Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.
Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
The hard rigid covering of animals including MOLLUSCS; TURTLES; INSECTS; and crustaceans.
Calcium compounds used as food supplements or in food to supply the body with calcium. Dietary calcium is needed during growth for bone development and for maintenance of skeletal integrity later in life to prevent osteoporosis.
A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.
Substances that counteract or neutralize acidity of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
Process by which organic tissue becomes hardened by the physiologic deposit of calcium salts.
A colorless crystalline or white powdery organic, tricarboxylic acid occurring in plants, especially citrus fruits, and used as a flavoring agent, as an antioxidant in foods, and as a sequestrating agent. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes, sparks, or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins.
A genus of pearl oysters in the family Pteriidae, class BIVALVIA. Both cultured and natural pearls are obtained from species in the genus. They are distinct from the distantly related, edible true oysters of the family OSTREIDAE.
Inorganic compounds that contain calcium as an integral part of the molecule.
Calcium salts of phosphoric acid. These compounds are frequently used as calcium supplements.
A compound with many biomedical applications: as a gastric antacid, an antiperspirant, in dentifrices, as an emulsifier, as an adjuvant in bacterins and vaccines, in water purification, etc.
A hard or leathery calciferous exterior covering of an egg.
A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.
The formation of a solid in a solution as a result of a chemical reaction or the aggregation of soluble substances into complexes large enough to fall out of solution.
Disorders in the processing of phosphorus in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.
The calcium salt of gluconic acid. The compound has a variety of uses, including its use as a calcium replenisher in hypocalcemic states.
A group of phosphate minerals that includes ten mineral species and has the general formula X5(YO4)3Z, where X is usually calcium or lead, Y is phosphorus or arsenic, and Z is chlorine, fluorine, or OH-. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning.
Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue.
A class in the phylum CNIDARIA, comprised mostly of corals and anemones. All members occur only as polyps; the medusa stage is completely absent.
An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones.
The proteinaceous component of the pancreatic stone in patients with PANCREATITIS.
A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.
The application of LUBRICANTS to diminish FRICTION between two surfaces.
Production of a radiographic image of a small or very thin object on fine-grained photographic film under conditions which permit subsequent microscopic examination or enlargement of the radiograph at linear magnifications of up to several hundred and with a resolution approaching the resolving power of the photographic emulsion (about 1000 lines per millimeter).
Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.
Native, inorganic or fossilized organic substances having a definite chemical composition and formed by inorganic reactions. They may occur as individual crystals or may be disseminated in some other mineral or rock. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
A gelatinous membrane overlying the acoustic maculae of SACCULE AND UTRICLE. It contains minute crystalline particles (otoliths) of CALCIUM CARBONATE and protein on its outer surface. In response to head movement, the otoliths shift causing distortion of the vestibular hair cells which transduce nerve signals to the BRAIN for interpretation of equilibrium.
A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the PARATHYROID GLANDS which performs the essential role of maintaining intracellular CALCIUM levels in the body. Parathyroid hormone increases intracellular calcium by promoting the release of CALCIUM from BONE, increases the intestinal absorption of calcium, increases the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and increases the renal excretion of phosphates.
An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral brucite. It acts as an antacid with cathartic effects.
The formation of crystalline substances from solutions or melts. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
A VITAMIN D that can be regarded as a reduction product of vitamin D2.
The physical or physiological processes by which substances, tissue, cells, etc. take up or take in other substances or energy.
A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.
Polyamines are organic compounds with more than one amino group, involved in various biological processes such as cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis, and found to be increased in certain diseases including cancer.
Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.
The extent to which the active ingredient of a drug dosage form becomes available at the site of drug action or in a biological medium believed to reflect accessibility to a site of action.
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.
Synthetic thermoplastics that are tough, flexible, inert, and resistant to chemicals and electrical current. They are often used as biocompatible materials for prostheses and implants.
Lanthanum. The prototypical element in the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol La, atomic number 57, and atomic weight 138.91. Lanthanide ion is used in experimental biology as a calcium antagonist; lanthanum oxide improves the optical properties of glass.
The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.
Supplies used in building.
The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
A biomineral consisting of layers of crystalized ARAGONITE, separated by interlamellar layers of organic matrix containing beta-CHITIN, and surrounded by an intercrystalline organic membrane of silk fibroin. Nacre is the iridescent substance better known as mother-of-pearl that is secreted by MOLLUSCS.
A species of SEA URCHINS in the family Strongylocentrotidae found on the Pacific coastline from Alaska to Mexico. This species serves as a major research model for molecular developmental biology and other fields.
Stable calcium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element calcium, but differ in atomic weight. Ca-42-44, 46, and 48 are stable calcium isotopes.
Chemicals that bind to and remove ions from solutions. Many chelating agents function through the formation of COORDINATION COMPLEXES with METALS.
A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.
A large family of mollusks in the class BIVALVIA, known commonly as scallops. They possess flat, almost circular shells and are found in all seas from shallow water to great depths.

Effect of histamine H2-receptor antagonist on the phosphorus-binding abilities of calcium carbonate and calcium lactate in hemodialysis patients. (1/587)

The effect of histamine H2-receptor antagonist (famotidine) on the phosphorus-binding abilities of calcium carbonate and calcium lactate were examined in 13 chronic hemodialysis patients. In seven patients receiving calcium carbonate, famotidine (20 mg/d) was given because of gastroduodenal disorders, and calcium carbonate was replaced with calcium lactate as a phosphorus binder after 4 wk of treatment with famotidine. With the 4-wk administration of famotidine accompanied by calcium carbonate, the serum phosphorus level increased from 6.3+/-0.9 to 7.1+/-0.5 mg/dl (P<0.05). However, with the substitution of calcium lactate, the serum phosphorus level decreased significantly when compared to that before substitution (6.3+/-0.2 and 6.0+/-0.9 mg/dl after 4 and 8 wk of substitution, respectively), despite continued administration of famotidine. Serum calcium, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, high sensitive parathyroid hormone, blood urea nitrogen, arterial blood pH, and bicarbonate were not significantly altered during the trial period. In six control patients treated with calcium carbonate alone, there were no statistical changes in serum calcium and phosphorus levels after substitution of calcium lactate for calcium carbonate. These results suggest that famotidine significantly affects the phosphorus-binding ability of calcium carbonate, but not that of calcium lactate. A careful observation of changes in the serum phosphorus level should be required in hemodialysis patients receiving calcium carbonate and histamine H2-receptor antagonists. Calcium lactate may be useful as a phosphorus binder in such hemodialysis patients.  (+info)

New treatment of dry eye: the effect of calcium ointment through eyelid skin delivery. (2/587)

AIM: To demonstrate the efficacy of a petrolatum based calcium ointment applied to the lower lid skin in the management of dry eye. METHODS: In a controlled double masked study, the effects of water free petrolatum ointment containing calcium carbonate (10% w/w) on tear functional factors and ocular surface vital staining in dry eye patients were observed. Petrolatum without calcium carbonate served as control. Patients were instructed to place ointment to the lower lid skin twice a day. Evaluation of subjective complaints, fluorescein and rose bengal staining patterns, blink rate, tear evaporation and tear break up time (BUT) were performed before and 3 months after treatment. In order to demonstrate the movement of petrolatum from the skin to the tear film, petrolatum containing 1% sodium fluorescein was placed on the lower lid of four healthy volunteers, and the concentration of fluorescein in the tear film was followed up to 6 hours using an anterior fluorometer. RESULTS: Subjective symptoms significantly improved in both the calcium group (p=0.001) and control (p=0.012), while only the calcium group demonstrated a significant improvement in fluorescein (p=0.043), rose bengal (p=0.021) scores, and blink rate (p=0.004). Tear evaporation also significantly decreased in both the calcium group (p=0.0004) and control (0.043). BUT did not improve in either group. CONCLUSION: Petrolatum based calcium ointment significantly improved symptoms, tear dynamics, and ocular surface staining in dry eye patients. However, some of the therapeutic effects may be due to lipids in the petrolatum vehicle. Petrolatum applied to the lower lid skin is an effective drug delivery system for slowly releasing drugs to the ocular surface.  (+info)

Calcium use increases risk of calciphylaxis: a case-control study. (3/587)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk factors for the development of calciphylaxis in renal failure, a poorly understood and often fatal condition characterized by calcium deposition in tissues. DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study. SETTING: University hospital peritoneal dialysis center. PATIENTS: Eight continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients with calciphylaxis were identified in a 3-year period. We matched up to five controls for dialysis modality and length of time on dialysis with each case. STATISTICS: Multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis for matched case-controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Laboratory data and demographics were collected as well as cumulative calcium and vitamin D ingestion over the year prior to disease onset. RESULTS: All the patients were female, versus only 38% (14/37) of controls (p < 0.0001). While not statistically significant, a majority of the patients were diabetic [62.5% (5/8) vs 32% (12/37)]. Peak and average levels of serum calcium, phosphate, calcium x phosphate product, parathyroid hormone (PTH), albumin, iron, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and ferritin were not significantly different in cases compared with controls. The use of calcitriol alone or with calcium carbonate was not found to be a significant risk factor for the development of calciphylaxis. In a multivariate analysis, iron intake seemed to be protective, contrary to previous reports, while the use of calcium carbonate was associated with a strong trend to increased risk of calciphylaxis development (odds ratio = 1.029/g and 1.011/g calcium ingested per month, at 1 and 2 - 3 months prior to calciphylaxis development; p = 0.0556 and 0.0565, respectively). CONCLUSION: These data, although limited by the small numbers of index cases, suggest that calcium ingestion is a risk factor for calciphylaxis. The increased use of calcium salts as a phosphate binder in recent years might explain the apparent increased incidence of calciphylaxis in our and other centers. The preponderance of female diabetics among cases reported elsewhere was confirmed in our study.  (+info)

A method of microinjection: delivering monoclonal antibody 1223 into sea urchin embryos. (4/587)

In this paper, a simpler method of microinjecting sea urchin embryos without using the conventional microinjection chamber designed by Kiehart is reported. A trough was made on a surface of 0.6% agarose gel dissolved in artificial sea water. Approximately fifty hatched embryos could be loaded in the trough and, consequently, swimming embryos were trapped in the trough. Monoclonal antibody (mAB) 1223 which blocks spiculogenesis in vitro was delivered into the blastocoels of sea urchin embryos to test whether this antibody inhibits spiculogenesis in vivo and also, whether this new technique is effective for the microinjection of the sea urchin embryos. The embryos were injected with mAB1223 at the hatched blastula, early mesenchyme blastula and early gastrula stages, and 63%, 90% and 97% of the embryos did not form spicules at the late gastrula stage, respectively. Therefore, mAB1223 was shown to also block spiculogenesis in vivo. From the fact that spiculogenesis occurred at a lower rate when mAB1223 was injected at the hatched blastula stage than at later stages, it may be speculated that endogenous proteases degraded the injected antibodies. Using this technique, extracellular events in the blastocoel or the function of certain molecules expressed in blastocoel can be easily investigated in vivo.  (+info)

Molecular cloning and ultrastructural localization of the core protein of an eggshell matrix proteoglycan, ovocleidin-116. (5/587)

The role of avian eggshell matrix proteins in shell formation is poorly understood. This calcitic biomaterial forms in a uterine fluid where the protein composition varies during the initial, calcification, and terminal phases of eggshell deposition. A specific antibody was raised to a 116-kDa protein, which is most abundant in uterine fluid during active eggshell calcification. This antiserum was used to expression screen a bacteriophage cDNA library prepared using mRNA extracted from pooled uterine tissue harvested at the midpoint of eggshell calcification. Plasmids containing inserts of differing 5'-lengths were isolated with a maximum cDNA sequence of 2.4 kilobases. Northern blotting and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that the 2. 35-kilobase message was expressed in a uterine-specific manner. The hypothetical translational product from the open reading frame corresponded to a novel 80-kDa protein, which we have named ovocleidin-116. After removal of the predicted signal peptide, its N-terminal sequence corresponded almost exactly with that determined from direct microsequencing of the 116-kDa uterine protein (this work) and with that previously determined for the core protein of a 120-kDa eggshell dermatan sulfate proteoglycan (Corrino, D. A., Rodriguez, J. P., and Caplan, A. I. (1997) Connect. Tissue Res. 36, 175-193). Ultrastructural colloidal gold immunocytochemistry of ovocleidin-116 demonstrated its presence in the organic matrix, in small vesicles found throughout the mineralized palisade layer, and the calcium reserve assembly of the mammillary layer. Ovocleidin-116 thus is a candidate molecule for the regulation of calcite growth during eggshell calcification.  (+info)

A new matrix protein family related to the nacreous layer formation of Pinctada fucata. (6/587)

We have isolated a new matrix protein family (N16) which is specific to the nacreous layer of the Japanese pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata, and have cloned and characterized the cDNAs coding for the components. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence revealed that N16 showed no definitive homology with other proteins. The in vitro studies of the crystallization clarified that N16 induced aragonite crystals when fixed on the substrate but inhibited crystal formation without it. The aragonite crystals showed platy morphology different from those formed inorganically, and long intervals of incubation resulted in crystalline layers highly similar to the nacreous layer.  (+info)

Comparison of treatments for mild secondary hyperparathyroidism in hemodialysis patients. Durham Renal Osteodystrophy Study Group. (7/587)

Comparison of treatments for mild secondary hyperparathyroidism in hemodialysis patients. BACKGROUND: In the management of patients with mild secondary hyperparathyroidism, it is not known whether calcium supplementation alone is sufficient to correct abnormalities in bone and mineral metabolism or if calcitriol is needed in either physiologic oral or intravenous pharmacologic doses. METHODS: This was a 40-week prospective nonmasked trial of 52 patients [parathyroid hormone (PTH) 150 to 600 pg/mL] who were randomized to receive escalating doses of either calcium carbonate (CaCO3) alone (calcium group, N = 11), daily oral calcitriol (oral group, N = 20), or intermittent intravenous calcitriol (IV group, N = 21). The groups were compared with regard to changes in serum intact PTH, serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), incidence of hypercalcemia (>10.5 mg/dL), and hyperphosphatemia (>6.5 mg/dL). RESULTS: PTH levels decreased in all groups (P < 0.01, paired t-test). In the calcium group, PTH (mean +/- SEM) decreased from 325 +/- 46.2 to 160 +/- 44.5 pg/mL. In the oral group, it decreased from 265 +/- 26.4 to 125 +/- 23.7 pg/mL, and in the IV group, it decreased from 240 +/- 27.7 to 65 +/- 10.0 pg/mL. Upon analysis of covariance, controlling for the initial PTH level, we found no differences in the PTH response between the groups (P > 0.10). In contrast, the BAP concentration increased from 20.7 +/- 7.6 to 27.5 +/- 7.0 microg/L in the calcium group (P = 0.17), decreased from 20. 6 +/- 3.9 to 17.8 +/- 4.5 microg/L in the oral group (P = 0.26), and from 19.1 +/- 2.6 to 10.6 +/- 1.1 microg/L in the IV group (P = 0. 007). Serum calcium increased significantly in all groups from 8.4 +/- 0.25 to 9.0 +/- 0.28, 8.5 +/- 0.16 to 9.2 +/- 0.27, and 8.7 +/- 0.16 to 9.4 +/- 0.18 mg/dL in the calcium, oral, and IV groups, respectively (P = NS difference between groups). Serum phosphorus was significantly lower in the calcium group throughout the study (P = 0.02). Hypercalcemic episodes were 2.0 +/- 0.8, 3.0 +/- 0.6, and 3. 4 +/- 0.6 per patient-year (P > 0.10), and hyperphosphatemic episodes were 0.9 +/- 0.56, 4.2 +/- 0.79 and 4.9 +/- 0.84 in the calcium, oral, and IV groups, respectively (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: In mild secondary hyperparathyroidism, all three strategies are effective. High-dose CaCO3 alone may be sufficient to control PTH with a favorable side-effect profile, but calcitriol appears to have additional suppressive effects on bone that are greater following the intravenous route of administration and may increase the risk of adynamic bone disease.  (+info)

Mechanism of calcite crystal growth inhibition by the N-terminal undecapeptide of lithostathine. (8/587)

Pancreatic juice is supersaturated with calcium carbonate. Calcite crystals therefore may occur, obstruct pancreatic ducts, and finally cause a lithiasis. Human lithostathine, a protein synthesized by the pancreas, inhibits the growth of calcite crystals by inducing a habit modification: the rhombohedral (10 14) usual habit is transformed into a needle-like habit through the (11 0) crystal form. A similar observation was made with the N-terminal undecapeptide (pE(1)R(11)) of lithostathine. We therefore aimed at discovering how peptides inhibit calcium salt crystal growth. We solved the complete x-ray structure of lithostathine, including the flexible N-terminal domain, at 1.3 A. Docking studies of pE(1)R(11) with the (10 14) and (11 0) faces through molecular dynamics simulation resulted in three successive steps. First, the undecapeptide progressively unfolded as it approached the calcite surface. Second, mobile lateral chains of amino acids made hydrogen bonds with the calcite surface. Last, electrostatic bonds between calcium ions and peptide bonds stabilized and anchored pE(1)R(11) on the crystal surface. pE(1)R(11)-calcite interaction was stronger with the (11 0) face than with the (10 14) face, confirming earlier experimental observations. Energy contributions showed that the peptide backbone governed the binding more than did the lateral chains. The ability of peptides to inhibit crystal growth is therefore essentially based on backbone flexibility.  (+info)

Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO3. It is a common substance found in rocks and in the shells of many marine animals. As a mineral, it is known as calcite or aragonite.

In the medical field, calcium carbonate is often used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency. It is also commonly used as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid and relieve symptoms of heartburn, acid reflux, and indigestion.

Calcium carbonate works by reacting with hydrochloric acid in the stomach to form water, carbon dioxide, and calcium chloride. This reaction helps to raise the pH level in the stomach and neutralize excess acid.

It is important to note that excessive use of calcium carbonate can lead to hypercalcemia, a condition characterized by high levels of calcium in the blood, which can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, constipation, confusion, and muscle weakness. Therefore, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.

Carbonates are a class of chemical compounds that consist of a metal or metalloid combined with carbonate ions (CO32-). These compounds form when carbon dioxide (CO2) reacts with a base, such as a metal hydroxide. The reaction produces water (H2O), carbonic acid (H2CO3), and the corresponding carbonate.

Carbonates are important in many biological and geological processes. In the body, for example, calcium carbonate is a major component of bones and teeth. It also plays a role in maintaining pH balance by reacting with excess acid in the stomach to form carbon dioxide and water.

In nature, carbonates are common minerals found in rocks such as limestone and dolomite. They can also be found in mineral waters and in the shells of marine organisms. Carbonate rocks play an important role in the global carbon cycle, as they can dissolve or precipitate depending on environmental conditions, which affects the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Animal shells are hard, protective outer coverings that are produced by certain types of animals, primarily mollusks and arthropods. In mollusks, these include creatures such as clams, oysters, and snails, while in arthropods, they can be found in animals like crabs, lobsters, and insects.

Mollusk shells are typically made of calcium carbonate and are secreted by the mantle tissue of the animal. They provide protection for the soft body of the mollusk and may also serve as a home for hermit crabs. Arthropod exoskeletons, on the other hand, are made up of chitin, a tough polysaccharide, and proteins. These exoskeletons provide support and protection for the animal's body and can be shed periodically as the animal grows.

Animal shells have been used by humans for various purposes throughout history, including tools, jewelry, and decorative arts. They also play an important role in many ecosystems, providing habitats and food sources for other organisms.

Dietary calcium is a type of calcium that is obtained through food sources. Calcium is an essential mineral that is necessary for many bodily functions, including bone formation and maintenance, muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and blood clotting.

The recommended daily intake of dietary calcium varies depending on age, sex, and other factors. For example, the recommended daily intake for adults aged 19-50 is 1000 mg, while women over 50 and men over 70 require 1200 mg per day.

Good dietary sources of calcium include dairy products such as milk, cheese, and yogurt; leafy green vegetables like broccoli and kale; fortified cereals and juices; and certain types of fish, such as salmon and sardines. It is important to note that some foods can inhibit the absorption of calcium, including oxalates found in spinach and rhubarb, and phytates found in whole grains and legumes.

If a person is unable to get enough calcium through their diet, they may need to take calcium supplements. However, it is important to talk to a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen, as excessive intake of calcium can lead to negative health effects.

Lithium carbonate is a medical inorganic salt that is commonly used as a medication, particularly in the treatment of bipolar disorder. It works by stabilizing mood and reducing the severity and frequency of manic episodes. Lithium carbonate is available in immediate-release and extended-release forms, and it is typically taken orally in the form of tablets or capsules.

The medical definition of lithium carbonate is: "A white, crystalline powder used as a mood-stabilizing drug, primarily in the treatment of bipolar disorder. It acts by reducing the availability of sodium and potassium ions within nerve cells, which alters the electrical activity of the brain and helps to regulate mood. Lithium carbonate is also used in the treatment of cluster headaches and to reduce aggression in patients with behavioral disorders."

It's important to note that lithium carbonate requires careful medical supervision due to its narrow therapeutic index, meaning there is a small range between an effective dose and a toxic one. Regular monitoring of blood levels is necessary to ensure safe and effective treatment.

Antacids are a type of medication that is used to neutralize stomach acid and provide rapid relief from symptoms such as heartburn, indigestion, and stomach discomfort. They work by chemically reacting with the stomach acid to reduce its acidity. Antacids may contain one or more active ingredients, including aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and sodium bicarbonate.

Antacids are available over-the-counter in various forms, such as tablets, chewable tablets, liquids, and powders. They can provide quick relief from acid reflux and related symptoms; however, they may not be effective for treating the underlying cause of these symptoms. Therefore, if you experience frequent or severe symptoms, it is recommended to consult a healthcare professional for further evaluation and treatment.

Physiologic calcification is the normal deposit of calcium salts in body tissues and organs. It is a natural process that occurs as part of the growth and development of the human body, as well as during the repair and remodeling of tissues.

Calcium is an essential mineral that plays a critical role in many bodily functions, including bone formation, muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and blood clotting. In order to maintain proper levels of calcium in the body, excess calcium that is not needed for these functions may be deposited in various tissues as a normal part of the aging process.

Physiologic calcification typically occurs in areas such as the walls of blood vessels, the lungs, and the heart valves. While these calcifications are generally harmless, they can sometimes lead to complications, particularly if they occur in large amounts or in sensitive areas. For example, calcification of the coronary arteries can increase the risk of heart disease, while calcification of the lung tissue can cause respiratory symptoms.

It is important to note that pathologic calcification, on the other hand, refers to the abnormal deposit of calcium salts in tissues and organs, which can be caused by various medical conditions such as chronic kidney disease, hyperparathyroidism, and certain infections. Pathologic calcification is not a normal process and can lead to serious health complications if left untreated.

Calcium citrate is a dietary supplement and medication that contains calcium in the form of calcium citrate malate. It is used to prevent and treat calcium deficiency, and as a dietary supplement for people who do not get enough calcium from their diets. Calcium citrate is also used to treat conditions caused by low levels of calcium in the blood, such as osteoporosis and certain types of muscle cramps. It works by increasing the amount of calcium in the body, which is necessary for many important functions, including bone formation and maintenance, muscle contraction, and nerve function. Calcium citrate is available in tablet and powder form, and it can be taken with or without food.

Calcium signaling is the process by which cells regulate various functions through changes in intracellular calcium ion concentrations. Calcium ions (Ca^2+^) are crucial second messengers that play a critical role in many cellular processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, gene expression, and programmed cell death (apoptosis).

Intracellular calcium levels are tightly regulated by a complex network of channels, pumps, and exchangers located on the plasma membrane and intracellular organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. These proteins control the influx, efflux, and storage of calcium ions within the cell.

Calcium signaling is initiated when an external signal, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, binds to a specific receptor on the plasma membrane. This interaction triggers the opening of ion channels, allowing extracellular Ca^2+^ to flow into the cytoplasm. In some cases, this influx of calcium ions is sufficient to activate downstream targets directly. However, in most instances, the increase in intracellular Ca^2+^ serves as a trigger for the release of additional calcium from internal stores, such as the ER.

The release of calcium from the ER is mediated by ryanodine receptors (RyRs) and inositol trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs), which are activated by specific second messengers generated in response to the initial external signal. The activation of these channels leads to a rapid increase in cytoplasmic Ca^2+^, creating a transient intracellular calcium signal known as a "calcium spark" or "calcium puff."

These localized increases in calcium concentration can then propagate throughout the cell as waves of elevated calcium, allowing for the spatial and temporal coordination of various cellular responses. The duration and amplitude of these calcium signals are finely tuned by the interplay between calcium-binding proteins, pumps, and exchangers, ensuring that appropriate responses are elicited in a controlled manner.

Dysregulation of intracellular calcium signaling has been implicated in numerous pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disorders, and cancer. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms governing calcium homeostasis and signaling is crucial for the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting these diseases.

"Pinctada" is not a medical term, but a biological genus name. It refers to a group of saltwater clams, also known as pearl oysters, that are part of the family Pteriidae. These species, including Pinctada maxima, Pinctada margaritifera, and Pinctada radiata, are known for their ability to produce high-quality pearls.

The misconception might arise from the fact that some people confuse "Pinctada" with a medical or healthcare term related to human health. However, it is essential to clarify that "Pinctada" is purely a zoological term used in the classification of certain types of mollusks.

Calcium compounds are chemical substances that contain calcium ions (Ca2+) bonded to various anions. Calcium is an essential mineral for human health, and calcium compounds have numerous biological and industrial applications. Here are some examples of calcium compounds with their medical definitions:

1. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3): A common mineral found in rocks and sediments, calcium carbonate is also a major component of shells, pearls, and bones. It is used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency and as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid.
2. Calcium citrate (C6H8CaO7): A calcium salt of citric acid, calcium citrate is often used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency. It is more soluble in water and gastric juice than calcium carbonate, making it easier to absorb, especially for people with low stomach acid.
3. Calcium gluconate (C12H22CaO14): A calcium salt of gluconic acid, calcium gluconate is used as a medication to treat or prevent hypocalcemia (low blood calcium levels) and hyperkalemia (high blood potassium levels). It can be given intravenously, orally, or topically.
4. Calcium chloride (CaCl2): A white, deliquescent salt, calcium chloride is used as a de-icing agent, a food additive, and a desiccant. In medical settings, it can be used to treat hypocalcemia or hyperkalemia, or as an antidote for magnesium overdose.
5. Calcium lactate (C6H10CaO6): A calcium salt of lactic acid, calcium lactate is used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency. It is less commonly used than calcium carbonate or calcium citrate but may be better tolerated by some people.
6. Calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2): A mineral found in rocks and bones, calcium phosphate is used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency. It can also be used as a food additive or a pharmaceutical excipient.
7. Calcium sulfate (CaSO4): A white, insoluble powder, calcium sulfate is used as a desiccant, a plaster, and a fertilizer. In medical settings, it can be used to treat hypocalcemia or as an antidote for magnesium overdose.
8. Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2): A white, alkaline powder, calcium hydroxide is used as a disinfectant, a flocculant, and a building material. In medical settings, it can be used to treat hyperkalemia or as an antidote for aluminum overdose.
9. Calcium acetate (Ca(C2H3O2)2): A white, crystalline powder, calcium acetate is used as a food additive and a medication. It can be used to treat hyperphosphatemia (high blood phosphate levels) in patients with kidney disease.
10. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3): A white, chalky powder, calcium carbonate is used as a dietary supplement, a food additive, and a pharmaceutical excipient. It can also be used as a building material and a mineral supplement.

Calcium phosphates are a group of minerals that are important components of bones and teeth. They are also found in some foods and are used in dietary supplements and medical applications. Chemically, calcium phosphates are salts of calcium and phosphoric acid, and they exist in various forms, including hydroxyapatite, which is the primary mineral component of bone tissue. Other forms of calcium phosphates include monocalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, and tricalcium phosphate, which are used as food additives and dietary supplements. Calcium phosphates are important for maintaining strong bones and teeth, and they also play a role in various physiological processes, such as nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction.

Aluminum hydroxide is a medication that contains the active ingredient aluminum hydroxide, which is an inorganic compound. It is commonly used as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid and relieve symptoms of acid reflux and heartburn. Aluminum hydroxide works by reacting with the acid in the stomach to form a physical barrier that prevents the acid from backing up into the esophagus.

In addition to its use as an antacid, aluminum hydroxide is also used as a phosphate binder in patients with kidney disease. It works by binding to phosphate in the gut and preventing it from being absorbed into the bloodstream, which can help to control high phosphate levels in the body.

Aluminum hydroxide is available over-the-counter and by prescription in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquid suspensions. It is important to follow the dosage instructions carefully and to talk to a healthcare provider if symptoms persist or worsen.

I am not aware of a specific medical definition for the term "egg shell." Generally, in a medical context, an "eggshell skull" is a legal doctrine used to describe a situation where a defendant's negligent or reckless conduct causes harm to someone with a preexisting condition that makes them more susceptible to injury than an average person. The term comes from the idea that even a relatively minor blow could cause serious injury to someone with an "eggshell skull," just as dropping an egg on a hard surface would cause it to break, even though the same action might not harm a normal human skull.

However, if you are referring to a medical condition or issue related to actual eggshells, such as ingesting them or using them in a medical procedure, I would need more context to provide an accurate definition or explanation.

Phosphorus is an essential mineral that is required by every cell in the body for normal functioning. It is a key component of several important biomolecules, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the primary source of energy for cells, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which are the genetic materials in cells.

Phosphorus is also a major constituent of bones and teeth, where it combines with calcium to provide strength and structure. In addition, phosphorus plays a critical role in various metabolic processes, including energy production, nerve impulse transmission, and pH regulation.

The medical definition of phosphorus refers to the chemical element with the atomic number 15 and the symbol P. It is a highly reactive non-metal that exists in several forms, including white phosphorus, red phosphorus, and black phosphorus. In the body, phosphorus is primarily found in the form of organic compounds, such as phospholipids, phosphoproteins, and nucleic acids.

Abnormal levels of phosphorus in the body can lead to various health problems. For example, high levels of phosphorus (hyperphosphatemia) can occur in patients with kidney disease or those who consume large amounts of phosphorus-rich foods, and can contribute to the development of calcification of soft tissues and cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, low levels of phosphorus (hypophosphatemia) can occur in patients with malnutrition, vitamin D deficiency, or alcoholism, and can lead to muscle weakness, bone pain, and an increased risk of infection.

Chemical precipitation is a process in which a chemical compound becomes a solid, insoluble form, known as a precipitate, from a liquid solution. This occurs when the concentration of the compound in the solution exceeds its solubility limit and forms a separate phase. The reaction that causes the formation of the precipitate can be a result of various factors such as changes in temperature, pH, or the addition of another chemical reagent.

In the medical field, chemical precipitation is used in diagnostic tests to detect and measure the presence of certain substances in body fluids, such as blood or urine. For example, a common test for kidney function involves adding a chemical reagent to a urine sample, which causes the excess protein in the urine to precipitate out of solution. The amount of precipitate formed can then be measured and used to diagnose and monitor kidney disease.

Chemical precipitation is also used in the treatment of certain medical conditions, such as heavy metal poisoning. In this case, a chelating agent is administered to bind with the toxic metal ions in the body, forming an insoluble compound that can be excreted through the urine or feces. This process helps to reduce the amount of toxic metals in the body and alleviate symptoms associated with poisoning.

Phosphorus metabolism disorders refer to a group of conditions that affect the body's ability to properly regulate the levels and utilization of phosphorus. Phosphorus is an essential mineral that plays a critical role in many biological processes, including energy production, bone formation, and nerve function.

Disorders of phosphorus metabolism can result from genetic defects, kidney dysfunction, vitamin D deficiency, or other medical conditions. These disorders can lead to abnormal levels of phosphorus in the blood, which can cause a range of symptoms, including muscle weakness, bone pain, seizures, and respiratory failure.

Examples of phosphorus metabolism disorders include:

1. Hypophosphatemia: This is a condition characterized by low levels of phosphorus in the blood. It can be caused by various factors, such as malnutrition, vitamin D deficiency, and kidney dysfunction.
2. Hyperphosphatemia: This is a condition characterized by high levels of phosphorus in the blood. It can be caused by kidney failure, tumor lysis syndrome, and certain medications.
3. Hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets: This is a genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to regulate vitamin D and phosphorus metabolism. It can lead to weakened bones and skeletal deformities.
4. Oncogenic osteomalacia: This is a rare condition that occurs when tumors produce substances that interfere with phosphorus metabolism, leading to bone pain and weakness.

Treatment for phosphorus metabolism disorders depends on the underlying cause of the disorder and may include dietary changes, supplements, medications, or surgery.

Calcium gluconate is a medical compound that is used primarily as a medication to treat conditions related to low calcium levels in the body (hypocalcemia) or to prevent calcium deficiency. It is also used as an antidote for treating poisoning from certain chemicals, such as beta-blockers and fluoride.

Calcium gluconate is a form of calcium salt, which is combined with gluconic acid, a natural organic acid found in various fruits and honey. This compound has a high concentration of calcium, making it an effective supplement for increasing calcium levels in the body.

In medical settings, calcium gluconate can be administered orally as a tablet or liquid solution, or it can be given intravenously (directly into a vein) by a healthcare professional. The intravenous route is typically used in emergency situations to quickly raise calcium levels and treat symptoms of hypocalcemia, such as muscle cramps, spasms, or seizures.

It's important to note that while calcium gluconate can be beneficial for treating low calcium levels, it should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare provider, as improper use or overdose can lead to serious side effects, including kidney damage and heart problems.

Apatite is a group of phosphate minerals, primarily consisting of fluorapatite, chlorapatite, and hydroxylapatite. They are important constituents of rocks and bones, and they have a wide range of applications in various industries. In the context of medicine, apatites are most notable for their presence in human teeth and bones.

Hydroxylapatite is the primary mineral component of tooth enamel, making up about 97% of its weight. It provides strength and hardness to the enamel, enabling it to withstand the forces of biting and chewing. Fluorapatite, a related mineral that contains fluoride ions instead of hydroxyl ions, is also present in tooth enamel and helps to protect it from acid erosion caused by bacteria and dietary acids.

Chlorapatite has limited medical relevance but can be found in some pathological calcifications in the body.

In addition to their natural occurrence in teeth and bones, apatites have been synthesized for various medical applications, such as bone graft substitutes, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering scaffolds. These synthetic apatites are biocompatible and can promote bone growth and regeneration, making them useful in dental and orthopedic procedures.

Calcium chloride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CaCl2. It is a white, odorless, and tasteless solid that is highly soluble in water. Calcium chloride is commonly used as a de-icing agent, a desiccant (drying agent), and a food additive to enhance texture and flavor.

In medical terms, calcium chloride can be used as a medication to treat hypocalcemia (low levels of calcium in the blood) or hyperkalemia (high levels of potassium in the blood). It is administered intravenously and works by increasing the concentration of calcium ions in the blood, which helps to regulate various physiological processes such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and blood clotting.

However, it is important to note that calcium chloride can have adverse effects if not used properly or in excessive amounts. It can cause tissue irritation, cardiac arrhythmias, and other serious complications. Therefore, its use should be monitored carefully by healthcare professionals.

Calcium channels are specialized proteins that span the membrane of cells and allow calcium ions (Ca²+) to flow in and out of the cell. They are crucial for many physiological processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, hormone secretion, and gene expression.

There are several types of calcium channels, classified based on their biophysical and pharmacological properties. The most well-known are:

1. Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs): These channels are activated by changes in the membrane potential. They are further divided into several subtypes, including L-type, P/Q-type, N-type, R-type, and T-type. VGCCs play a critical role in excitation-contraction coupling in muscle cells and neurotransmitter release in neurons.
2. Receptor-operated calcium channels (ROCCs): These channels are activated by the binding of an extracellular ligand, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, to a specific receptor on the cell surface. ROCCs are involved in various physiological processes, including smooth muscle contraction and platelet activation.
3. Store-operated calcium channels (SOCCs): These channels are activated by the depletion of intracellular calcium stores, such as those found in the endoplasmic reticulum. SOCCs play a critical role in maintaining calcium homeostasis and signaling within cells.

Dysregulation of calcium channel function has been implicated in various diseases, including hypertension, arrhythmias, migraine, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, calcium channels are an important target for drug development and therapy.

Anthozoa is a major class of marine animals, which are exclusively aquatic and almost entirely restricted to shallow waters. They are classified within the phylum Cnidaria, which also includes corals, jellyfish, sea anemones, and hydroids. Anthozoans are characterized by their lack of medusa stage in their life cycle, as they exist solely as polyps.

This class is divided into two main subclasses: Hexacorallia (also known as Zoantharia) and Octocorallia (also known as Alcyonaria). The primary differences between these subclasses lie in the structure of their polyps and the composition of their skeletons.

1. Hexacorallia: These are commonly referred to as 'stony' or 'hard' corals, due to their calcium carbonate-based skeletons. They have a simple polyp structure with six-fold symmetry (hence the name Hexacorallia), featuring 6 tentacles around the mouth opening. Examples of Hexacorallia include reef-building corals, sea fans, and black corals.
2. Octocorallia: These are also called 'soft' corals or 'leather' corals because they lack a calcium carbonate skeleton. Instead, their supporting structures consist of proteins and other organic compounds. Octocorallia polyps exhibit eight-fold symmetry (hence the name Octocorallia), with eight tentacles around the mouth opening. Examples of Octocorallia include sea fans, sea whips, and blue corals.

Anthozoa species are primarily found in tropical and subtropical oceans, but some can be found in colder, deeper waters as well. They play a crucial role in marine ecosystems by providing habitats and shelter for various other marine organisms, particularly on coral reefs. Additionally, they contribute to the formation of limestone deposits through their calcium carbonate-based skeletons.

"Calculi" is a medical term that refers to abnormal concretions or hard masses formed within the body, usually in hollow organs or cavities. These masses are typically composed of minerals such as calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, or magnesium ammonium phosphate, and can vary in size from tiny granules to large stones. The plural form of the Latin word "calculus" (meaning "pebble"), calculi are commonly known as "stones." They can occur in various locations within the body, including the kidneys, gallbladder, urinary bladder, and prostate gland. The presence of calculi can cause a range of symptoms, such as pain, obstruction, infection, or inflammation, depending on their size, location, and composition.

Lithostathine is a protein that is primarily produced in the pancreas. It is a component of pancreatic stones or calculi, also known as pancreatic lithiasis. These stones can cause blockages in the pancreatic ducts, leading to inflammation (pancreatitis) and damage to the pancreas. Lithostathine is believed to play a role in the formation of these stones, although the exact mechanisms are not fully understood. It's worth noting that the medical literature might use the term "lithostathine" or "pancreatic lithostathine" to refer to this protein.

Hyperphosphatemia is a medical condition characterized by an excessively high level of phosphate (a form of the chemical element phosphorus) in the blood. Phosphate is an important component of various biological molecules, such as DNA, RNA, and ATP, and it plays a crucial role in many cellular processes, including energy metabolism and signal transduction.

In healthy individuals, the concentration of phosphate in the blood is tightly regulated within a narrow range to maintain normal physiological functions. However, when the phosphate level rises above this range (typically defined as a serum phosphate level greater than 4.5 mg/dL or 1.46 mmol/L), it can lead to hyperphosphatemia.

Hyperphosphatemia can result from various underlying medical conditions, including:

* Kidney dysfunction: The kidneys are responsible for filtering excess phosphate out of the blood and excreting it in the urine. When the kidneys fail to function properly, they may be unable to remove enough phosphate, leading to its accumulation in the blood.
* Hypoparathyroidism: The parathyroid glands produce a hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH), which helps regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the body. In hypoparathyroidism, the production of PTH is insufficient, leading to an increase in phosphate levels.
* Hyperparathyroidism: In contrast, excessive production of PTH can also lead to hyperphosphatemia by increasing the release of phosphate from bones and decreasing its reabsorption in the kidneys.
* Excessive intake of phosphate-rich foods or supplements: Consuming large amounts of phosphate-rich foods, such as dairy products, nuts, and legumes, or taking phosphate supplements can raise blood phosphate levels.
* Tumor lysis syndrome: This is a complication that can occur after the treatment of certain types of cancer, particularly hematological malignancies. The rapid destruction of cancer cells releases large amounts of intracellular contents, including phosphate, into the bloodstream, leading to hyperphosphatemia.
* Rhabdomyolysis: This is a condition in which muscle tissue breaks down, releasing its contents, including phosphate, into the bloodstream. It can be caused by various factors, such as trauma, infection, or drug toxicity.

Hyperphosphatemia can have several adverse effects on the body, including calcification of soft tissues, kidney damage, and metabolic disturbances. Therefore, it is essential to diagnose and manage hyperphosphatemia promptly to prevent complications. Treatment options may include dietary modifications, medications that bind phosphate in the gastrointestinal tract, and dialysis in severe cases.

In medical terms, lubrication refers to the application of a slippery substance or fluid to reduce friction and facilitate smooth movement between two surfaces. This is particularly relevant in the context of human anatomy, where lubrication plays a crucial role in various bodily functions. For instance, the mucous membranes that line body cavities such as the mouth, vagina, and rectum secrete fluids to provide lubrication for easy movement of tissues and foreign substances (like food or during sexual intercourse). Similarly, synovial fluid, a viscous substance found in joints, provides lubrication that enables smooth articulation between bones. Artificial lubricants may also be used in medical procedures to facilitate the insertion and movement of medical devices such as catheters or endoscopes.

Microradiography is a radiographic technique that uses X-rays to produce detailed images of small specimens, such as microscopic slides or individual cells. In this process, the specimen is placed in close contact with a high-resolution photographic emulsion, and then exposed to X-rays. The resulting image shows the distribution of radiopaque materials within the specimen, providing information about its internal structure and composition at a microscopic level.

Microradiography can be used for various applications in medical research and diagnosis, including the study of bone and tooth microstructure, the analysis of tissue pathology, and the examination of mineralized tissues such as calcifications or osteogenic lesions. The technique offers high resolution and contrast, making it a valuable tool for researchers and clinicians seeking to understand the complex structures and processes that occur at the microscopic level in living organisms.

Phosphates, in a medical context, refer to the salts or esters of phosphoric acid. Phosphates play crucial roles in various biological processes within the human body. They are essential components of bones and teeth, where they combine with calcium to form hydroxyapatite crystals. Phosphates also participate in energy transfer reactions as phosphate groups attached to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Additionally, they contribute to buffer systems that help maintain normal pH levels in the body.

Abnormal levels of phosphates in the blood can indicate certain medical conditions. High phosphate levels (hyperphosphatemia) may be associated with kidney dysfunction, hyperparathyroidism, or excessive intake of phosphate-containing products. Low phosphate levels (hypophosphatemia) might result from malnutrition, vitamin D deficiency, or certain diseases affecting the small intestine or kidneys. Both hypophosphatemia and hyperphosphatemia can have significant impacts on various organ systems and may require medical intervention.

In the context of nutrition and health, minerals are inorganic elements that are essential for various bodily functions, such as nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, and bone structure. They are required in small amounts compared to macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) and are obtained from food and water.

Some of the major minerals include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride, while trace minerals or microminerals are required in even smaller amounts and include iron, zinc, copper, manganese, iodine, selenium, and fluoride.

It's worth noting that the term "minerals" can also refer to geological substances found in the earth, but in medical terminology, it specifically refers to the essential inorganic elements required for human health.

The otolithic membrane is a part of the inner ear's vestibular system, which contributes to our sense of balance and spatial orientation. It is composed of a gelatinous material containing tiny calcium carbonate crystals called otoconia or otoliths. These crystals provide weight to the membrane, allowing it to detect linear acceleration and gravity-induced head movements.

There are two otolithic membranes in each inner ear, located within the utricle and saccule, two of the three main vestibular organs. The utricle is primarily responsible for detecting horizontal movement and head tilts, while the saccule senses vertical motion and linear acceleration.

Damage to the otolithic membrane can result in balance disorders, vertigo, or dizziness.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a polypeptide hormone that plays a crucial role in the regulation of calcium and phosphate levels in the body. It is produced and secreted by the parathyroid glands, which are four small endocrine glands located on the back surface of the thyroid gland.

The primary function of PTH is to maintain normal calcium levels in the blood by increasing calcium absorption from the gut, mobilizing calcium from bones, and decreasing calcium excretion by the kidneys. PTH also increases phosphate excretion by the kidneys, which helps to lower serum phosphate levels.

In addition to its role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis, PTH has been shown to have anabolic effects on bone tissue, stimulating bone formation and preventing bone loss. However, chronic elevations in PTH levels can lead to excessive bone resorption and osteoporosis.

Overall, Parathyroid Hormone is a critical hormone that helps maintain mineral homeostasis and supports healthy bone metabolism.

Magnesium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Mg(OH)2. It is a white solid that is amphoteric, meaning it can react as both an acid and a base. Magnesium hydroxide is commonly used as an over-the-counter antacid to neutralize stomach acid and relieve symptoms of heartburn, acid indigestion, and upset stomach. It works by increasing the pH of the stomach, which can help to reduce the production of stomach acid.

Magnesium hydroxide is also used as a laxative to relieve constipation, as it has a softening effect on stools and stimulates bowel movements. In addition, magnesium hydroxide is sometimes used in medical procedures to neutralize or wash away stomach acid, for example during endoscopies or the treatment of poisoning.

It's important to note that while magnesium hydroxide is generally considered safe when used as directed, it can cause side effects such as diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal cramps. In addition, people with kidney disease or severe heart or lung conditions should use magnesium hydroxide with caution, as it can worsen these conditions in some cases.

Crystallization is a process in which a substance transitions from a liquid or dissolved state to a solid state, forming a crystal lattice. In the medical context, crystallization can refer to the formation of crystals within the body, which can occur under certain conditions such as changes in pH, temperature, or concentration of solutes. These crystals can deposit in various tissues and organs, leading to the formation of crystal-induced diseases or disorders.

For example, in patients with gout, uric acid crystals can accumulate in joints, causing inflammation, pain, and swelling. Similarly, in nephrolithiasis (kidney stones), minerals in the urine can crystallize and form stones that can obstruct the urinary tract. Crystallization can also occur in other medical contexts, such as in the formation of dental calculus or plaque, and in the development of cataracts in the eye.

Dihydrotachysterol is a synthetic form of vitamin D that is used as a medication to treat hypocalcemia (low levels of calcium in the blood) in people with certain medical conditions, such as hypoparathyroidism and vitamin D deficiency. It works by increasing the absorption of calcium from the gut and promoting the release of calcium from bones into the bloodstream.

Dihydrotachysterol is available in tablet form and is typically taken once or twice a day, with the dosage adjusted based on the individual's response to treatment and serum calcium levels. Common side effects of dihydrotachysterol include hypercalcemia (high levels of calcium in the blood), nausea, vomiting, and constipation. It is important to monitor serum calcium levels regularly while taking this medication to prevent toxicity.

In medicine, "absorption" refers to the process by which substances, including nutrients, medications, or toxins, are taken up and assimilated into the body's tissues or bloodstream after they have been introduced into the body via various routes (such as oral, intravenous, or transdermal).

The absorption of a substance depends on several factors, including its chemical properties, the route of administration, and the presence of other substances that may affect its uptake. For example, some medications may be better absorbed when taken with food, while others may require an empty stomach for optimal absorption.

Once a substance is absorbed into the bloodstream, it can then be distributed to various tissues throughout the body, where it may exert its effects or be metabolized and eliminated by the body's detoxification systems. Understanding the process of absorption is crucial in developing effective medical treatments and determining appropriate dosages for medications.

Sodium bicarbonate, also known as baking soda, is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3. It is a white solid that is crystalline but often appears as a fine powder. It has a slightly salty, alkaline taste and is commonly used in cooking as a leavening agent.

In a medical context, sodium bicarbonate is used as a medication to treat conditions caused by high levels of acid in the body, such as metabolic acidosis. It works by neutralizing the acid and turning it into a harmless salt and water. Sodium bicarbonate can be given intravenously or orally, depending on the severity of the condition being treated.

It is important to note that sodium bicarbonate should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as it can have serious side effects if not used properly. These may include fluid buildup in the body, electrolyte imbalances, and an increased risk of infection.

Polyamines are organic compounds with more than one amino group (-NH2) and at least one carbon atom bonded to two or more amino groups. They are found in various tissues and fluids of living organisms and play important roles in many biological processes, such as cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). Polyamines are also involved in the regulation of ion channels and transporters, DNA replication and gene expression. The most common polyamines found in mammalian cells are putrescine, spermidine, and spermine. They are derived from the decarboxylation of amino acids such as ornithine and methionine. Abnormal levels of polyamines have been associated with various pathological conditions, including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a type of electron microscopy that uses a focused beam of electrons to scan the surface of a sample and produce a high-resolution image. In SEM, a beam of electrons is scanned across the surface of a specimen, and secondary electrons are emitted from the sample due to interactions between the electrons and the atoms in the sample. These secondary electrons are then detected by a detector and used to create an image of the sample's surface topography. SEM can provide detailed images of the surface of a wide range of materials, including metals, polymers, ceramics, and biological samples. It is commonly used in materials science, biology, and electronics for the examination and analysis of surfaces at the micro- and nanoscale.

Biological availability is a term used in pharmacology and toxicology that refers to the degree and rate at which a drug or other substance is absorbed into the bloodstream and becomes available at the site of action in the body. It is a measure of the amount of the substance that reaches the systemic circulation unchanged, after administration by any route (such as oral, intravenous, etc.).

The biological availability (F) of a drug can be calculated using the area under the curve (AUC) of the plasma concentration-time profile after extravascular and intravenous dosing, according to the following formula:

F = (AUCex/AUCiv) x (Doseiv/Doseex)

where AUCex is the AUC after extravascular dosing, AUCiv is the AUC after intravenous dosing, Doseiv is the intravenous dose, and Doseex is the extravascular dose.

Biological availability is an important consideration in drug development and therapy, as it can affect the drug's efficacy, safety, and dosage regimen. Drugs with low biological availability may require higher doses to achieve the desired therapeutic effect, while drugs with high biological availability may have a more rapid onset of action and require lower doses to avoid toxicity.

Calcium is an essential mineral that is vital for various physiological processes in the human body. The medical definition of calcium is as follows:

Calcium (Ca2+) is a crucial cation and the most abundant mineral in the human body, with approximately 99% of it found in bones and teeth. It plays a vital role in maintaining structural integrity, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, hormonal secretion, blood coagulation, and enzyme activation.

Calcium homeostasis is tightly regulated through the interplay of several hormones, including parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D. Dietary calcium intake, absorption, and excretion are also critical factors in maintaining optimal calcium levels in the body.

Hypocalcemia refers to low serum calcium levels, while hypercalcemia indicates high serum calcium levels. Both conditions can have detrimental effects on various organ systems and require medical intervention to correct.

Hypercalcemia is a medical condition characterized by an excess of calcium ( Ca2+ ) in the blood. While the normal range for serum calcium levels is typically between 8.5 to 10.2 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter) or 2.14 to 2.55 mmol/L (millimoles per liter), hypercalcemia is generally defined as a serum calcium level greater than 10.5 mg/dL or 2.6 mmol/L.

Hypercalcemia can result from various underlying medical disorders, including primary hyperparathyroidism, malignancy (cancer), certain medications, granulomatous diseases, and excessive vitamin D intake or production. Symptoms of hypercalcemia may include fatigue, weakness, confusion, memory loss, depression, constipation, nausea, vomiting, increased thirst, frequent urination, bone pain, and kidney stones. Severe or prolonged hypercalcemia can lead to serious complications such as kidney failure, cardiac arrhythmias, and calcification of soft tissues. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question as Polyethylenes are not a medical term, but rather a category of synthetic polymers commonly used in various industrial and medical applications. Here's a brief overview:

Polyethylene (PE) is a type of thermoplastic polymer made from the monomer ethylene. It is a versatile material with numerous applications due to its chemical resistance, durability, and flexibility. There are several types of polyethylenes, including:

1. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE): This type has a lower density and more branching in its molecular structure, which results in less crystallinity. LDPE is known for its flexibility and is often used in packaging films, bags, and containers.
2. High-density polyethylene (HDPE): HDPE has a higher density and less branching, resulting in greater crystallinity. It is more rigid than LDPE and is commonly used in applications such as bottles, pipes, and containers.
3. Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE): This type combines the flexibility of LDPE with some of the strength and rigidity of HDPE. LLDPE has fewer branches than LDPE but more than HDPE. It is often used in film applications, such as stretch wrap and agricultural films.
4. Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE): UHMWPE has an extremely high molecular weight, resulting in exceptional wear resistance, impact strength, and chemical resistance. It is commonly used in medical applications, such as orthopedic implants and joint replacements, due to its biocompatibility and low friction coefficient.

While polyethylenes are not a medical term per se, they do have significant medical applications, particularly UHMWPE in orthopedic devices.

Lanthanum is not a medical term itself, but it is a chemical element with the symbol "La" and atomic number 57. It is a soft, ductile, silvery-white metal that belongs to the lanthanide series in the periodic table.

However, in medical contexts, lanthanum may be mentioned as a component of certain medications or medical devices. For example, lanthanum carbonate (trade name Fosrenol) is a medication used to treat hyperphosphatemia (elevated levels of phosphate in the blood) in patients with chronic kidney disease. Lanthanum carbonate works by binding to phosphate in the gastrointestinal tract, preventing its absorption into the bloodstream.

It is important to note that lanthanum compounds are not biologically active and do not have any specific medical effects on their own. Any medical uses of lanthanum are related to its physical or chemical properties, rather than its biological activity.

Seawater is not a medical term, but it is a type of water that covers more than 70% of the Earth's surface. Medically, seawater can be relevant in certain contexts, such as in discussions of marine biology, environmental health, or water safety. Seawater has a high salt content, with an average salinity of around 3.5%, which is much higher than that of freshwater. This makes it unsuitable for drinking or irrigation without desalination.

Exposure to seawater can also have medical implications, such as in cases of immersion injuries, marine envenomations, or waterborne illnesses. However, there is no single medical definition of seawater.

Construction materials are substances or components that are used in the building and construction of infrastructure, such as buildings, roads, bridges, and other structures. These materials can be naturally occurring, like wood, stone, and clay, or they can be manufactured, like steel, concrete, and glass. The choice of construction material depends on various factors, including the project's requirements, structural strength, durability, cost, and sustainability.

In a medical context, construction materials may refer to the substances used in the construction or fabrication of medical devices, equipment, or furniture. These materials must meet strict regulations and standards to ensure they are safe, biocompatible, and do not pose a risk to patients or healthcare workers. Examples of medical construction materials include surgical-grade stainless steel, medical-grade plastics, and radiation-shielding materials used in the construction of medical imaging equipment enclosures.

Hydrogen-ion concentration, also known as pH, is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. The standard unit of measurement is the pH unit. A pH of 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, and greater than 7 is basic.

In medical terms, hydrogen-ion concentration is important for maintaining homeostasis within the body. For example, in the stomach, a high hydrogen-ion concentration (low pH) is necessary for the digestion of food. However, in other parts of the body such as blood, a high hydrogen-ion concentration can be harmful and lead to acidosis. Conversely, a low hydrogen-ion concentration (high pH) in the blood can lead to alkalosis. Both acidosis and alkalosis can have serious consequences on various organ systems if not corrected.

Nacre is not typically defined in the context of medicine, but it is a term used in the field of dentistry. Medically, nacre refers to the mother of pearl substance that lines the inner shell of mollusks and pearls, which has been used as a material for making dental restorations due to its toughness and iridescent appearance. It can also be referred to as "mophus" in dentistry.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Strongylocentrotus purpuratus" is not a medical term. It is the scientific name for a species of sea urchin that is often used in biological research. The purple sea urchin, as it is commonly known, is native to the Pacific coast of North America and is widely studied in developmental biology, genetics, and evolution due to its simple and well-understood anatomy.

Calcium isotopes refer to variants of the chemical element calcium (ca) that have different numbers of neutrons in their atomic nuclei, and therefore differ in their atomic masses while having the same number of protons. The most common and stable calcium isotope is Calcium-40, which contains 20 protons and 20 neutrons. However, calcium has several other isotopes, including Calcium-42, Calcium-43, Calcium-44, and Calcium-46 to -52, each with different numbers of neutrons. Some of these isotopes are radioactive and decay over time. The relative abundances of calcium isotopes can vary in different environments and can provide information about geological and biological processes.

Chelating agents are substances that can bind and form stable complexes with certain metal ions, preventing them from participating in chemical reactions. In medicine, chelating agents are used to remove toxic or excessive amounts of metal ions from the body. For example, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is a commonly used chelating agent that can bind with heavy metals such as lead and mercury, helping to eliminate them from the body and reduce their toxic effects. Other chelating agents include dimercaprol (BAL), penicillamine, and deferoxamine. These agents are used to treat metal poisoning, including lead poisoning, iron overload, and copper toxicity.

Magnesium is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in various biological processes in the human body. It is the fourth most abundant cation in the body and is involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions, including protein synthesis, muscle and nerve function, blood glucose control, and blood pressure regulation. Magnesium also contributes to the structural development of bones and teeth.

In medical terms, magnesium deficiency can lead to several health issues, such as muscle cramps, weakness, heart arrhythmias, and seizures. On the other hand, excessive magnesium levels can cause symptoms like diarrhea, nausea, and muscle weakness. Magnesium supplements or magnesium-rich foods are often recommended to maintain optimal magnesium levels in the body.

Some common dietary sources of magnesium include leafy green vegetables, nuts, seeds, legumes, whole grains, and dairy products. Magnesium is also available in various forms as a dietary supplement, including magnesium oxide, magnesium citrate, magnesium chloride, and magnesium glycinate.

"Pectinidae" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic category in the field of biology, specifically a family of marine bivalve mollusks commonly known as scallops. The members of this family are characterized by their fan-shaped shells and their ability to swim by clapping their valves together. If you have any questions about a medical term, I would be happy to help with that instead.

... at least one study suggests that calcium carbonate might be as bioavailable as the calcium in cow's milk. Calcium carbonate is ... Calcium carbonate is a main source for growing biorock. Precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), pre-dispersed in slurry form, is ... Materials containing much calcium carbonate or resembling it are described as calcareous. Calcium carbonate is the active ... Calcium carbonate occurs as aragonite, calcite and dolomite as significant constituents of the calcium cycle. The carbonate ...
... (ACC) is the amorphous and least stable polymorph of calcium carbonate. ACC is extremely unstable ... Calcium carbonate is used as a calcium supplement worldwide, however, it is known that its bioavailability is very low, only ... Shu-Chen Huang, Kensuke Naka & Yoshiki Chujo (2007). "A carbonate controlled-addition method for amorphous calcium carbonate ... Due to the ability to tune the size and morphology of the amorphous calcium carbonate particles (as well as other calcium ...
The main body of the ball was made of amorphous cement, which gave an analysis of primarily calcium carbonate, plus calcium ... calcium carbonate; porphyry; and syenite - with sizes recorded were from approximately 0.75 to 3 inches (19 to 76 mm). Some of ...
... calcium carbonate, calcium citrate, calcium gluconate, calcium lactate, and calcium phosphate. The absorption of calcium from ... Coral calcium is a salt of calcium derived from fossilized coral reefs. Coral calcium is composed of calcium carbonate and ... Calcium lactate has similar absorption as calcium carbonate, but is more expensive. Calcium lactate and calcium gluconate are ... It is more expensive than calcium carbonate and more of it must be taken to get the same amount of calcium. Calcium phosphate ...
RUTHERFORD J. GETTENS; ELISABETH WEST FITZHUGH; ROBERT L. FELLER (August 1974). "CALCIUM CARBONATE WHITES". Studies in ...
May 2002). "Polypropylene/calcium carbonate nanocomposites". Polymer. 43 (10): 2981-2992. doi:10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00120-9. ...
It is the indispensable ingredient for making calcium carbonate, which in turn is used to make white sugar from sugar beets. ... "Calcium Carbonate - Agriculture Markets". congcal.com. Congcal. October 6, 2021. Archived from the original on October 5, 2021 ... The calcite limestone produced at Michigan Limestone is the white calcium carbonate chemical. It is low in iron, alumina, ... According to the Oglebay Norton, this quarry is "producing high-calcium carbonate limestone ... and shipping between 7 and 10.5 ...
Rohleder, Johannes (2001). "The beginnings: Calcium carbonate in glazing putty and rubber". Calcium Carbonate: 138-159. doi: ... other mineral sources of calcium carbonate, or the mineral gypsum (calcium sulfate). While gypsum-based blackboard chalk is the ... In chalk, absence of this calcium carbonate conversion process prevented early cementation, which partially accounts for ... are primarily made of gypsum rather than calcium carbonate chalk. Glazing putty mainly contains chalk as a filler in linseed ...
Other preparations use calcium carbonate. Gas-forming agents in effervescent tablet and powder formulations can also double as ... Aspirin decomposes rapidly in solutions of ammonium acetate or the acetates, carbonates, citrates, or hydroxides of the alkali ...
Its chemical makeup: calcium carbonate. Limestone can be processed for use in road surfaces and the manufacture of concrete, ...
Maalox (Calcium carbonate), an antacid. Nasacort (Triamcinolone), for allergic rhinitis. Novaldol (Paracetamol), for pain and ...
Dolomite - Calcium-magnesium carbonate soil. Flint - Siliceous stone that reflects and retains heat well. The Pouilly-Fumé wine ... Calcareous soil - Alkaline soil with high levels of calcium and Magnesium carbonate. Soil typically cool in temperature and ... Gypsum - Calcium sulfate based soil that is formed through the evaporation of seawater. It is a high absorbent soil that has ... These include calcium which helps to neutralize the Soil pH levels, iron which is essential for photosynthesis, magnesium which ...
Softened water (measured as residual sodium carbonate index) in which calcium and magnesium have been partly replaced by sodium ... Once carbon dioxide leaves the liquid a chemical reaction immediately drives formation of calcium carbonate crystals on the ... Gebauer, Denis; Völkel, Antje; Cölfen, Helmut (2008). "Stable Prenucleation Calcium Carbonate Clusters". Science. 322 (5909): ... which converts the chlorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium into their respective carbonates, which get precipitated. ...
They secrete tubes of calcium carbonate. Serpulids have most advanced biomineralization system among the annelids. Serpulids ...
Its mineralized skeleton contains calcium carbonate. This marine species occurs in the Indo-West Pacific. Bouchet, P. (2012). ...
Oolites usually consist of calcium carbonate; these belong to the limestone rock family. Pisoids are similar to ooids, but are ... Most modern ooids are aragonite, a polymorph of calcium carbonate; some are composed of high-magnesium calcite, and some are ... There are several factors that affect ooid growth: supersaturation of the water with respect to calcium carbonate, the ... usually composed of calcium carbonate, but sometimes made up of iron- or phosphate-based minerals. Ooids usually form on the ...
Some species biomineralize in calcium carbonate. Circulatory system is open type. Heart of Hemichordates is dorsal. Together ...
Calcium acetate/magnesium carbonate Patel, L; Bernard, LM; Elder, GJ (14 December 2015). "Sevelamer versus calcium-based ... If calcium is already being used as a supplement, additional calcium used as a phosphate binder may cause hypercalcemia and ... One may avoid these adverse effects by using phosphate binders that do not contain calcium or aluminium as active ingredients, ... Phosphate binders may be simple molecular entities (such as magnesium, aluminium, calcium, or lanthanum salts) that react with ...
"TUMS ULTRA- calcium carbonate tablet, chewable". nih.gov. National Library of Medicine at NIH. December 12, 2018. Retrieved ... Tums (stylized as TUMS) is an antacid made of sucrose (table sugar) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) manufactured by Haleon in St ...
The calcium carbonate in the limestone thermally decomposes to form calcium oxide. calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon ...
These corals produce calcium carbonate skeletons. Millepora squarrosa prefer shallow water and hard substrate, and tend to be ... Ocean acidification is causing harm to corals in the Millepora genus due to a reduction in the calcium carbonate that can be ... In order to get the necessary nutrients for calcium carbonate skeleton production Millepora corals have a symbiotic ...
These are cemented by calcium carbonate. The Greenhorn Limestone region, Blue Hills or Kearney Hills, in the central region is ...
It is essential that large particles (> 150 μm for calcium carbonate and > 45 μm for quartz) should be eliminated from the ... Strontium and barium act as calcium replacements, and only start to reduce clinker reactivity at levels of 1.5% and 0.2% ... It consists mainly of CO2 from carbonates, H2O from clay hydrates, and organic carbon. Using these materials, typical rawmixes ... Rawmixes are formulated to contain a correctly balanced chemistry for the production of calcium silicates (alite and belite) ...
Oxygen isotope in calcium carbonates has become the most widely applied as geothermometer for estimating ancient ocean ... Biogenic calcium carbonate has two polymorphs; calcite by foraminifera and coccolith and aragonite by corals and pteropods. ... Carbonate in marine sediments predominantly comes from calcifying organisms, with a minor contribution from diagenesis and ... Marine carbonate ooids are formed in warm, supersaturated, shallow, highly agitated marine water intertidal environments, and ...
... is a mineral that is a hydrous form of calcium carbonate, CaCO3·H2O. It was formerly also known by the name ... Monohydrocalcite forms via a Mg-rich amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) precursor. This Mg-rich ACC forms rapidly (seconds) and ... Monohydrocalcite is not a common rock-forming mineral, but is frequently associated with other calcium and magnesium carbonate ... doi:10.1016/0016-7037(73)90227-5.. Webmineral Mindat (Calcium minerals, Carbonate minerals). ...
Calcium is stored in geologic reservoirs, most commonly in the form of calcium carbonate or as calcium silicate. Calcium- ... calcium silicate, and calcium carbonate, basalt-seawater reaction, and dolomitization. Biogenic calcium carbonate is formed ... The isotope Calcium-44 can help to indicate variations in calcium carbonate over long timespans and help explain variants in ... The solubility of calcium carbonate increases with pressure and carbon dioxide and decreases with temperature. Thus, calcium ...
The top filler materials used are ground calcium carbonate (GCC), precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), kaolin, talc, and ... The additions of calcium carbonate and talc will increase the elastic modulus, while the addition of elastic filler materials ... Calcium carbonate powder accounts for 97% of the composition will bring white/opaque products more whiteness. So manufacturers ... Referred to as "chalk" in the plastic industry, calcium carbonate is derived from limestone and marble. It is used in many ...
Calcium carbonate is used for neutralizing. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shinaki Dam. v t e (Technology articles ...
This results in calcium carbonate mud. The juice is then again heated to 55°C and lime and CO2 is added till a pH of 8.4-8.6 is ... which get held up in calcium carbonate crystals. The flashed juice is then transferred to a clarification tank. In this ... During purification, calcium hydroxide, also known as milk of lime or limewater, is added to the cane juice to adjust its pH to ...
... is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It is a very common mineral, ... "Synthesis of precipitated calcium carbonate: a review". Carbonates and Evaporites. 33 (2): 331-346. doi:10.1007/s13146-017-0341 ... Continued dissolution of calcium carbonate-rich formations can lead to the expansion and eventual collapse of cave systems, ... Other polymorphs of calcium carbonate are the minerals aragonite and vaterite. Aragonite will change to calcite over timescales ...
... at least one study suggests that calcium carbonate might be as bioavailable as the calcium in cows milk. Calcium carbonate is ... Calcium carbonate is a main source for growing biorock. Precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), pre-dispersed in slurry form, is ... Materials containing much calcium carbonate or resembling it are described as calcareous. Calcium carbonate is the active ... Calcium carbonate occurs as aragonite, calcite and dolomite as significant constituents of the calcium cycle. The carbonate ...
The physicochemical and mechanical properties of two calcium phosphate carbonate cements (CPCC-1 and CPCC-2) formed in solution ... The physicochemical and mechanical properties of two calcium phosphate carbonate cements (CPCC-1 and CPCC-2) formed in solution ... Markovic, M. , Takagi, S. and Chow, L. (2008), Properties of Calcium Phosphate Carbonate Cements, Society for Biomaterials ( ... Biological apatites normally contain carbonates (the carbonate content in human hard tissues is between 3 and 7 mass %) and ...
The combination of calcium carbonate and magnesium is commonly found in antacids. These medicines provide heartburn relief. ... The combination of calcium carbonate and magnesium is commonly found in antacids. These medicines provide heartburn relief. ... Calcium carbonate with magnesium overdose occurs when someone takes more than the normal or recommended amount of medicine that ... The combination of calcium carbonate and magnesium is commonly found in antacids. These medicines provide heartburn relief. ...
... the annual production volume of calcium carbonate in Qatar was estimated to be about 47 thousand metric tons, compared to 75 ... Annual production volume of calcium carbonate in Qatar from 2012 to 2018 (in 1,000 metric tons) ... 2021). Annual production volume of calcium carbonate in Qatar from 2012 to 2018 (in 1,000 metric tons). Statista. Statista Inc ... Production of calcium carbonate Qatar 2012-2018 Published by Amna Puri-Mirza, ...
... calcium carbonate. Tiny shells reveal clues to ocean health in North Pacific. By Anne Snabes Medill Reports Calcium carbonate, ...
CALCIUM CARBONATE (UNII: H0G9379FGK) (CALCIUM CATION - UNII:2M83C4R6ZB) CALCIUM CATION. 420 mg. ... ARAMARK ANTACID CHEWABLE- calcium carbonate tablet. To receive this label RSS feed. Copy the URL below and paste it into your ... ARAMARK ANTACID CHEWABLE- calcium carbonate tablet. If this SPL contains inactivated NDCs listed by the FDA initiated ... calcium carbonate 420 MG Chewable Tablet. SCD. 3. 313884. calcium carbonate 420 MG (calcium 168 MG) Chewable Tablet. SY. ...
Calcium Carbonate,648 mg, round, white, imprinted with RP 106slide 2 of 5 Calcium Antacidslide 3 of 5, Calcium Antacid,500 mg, ... round, fruit, imprinted with RP101slide 3 of 5 Calcium Carbonateslide 4 of ... What is calcium carbonate?. Calcium is a mineral that is found naturally in foods. Calcium is necessary for many normal ... high levels of calcium in your blood.. Ask a doctor before using calcium carbonate if you are pregnant or breast-feeding. Your ...
... low calcium levels, prevent low calcium levels, high phosphate levels. Generic Name: Calcium Carbonate. ... Calcium Carbonate Oral Tablet 648 mg Calcium Carbonate Oral Tablet 648 mg. This medicine is used for the following purposes:. * ...
... () Yaran Zhang, Ping Ma, Yao Wang, Juan Du ... Y. Zhang, P. Ma, Y. Wang, J. Du, Q. Zhou, Z. Zhu, X. Yang and J. Yuan, "Biocompatibility of Porous Spherical Calcium Carbonate ... G. B. Sukhorukov, D. V. Volodkin and A. M. Günther, A. I. Petrov, D. B. Shenoy and H. M?hwald, "Porous Calcium Carbonate ... Y. Ueno, H. Futagawa, Y. Takagi, A. Ueno and Y. Mizushima, "Drug-Incorporating Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles for a New ...
Chemistry: CaCO3, Calcium Carbonate *Class: Carbonates *Group: Aragonite *Uses: minor constituent of limestone which is used in ... Carbonates. Elements. Halides. Oxides. Phosphates. Silicates. Sulfates. Sulfides. Fluorescent Minerals. Properties. Rocks. ... This "mud" is actually a calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron carbonate mineral called kutnahorite. Close examination under at ... Scattered among the Aragonite clusters are shiny, black botryoidal formations of kutnahorite, a carbonate of calcium, magnesium ...
HOME › Press Releases › Calcium Carbonate Market worth $28.3 billion by 2024 Calcium Carbonate Market worth $28.3 billion by ... are the key players operating in the calcium carbonate market. Don t miss out on business opportunities in Calcium Carbonate ... demand for calcium carbonate-reinforced polypropylene from the automotive industry and the ability of calcium carbonate to ... Ground calcium carbonate is widely used as fillers in the plastic, rubber, and paper industries because of its low cost. It ...
This calcium carbonate is a natural mineral sourced from high purity white minerals from the richest stone belts. It is ideal ... Calcium carbonate is obtained by crushing and grinding limestone carefully from rich stone belts. ...
Does the addition of calcium carbonate to polyester resin reduces shrinkage ? Its for boat mold making. thank you ... calcium carbonate and talc are often used to fill resin to give the casting the look of porcelain or marble ... Effect of calcium carbonate. Discussion in Materials started by Kastally80, May 10, 2010. ... Does the addition of calcium carbonate to polyester resin reduces shrinkage ?. Its for boat mold making.. thank you ...
Fass environmental information for Calcichew-D3 Citron (calcium carbonate, colecalciferol) from Takeda (downloaded 2021-06-29). ...
Calcium Carbonate is found in chalk, limestone, marble and travertine.. Calcium Carbonate has a gazillion uses that are not ... Our Calcium Carbonate is a mineral, but when it is processed, the lubricants used on the machines that process it, may not be ... Calcium Carbonate absorbs moisture. So, it is often added to face powders to increase the ability of the makeup to absorb ... In cosmetics, Calcium Carbonate makes a great absorber in foundations, primers and finishing powders. Use in a percentage of ...
Calcium carbonate supplies calcium, and is a vital component of healthy metabolic function. Get this and more dietary ... Calcium Carbonate Powder and Heart Health. Calcium supplements may enhance heart health due to how calcium interacts with fats ... What is Calcium Carbonate?. Calcium carbonate (chemical formula CaCO3) occurs naturally in rocks like limestone, most often as ... Calcium Carbonate Antacid Effects. Calcium carbonate is a common ingredient in antacids, as it helps relieve upset stomach, ...
Calcium carbonate anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri™, ACS reagent, ≥99%; CAS Number: 471-34-1; EC Number: 207-439-9; Linear ... Calcium carbonate is an inorganic compound that is commonly used as a solid base catalyst in some organic transformations. It ...
Standard Specification for Ground Calcium Carbonate and Aggregate Mineral Fillers for use in Hydraulic Cement Concrete. ... 1.1 This specification applies to ground calcium carbonate (GCC is a type of ground limestone) and other finely divided ... Standard Specification for Ground Calcium Carbonate and Aggregate Mineral Fillers for use in Hydraulic Cement Concrete C1797-17 ... This specification covers ground calcium carbonate (GCC, a type of ground limestone) and other finely divided aggregate mineral ...
X-ray Diffraction (XRD) results show that the crystal of calcium carbonate formed is all the calcite phase with a higher ... During the crystallization process, it is found that the morphology of the calcium carbonate can be strongly affected by the ... used BSA Langmuir monolayer as templates to study the effect of solute concentration on regulated biomineralization of calcium ... "Effect of Langmuir Monolayer of Bovine Serum Albumin Protein on the Morphology of Calcium Carbonate" written by Zhonghui Xue, ...
... acrylic and calcium carbonate on canvas by Lo Chan Peng. Painting size: 45.5 x 45.5 cm (17.9 x 17.9) Lo Chan Pengs available ... Lo Chan Peng - "Norwegian Wood" - ink, acrylic and calcium carbonate on canvas. $3,800.00 AUD $3,800.00 AUD + GST ... Lo Chan Peng - "Historic Movers - The Snake" - ink and acrylic on calcium carbonate canvas ... Lo Chan Peng - "Historic Movers - The Wolf" - ink and acrylic on calcium carbonate canvas ...
The global ground calcium carbonate market size was valued at USD 30.7 billion in 2022 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 6.6 ... Ground Calcium Carbonate Market Size, Share [2023 Report] GVR Report cover Ground Calcium Carbonate Market Size, Share & Trends ... How big is the ground calcium carbonate market? b. The global ground calcium carbonate market size was estimated at USD 30.7 ... What is the ground calcium carbonate market growth? b. The global ground calcium carbonate market is expected to grow at a ...
So, after the initial dose it says to give 100mg every 4 hours but I have been giving her 200mg since it s calcium carbonate ... Yesterday I began giving her calcium carbonate following HHP emergency treatment and she is active again but, only in the early ... and not elemental calcium. Is this correct? Thank you. ... Calcium carbonate contains 40% Elemental Calcium so if you are ... giving pure Calcium Carbonate as the only source of calcium for Gia, it would require 250mg of Calcium carbonate to provide ...
Calcium Carbonate Powder, Ground Calcium Carbonate Powder Gcc offered by Kothari Plaster Industries, Udaipur, Rajasthan. ... Ground Calcium Carbonate. Pioneers in the industry, we offer Calcium Carbonate Powder and Ground Calcium Carbonate Powder Gcc ... Calcium Carbonate, Coated Calcium carbonate, Uncoated Calcium Carbonate. ... Either limestone or marble may be used as the basis for crushed or ground calcium carbonate. Ground calcium carbonate, commonly ...
View images of aluminum hydroxide/aspirin/calcium carbonate/magnesium hydroxide and identify pills by imprint code, shape and ... Aluminum hydroxide/aspirin/calcium carbonate/magnesium hydroxide Pill Images. Note: Multiple pictures are displayed for those ...
You are here: Home > Library > Calcium isotope compositions of arc magmas; implications for Ca and carbonate recycling in ... CALCIUM ISOTOPE COMPOSITIONS OF ARC MAGMAS; IMPLICATIONS FOR CA AND CARBONATE RECYCLING IN SUBDUCTION ZONES ... Jin-Ting Kang, Yu-Han Qi, Kan Li, Jiang-Hao Bai, Hui-Min Yu, Wang Zheng, Zhao-Feng Zhang, and Fang Huang, 2021, Calcium isotope ... compositions of arc magmas: Implications for Ca and carbonate recycling in subduction zones: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v ...
Calcium (Calcium Carbonate)*Choline Bitartrate*Chromium (Chromium HVP Chelate)*Copper (Copper Citrate)*Folic Acid*Inositol* ... Tablets; Oral; Beta-Carotene (Provitamin A) 334 units; Biotin 25 mcg; Calcium (Calcium Carbonate) 275 mg; Choline Bitartrate 10 ... Vitamin B5 (Calcium D-Pantothenate)*Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride)*Vitamin C (Calcium Ascorbate)*Vitamin D3*Vitamin E (D ... Calcium Ascorbate) 30 mg; Vitamin D3 130 units; Vitamin E (D-Alpha Tocopherol Acid Succinate) 20 units; Zinc (Zinc Citrate, ...
Omya has announced a temporary surcharge on its calcium carbonate products in Europe, with immediate effect. ... Omya is a leading global producer of industrial minerals - mainly derived from calcium carbonate, dolomite and perlite - and a ... Omya is a leading global producer of industrial minerals - mainly derived from calcium carbonate, dolomite and perlite - and a ... Omya has announced a temporary surcharge on its calcium carbonate products in Europe, with immediate effect. With the ...
... into calcium carbonate (CaCO3), in the form of aragonite. This process accounts for about 15% of the global calcium carbonate ... Fraction of global calcium carbonate production that calcification (formation of an external skeleton through the ... transformation of dissolved inorganic carbon, into calcium carbonate (CaCO3)) accounts for. Range. ~15 % ...
OYSTER SHELL CALCIUM CARBONATE, CRUDE (UNII: 2E32821G6I) (OYSTER SHELL CALCIUM CARBONATE, CRUDE - UNII:2E32821G6I) OYSTER SHELL ... silver nitrate, oyster shell calcium carbonate, crude, cobaltous nitrate hexahydrate, cupric acetate, iron, potassium carbonate ... POTASSIUM CARBONATE (UNII: BQN1B9B9HA) (CARBONATE ION - UNII:7UJQ5OPE7D) POTASSIUM CARBONATE. 4 [hp_X] in 100 mL. ... oyster shell calcium carbonate, crude, cobaltous nitrate hexahydrate, cupric acetate, iron, potassium carbonate, magnesium ...
  • Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CaCO3. (wikipedia.org)
  • An unusual form of calcium carbonate is the hexahydrate ikaite, CaCO3·6H2O. (wikipedia.org)
  • Calcium carbonate (chemical formula CaCO3) occurs naturally in rocks like limestone, most often as calcite and aragonite minerals. (purebulk.com)
  • P.1437 right column 2nd paragraph: 'Calcification, or the formation of an external skeleton through the transformation of dissolved inorganic carbon, into calcium carbonate (CaCO3), in the form of aragonite. (harvard.edu)
  • It is explained that calcite is a type of calcium carbonate (formula CaCo3), an extremely pure natural calcium carbonate - in the case of Serbia with a purity of 99.63 percent, which makes it one of the purest calcium carbonates in the world. (bizlife.rs)
  • Calcium carbonate with general formula CaCO3 is some mineral which finding a lot in crust and extracting in different ways. (basekim.com)
  • CaCO3 Calcium Carbonate Processing Plant Posted: 2015-08-05. (goldfile.eu)
  • Pure Heavy Caco3 Calcium Carbonate 325 Mesh For Paint , Find Complete Details about Pure Heavy Caco3 Calcium Carbonate 325 Mesh For Paint,Coated Calcium Carbonate,Food Grade Calcium Carbonate 400 Mesh Natural Calcium Carbonate,Calcium Carbonate Powder In Vietnam 98%min Filler Coated Calcium Carbonate from Carbonate Supplier or Manufacturer-Shanghai Innovy Chemical New Materials Co., Ltd. (serwisminikoparki.pl)
  • The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of benznidazole-loaded calcium carbonate nanoparticles (BZN@CaCO3) on Trypanosoma cruzi strain Y. It was observed that BZN@CaCO3 was able to reduce the viability of epimastigote, trypomastigote and amastigote forms of T. cruzi with greater potency when compared with BZN. (bvsalud.org)
  • The calcination of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) is a major contributor to carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions that are changing our climate. (rsc.org)
  • Moreover, the calcination process requires high temperatures (∼900 °C). A novel low-temperature process for the decarbonisation of CaCO 3 is tested whereby the CO 2 is directly sequestered/mineralised in sodium carbonate. (rsc.org)
  • Calcium carbonate is obtained by crushing and grinding limestone carefully from rich stone belts. (makingcosmetics.com)
  • Calcium Carbonate is found in chalk, limestone, marble and travertine. (tkbtrading.com)
  • This specification covers ground calcium carbonate (GCC, a type of ground limestone) and other finely divided aggregate mineral filler (AMF) materials for use in concrete mixtures. (astm.org)
  • 1.1 This specification applies to ground calcium carbonate (GCC is a type of ground limestone) and other finely divided aggregate mineral filler (AMF) materials for use in concrete mixtures. (astm.org)
  • Ground calcium carbonate is manufactured by crushing and processing limestone to obtain the powder form of the product, which is classified based on specifications and properties. (grandviewresearch.com)
  • Either limestone or marble may be used as the basis for crushed or ground calcium carbonate. (indiamart.com)
  • Limestone and chalk are both forms of calcium carbonate and dolomite is a mixture of calcium and magnesium carbonates. (ctj-armatura.pl)
  • Chalk is a variety of limestone composed mainly of calcium carbonate derived from the shells of tiny marine animals known as foraminifera and from the calcareous remains of marine algae known as coccoliths. (ctj-armatura.pl)
  • Chalk" is a variety of "limestone" which is composed primarily of the shells of singlecelled, calcium carbonate secreting creatures. (ctj-armatura.pl)
  • Natural, ground Limestone - calcium carbonate. (panlodowegoogrodu.pl)
  • Calcium carbonate processing plant is a production line that obtaining ground calcium carbonate powder by grinding limestone or marble. (goldfile.eu)
  • Calcium carbonate processing plant is a calcium carbonate production line to make ground calcium carbonate powder Usually limestone or marble will serve as the basis material The plant will be equipped with calcium carbonate grinding mill to grind the raw material. (goldfile.eu)
  • Magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) has the calcite structure, whereas strontium carbonate (SrCO3) and barium carbonate (BaCO3) adopt the aragonite structure, reflecting their larger ionic radii. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Calcium carbonate crystallizes in three anhydrous polymorphs, of which calcite is the thermodynamically most stable at room temperature, aragonite is only slightly less so, and vaterite is the least stable. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unlike in calcite, the carbonate ions do not lie in a single plane pointing in the same direction. (galleries.com)
  • calcium carbonate ball mill capacity0.8-260th feeding size 25mm output size10-300 mesh fineness 30-400 mesh capacity20-200 th raw material calcite Jet Milling totally more than 100 kinds of materials. (arenavocats.fr)
  • The energy-saving calcium carbonate ball mill developed by Shanghai Clirik Machinery Co. calcite new construction material since these three gastrointestinal secretions have high pH values and … · 2. (arenavocats.fr)
  • Here, we explored the use of strontium/calcium ratio (Sr/Ca) of the calcite shells of benthic foraminifera as a potential seawater C-system proxy through a controlled growth experiment with two deep-sea species (Bulimina marginata and Cassidulina laevigata) and one intertidal species (Ammonia T6). (lu.se)
  • Use the calcium carbonate powder as directed. (uofmhealth.org)
  • Individuals may experience mild side effects while taking calcium carbonate powder. (purebulk.com)
  • Taking calcium carbonate powder with food reduces the risk of developing kidney stones and improves calcium absorption. (purebulk.com)
  • Pioneers in the industry, we offer Calcium Carbonate Powder and Ground Calcium Carbonate Powder Gcc from India. (indiamart.com)
  • I have written about many pieces of furniture I have painted using one of three DIY chalk paint recipes - nonsanded grout, Plaster of Paris, and Calcium Carbonate Powder. (ctj-armatura.pl)
  • Calcium carbonate processing plant is a calcium carbonate production line to make ground calcium carbonate powder. (goldfile.eu)
  • Calcium carbonate processing plant cost calcium carbonate powder near me calcium carbonate benefits for body calcium carbonate sds 2018 calcium carbonate water absorption is calcium carbonate solid or liquid 9.2 the rate of reaction of calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid calcium carbonate vs tums. (goldfile.eu)
  • Shanghai Clirik Machinery Co.,Ltd is the professional Calcium Carbonate Grinding Mill,Calcium Carbonate Grinding Machine,Calcium Carbonate Processing Plant manufacturer, devoted to the calcium carbonate powder grinding more than 10 years,If you are interested in calcium carbonate grinder machine, we are welcoming to your visiting. (goldfile.eu)
  • It is a calcium carbonate production line where ground calcium carbonate powder are made mechanically in factories. (goldfile.eu)
  • Solubility and Environmental Issues kaolin powder shaping Suppliers Ball Mill Prices powder food products sand maker silicate ball mill for grinding calcium carbonate can produce fine ground calcium carbonate powder D97 (5-22μm) and even ultra fine GCC powder with high capacity. (arenavocats.fr)
  • China white rubber powder calcium carbonate catalog and white rubber powder calcium carbonate manufacturer directory. (serwisminikoparki.pl)
  • Contact China Manufactory Shaanxi Dideu Medichem Co. Ltd for the product Calcium carbonate 99% powder Dideu. (serwisminikoparki.pl)
  • Calcium carbonate powder FOB Price: USD $85 / Ton Min. (serwisminikoparki.pl)
  • China Powder Calcium Carbonate and Calcium Carbonate, Ceramic Powder, Powder Coating White products are commonly for chemical use. (serwisminikoparki.pl)
  • Calcium Carbonate Powder manufacturers in Alwar, Rajasthan Exporters Of Quality Minerals Get Quotation Now Enquiry for Distributors: +91 97312 45655 ARAWALI SUPPLY CHAIN SOLUTIONS Our Company Our organization is known as one of the leading manufacturers of a wide range of Chemicals & Minerals, Powdered Chemicals and Industrial Chemicals. (serwisminikoparki.pl)
  • Contact China Manufactory Arshine Group Co., Ltd. for the product Calcium Formate 98.1% white powder Arshine. (serwisminikoparki.pl)
  • At present, calcium carbonate used is widely used for multiple functions, including as a mineral filler, whitening agent, and an alkalizing agent. (marketsandmarkets.com)
  • Calcium is a mineral that is found naturally in foods. (uofmhealth.org)
  • Ask a doctor or pharmacist before taking any multivitamins, mineral supplements, or antacids while you are taking calcium carbonate. (uofmhealth.org)
  • Aragonite is a common carbonate mineral. (galleries.com)
  • This calcium carbonate is a natural mineral sourced from high purity white minerals from the richest stone belts. (makingcosmetics.com)
  • Our Calcium Carbonate is a mineral, but when it is processed, the lubricants used on the machines that process it, may not be vegan. (tkbtrading.com)
  • Calcium is an essential mineral and electrolyte that the body needs to maintain optimum circulatory, digestive, and muscular health, and it's crucial for bone formation. (purebulk.com)
  • Adequate calcium intake is particularly important for older adults to inhibit loss of bone mass, as sustaining bone mineral density helps maintain bone strength. (purebulk.com)
  • Although calcium carbonate has various other mineral substitutes in pulp & paper applications, the product outperforms the rest. (grandviewresearch.com)
  • Ground calcium carbonate, commonly referred to as GCC, is very widely used as an industrial mineral. (indiamart.com)
  • Hydroxyapatite, a type of calcium phosphate that is similar to the mineral component of bone, is the most commercially popular calcium phosphate coating for biomedical implants [ 1 ]. (omicsonline.org)
  • In proportion to its size, Serbia is very rich in mineral resources, including those recognized by the European Union as critical for economic development, and calcium carbonate of good quality was found, the Ministry of Mining and Energy announced. (bizlife.rs)
  • Calcium Carbonate is one the most useful mineral which known by man and uses in expanded fields like water-based drilling or even in medicines and lots more which mention in following. (basekim.com)
  • Calcium carbonate crushing plant process is very simple, it is the use of crushing, transportation, industrial milling equipment containing calcium carbonate mineral raw materials for processing, can be used in the equipment are jaw crusher, calcium carbonate milling machines, conveyors, etc. (rustydeprez.be)
  • The increasing use of plastics in these industries for multiple purposes, such as decreasing costs in packaging and construction industries, reducing weight in automotive parts, and as an insulator in electronic products, is driving the demand for calcium carbonate in APAC. (marketsandmarkets.com)
  • Thus, driving the demand for calcium carbonate over the forecast period. (grandviewresearch.com)
  • Carbonate minerals with this same structure as aragonite belong to the Aragonite Group of minerals. (galleries.com)
  • There are many brands and forms of calcium carbonate available. (uofmhealth.org)
  • Preliminary results indicate that the temperature of formation of calcium carbonate veins place a strong control on achieving a successful U/Pb isochron. (confex.com)
  • Successful U/Pb isochrons have been achieved for a range of crustal ages and spreading rates, and indicate that calcium carbonate precipitation occurs within 25Myrs of crustal formation. (confex.com)
  • The use of microfluidics to investigate fungal calcium carbonate precipitation at thepore scale. (lu.se)
  • In this project, there are three aims: a) to collect samples from high pH sites and isolate fungal candidates that could grow in the alkaline concrete environment b) to test the ability of the isolated fungi to produce calcium precipitates under selected conditions and c) to grow the fungi in narrow spaces that resemble microcracks and follow the precipitation process followed by characterization of the precipitates. (lu.se)
  • Omya is a leading global producer of industrial minerals - mainly derived from calcium carbonate, dolomite and perlite - and a worldwide distributor of specialty chemicals. (adhesivesmag.com)
  • Delta ]CaO(s){+}CO2\uparrow }}} Calcium carbonate reacts with water that is saturated with carbon dioxide to form the soluble calcium bicarbonate. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the desiccator, ammonium carbonate is exposed to air and decomposes into ammonia, carbon dioxide, and water. (wikipedia.org)
  • The carbon dioxide then diffuses into the aqueous solution of calcium chloride, reacts with the calcium ions and the water, and forms calcium carbonate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Aragonite's more compact structure is composed of triangular carbonate ion groups ( CO 3 ), with a carbon at the center of the triangle and the three oxygens at each corner. (galleries.com)
  • Calcium carbonate decomposes to produce carbon dioxide and lime, both of which are used in the production of paper, glass, and steel. (grandviewresearch.com)
  • Calcium carbonate reacts vigorously with acids to produce the appropriate salt, carbon dioxide and water. (ctj-armatura.pl)
  • Decomposition None -Calcium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide to from calcium carbonate SCIENCE COMPANY - SAFETY DATA SHEET 2016 RV-5 Page 4 of 5 Printed 1/11/2017 Available for Android and iOS devices. (panlodowegoogrodu.pl)
  • Exposures exceeding the most stringent environmental criteria were found for calcium-carbonate (471341) and carbon-monoxide (630080) in lime kiln workers and sugar dust in sugar bin workers. (cdc.gov)
  • The authors conclude that workers were overexposed to calcium-carbonate, carbon-monoxide, sugar dust, total welding fumes, hexavalent chromium , iron-oxide, nickel, and calcium- oxide fumes at this facility. (cdc.gov)
  • Insights into past marine carbon cycling and water mass properties can be obtained by means of geochemical proxies calibrated through controlled laboratory experiments with accurate seawater carbonate system (C-system) manipulations. (lu.se)
  • To this aim, we used two experimental set-ups to decouple as much as possible the individual components of the carbonate system, i.e., changing pH at constant dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and changing DIC at constant pH. (lu.se)
  • It has medical use as a calcium supplement or as an antacid, but excessive consumption can be hazardous and cause hypercalcemia and digestive issues. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Dietary Supplement Information datasets contains additional product data on the dietary supplement(s) and non-prescription antacids containing calcium and/or magnesium reported by survey participants in the Dietary Supplement and Non-Prescription Antacid subsections of the Household Interview and in the two 24-hour dietary recall interviews. (cdc.gov)
  • Yes, Calcium Carbonate, Water, and Paint is all you need to make chalk paint. (ctj-armatura.pl)
  • We recommend using 48 cups of Calcium Carbonate per gallon paint depending on how smooth you want your chalk paint. (ctj-armatura.pl)
  • Chalk is a poorly compacted sedimentary calcium carbonate rock whose diagenesis is incomplete. (ctj-armatura.pl)
  • Spacefilling model of part of the crystal structure of calcium carbonate, CaCO₃ [Wikimedia] Ca-CO₃ is a very wide-spread com-pound, and is found in chalk, lime, mar-ble etc. (ctj-armatura.pl)
  • Metolius' Super Chalk blend includes premiumgrade magnesium carbonate, plus the "perfect" drying agent (a trade secret) that provides max sweat absorption and friction. (ctj-armatura.pl)
  • Buy Calcium Carbonate Chalk: Generic and Brand ViagraCialisLevitra online without Prescription. (ctj-armatura.pl)
  • Imerys (France), Omya AG (Switzerland), Minerals Technologies Inc. (US), Huber Engineered Materials (US), Mississippi Lime Company (US), Carmeuse (Belgium), Sibelco (Belgium), Midwest Calcium Carbonate (US), Calcinor SA (Spain), and Excalibar Minerals LLC (US) are the key players operating in the calcium carbonate market. (marketsandmarkets.com)
  • Omya has announced a temporary surcharge on its calcium carbonate products in Europe, with immediate effect. (adhesivesmag.com)
  • What does aluminum hydroxide/aspirin/calcium carbonate/magnesium hydroxide look like? (drugs.com)
  • These carbonates can be used as a calcium source in the milk products and as alkali for the manufacture of calcium salts such as citrate, ascorbate, lactate… Carbonate can be used as anti-caking agent in the manufacture of chewing-gums. (scora.com)
  • During 2018, the annual production volume of calcium carbonate in Qatar was estimated to be about 47 thousand metric tons, compared to 75 thousand metric tons in 2012. (statista.com)
  • Also, the global calcium market was at 125,282.6 kilotons in 2018 and is projected to register a cagr 4.4% between 2019 and 2024. (marketsandmarkets.com)
  • 22-8-2018 · Processing Plant for Calcium Carbonate Ecutec Barcelona. (goldfile.eu)
  • This technology will enable industrial symbiosis by combining the high-temperature lime and sodium carbonate manufacturing processes into a single low-temperature process and greatly reduce the chemical (raw material) CO 2 emissions associated with the production of cement and lime. (rsc.org)
  • Hazards Associated with Sodium Carbonate If improperly handled, or in the event of accidental exposure, sodium carbonate can pose several hazards to your health and safety. (panlodowegoogrodu.pl)
  • Calcium carbonate with magnesium overdose occurs when someone takes more than the normal or recommended amount of medicine that contains these ingredients. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Gia must ingest adequate if not somewhat more fluids during the period of time where Calcium supplementation occurs. (thesquirrelboard.com)
  • Ground calcium carbonate is widely used as fillers in the plastic, rubber, and paper industries because of its low cost. (marketsandmarkets.com)
  • Additionally, the cost of polymer composites can be reduced significantly by replacing expensive resins with affordable ground calcium carbonate fillers. (grandviewresearch.com)
  • The growing demand for calcium carbonate in the paper sector can be attributed to the particle size of GCC which helps in better water drainage compared to kaolin fillers. (grandviewresearch.com)
  • Pure calcium carbonate (such as for food or pharmaceutical use), can be produced from a pure quarried source (usually marble). (wikipedia.org)
  • The plant will be equipped with calcium carbonate grinding mill to gr. (goldfile.eu)
  • Intelligent treatment techniques are required for crushing, grinding, classifying, sorting and dewatering calcium carbonate. (goldfile.eu)
  • Calcium carbonate plant is also known as calcium carbonate processing plant, calcium carbonate grinding plant or calcium carbonate manufacturing plant. (goldfile.eu)
  • new building material ball mill and vertical mill are more widely used in manufacturing of …ALPA Energy-Saving Calcium Carbonate Ball Mill Grinding and Classifying Mill Production Line Classifying / classifier / classification and Ball Mill Production Line structure Calcium carbonate …Do you need a new calcium carbonate ball mill for your mining operations? (arenavocats.fr)
  • dolomitetime-saving and money-saving one-stop purchasing service of …Calcium Carbonate Ball Mill Plant - Manufacturers the grinding load will be steel. (arenavocats.fr)
  • People worried that they aren't getting enough calcium from their diet sometimes take calcium supplements, most often in the form of calcium carbonate. (healthfully.com)
  • Calcium is necessary for many normal functions of the body, especially bone formation and maintenance. (uofmhealth.org)
  • M. P. Ginebra, T. Traykova and J. A. Planell, "Calcium Phosphate Cements as Bone Drug Delivery Systems: A Review," Journal of Controlled Release, Vol. 113, No. 2, 2006, pp. 102-110. (scirp.org)
  • Research also shows that eating a calcium-rich diet directly correlates to superior bone health. (purebulk.com)
  • The FDA recognizes the importance of calcium for the normal development and maintenance of bone health. (purebulk.com)
  • When paired with vitamin D, calcium supplements may reduce the likelihood of bone fractures in older adults. (purebulk.com)
  • Hydroxyapatite and other calcium phosphate coatings have been investigated extensively for clinical applications due to their ability to form a direct bond with living bone, a property often referred to as "bioactivity" [ 2 ]. (omicsonline.org)
  • The main effects of parathyroid hormone are to increase the concentration of plasma calcium by increasing the release of calcium and phosphate from bone matrix, increasing calcium reabsorption by the kidney, and increasing renal production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 (calcitriol), which increases intestinal absorption of calcium. (medscape.com)
  • The global ground calcium carbonate market size was valued at USD 30.7 billion in 2022 and is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.6% from 2023 to 2030. (grandviewresearch.com)
  • The calcium carbonate market was valued at USD 21.2 billion in 2019 and is projected to reach USD 28.3 billion by 2024, growing at a cagr 6.0% from 2019 to 2024. (marketsandmarkets.com)
  • The combination of calcium carbonate and magnesium is commonly found in antacids. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Calcium deficiencies are most commonly the result of impaired thyroid function or a vitamin D or magnesium deficiency. (purebulk.com)
  • Calcium carbonate is an inorganic compound that is commonly used as a solid base catalyst in some organic transformations. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • calcium carbonate ball mill grinders manufactured in germany. (rustydeprez.be)
  • Calcium Carbonate Ball Mill - China Manufacturers create customized varnishes chemical ferilizer25 è¡Œ · Introduction Of Calcium Carbonate Ball Mill. (arenavocats.fr)
  • Swallow the calcium carbonate regular tablet with a full glass of water. (uofmhealth.org)
  • This paper examines the chemical stability of CaP coatings that were applied to a poly carbonate urethane (PCU) substrate by an aqueous, low temperature technique. (omicsonline.org)
  • CALCIUM CARBONATE is applicable in all drilling fluids, aqueous and non-aqueous. (basekim.com)
  • Calcium carbonate is the active ingredient in agricultural lime and is produced when calcium ions in hard water react with carbonate ions to form limescale. (wikipedia.org)
  • Low calcium and magnesium ions and high sodium ions in soft water adversely affect the results of routine H&E stain. (who.int)
  • La teneur faible en ions calcium et magnésium et élevée en ions sodium de l'eau douce affecte négativement les résultats de la coloration de routine à l'hématoxyline-éosine. (who.int)
  • When it encounters hydrochloric acid in the stomach, it is converted into calcium chloride, reducing acidity and removing the unpleasant sensation of excess stomach acid and acid reflux. (ctj-armatura.pl)
  • Calcium carbonate is used either in its naturally occurring state or in the pure form. (marketsandmarkets.com)
  • 1317-65-3 Ground with non-hazards auxiliary agents Silica, quartz (CAS No 14808-60-7) naturally-occurring impurity of calcium carbonate in trace amounts. (panlodowegoogrodu.pl)
  • GHS CLASSIFICATION: GHS: CONTACT HAZARD - SKIN: Category 2 - Causes skin irritation GHS: CONTACT HAZARD - EYE: Category 2A - Causes serious eye irritation GHS: ACUTE TOXICITY - ORAL: Category 4 - Harmful if swallowed Liquid potassium carbonate is corrosive to aluminum. (panlodowegoogrodu.pl)
  • Plastic to be the fastest-growing end-use industry of calcium carbonate during the forecast period. (marketsandmarkets.com)
  • APAC to dominate the calcium carbonate market during the forecast period. (marketsandmarkets.com)
  • The ground calcium carbonate segment is projected to account for the largest share during the forecast period. (marketsandmarkets.com)
  • Calcium carbonate is a common ingredient in antacids, as it helps relieve upset stomach, heartburn, and acid indigestion. (purebulk.com)
  • Calcium carbonate is extensively used in the construction industry, both as a standalone building material and a cement additive. (grandviewresearch.com)
  • The growth in the APAC region can be attributed to the growing demand for calcium carbonate from various end-use industries such as paper, plastic, adhesives & sealants, and paints & coatings. (marketsandmarkets.com)
  • APAC is estimated to be the leading calcium carbonate market. (marketsandmarkets.com)
  • LA-MC-ICP-MS U/Pb geochronology provides a novel and independent approach to date calcium carbonate veins, and is advantageous over using the seawater Sr isotope curve that is in part non-unique and requires assumptions about the contribution of MORB Sr from fluid-rock exchange. (confex.com)
  • Calcium can make it harder for your body to absorb certain medicines. (uofmhealth.org)
  • The body needs vitamin D to absorb calcium. (purebulk.com)
  • Taking too much calcium carbonate could also interfere with your ability to absorb other minerals, such as iron and zinc. (healthfully.com)
  • Calcium citrate is a better option for individuals at risk of developing kidney stones. (purebulk.com)
  • One study found that calcium-fortified milk led to a reduction in lipid (fat) absorption by improving the body's natural fat excretion processes. (purebulk.com)
  • The Ministry issued a statement regarding the announcement of Serbian President Aleksandar Vucic that calcium carbonate had been found in Serbia, and that a large gold deposit had been found in one of the poorest parts of the country. (bizlife.rs)
  • What is a calcium carbonate processing plant? (goldfile.eu)
  • The calcium carbonate for final applications need to be processed by calcium carnoate processing plant and manufacturing machine. (goldfile.eu)
  • cost to set up calcium carbonate processing plant. (goldfile.eu)