid receptor, a member of nuclear ... They are often used with other medications, such as ACE inhibitors or beta blockers. Increased urination is a commonly reported ... Na+/K+ ATPase pump at the basolateral membrane and Na+ channel called ENaC, located at the apical membrane of the renal tubule ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimineralocorticoid

... beta blockers such as metoprolol, bisoprolol, atenolol) Calcium channel blockers (i.e. diltiazem or verapamil) Cardiac ... This can be done with: Beta blockers (preferably the "cardioselective" ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_atrial_fibrillation

Calcium channel blockers may decrease the contractility of the smooth muscle tissue in the urinary bladder, causing urinary ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overflow_incontinence

The main contributor to this calcium overload is the sodium/calcium exchanger working in reverse, driven by the high ... In a functional muscle cell, this sodium channel plays an important role in the propagation of an action potential through the ... a persistent sodium current blocker, in an ischemia-reperfusion model in the pig". European Journal of Pharmacology. 624 (1-3 ... In vitro testing showed minimal effects of F15845 on other important ion channels of the heart, including major Ca2+ and K+ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F15845

Calcium channel blockers, Cyclobutanes, Cyclopentenes, Daiichi Sankyo, GABA analogues, All stub articles, Analgesic stubs). ... As a gabapentinoid, mirogabalin binds to the α2δ subunit of voltage-gated calcium channel (1 and 2), but with significantly ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirogabalin

These structures patterns suggest that ImKTx88 may be a potential Kv channel blocker for its similarity with Kv channel blocker ... Kv1.3 channels regulate the resting membrane potential, and the toxin might thus disrupt membrane repolarization and calcium ... the predicted folded protein was reasonably similar to most Kv channel blockers. The typical aromatic ring with a lysine, found ... "Kv1.3 channel blocker (ImKTx88) maintains blood-brain barrier in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis". Cell & Bioscience ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImKTx88

Calcium channel blockers, GABA analogues, Pfizer brands, Experimental drugs, All stub articles, Psychoactive drug stubs). ... was an investigational drug that acted as a ligand for the α2δ subunit of the voltage-dependent calcium channel, with some ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagabalin

... interacts with several ion channels and its roles include modulation of the L-type calcium current in response to calcium ... Beta blockers such as propranolol or nadolol blunt the effects of adrenaline on the heart and thereby reduce the risk of ... Calcium has been suggested as a regulator of SCN5A protein, and the effects of calcium on SCN5A may begin to explain the ... Many of these genes encode proteins which form or interact with ion channels. In cardiac muscle, these ion channels play ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano–Ward_syndrome

... and would then activate voltage-gated calcium-ion channels leading to high levels of intracellular calcium ions. The ... Ophanin is a weak blocker of the high potassium-induced contraction of smooth muscles. Snake venom CRISP family proteins ... Therefore, ablomin (and by extension ophanin) most likely targets voltage-gated calcium channels on smooth muscle. The LD50 of ... of high-potassium solution depends on the influx of the extracellular calcium ions through voltage-gated calcium channels. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophanin

... open-channel blockers that bind to the inside of the calcium channels on the outer surface of the neuron, and provide high ... Toxicity may also result from the pharmacological properties of the drug; excess NMDA antagonism can completely block calcium ... Huffing' More Popular Among 12 Year Olds Than Street Drugs". Fox News Channel. 11 March 2010. Shepherd, RT (1989). "Mechanism ... which bind to a regulatory site on the NMDA-sensitive calcium transporter complex and provide slightly lower levels of NMDA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalant

... calcium channel blockers, and beta blockers. Other treatments that have been explored for migraines include repetitive ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_syndrome

Calcium channel blockers as antihypertensive agents : a need for caution : reports on individual drugs ... "Calcium Channel Blockers". 0-9. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z. * 0-9 ...

https://apps.who.int/iris/browse?authority=Calcium+Channel+Blockers&type=mesh

Examples of calcium channel blockers. Calcium channel blockers are available in short-acting and long-acting forms. Short- ... Calcium causes the heart and arteries to squeeze (contract) more strongly. By blocking calcium, calcium channel blockers allow ... Calcium channel blockers are medications used to lower blood pressure. They work by preventing calcium from entering the cells ... calcium channel blockers might work better than other blood pressure medications, such as beta blockers, angiotensin-converting ...

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/in-depth/calcium-channel-blockers/art-20047605

Calcium-channel blockers are a type of medicine used to treat high blood pressure and heart rhythm disturbances. They are one ... The specific ingredients in each type of calcium-channel blocker vary. However, the main ingredient is called a calcium-channel ... Calcium-channel blockers are a type of medicine used to treat high blood pressure and heart rhythm disturbances. They are one ... Calcium channel blockers. In: Aronson JK, ed. Meylers Side Effects of Drugs. 16th ed. Waltham, MA: Elsevier; 2016:23-39. ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002580.htm

Calcium Channel Blockers. Class Summary. In specialized conducting and automatic cells in the heart, calcium is involved in the ... Calcium channel blockers inhibit the movement of calcium ions across the cell membrane, depressing both impulse formation ( ... Nifedipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. The specific mechanisms by which nifedipine reduces blood pressure ... excessive sympathetic stimulation of the heart may be precluded by coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and a beta-blocker. ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/239278-168504/which-medications-in-the-drug-class-antimicrobials-antibiotics-are-used-in-the-treatment-of-acute-glomerulonephritis

Posts about calcium-channel blockers written by What Doctors Dont Tell You ... American doctors have been warned to stop prescribing the calcium-channel blocker nifedipine, used to treat high blood pressure ... Cheaper antihypertensive drugs work better than expensive calcium channel blockers, according to a new metaanalysis carried out ... UPDATES:CHEAPER DRUGS BETTER THAN CALCIUM BLOCKERS. What Doctors Dont Tell You ...

https://healthy.net/tag/calcium-channel-blockers/

Calcium channel blockers are a common type of medication for high blood pressure and heart conditions. Learn how these ... Calcium channel blockers vs. beta-blockers. Beta-blockers slow heart activity by limiting the effects of stress hormones, such ... Calcium channel blockers reduce the amount of calcium that can enter muscle cells in the heart and blood vessel walls through ... Researchers have found that both beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers are effective. in lowering blood pressure, making ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326788

Calcium channel blocker (CCB) toxicity is one of the most lethal prescription drug overdoses; therefore, understanding the ... encoded search term (Calcium Channel Blocker Toxicity) and Calcium Channel Blocker Toxicity What to Read Next on Medscape ... because calcium channel blockers may cause enteric dysmotility. Bowel perforation secondary to calcium channel blocker ... High-dose insulin therapy in beta-blocker and calcium channel-blocker poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2011 Apr. 49(4):277-83. ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2184611-clinical

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Calcium+Channel+Blockers&type=mesh

Calcium channel blockers. Class Summary. These agents are used in cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage. ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1161248-medication

Investigation of Calcium Channel Blockers as Antiprotozoal Agents and Their Interference in the Metabolism of,i, Leishmania (L ... Investigation of Calcium Channel Blockers as Antiprotozoal Agents and Their Interference in the Metabolism of Leishmania (L.) ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2016/1523691/fig3/

Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, such as amlodipine, and angiotensin receptor blockers, such as valsartan, represent ... A combined role of calcium channel blockers and angiotensin receptor blockers in stroke prevention Ji-Guang WangCentre for ... A combined role of calcium channel blockers and angiotensin receptor blockers in stroke prevention. ...

https://www.dovepress.com/article_metric.php?article_id=3372

Amlodipine besylate (USP); Amlodipine besilate (JP18) ,JP/US ...

https://www.kegg.jp/entry/DG01928

... raises important safety concerns about calcium channel blockers, one of the most widely prescribed classes of antihypertensives ... A report in JAMA - Internal Medicine[1] raises important safety concerns about calcium channel blockers, one of the most widely ... Current use of all types of calcium channel blockers (short-acting vs long-acting, dihydropyridines vs non-dihydropyridines) ... One theory suggests that interference with calcium transport in to cells inhibits apoptosis, an important common mechanism for ...

https://ukidney.com/news/nephrology-developments/entry/calcium-channel-blockers-and-breast-cancer-an-important-risk-factor-discovered

keywords = "brain, brain injury, calcium, calcium-channel blocker, central nervous system, cerebral blood flow", ... Neuroprotective properties of calcium-channel blockers. New Horizons: Science and Practice of Acute Medicine. 1996 Apr 22;4(1): ... Calcium-channel blockers improve outcome, whether given before or after onset of vasospasm. Although the precise mechanism of ... Calcium-channel blockers improve outcome, whether given before or after onset of vasospasm. Although the precise mechanism of ...

https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/neuroprotective-properties-of-calcium-channel-blockers-2

table}} , align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;",Ca Blocker , align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;",BP/SVR ... View source for Calcium channel blockers. ← Calcium channel blockers. You do not have permission to edit this page, for the ... Return to Calcium channel blockers.. Retrieved from "https://www.wikem.org/wiki/Calcium_channel_blockers" ...

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Works as a calcium channel blocker. *Increases prostaglandin *Increases nitric oxide synthesis ...

https://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/what-to-know-about-herbal-supplements-and-blood-pressure

...

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... are one of the key drugs administered in cardiovascular conditions. ... Calcium Channel Blockers. Calcium channel blockers are one of the key drugs administered in cardiovascular conditions. In most ... Other medications include calcium channel blockers and cholesterol lowering drugs.. Tags: #Calcium Channel Blockers #Anti ... Calcium channel blockers. *Angiotensin Receptor Blockers. *Alpha Blockers. *Centrally acting drugs. *Direct vasodilators. ...

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Product: Calcium Channel Blocker, Product-Type: Dihydropyridine, Diltiazem, Verapamil, Others, Application: Hypertension, ... Global Calcium Channel Blocker Market Research Report contains Market Size, Market Share, Market Dynamics, Porters 5 force ... Pfizer Calcium Channel Blocker Product Table 28. Pfizer Calcium Channel Blocker Sales Proportion of Calcium Channel Blocker by ... Searle Calcium Channel Blocker Product Table 44. Searle Calcium Channel Blocker Sales Proportion of Calcium Channel Blocker by ...

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Srivastava VK, Saxena KK, Gupta B. Calcium channel blockers in acute inflammation. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 1988 ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/59821?locale=es

Dive into the research topics of Effects of combination of perindopril, indapamide, and calcium channel blockers in patients ... Effects of combination of perindopril, indapamide, and calcium channel blockers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: ... T1 - Effects of combination of perindopril, indapamide, and calcium channel blockers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ... Effects of combination of perindopril, indapamide, and calcium channel blockers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: ...

https://moh-it.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/effects-of-combination-of-perindopril-indapamide-and-calcium-chan

Calcium Channel Blockers : Synthesis and Drug Profile - i. Verapamil (Calaptin, Vasopten) ii. Diltiazem (Dilzem, Angizem, Cardi ... Calcium Channel Blockers. , Home , , Medicinal Chemistry , Chapter: Medicinal Chemistry : Antiarrhythmic Drugs. Antiarrhythmic ... Calcium Channel Blockers : Synthesis and Drug Profile - i. Verapamil (Calaptin, Vasopten) ii. Diltiazem (Dilzem, Angizem, ...

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Calcium channel blockers. Class Summary. These agents are used in cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage. ...

https://www.staging.medscape.com/answers/1161248-118570/which-medications-in-the-drug-class-antiplatelet-agents-are-used-in-the-treatment-of-fibromuscular-dysplasia

Calcium channel blocker (CCB) toxicity is one of the most lethal prescription drug overdoses; therefore, understanding the ... encoded search term (Calcium Channel Blocker Toxicity) and Calcium Channel Blocker Toxicity What to Read Next on Medscape ... slow calcium channels in cell membranes. (Mibefradil, the only T-channel calcium blocker, was withdrawn from the market in 1998 ... 9] The L-type calcium channel blockers decrease the flow of calcium into the cells of the cardiac conduction pathway, which ...

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As with other β-blockers, if COREG is administered with calcium channel blockers of the verapamil or diltiazem type, it is ... Calcium Channel Blockers. Conduction disturbance (rarely with hemodynamic compromise) has been observed when COREG is ... In general, β-blockers may mask some of the manifestations of hypoglycemia, particularly tachycardia. Nonselective β-blockers ... When concomitant treatment with a β-blocker and clonidine is to be terminated, the β-blocker should be discontinued first. ...

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Calcium channel blockers. Amlodipine and nifedipine are calcium channel blockers. High doses of calcium channel blockers can ...

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Calcium channel blockers. Class Summary. In specialized conducting and automatic cells in the heart, calcium is involved in the ... Calcium channel blockers inhibit movement of calcium ions across the cell membrane, depressing both impulse formation ( ... For hypertension not controlled by diuretics, calcium channel blockers or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are ... a Novel Potassium-competitive Acid Blocker, in Healthy Subjects ... Calcium channel blockers. *Angiotensin-converting enzyme ...

https://emedicine.staging.medscape.com/article/240337-medication

Calcium channel blockers are a type of medication utilized to treat individuals affected by numerous conditions, including ... Uncover more side effects of calcium channel blockers now.. Drowsiness. Dreamstime. Treatment with calcium channel blockers has ... A patient being treated with calcium channel blockers may experience frequent headaches. Calcium channel blockers induce ... Uncover information on more side effects of calcium channel blockers now.. Rash or Flushing. Livestrong. Taking calcium channel ...

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Calcium for of out hospital cardiac arrest: the COCA trial 7 comments ... It is not as popular in emergency medicine as magnesium, but there are definitely circles that love calcium […] ...

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Calcium Channel Blockers/chemical synthesis/*chemistry/pharmacology, Calcium Channels, Calcium/*metabolism, Cell Survival/drug ... Calcium Channel Blockers/chemical synthesis/*chemistry/pharmacology; Calcium Channels; Calcium/*metabolism; Cell Survival/drug ... Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Pentacycloundecylamines and Triquinylamines as Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel Blockers.. ... Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Pentacycloundecylamines and Triquinylamines as Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel Blockers. ...

https://neomed.omeka.net/items/show/2978

Importantly, no other classes of antihypertensives evaluated (ACE inhibitors, ARBs, diuretics or beta blockers) showed added risk. (ukidney.com)
The drug is given with other drugs such as beta-blockers and diuretics to attain desired results of cardiac physiology. (targetwoman.com)
For hypertension not controlled by diuretics, calcium channel blockers or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are generally useful. (medscape.com)
The two blood pressure-lowering medications that are most likely to interact with calcium supplements are thiazide diuretics and calcium channel blockers. (verywellhealth.com)
Calcium supplements do not interfere with other common blood pressure medications like ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, or other types of diuretics. (verywellhealth.com)

Verapamil (a type of calcium channel blocker) overdose is associated with the highest mortality risk. (medlineplus.gov)
Both beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist drugs (beta-blockers) and non-dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers (non-DHP CCBs), ie, diltiazem and verapamil, can cause sinus arrest or severe sinus bradycardia, and when drugs from the two classes are used together, these effects may be more than additive. (toccochicago.com)
Future studies aim to examine the localization of L-type calcium channels in the central auditory system and explore effects of direct verapamil administration. (cdc.gov)
També vam demostrar que la combinació amb verapamil, un inhibidor dels canals de calci, augmentava l'alliberament viral, la citotoxicitat i l'eficàcia antitumoral en varis models tumorals. (ub.edu)
Calcium channel blockers, such as verapamil hydrochloride and diltiazem hydrochloride, lower blood pressure by preventing calcium from entering the cells of the heart and arteries. (druggenius.com)
Verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, is known to protect the myocardium against ischemia and reperfusion injury. (ekja.org)
The medications most commonly resulting in gingival enlargement are antiepileptics (primarily, phenytoin), immunosuppressants (primarily, cyclosporine), and calcium channel blockers (primarily, nifedipine and verapamil), among which phenytoin is the first and the most commonly associated with gingival enlargement. (jdentlasers.org)

For blacks and older people, calcium channel blockers might work better than other blood pressure medications, such as beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers. (mayoclinic.org)
May include angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or calcium-channel blockers. (epnet.com)
Alternative medications for palpitations may include other beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and digoxin to lower blood pressure and slow the heart rate. (druggenius.com)
These are drugs are common in the ingredients and calcium contractions that have been used in combination with ACE inhibitors. (kedirikota.go.id)

Lower extremity swelling or edema is a complication of treatment with calcium channel blockers (especially with Felodipine and Amlodipine), Thioglitazones and Minoxidil. (targetwoman.com)

Calcium channel blockers（CCBs） are medications which are used control high blood pressure, chest pain and arrhythmia. (valuates.com)
The objective of the present analysis was to determine the effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide in combination with calcium channel blockers (CCBs) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (elsevier.com)
Ingestion of excessive calcium channel blockers (CCBs) is one of the most potentially lethal prescription drug overdoses. (medscape.com)

Calcium channel blockers are medications used to lower blood pressure. (mayoclinic.org)
Sometimes, a doctor might prescribe a calcium channel blocker with other high blood pressure medications or with cholesterol-lowering drugs such as statins. (mayoclinic.org)
https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/changes-you-can-make-to-manage-high-blood-pressure/types-of-blood-pressure-medications. (mayoclinic.org)
Calcium channel blockers are common medications that have a low risk of complications. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Calcium channel blockers are medications that work by stopping the entry of calcium into the blood vessel walls and cells of the heart to help relax a patient's heart muscle. (healthprep.com)
Calcium supplements can interfere with the action of certain high blood pressure medications , making them less effective at controlling blood pressure. (verywellhealth.com)
It belongs to a class of medications called Calcium Channel Blocker. (myrx.tv)
Tiazac belongs to a group of medications called Calcium Channel Blockers. (myrx.tv)
lower blood common medications that lower blood pressure pad pressure naturally Dr. Axe-Many blood pressure medicine beta-blocker change in the interval of the nutrients. (atime.org)
Complications blood pressure medicine beta-blocker are found to be used to reduce the risk common medications that lower blood pressure pad of high blood pressure. (atime.org)
high blood pressure medication labetalol side effects These medications are available to calcium channel blockers, and then calcium channel blocker. (atime.org)
Antianginal therapies, medications that treat chest pain, generally comprise three classes of drugs: Beta blockers reduce the heart's rate and its contractions and have been proven to prevent subsequent heart attacks. (sharecare.com)

The future role of calcium-channel blockers as neuroprotectants appears bright. (elsevier.com)

American doctors have been warned to stop prescribing the calcium-channel blocker nifedipine, used to treat high blood pressure, angina and heart attack. (healthy.net)
Furthermore, pretreatment of cells with nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker, inhibited vanadium-induced NFAT activation, whereas and ionomycin, two calcium ionophores, had synergistic effects with vanadium for NFAT induction. (cdc.gov)

The most common side effects of calcium channel blockers are peripheral edema, Bradycardia, headache and constipation in some cases. (targetwoman.com)
Because an affected individual's body is not used to lower blood pressure, the physiological effects of a blood pressure drop may be more apparent when adjusting to the effects of calcium channel blockers. (healthprep.com)
Which of the following effects of calcium channel blockers causes a reduction in blood pressure? (toccochicago.com)

Calcium channel blockers and nitrates both decrease LES pressure but do not improve LES relaxation. (medscape.com)
A growing number of patients, particularly those with advanced, chronic coronary artery disease, experience symptoms of angina that are refractory to treatment with β-blockers, calcium-channel blockers, and long-acting nitrates, despite revascularization. (nature.com)

A phylogenetic tree representing evolutionary relationships indicates that BIII is grouped together with the other rabbit brain calcium channels, BI and BII, into a subfamily that is distinct from the dihydropyridine-sensitive L-type subfamily. (nih.gov)
Cochrane Abstracts , Evidence Central , evidence.unboundmedicine.com/evidence/view/Cochrane/433686/all/Time_course_for_blood_pressure_lowering_of_dihydropyridine_calcium_channel_blockers:_Cochrane_systematic_review. (unboundmedicine.com)

Doctors may prescribe a calcium channel blocker to treat high blood pressure or a variety of heart conditions. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Considering the economic change due to COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine War Influence, the global Calcium Channel Blocker market is projected to reach US$ 86 million by 2028 from an estimated US$ 78 million in 2022, at a CAGR of 1.6% during 2023 and 2028. (valuates.com)
This report segments the global Calcium Channel Blocker market comprehensively. (valuates.com)
The same applies to the global Calcium Channel Blocker market. (marketresearch.biz)
These aforementioned elements are expected to burden the revenue trajectory of the global Calcium Channel Blocker market over the forecast timeline. (marketresearch.biz)
However, as respective governing authorities begin to lift these enforced lockdowns, the global Calcium Channel Blocker market is expected to recover accordingly. (marketresearch.biz)

Alternatives to metoprolol for the treatment of AFib include other beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and digoxin. (druggenius.com)
Alternative drugs for the treatment of SVT include adenosine (Adenocard), which also decreases heart rate, calcium channel blockers (like diltiazem), digoxin (Lanoxin), other beta-blocker or amiodarone (Cordarone, Pacerone). (druggenius.com)

The patient's cells experience a slow down in their processes and have to adjust to the new pace and metabolism of the body when it is under the influence of calcium channel blocking medication. (healthprep.com)
additionally, itraconazole can inhibit the metabolism of calcium channel blockers. (medscape.com)

Pressure to remove calcium antagonists, given to treat hypertension (high blood pressure), from the market is likely to grow following new research suggesting they cause cancer. (healthy.net)
The limitation of calcium channel blockers administration for hypertension is often related to their functionality such as vasodilation. (targetwoman.com)
However, if you are being treated for hypertension , calcium supplements may indirectly cause your blood pressure to rise by interfering with your medication's effects. (verywellhealth.com)

There are two different types of calcium channel blockers, which are called dihydropyridines and nondihydropyridines. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Treatment with calcium channel blockers has been known to produce feelings of drowsiness in some patients. (healthprep.com)
An individual may experience leg and feet swelling as a result of their long term treatment with calcium channel blockers. (healthprep.com)

However, the main ingredient is called a calcium-channel antagonist. (medlineplus.gov)
Both morphine and anandamide significantly stimulated cultured endothelial intracellular calcium level increases in a concentration-dependent manner in cells pre-loaded with fura 2/AM. Morphine is more potent than anandamide (approximately 275 vs. 135 nM [Ca]i), and the [Ca]i for both ligands was blocked by prior exposure of the cells to their respective receptor antagonist, i.e., naloxone and SR 171416A. (nih.gov)

Calcium channel blockers are also called calcium antagonists. (mayoclinic.org)

Alternatives to metoprolol for the treatment of PVCs include other beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, or anti-arrhythmic drugs, such as amiodarone (Pacerone) or flecainide (Tambocor). (druggenius.com)

Calcium-channel blockers can ease symptoms of Raynaud phenomenon by relaxing blood vessels. (epnet.com)
Between 4 and 6 see high on calcium dots on the graph above Also be aware that the symptoms that people get are somewhat different In many cases, it's the spouse or children who has detected a change in personality over be. (soxanddawgs.com)
S1 maint: archived copy as title link he neuromuscular symptoms of high on calcium are caused by a positive bathmotropic effect i. (soxanddawgs.com)
5 mmol/L. Age, comorbidities, rate of high calcium deposits, and concurrent medication use affect presenting symptoms. (soxanddawgs.com)
Beta-blockers like metoprolol can control physical symptoms, such as rapid heart rate and sweating, of short-term event-related anxiety , such as social phobias and stage fright. (druggenius.com)

These agents interfere with calcium uptake by smooth muscle cells that are dependent on intracellular calcium for contraction. (medscape.com)
Therefore, modulating the level of calcium influx through neuron-specific calcium ion channels, to counteract increased intracellular calcium concentrations, is a promising target for a general neuroprotective approach. (edu.au)
The opiate and cannabinoid stimulation of [Ca]i was attenuated in cells leeched of calcium, strongly suggesting that intracellular calcium levels regulate cNOS activity. (nih.gov)

Calcium channel blockers are a type of medication that people take to increase the flow of blood and oxygen to the heart. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Several other types of medication have an effect similar to that of calcium channel blockers. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Calcium channel blockers are a type of medication utilized to treat individuals affected by numerous conditions, including chest pain, high blood pressure , coronary artery disease, irregular heartbeats, Raynaud's disease, and other circulatory conditions. (healthprep.com)
This type of medication inhibits calcium molecules from moving into the blood vessel walls and cells of the heart to decrease blood pressure . (healthprep.com)
Calcium channel blockers have proven to be useful in most individuals, but like any other medication, they may produce unwanted side effects. (healthprep.com)
Dizziness and lightheadedness that occur as a side effect of calcium channel blockers may be persistent or may dissipate after the first several weeks of taking the medication. (healthprep.com)
Peripheral edema occurs in patients who take calcium channel blockers because of the alterations the medication precipitates in their arterial pressure. (healthprep.com)
Here is how calcium supplements can interfere with those two types of medication. (verywellhealth.com)
blood pressure medication long term side effects are not recommended, and they are more than the same way to be down Considering calcium supplements will help reduce it and helping to reduce blood pressure. (notaclinic.com)
do beta-blockers lower bp more potassium have been reported for high blood pressure but it is important to take medication for high blood pressure to treat a low blood pressure. (gordanaj.com)

bicarbonate, glucose/insulin, calcium. (medscape.com)

Inhibits transmembrane influx of calcium ions into smooth muscle, which, in turn, inhibits contraction of the muscle fibers. (medscape.com)
During depolarization, diltiazem inhibits calcium ions from entering slow channels and voltage-sensitive areas of vascular smooth muscle and myocardium. (medscape.com)
Calcium channel blockers inhibit movement of calcium ions across the cell membrane, depressing both impulse formation (automaticity) and conduction velocity. (medscape.com)

Calcium is necessary for muscle contractions to occur throughout the body. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The electrical signals that trigger the contractions of the heart muscle do not move as quickly without the help of calcium. (healthprep.com)
Beta blockers - which are often used to treat high blood pressure and heart disease - can suppress premature contractions. (pvillage.org)

There is no evidence that oral calcium supplements can interfere with calcium channel blockers. (verywellhealth.com)

One theory suggests that interference with calcium transport in to cells inhibits apoptosis, an important common mechanism for tumor promotion among many cancers. (ukidney.com)
Since calcium blocks sodium channels and inhibits depolarization of nerve and muscle fibers, reduced calcium lowers the threshold for depolarization. (soxanddawgs.com)

A series of dihydropyrazole derivatives was developed as potent, selective, and brain-penetrating T-type calcium channel blockers. (sophion.com)
A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cellular membranes. (bvsalud.org)

in the body, but those who are taking a calorie consumption of alcohol or triggering activities and pulmonary arteries angiotensin receptor blocker arb antihypertensive drugs . (kedirikota.go.id)

Antiarrhythmic Drugs : Calcium Channel Blockers : Synthesis and Drug Profile - i. (pharmacy180.com)
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Pentacycloundecylamines and Triquinylamines as Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel Blockers. (omeka.net)

These chemicals when induced in the body block the calcium channels in the cell membrane. (targetwoman.com)

By blocking calcium, calcium channel blockers allow blood vessels to relax and open. (mayoclinic.org)
Some calcium channel blockers can also slow the heart rate, which can further lower blood pressure. (mayoclinic.org)
Calcium-channel blockers are a type of medicine used to treat high blood pressure and heart rhythm disturbances. (medlineplus.gov)
Another study has found that short acting calcium antagonists used to prevent heart attacks are dangerous if given to patients with high blood pressure. (healthy.net)
Calcium channel blockers reduce the amount of calcium that can enter muscle cells in the heart and blood vessel walls through these channels. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Doctors commonly use calcium channel blockers to treat high blood pressure . (medicalnewstoday.com)
For example, by reducing high blood pressure, they believe that calcium channel blockers may be able to lower the risk of Alzheimer's disease . (medicalnewstoday.com)
Researchers have found that both beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers are effective in lowering blood pressure, making them useful treatments for a variety of conditions that affect the heart, including angina and arrhythmia. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The American Heart Association recommends calcium channel blockers as a first-line pharmacological treatment for high blood pressure in most people and advise that beta-blockers should be a second-choice option. (medicalnewstoday.com)
In most cases, calcium blocker administration requires investigative tests such as blood vessel abnormalities, liver and kidney function tests. (targetwoman.com)
Calcium channel blockers help expand and widen an individual's blood vessels through their actions on the muscular cells that make up the arterial walls. (healthprep.com)
Calcium channel blockers are also effective at reducing an individual's heart rate, which helps decrease blood pressure , control irregular heart rhythms, and alleviate angina. (healthprep.com)
An individual may experience heart palpitations or become abnormally aware of their heart beating when the calcium channel blockers induce vascular and blood pressure changes. (healthprep.com)
The blood vessels in an affected individual's body expand and relax when calcium is unable to enter the cells that make up their lining and the muscle tissue of the heart. (healthprep.com)
Therefore, calcium channel blockers are effective at lowering blood pressure and heart rate . (healthprep.com)
Calcium supplements are generally safe and are not likely to affect your blood pressure, at least not directly. (verywellhealth.com)
In some cases, taking calcium with a thiazide diuretic can lead to a condition called milk-alkali syndrome in which the body becomes less acidic and blood calcium levels begin to rise. (verywellhealth.com)
This can lead to hypercalcemia (abnormally high blood calcium), the condition of which increases the risk of heart attack, acute kidney failure, and seizure. (verywellhealth.com)
Calcium channel blockers help lower blood pressure this way: they stop calcium from interacting with blood vessels, which lowers the blood vessel's ability to tighten and ultimately leads to looser vessels and lower blood pressure. (verywellhealth.com)
In this case, the interaction is very straightforward: very high levels of blood calcium can "out-compete" the drug's ability to block the interaction between calcium and your blood vessels. (verywellhealth.com)
However, to be safe, check your blood pressure regularly if taking calcium supplements and calcium channel blockers together. (verywellhealth.com)
Calcium-channel blockers may also be given to treat high blood pressure. (epnet.com)
It prevents calcium from entering the cells of the heart and blood vessels. (myrx.tv)
They work by slowing the movement of calcium into the cells of the heart and blood vessel walls, which makes it easier for the heart to pump and widens blood vessels. (toccochicago.com)
resulting therapy can be controlled by a complayment of calcium water, reducing blood pressure. (jewishledger.com)
calcium channel blockers lower blood high cholesterol arteries pressure within 50 years. (atime.org)
Calan SR is a calcium channel blocker which works by relaxing the blood vessels and muscles of the heart to help blood flow. (canadapharmacy.com)
Alternatives for metoprolol for the treatment of high blood pressure include other beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers. (druggenius.com)
As beta-blockers, labetalol, bisoprolol, and acebutolol work in the same way as metoprolol to lower the heart rate and lower blood pressure. (druggenius.com)
So, blocking calcium allows blood vessels to relax and open. (druggenius.com)
which blood pressure-lowering drug has the least side effects These are more simplified conditions, and for example, a fourth declines, calcium channel blockers, and vegetables a day, white coating. (sc-celje.si)
These includes calcium supplements, potassium, and eitherructed in the body's blood. (sc-celje.si)

Calcium channel blockers are known to have some side effects since they are closely associated with vascular physiology and cardiac conduction system. (targetwoman.com)

These are rich in sodium intake, including nitrightine, and nitrate, which is recommended to be non-blockers to decrease the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. (sc-celje.si)

Gingival overgrowth is associated with multiple factors including congenital diseases, hormonal disturbances, poor oral hygiene condition, inflammation, neoplastic conditions, and adverse drug reactions including anticonvulsants, calcium channel blockers, and immunosuppressants. (jdentlasers.org)

Previous studies have demonstrated efficacy of nimodipine, an L-type calcium channel blocker, on reversing these changes in salicylate and quinine induced tinnitus in rat models (Jastreboff, 1991). (cdc.gov)
However, human trials with nimodipine have not consistently demonstrated efficacy as treatment for tinnitus, prompting examination of other calcium channel blockers. (cdc.gov)

In clinical trials after cardiac arrest, calcium-channel blockers have been ineffective. (elsevier.com)

Promotes magnesium levels & balances calcium intake, helping you feel calm. (reuther-hartmann.de)

At present there is insufficient evidence to support the use of calcium channel blockers in unselected patients with traumatic brain injury. (bmj.com)

Beta-blockers slow heart activity by limiting the effects of stress hormones, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Calcium channel blockers are taken as second line cardiac drugs with respect to anti-hypertensive drugs and beta-blockers. (targetwoman.com)
Coreg belongs to a class of drugs called Beta-Blockers, Alpha Activity. (rxlist.com)
Which is better beta blocker or calcium blocker? (toccochicago.com)
Calcium channel blockers should be favored over beta blockers in patients with asthma (or other forms of pulmonary disease with a bronchospastic component) given the risk of exacerbating bronchospasm. (toccochicago.com)
Q.87 Which of the following beta blockers has been shown clinically to reduce mortality in patients of symptomatic heart failure? (pharmatutor.org)
Other beta-blockers , such as atenolol and bisoprolol, which can stop arrhythmias and slow down the heart during arrhythmias. (druggenius.com)
Calcium channel blockers , which work similarly to beta-blockers to stop arrhythmias. (druggenius.com)
Calcium channel blockers and beta blockers are poor choices because they will exacerbate hypotension. (crashingpatient.com)

The Global Calcium Channel Blocker Industry 2016 Deep Market Research Report is a professional and in-depth study on the current state of the Calcium Channel Blocker industry. (bigmarketresearch.com)

Blockade of potassium channels (leads to long QT and torsade) c. (crashingpatient.com)

The mechanisms of benefit involve alkalinization to override the TCA s myocardial sodium channel blockade and boost protein binding so the drug doesn t cause additional problems, along with an increase in the extracellular sodium channel concentration to improve the cross-channel gradient. (crashingpatient.com)
1. An R-wave in lead aVR greater than 3 mm, or an R/S ratio greater than 0.7, is highly suspicious for sodium channel blockade, which is the most important of the many toxicities of TCA overdose. (crashingpatient.com)
Sodium channel blockade in the CNS leads to seizures. (crashingpatient.com)

Calcium intake and risk of fracture: systematic review. (soxanddawgs.com)

Calcium channel blockers are one of the key drugs administered in cardiovascular conditions. (targetwoman.com)
Transient Incontinence is another symptom noticed with Calcium Channel Blocker drugs. (targetwoman.com)
Drug evaluation is essential because recent studies indicate the involvement of clarithromycin along with calcium channel blockers causing kidney damage and prolonged usage of these drugs can also cause breast cancer in women. (targetwoman.com)

Avoid grapefruit products while taking certain calcium channel blockers. (mayoclinic.org)
Some studies indicate that juices such as grapefruit should be avoided during the administration of calcium channel blockers as they hinder with the drug absorption and breakdown in the system. (targetwoman.com)

If taking a thiazide diuretic, you should restrict your calcium intake to less than 1,500 milligrams (mg) per day. (verywellhealth.com)

By inhibiting the influx of calcium, we can reduce the likelihood of getting diseases like Alzheimer's and ALS. (edu.au)

They work by preventing calcium from entering the cells of the heart and arteries. (mayoclinic.org)
This mineral enters muscle cells through ion channels, which are tiny pores on the surface of the cell. (medicalnewstoday.com)
In specialized conducting and automatic cells in the heart, calcium is involved in the generation of the action potential. (medscape.com)
Changes in the levels of calcium present in brain cells have been linked to cell damage. (edu.au)
Changes in the levels of the mineral calcium within these cells have been shown to play an important role in this cell damage. (edu.au)
Calcium enters the cell through ion channels in the cells wall. (edu.au)

5 mmol/Lare symptomatic, though some patients with a very gradual rise in serum calcium levels may remain asymptomatic even high calcium deposits calcium levels above 15 mg/dL3. (soxanddawgs.com)

An individual being treated with calcium channel blockers may experience lightheadedness and dizziness. (healthprep.com)

The latter category includes oral calcium channel blockers, iv. (utmb.edu)

Zornow, MH & Prough, DS 1996, ' Neuroprotective properties of calcium-channel blockers ', New Horizons: Science and Practice of Acute Medicine , vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 107-114. (elsevier.com)

Anatomy21

Organisms14

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs172

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment11

Phenomena and Processes29

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science2

Health Care1

Ionic currents underlying spontaneous action potentials in isolated cerebellar Purkinje neurons. (1/6563)

Activation of human D3 dopamine receptor inhibits P/Q-type calcium channels and secretory activity in AtT-20 cells. (2/6563)

Luteinizing hormone inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone in luteal cells from rats on day 19 of pregnancy. (3/6563)

Drug-protein binding and blood-brain barrier permeability. (4/6563)

Glomerular size-selective dysfunction in NIDDM is not ameliorated by ACE inhibition or by calcium channel blockade. (5/6563)

N-type voltage-dependent calcium channels mediate the nicotinic enhancement of GABA release in chick brain. (6/6563)

Light-induced calcium influx into retinal axons is regulated by presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activity in vivo. (7/6563)

Retinal input induces three firing patterns in neurons of the superficial superior colliculus of neonatal rats. (8/6563)

Calcium Channel Blockers

Calcium Channels

Calcium Channels, L-Type

Dihydropyridines

Nifedipine

Diltiazem

Verapamil

Ion Channels

Calcium Channels, N-Type

Calcium Channels, T-Type

Amlodipine

Potassium Channel Blockers

Nicardipine

Mibefradil

Nitrendipine

Calcium Signaling

Calcium Channel Agonists

Nimodipine

Sodium Channel Blockers

omega-Conotoxins

Ion Channel Gating

omega-Conotoxin GVIA

Azetidinecarboxylic Acid

Calcium

Antihypertensive Agents

Isradipine

Calcium Channels, P-Type

Chloride Channels

Membrane Potentials

Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying

Calcium Channels, Q-Type

Electrophysiology

Patch-Clamp Techniques

Hypertension

Calcium Channels, R-Type

omega-Agatoxin IVA

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Flunarizine

Cells, Cultured

Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated

Potassium

Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated

KATP Channels

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers

Felodipine

Diuretics

Spider Venoms

Neurons

Cinnarizine

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists

Calcium, Dietary

Barium

Electric Conductivity

Blood Pressure

Rats, Wistar

Kinetics

Time Factors

Action Potentials

Benzimidazoles

Calcium Chloride

TRPC Cation Channels

Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels

Tetrodotoxin

Egtazic Acid

Calcium Radioisotopes

Nisoldipine

Shaker Superfamily of Potassium Channels

Tetrazoles

Myocardium

Rabbits

Cell Line

Electric Stimulation

Tetraethylammonium

Drug Therapy, Combination

Glyburide

Guinea Pigs

4-Aminopyridine

Oocytes