Cadmium compounds. Medical search

Inorganic compounds that contain cadmium as an integral part of the molecule.

An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.

Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.

A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

Unstable isotopes of cadmium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Cd atoms with atomic weights 103-105, 107, 109, 115, and 117-119 are radioactive cadmium isotopes.

A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.

Metals with high specific gravity, typically larger than 5. They have complex spectra, form colored salts and double salts, have a low electrode potential, are mainly amphoteric, yield weak bases and weak acids, and are oxidizing or reducing agents (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.19, symbol Pb. (Dorland, 28th)

A metallic element of atomic number 30 and atomic weight 65.38. It is a necessary trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. Zinc deficiency is associated with ANEMIA, short stature, HYPOGONADISM, impaired WOUND HEALING, and geophagia. It is known by the symbol Zn.

Poly-glutathione peptides composed of (Glu-Cys)n-Gly where n is two to seven. They are biosynthesized by glutathione gamma-glutamylcysteinyltransferase and are found in many PLANTS; YEASTS; and algae. They sequester HEAVY METALS.

Spectrophotometric techniques by which the absorption or emmision spectra of radiation from atoms are produced and analyzed.

Substances or energies, for example heat or light, which when introduced into the air, water, or land threaten life or health of individuals or ECOSYSTEMS.

A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.

The aggregate business enterprise of agriculture, manufacture, and distribution related to tobacco and tobacco-derived products.

Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity.

Use of naturally-occuring or genetically-engineered organisms to reduce or eliminate populations of pests.

Diseases of plants.

Works about lists of drugs or collections of recipes, formulas, and prescriptions for the compounding of medicinal preparations. Formularies differ from PHARMACOPOEIAS in that they are less complete, lacking full descriptions of the drugs, their formulations, analytic composition, chemical properties, etc. In hospitals, formularies list all drugs commonly stocked in the hospital pharmacy.

A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that is widely used as ground cover and forage and known for the edible beans, VICIA FABA.

Cloning and expression of cadD, a new cadmium resistance gene of Staphylococcus aureus. (1/228)

A cadmium resistance gene, designated cadD, has been identified in and cloned from the Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pRW001. The gene is part of a two-component operon which contains the resistance gene cadD and an inactive regulatory gene, cadX*. A high degree of sequence similarity was observed between cadD and the cadB-like gene from S. lugdunensis, but no significant similarity was found with either cadA or cadB from the S. aureus plasmids pI258 and pII147. The positive regulatory gene cadX* is identical to cadX from pLUG10 over a stretch of 78 codons beginning at the N terminus, but it is truncated at this point and inactive. Sequence analysis showed that the cadmium resistance operon resides on a 3,972-bp element that is flanked by direct repeats of IS257. The expression of cadD in S. aureus and Bacillus subtilis resulted in low-level resistance to cadmium; in contrast, cadA and cadB from S. aureus induced higher level resistance. However, when the truncated version of cadX contained in pRW001 is complemented in trans with cadX from plasmid pLUG10, resistance increased approximately 10-fold suggesting that the cadmium resistance operons from pRW001 and pLUG10 are evolutionarily related. Moreover, the truncated version of cadX contained in pRW001 is nonfunctional and may have been generated by deletion during recombination to acquire the cadmium resistance element. (+info)

Evaluation of three gamma detectors for intraoperative detection of tumors using 111In-labeled radiopharmaceuticals. (2/228)

Attempts to detect tumors with intraoperative scintillation using tumor-binding radiopharmaceuticals have intensified recently. In some cases previously unknown lesions were found, but in most cases no additional lesions were detected. In this study the physical characteristics of three detector systems and their ability to detect tumors through accumulation of an 111In-labeled radiopharmaceutical were investigated. The first was a sodium iodide (NaI[TI]) detector; the second, a cesium iodide (CsI[TI]) detector; and the third, a cadmium telluride (CdTe) detector. METHODS: A body phantom and tumor phantoms (diameter 5-20 mm) made of water, agarose gel or epoxy with a density and attenuation coefficient similar to those of soft tissue were used to simulate a clinical situation. The activity concentration in the body phantom was based on reported values of 111In-octreotide in normal tissue in humans. The 111In activity concentration in the tumor phantoms varied from 3 to 80 times the 111In activity concentration in the body phantom. Data were processed to determine tumor detection levels. RESULTS: The NaI(TI) detector showed the lowest values for full width at half maximum because this detector had the best collimation, leading to a high ratio between counts from tumor and counts from background, i.e., small tumors could be detected. Because of high efficiency, the CsI(TI) detector sometimes required a somewhat shorter acquisition time to produce a statistically significant difference between tumor phantom and background. For deep-lying tumors the NaI(TI) detector was superior, whereas the CdTe detector was best suited for superficial tumors with a high activity concentration in the underlying tissue. CONCLUSION: At a maximum acquisition time of 30 s, almost all superficial tumors with a diameter of 10 mm or larger were detected if the ratio between the 111In concentration in the tumor and the 111In concentration in the background exceeded 3. However, in clinical situations, biologic variations in the uptake of 111In-octreotide in tumors and in normal tissue makes difficult the determination of a distinct detection level. For such clinical conditions, the NaI(TI) detector is the best choice because it has good resolution despite a lower efficiency. Documentation of detector characteristics is important so that clinicians can make an adequate device in relation to tumor location and receptor expression. (+info)

A new Klebsiella planticola strain (Cd-1) grows anaerobically at high cadmium concentrations and precipitates cadmium sulfide. (3/228)

Heavy metal resistance by bacteria is a topic of much importance to the bioremediation of contaminated soils and sediments. We report here the isolation of a highly cadmium-resistant Klebsiella planticola strain, Cd-1, from reducing salt marsh sediments. The strain grows in up to 15 mM CdCl(2) under a wide range of NaCl concentrations and at acidic or neutral pH. In growth medium amended with thiosulfate, it precipitated significant amounts of cadmium sulfide (CdS), as confirmed by x-absorption spectroscopy. In comparison with various other strains tested, Cd-1 is superior for precipitating CdS in cultures containing thiosulfate. Thus, our results suggest that Cd-1 is a good candidate for the accelerated bioremediation of systems contaminated by high levels of cadmium. (+info)

Azuki bean cells are hypersensitive to cadmium and do not synthesize phytochelatins. (4/228)

Suspension-cultured cells of azuki bean (Vigna angularis) as well as the original root tissues were hypersensitive to Cd (<10 microM). Repeated subculturings with a sublethal level of Cd (1-10 microM) did not affect the subsequent response of cells to inhibitory levels of Cd (10-100 microM). The azuki bean cells challenged to Cd did not contain phytochelatin (PC) peptides, unlike tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cells that have a substantial tolerance to Cd (>100 microM). Both of the cell suspensions contained a similar level of reduced glutathione (GSH) when grown in the absence of Cd. Externally applied GSH to azuki bean cells recovered neither Cd tolerance nor PC synthesis of the cells. Furthermore, enzyme assays in vitro revealed that the protein extracts of azuki bean cells had no activity converting GSH to PCs, unlike tomato. These results suggest that azuki bean cells are lacking in the PC synthase activity per se, hence being Cd hypersensitive. We concluded that the PC synthase has an important role in Cd tolerance of suspension-cultured cells. (+info)

Metabolic engineering of an aerobic sulfate reduction pathway and its application to precipitation of cadmium on the cell surface. (5/228)

The conversion of sulfate to an excess of free sulfide requires stringent reductive conditions. Dissimilatory sulfate reduction is used in nature by sulfate-reducing bacteria for respiration and results in the conversion of sulfate to sulfide. However, this dissimilatory sulfate reduction pathway is inhibited by oxygen and is thus limited to anaerobic environments. As an alternative, we have metabolically engineered a novel aerobic sulfate reduction pathway for the secretion of sulfides. The assimilatory sulfate reduction pathway was redirected to overproduce cysteine, and excess cysteine was converted to sulfide by cysteine desulfhydrase. As a potential application for this pathway, a bacterium was engineered with this pathway and was used to aerobically precipitate cadmium as cadmium sulfide, which was deposited on the cell surface. To maximize sulfide production and cadmium precipitation, the production of cysteine desulfhydrase was modulated to achieve an optimal balance between the production and degradation of cysteine. (+info)

Structure and dynamics of hnRNP-labelled nuclear bodies induced by stress treatments. (6/228)

We have previously described HAP, a novel hnRNP protein that is identical both to SAF-B, a component of the nuclear scaffold, and to HET, a transcriptional regulator of the gene for heat shock protein 27. After heat shock, HAP is recruited to a few nuclear bodies. Here we report the characterisation of these bodies, which are distinct from other nuclear components such as coiled bodies and speckles. The formation of HAP bodies is part of a general cell response to stress agents, such as heat shock and cadmium sulfate, which also affect the distribution of hnRNP protein M. Electron microscopy demonstrates that in untreated cells, similar to other hnRNP proteins, HAP is associated to perichromatin fibrils. Instead, in heat shocked cells the protein is preferentially associated to clusters of perichromatin granules, which correspond to the HAP bodies observed in confocal microscopy. Inside such clusters, perichromatin granules eventually merge into a highly packaged 'core'. HAP and hnRNP M mark different districts of these structures. HAP is associated to perichromatin granules surrounding the core, while hnRNP M is mostly detected within the core. BrU incorporation experiments demonstrate that no transcription occurs within the stress-induced clusters of perichromatin granules, which are depots for RNAs synthesised both before and after heat shock. (+info)

The NADPH oxidase inhibitors iodonium diphenyl and cadmium sulphate inhibit hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in isolated rat pulmonary arteries. (7/228)

Interest surrounds the role of an NADPH oxidase-like enzyme in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV). We have studied the effects of the NADPH oxidase inhibitors iodonium diphenyl (ID) and cadmium sulphate (CdSO4) upon HPV of isolated rat pulmonary arteries (n = 73, internal diameter 545 +/- 23 microm). Vessels were preconstricted with prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha, 0.5 or 5 microM) prior to a hypoxic challenge. ID (10 or 50 microM), CdSO4 (100 microM) or vehicle (50 microl) was added for 30 min before re-exposure to PGF2alpha and hypoxia. ID and CdSO4 significantly inhibited HPV. In vessels preconstricted with 5 microM PGF2alpha, ID (10 and 50 microM) reduced HPV from 37.4 +/- 5.6 % to 9.67 +/- 4.4 % of the contractile response elicited by 80 mM KCl (P<0.05) and from 30.1 +/- 5.0 % to 0.63 +/- 0.6% 80 mM KCl response (P<0.01), respectively. CdSO4 (100 microM) reduced HPV from 29.4 +/-4.0 % to 17.1 +/- 2.2% 80 mM KCl response (P<0.05). In vessels preconstricted with 0.5 microM PGF2alpha, ID (10 and 50 microM) reduced HPV from 16.0 +/- 3.15% to 3.36 +/- 1.44 % 80 mM KCl response (P<0.01) and from 15.0 +/- 1.67 % to 2.82 +/- 1.40 % 80 mM KCl response (P<0.001), respectively. Constriction to PGF2alpha was potentiated by ID. ID and CdSO4, at concentrations previously shown to inhibit neutrophil NADPH oxidase, attenuate HPV in isolated rat pulmonary arteries. This suggests that an NADPH oxidase-like enzyme is involved in HPV and could act as the pulmonary oxygen sensor. (+info)

Colloidal nanocrystal shape and size control: the case of cobalt. (8/228)

We show that a relatively simple approach for controlling the colloidal synthesis of anisotropic cadmium selenide semiconductor nanorods can be extended to the size-controlled preparation of magnetic cobalt nanorods as well as spherically shaped nanocrystals. This approach helps define a minimum feature set needed to separately control the sizes and shapes of nanocrystals. The resulting cobalt nanocrystals produce interesting two- and three-dimensional superstructures, including ribbons of nanorods. (+info)

Cadmium compounds refer to combinations of the chemical element cadmium (Cd) with one or more other elements. Cadmium is a naturally occurring heavy metal that is commonly found in zinc ores and is often produced as a byproduct of mining and smelting operations for other metals.

Cadmium compounds can take many forms, including cadmium chloride (CdCl2), cadmium sulfate (CdSO4), cadmium oxide (CdO), and cadmium carbonate (CdCO3). These compounds are often used in a variety of industrial applications, such as electroplating, pigments, and batteries.

Exposure to cadmium compounds can be harmful to human health, as they can accumulate in the body over time and cause damage to the kidneys, liver, bones, and respiratory system. Long-term exposure to cadmium has been linked to an increased risk of cancer, particularly lung cancer. As a result, occupational exposure to cadmium compounds is regulated by various governmental agencies, and efforts are underway to reduce the use of cadmium in consumer products.

Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal that is a byproduct of the mining and smelting of zinc, lead, and copper. It has no taste or smell and can be found in small amounts in air, water, and soil. Cadmium can also be found in some foods, such as kidneys, liver, and shellfish.

Exposure to cadmium can cause a range of health effects, including kidney damage, lung disease, fragile bones, and cancer. Cadmium is classified as a known human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the National Toxicology Program (NTP).

Occupational exposure to cadmium can occur in industries that produce or use cadmium, such as battery manufacturing, metal plating, and pigment production. Workers in these industries may be exposed to cadmium through inhalation of cadmium-containing dusts or fumes, or through skin contact with cadmium-containing materials.

The general population can also be exposed to cadmium through the environment, such as by eating contaminated food or breathing secondhand smoke. Smoking is a major source of cadmium exposure for smokers and those exposed to secondhand smoke.

Prevention measures include reducing occupational exposure to cadmium, controlling emissions from industrial sources, and reducing the use of cadmium in consumer products. Regular monitoring of air, water, and soil for cadmium levels can also help identify potential sources of exposure and prevent health effects.

Cadmium poisoning is a condition that results from the exposure to cadmium, a toxic heavy metal. This can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption. Cadmium is found in some industrial workplaces, such as battery manufacturing, metal smelting, and phosphate fertilizer production. It can also be found in contaminated food, water, and cigarette smoke.

Acute cadmium poisoning is rare but can cause severe symptoms such as abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and muscle cramps. Chronic exposure to cadmium can lead to a range of health problems, including kidney damage, bone disease, lung damage, and anemia. It has also been linked to an increased risk of cancer, particularly lung cancer.

The treatment for cadmium poisoning typically involves removing the source of exposure, providing supportive care, and in some cases, chelation therapy to remove cadmium from the body. Prevention measures include reducing exposure to cadmium in the workplace, avoiding contaminated food and water, and not smoking.

Cadmium chloride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CdCl2. It is a white crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water and has a bitter, metallic taste. Cadmium chloride is a toxic compound that can cause serious health effects, including kidney damage, respiratory problems, and bone degeneration. It is classified as a hazardous substance and should be handled with care.

Cadmium chloride is used in various industrial applications, such as electroplating, soldering, and as a stabilizer in plastics. It is also used in some research settings as a reagent in chemical reactions.

It's important to note that exposure to cadmium chloride should be avoided, and appropriate safety measures should be taken when handling this compound. This includes wearing protective clothing, such as gloves and lab coats, and working in a well-ventilated area or under a fume hood. In case of accidental ingestion or inhalation, seek medical attention immediately.

Cadmium radioisotopes are unstable forms of the heavy metal cadmium that emit radiation as they decay into more stable elements. These isotopes can be created through various nuclear reactions, such as bombarding a cadmium atom with a high-energy particle. Some common cadmium radioisotopes include cadmium-109, cadmium-113, and cadmium-115.

These radioisotopes have a wide range of applications in medicine, particularly in diagnostic imaging and radiation therapy. For example, cadmium-109 is used as a gamma ray source for medical imaging, while cadmium-115 has been studied as a potential therapeutic agent for cancer treatment.

However, exposure to cadmium radioisotopes can also be hazardous to human health, as they can cause damage to tissues and organs through ionizing radiation. Therefore, handling and disposal of these materials must be done with care and in accordance with established safety protocols.

Metallothioneins (MTs) are a group of small, cysteine-rich, metal-binding proteins found in the cells of many organisms, including humans. They play important roles in various biological processes such as:

1. Metal homeostasis and detoxification: MTs can bind to various heavy metals like zinc, copper, cadmium, and mercury with high affinity. This binding helps regulate the concentration of these metals within cells and protects against metal toxicity.
2. Oxidative stress protection: Due to their high cysteine content, MTs act as antioxidants by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals, thus protecting cells from oxidative damage.
3. Immune response regulation: MTs are involved in the modulation of immune cell function and inflammatory responses. They can influence the activation and proliferation of immune cells, as well as the production of cytokines and chemokines.
4. Development and differentiation: MTs have been implicated in cell growth, differentiation, and embryonic development, particularly in tissues with high rates of metal turnover, such as the liver and kidneys.
5. Neuroprotection: In the brain, MTs play a role in protecting neurons from oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and heavy metal toxicity. They have been implicated in various neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.

There are four main isoforms of metallothioneins (MT-1, MT-2, MT-3, and MT-4) in humans, each with distinct tissue expression patterns and functions.

Heavy metals are a group of elements with a specific gravity at least five times greater than that of water. They include metals such as mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), thallium (Tl), and lead (Pb). These metals are considered toxic when they accumulate in the body beyond certain levels, interfering with various biological processes and causing damage to cells, tissues, and organs.

Heavy metal exposure can occur through various sources, including occupational exposure, contaminated food, water, or air, and improper disposal of electronic waste. Chronic exposure to heavy metals has been linked to several health issues, such as neurological disorders, kidney damage, developmental problems, and cancer. Monitoring and controlling exposure to these elements is essential for maintaining good health and preventing potential adverse effects.

In the context of medicine, "lead" most commonly refers to lead exposure or lead poisoning. Lead is a heavy metal that can be harmful to the human body, even at low levels. It can enter the body through contaminated air, water, food, or soil, and it can also be absorbed through the skin.

Lead poisoning occurs when lead builds up in the body over time, causing damage to the brain, nervous system, red blood cells, and kidneys. Symptoms of lead poisoning may include abdominal pain, constipation, fatigue, headache, irritability, memory problems, and in severe cases, seizures, coma, or even death.

Lead exposure is particularly dangerous for children, as their developing bodies are more sensitive to the harmful effects of lead. Even low levels of lead exposure can cause learning disabilities, behavioral problems, and developmental delays in children. Therefore, it's important to minimize lead exposure and seek medical attention if lead poisoning is suspected.

Zinc is an essential mineral that is vital for the functioning of over 300 enzymes and involved in various biological processes in the human body, including protein synthesis, DNA synthesis, immune function, wound healing, and cell division. It is a component of many proteins and participates in the maintenance of structural integrity and functionality of proteins. Zinc also plays a crucial role in maintaining the sense of taste and smell.

The recommended daily intake of zinc varies depending on age, sex, and life stage. Good dietary sources of zinc include red meat, poultry, seafood, beans, nuts, dairy products, and fortified cereals. Zinc deficiency can lead to various health problems, including impaired immune function, growth retardation, and developmental delays in children. On the other hand, excessive intake of zinc can also have adverse effects on health, such as nausea, vomiting, and impaired immune function.

Phytochelatins are low molecular weight, heavy metal-binding peptides that are synthesized by plants and some other organisms in response to exposure to toxic metals. They are composed of repeating units of the amino acids glutamic acid, cysteine, and glycine, with the general structure (γ-Glu-Cys)n-Gly, where n typically ranges from 2 to 5.

Phytochelatins are produced by the enzyme phytochelatin synthase, which is activated in the presence of heavy metals such as cadmium, mercury, and lead. Once synthesized, phytochelatins bind to these metals, forming metal-phytochelatin complexes that are then transported to the vacuole for sequestration and detoxification.

In addition to their role in heavy metal detoxification, phytochelatins have been shown to have antioxidant properties and may play a role in protecting plants against oxidative stress. They have also attracted interest as potential therapeutic agents for heavy metal poisoning in humans and other animals.

Atomic spectrophotometry is a type of analytical technique used to determine the concentration of specific atoms or ions in a sample by measuring the intensity of light absorbed or emitted at wavelengths characteristic of those atoms or ions. This technique involves the use of an atomic spectrometer, which uses a source of energy (such as a flame, plasma, or electrode) to excite the atoms or ions in the sample, causing them to emit light at specific wavelengths. The intensity of this emitted light is then measured and used to calculate the concentration of the element of interest.

Atomic spectrophotometry can be further divided into two main categories: atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) and atomic emission spectrophotometry (AES). In AAS, the sample is atomized in a flame or graphite furnace and the light from a lamp that emits light at the same wavelength as one of the elements in the sample is passed through the atoms. The amount of light absorbed by the atoms is then measured and used to determine the concentration of the element. In AES, the sample is atomized and excited to emit its own light, which is then measured and analyzed to determine the concentration of the element.

Atomic spectrophotometry is widely used in various fields such as environmental monitoring, clinical chemistry, forensic science, and industrial quality control for the determination of trace elements in a variety of sample types including liquids, solids, and gases.

Environmental pollutants are defined as any substances or energy (such as noise, heat, or light) that are present in the environment and can cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damage the natural ecosystems. These pollutants can come from a variety of sources, including industrial processes, transportation, agriculture, and household activities. They can be in the form of gases, liquids, solids, or radioactive materials, and can contaminate air, water, and soil. Examples include heavy metals, pesticides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter, and greenhouse gases.

It is important to note that the impact of environmental pollutants on human health and the environment can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) and it depends on the type, concentration, duration and frequency of exposure. Some common effects of environmental pollutants include respiratory problems, cancer, neurological disorders, reproductive issues, and developmental delays in children.

It is important to monitor, control and reduce the emissions of these pollutants through regulations, technology advancements, and sustainable practices to protect human health and the environment.

Cyanamide is a chemical compound with the formula NH2CN. It is a colorless, crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water and has an ammonia-like odor. Cyanamide is used as a reagent in organic synthesis and as a fertilizer.

In a medical context, cyanamide may be used as a drug to treat certain conditions. For example, it has been used as a muscle relaxant and to reduce muscle spasms in people with multiple sclerosis. It is also being studied as a potential treatment for alcohol dependence, as it may help to reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms.

It is important to note that cyanamide can be toxic in high doses, and it should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

A Tobacco Industry is a commercial sector involved in the cultivation, production, manufacturing, marketing, and distribution of tobacco and tobacco-related products. This can include growers who produce tobacco leaves, manufacturers who process the leaves into various forms (such as cigarettes, chewing tobacco, or snuff), and companies that market and distribute these products to consumers. It is important to note that the tobacco industry has been associated with significant health risks, as the use of tobacco products can lead to a range of serious health problems, including cancer, heart disease, and lung disease.

Fertilizers are substances that are added to soil to provide nutrients necessary for plant growth and development. They typically contain macronutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in forms that can be readily taken up by plants. These three nutrients are essential for photosynthesis, energy transfer, and the production of proteins, nucleic acids, and other vital plant compounds.

Fertilizers may also contain secondary nutrients like calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) as well as micronutrients such as iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), boron (B), and molybdenum (Mo). These elements play crucial roles in various plant metabolic processes, including enzyme activation, chlorophyll synthesis, and hormone production.

Fertilizers can be organic or synthetic. Organic fertilizers include materials like compost, manure, bone meal, and blood meal, which release nutrients slowly over time as they decompose. Synthetic fertilizers, also known as inorganic or chemical fertilizers, are manufactured chemicals that contain precise amounts of specific nutrients. They can be quickly absorbed by plants but may pose environmental risks if not used properly.

Proper fertilization is essential for optimal plant growth and crop yield. However, overuse or improper application of fertilizers can lead to nutrient runoff, soil degradation, water pollution, and other negative environmental impacts. Therefore, it's crucial to follow recommended fertilizer application rates and practices based on the specific needs of the plants and local regulations.

Biological pest control, also known as biocontrol, is a method of managing or eliminating pests such as insects, mites, weeds, and plant diseases using natural enemies or other organisms. These biological control agents include predators, parasites, pathogens, and competitors that regulate pest populations and reduce the need for chemical pesticides. Biological pest control is a key component of integrated pest management (IPM) programs and has minimal impact on the environment compared to traditional pest control methods.

A plant disease is a disorder that affects the normal growth and development of plants, caused by pathogenic organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or nematodes, as well as environmental factors like nutrient deficiencies, extreme temperatures, or physical damage. These diseases can cause various symptoms, including discoloration, wilting, stunted growth, necrosis, and reduced yield or productivity, which can have significant economic and ecological impacts.

A formulary is a list of prescription drugs, both generic and brand-name, that are approved for use in a specific health plan or healthcare system. The formulary includes information on the preferred drugs within each therapeutic class, along with any restrictions or limitations on their use. Formularies are developed and maintained by a committee of healthcare professionals, including pharmacists and physicians, who evaluate the safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of different medications.

The purpose of a formulary is to promote the appropriate use of medications, improve patient outcomes, and manage healthcare costs. By establishing a preferred list of drugs, health plans and healthcare systems can negotiate better prices with pharmaceutical manufacturers and ensure that patients receive high-quality, evidence-based care.

Formularies may include various types of medications, such as oral solid dosage forms, injectables, inhalants, topicals, and others. They are typically organized by therapeutic class, and each drug is assigned a tier based on its cost and clinical value. Tier 1 drugs are usually preferred generics or lower-cost brand-name medications, while Tier 2 drugs may be higher-cost brand-name medications that have no generic equivalent. Tier 3 drugs are typically specialty medications that are used to treat complex or rare conditions and are often associated with high costs.

Healthcare providers are encouraged to prescribe drugs that are listed on the formulary, as these medications have been thoroughly reviewed and deemed safe and effective for use in their patient population. However, there may be situations where a non-formulary medication is necessary to treat a particular patient's condition. In such cases, healthcare providers can request an exception or prior authorization to prescribe the non-formulary drug.

Formularies are regularly updated to reflect new drugs that come on the market, changes in clinical guidelines, and shifts in the therapeutic landscape. Health plans and healthcare systems may also modify their formularies in response to feedback from patients and providers or to address concerns about safety, efficacy, or cost.

In summary, a formulary is a comprehensive list of prescription drugs that are approved for use in a specific health plan or healthcare system. Formularies promote the appropriate use of medications, improve patient outcomes, and manage costs by encouraging the prescribing of safe and effective drugs that have been thoroughly reviewed and deemed appropriate for their patient population.

"Vicia" is a genus of plants, commonly known as vetch or faba beans. It's not a medical term, but rather a term used in botany to describe a group of leguminous plants that are part of the Fabaceae family. Some species of Vicia have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes, such as treating skin conditions and respiratory issues. However, I am an assistant and do not have real-time access to databases or medical resources, so please consult a reliable medical source for more detailed and accurate information.

"Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds" National Pollutant Inventory - Cadmium and compounds Wikimedia Commons has media related to ... Cadmium chloride is a white crystalline compound of cadmium and chloride, with the formula CdCl2. This salt is a hygroscopic ... Cadmium chloride is also used for photocopying, dyeing and electroplating. Like all cadmium compounds, CdCl 2 is highly toxic ... Anhydrous cadmium chloride can be prepared by the reaction of hydrochloric acid and cadmium metal or cadmium oxide. Cd + 2 HCl ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_chloride

... was used for a long time as a corrosion-resistant plating on steel, and cadmium compounds are used as red, orange, and ... Cadmium is an element in some semiconductor materials. Cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, and cadmium telluride are used in ... Cadmium burns in air to form brown amorphous cadmium oxide (CdO); the crystalline form of this compound is a dark red which ... and nitric acid dissolve cadmium by forming cadmium chloride (CdCl2), cadmium sulfate (CdSO4), or cadmium nitrate (Cd(NO3)2). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium

... is an inorganic compound with the formula CdO. It is one of the main precursors to other cadmium compounds. It ... Cadmium oxide is prepared commercially by oxidizing cadmium vapor in air. Cadmium oxide is used in cadmium plating baths, ... It is produced by burning elemental cadmium in air. Pyrolysis of other cadmium compounds, such as the nitrate or the carbonate ... A thin coat of cadmium oxide forms on the surface of cadmium in moist air at room temperature. Cadmium will oxidize at room ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_oxide

National Pollutant Inventory - Cadmium and compounds (Articles with LNB identifiers, Cadmium compounds, Zinc compounds, ... Cadmium zinc telluride, (CdZnTe) or CZT, is a compound of cadmium, zinc and tellurium or, more strictly speaking, an alloy of ... Scintillator cadmium telluride zinc telluride Telluride (chemistry) Capper, Peter (1994). Properties of Narrow Gap Cadmium- ... based Compounds. INSPEC. p. 618. ISBN 0-85296-880-9. Wilson, Matthew David; Cernik, Robert; Chen, Henry; Hansson, Conny; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_zinc_telluride

... (CdTe) is a stable crystalline compound formed from cadmium and tellurium. It is mainly used as the ... Cadmium selenide Cadmium telluride photovoltaics Cadmium zinc telluride First Solar Mercury telluride Mercury(II) cadmium(II) ... "Cadmium Telluride". P. Capper (1994). Properties of Narrow-Gap Cadmium-Based Compounds. London, UK: INSPEC, IEE. ISBN 978-0- ... CdTe is more stable than its parent compounds cadmium and tellurium and most other Cd compounds, due to its high melting point ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride

It is toxic, as are all cadmium compounds. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0087". National Institute for Occupational ... Cadmium tungstate (CdWO4 or CWO), the cadmium salt of tungstic acid, is a dense, chemically inert solid which is used as a ... Cadmium tungstate films can be deposited by sol-gel technology. Cadmium tungstate nanorods can be synthesized by a hydrothermal ... Cadmium tungstate was used as a replacement of calcium tungstate in some fluoroscopes since the 1940s. Very high radiopurity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_tungstate

... is the chemical compound with the formula Cd(O2CCH3)2(H2O)2. The compound is marketed both as the anhydrous ... featuring acetate ligands interconnecting cadmium centers. Cadmium compounds are considered Group 1 carcinogens by the IARC. ... 2 It can also be prepared by treating cadmium nitrate with acetic anhydride. Cadmium acetate has few applications. By reaction ... Unlike the coordination geometry of zinc in zinc diacetate dihydrate, cadmium is seven coordinate in Cd(O2CCH3)2(H2O)2. It is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_acetate

Like other cadmium compounds, cadmium nitrate is known to be carcinogenic. Cadmium nitrate is used for coloring glass and ... When with caustic soda solution, cadmium oxide forms precipitate of cadmium hydroxide. Many insoluble cadmium salts are ... "Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2007 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/ ... Cadmium nitrate describes any of the related members of a family of inorganic compounds with the general formula Cd ( NO 3 ) 2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_nitrate

It is very toxic, along with other cadmium and cyanide compounds. Cadmium cyanide is prepared commercially by treating cadmium ... Cadmium cyanide is an inorganic compound with the formula Cd(CN)2. It is a white crystalline compound that is used in ... ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. Karl-Heinz Schulte-Schrepping, Magnus Piscator "Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of ... Cadmium compounds, Cyanides, All stub articles, Inorganic compound stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_cyanide

Cadmium compounds, II-V semiconductors, II-V compounds). ... Cadmium phosphide (Cd3P2) is an inorganic chemical compound. It ... Cadmium phosphide can be prepared by the reaction of cadmium with phosphorus: 6 Cd + P4 → 2 Cd3P2 Cd3P2 has a room-temperature ... It is also carcinogen and dangerous for the skin, eyes and other organs in a large part due to cadmium poisoning. "Cadmium ... The crystalline structure of cadmium phosphide is very similar to that of zinc phosphide (Zn3P2), cadmium arsenide (Cd3As2) and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_phosphide

CadD members facilitate the export of cationic compounds such as cadmium ions. Currently, many sequenced proteins comprise the ... Cationic compound (in) + nH+ (out) → Cationic compound (out) + nH+ (in). Schirawski J, Hagens W, Fitzgerald GF, Van Sinderen D ... "Chromosomal locus for cadmium resistance in Pseudomonas putida consisting of a cadmium-transporting ATPase and a MerR family ... The original text was at "2.A.77 The Cadmium Resistance (CadD) Family" Portal: Biology v t e (Protein pages needing a picture, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_resistance_transporter

"Cadmium and compounds". National Pollutant Inventory. Archived from the original on 10 December 2006. "Cadmium yellow". ... Cadmium yellow is cadmium sulfide (CdS), C.I. Pigment Yellow 37. Cadmium sulfoselenide is a solid solution of CdS and cadmium ... Cadmium pigments are a class of pigments that contain cadmium. Most of the cadmium produced worldwide has been for use in ... Acute exposure to cadmium vapors can arise from welding near cadmium pigments. The cadmium pigments have been partially ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_pigments

... is the inorganic compound with the formula CdCrO4. It is relevant to chromate conversion coating, which is ... used to passivate common metal alloys such as aluminium, zinc, cadmium, copper, silver, magnesium, and tin. In conversion ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_chromate

Cadmium compounds, Bromides, Metal halides, Photographic chemicals, All stub articles, Inorganic compound stubs). ... Cadmium bromide is the inorganic compound with the formula CdBr2. It is a white hygroscopic solid. It also can be obtained as a ... Cadmium bromide is prepared by heating cadmium with bromine vapor. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0087". National ... v t e (Chemical articles with multiple compound IDs, Multiple chemicals in an infobox that need indexing, Chemical articles ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_bromide

sttic.com.ru Media related to Cadmium selenide at Wikimedia Commons National Pollutant Inventory - Cadmium and compounds ... Cadmium selenide is an inorganic compound with the formula CdSe. It is a black to red-black solid that is classified as a II-VI ... Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal and appropriate precautions should be taken when handling it and its compounds. Selenides are ... Cadmium compounds, Selenides, II-VI semiconductors, Optical materials, Zincblende crystal structure, Wurtzite structure type). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_selenide

Also, the compound can be made by heating cadmium with iodine. In cadmium iodide the iodide anions form a hexagonal close ... Cadmium iodide is the inorganic compound with the formula CdI2. It is a white hygroscopic solid. It also can be obtained as a ... Cadmium iodide's crystal structure is the prototype on which the crystal structures many other compounds can be considered to ... Cadmium iodide is prepared by the addition of cadmium metal, or its oxide, hydroxide or carbonate to hydroiodic acid. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_iodide

Cadmium(II) sulphide information at Webelements IARC Monograph: "Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds" Last access November 2005. ... Cadmium sulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula CdS. Cadmium sulfide is a yellow solid. It occurs in nature with two ... Cadmium sulfide is toxic, especially dangerous when inhaled as dust, and cadmium compounds in general are classified as ... Cadmium and compounds Defence Internet , About Defence , Zinc Cadmium Sulphide Dispersion Trials Report by the Academy of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_sulfide

"Cadmium and Cadmium compounds". Arsenic, Metals, Fibres and Dusts. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2012. pp. 121- ... Its toxic and volatile nature has led researchers to look elsewhere for cadmium precursors such as cadmium oxide. Cadmium ... CS1 Russian-language sources (ru), Organometallic compounds, Cadmium compounds). ... which are organometallic compounds containing a carbon to cadmium chemical bond. Cadmium shares group 12 with zinc and mercury ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organocadmium_chemistry

... many compound semiconductors (such as gallium arsenide and cadmium telluride), and a wide array of other binary compounds.[ ... Buschow, K. H. J. (1974). "Magnetic properties of CsCl‐type rare‐earth cadmium compounds". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 61 ... Compounds that consist of more than one element (e.g. binary compounds) often have crystal structures based on the cubic ... including many binary compounds of rare earths with magnesium, and with elements in groups 11, 12, and 13. Other compounds ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system

v t e (Cadmium compounds, Sulfides, Zinc compounds, All stub articles, Inorganic compound stubs). ... Zinc cadmium sulfide is a mixture of zinc sulfide (ZnS) and cadmium sulfide (CdS). It is used for its fluorescent properties. ... Zinc cadmium sulfide was used as it could be easily detected. It was also used in an experiment on unwitting civilians in the ... we have found no evidence that exposure to zinc cadmium sulfide at these levels could cause people to become sick." It said ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_cadmium_sulfide

... , like all cadmium compounds, is toxic and should be used with care. Cadmium fluoride can cause potential ... Cadmium and compounds fact sheet National Pollutant Inventory - Fluoride and compounds fact sheet (All articles with dead ... mole−1. Cadmium fluoride is prepared by the reaction of gaseous fluorine or hydrogen fluoride with cadmium metal or its salts, ... Cadmium fluoride (CdF2) is a mostly water-insoluble source of cadmium used in oxygen-sensitive applications, such as the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_fluoride

Complex Compounds of Zinc and Cadmium Fluoberyllate with Organic Bases". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. ... The thallium compound can cut growth on the 001 axis by 99%. The Tuttons salt (NH4)2Mn(BeF4)2·6(H2O) is made from a solution of ... It has the same size, charge, and outer electron structure as sulfate SO2−4. Therefore, many compounds that contain sulfate ... Perry, Dale L. (2011-05-19). Handbook of Inorganic Compounds, Second Edition. Taylor & Francis. p. 394. ISBN 9781439814611. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrafluoroberyllate

Cadmium (Cd) and its compounds are well-known human carcinogens. During Cd-induced malignant transformation, the promoter ... From results in gliomas and in cadmium carcinogenesis, methylation of the ERCC1 promoter may be a factor. One or more miRNAs ... aberrant methylation in DNA repair genes during malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells induced by cadmium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERCC1

Cadmium, lead, and mercury, however, are non-essential elements (i.e., with no known biological function). Other elements such ... Feroci, Giorgio; Badiello, Roberto; Fini, Adamo (May 2005). "Interactions between different selenium compounds and zinc, ... Marine vertebrates have specific proteins, metallothionein, which bind trace elements such as cadmium, copper and zinc when in ... Cephalopods are known to bioaccumulate higher cadmium, copper and zinc concentrations in their digestive glands compared to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronekton

... is an inorganic compound with the formula Cd(OH)2. It is a white crystalline ionic compound that is a key ... "Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2007 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/ ... cadmium sulfate, and cadmium nitrate, respectively. It is generated in storage battery anodes, in nickel-cadmium and silver- ... 2 NaNO3 Preparation has been achieved from some other cadmium salts, Cd(OH)2 and cadmium oxide react equivalently. Cadmium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_hydroxide

Lead smelters typically emit arsenic, antimony, cadmium and various lead compounds. Wastewater pollutants discharged by iron ... Most ores are the chemical compound of the metal and other elements, such as oxygen (as an oxide), sulfur (as a sulfide), or ... Lead smelters may discharge antimony, asbestos, cadmium, copper and zinc, in addition to lead. Labourers working in the ... Air pollutants generated by aluminium smelters include carbonyl sulfide, hydrogen fluoride, polycyclic compounds, lead, nickel ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelting

Their enthalpy of formation, around −32kJ/mol, is less than a third of the value for the related compound cadmium telluride. ... Capper, P. (ed.) (1994) Properties of Narrow-Gap Cadmium-Based Compounds. INSPEC, IEE, London, UK. ISBN 0-85296-880-9 Boctor, N ... Cadmium telluride Mercury selenide Mercury cadmium telluride Brice, J. and Capper, P. (eds.) (1987) Properties of mercury ... Mercury telluride (HgTe) is a binary chemical compound of mercury and tellurium. It is a semi-metal related to the II-VI group ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_telluride

... is an ionic, chemical compound with the formula Cd(BF4)2. It is a crystalline solid, which is ... combustion of cadmium tetrafluoroborate produces hazardous decomposition products including cadmium/cadmium oxide and hydrogen ... Cadmium tetrafluoroborate may be prepared from the reaction between an aqueous solution of fluoroboric acid and cadmium ... Another application of the chemistry of cadmium tetrafluoroborate is fine tuning of the size of cadmium telluride nanomaterials ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_tetrafluoroborate

"The direct preparation of organocadmium compounds from highly reactive cadmium metal powders". The Journal of Organic Chemistry ... Zinc metal is inserted into the carbon-halogen bond of the α-haloester by oxidative addition 1. This compound dimerizes and ... Moreover, metals other than zinc have also been used, including magnesium, iron, cobalt, nickel, germanium, cadmium, indium, ... Mediated Reformatsky Reaction for the Synthesis of β-Hydroxyl Carbonyl Compounds". Organic Letters. 21 (15): 5873-5878. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformatsky_reaction

To some extent, these organic compounds have displaced cadmium sulfide from the market. They exist as yellow powders of low ... Diarylide pigments are organic compounds that are used as pigments in inks and related materials. They often are yellow or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarylide_pigment

Cadmium monosulfide *Cadmium orange *Cadmium yellow *CI 77199 Synonym for Cadmium oxide. *Cadmium monoxide Synonyms for cadmium ... Synonyms for cadmium acetate. *Acetic acid, cadmium salt *Bis(acetoxy)cadmium *Cadmium(II)acetate *Cadmium diacetate *Cadmium ... Cadmium dihydroxide Synonyms for Cadmium nitrate. *Nitric acid, cadmium salt *Cadmium dinitrate *Cadmium(II) nitrate *Cadmium ... Stearic acid, cadmium salt Synonyms for Cadmium sulfate. *Cadmium monosulfate *Sulfuric acid, cadmium salt (1:1) Synonyms for ...

https://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/vol58/mono58-2.html

http://www.labcanada.com/product-category/cadmium-compounds/

Cadmium metal is alloyed with copper in the production of automobile radiators. ... On this page Overview Health effects Environmental effects Sources of emissions References Description Cadmium compounds are ... Cadmium chloride: 967°C. Cadmium oxide: 1385°C. Vapour Density: Cadmium: 3.9. Cadmium chloride: 6.3. Cadmium oxide: Does not ... Cadmium Chloride: CdCl2 Cadmium oxide: CdO Cadmium sulfide: CdS. Synonyms: Colloidal cadmium. Cadmium sulfide: greenockite, ...

https://www.dcceew.gov.au/environment/protection/npi/substances/fact-sheets/cadmium-and-compounds

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_chloride

Cadmium and Cadmium Compoundspdf iconexternal icon. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. *Workplace Safety & ... How People Are Exposed to Cadmium. People are exposed to cadmium through their diet, since cadmium is absorbed into plant and ... Cadmium is considered a cancer-causing agent.. Levels of Cadmium in the U.S. Population. In the Fourth National Report on Human ... CDC researchers found cadmium in most participants. Blood and urinary cadmium levels are known to increase with age, as seen in ...

https://www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/Cadmium_FactSheet.html

Compound VII has a 4 x 4 grid cadmium sulfate layers pillared by bpy units. All the compounds were characterized by PXRD, TGA, ... Compound VI has one-dimensional cadmium sulfate chains formed by six-membered rings connected by bpy units to form a 3D ... Synthesis, structure, transformation studies and catalytic properties of open-framework cadmium thiosulfate compounds ... transformation studies and catalytic properties of open-framework cadmium thiosulfate compounds. In: Dalton Transactions (2003 ...

https://eprints.iisc.ac.in/29130/

Macro and microelements, lead, cadmium, functional compounds, antioxidant capacity in fresh, dry cocoa beans and cocoa paste ... Tolentino, M. E., Camasca, P., & Peláez, P. P. (2019). Macro and microelements, lead, cadmium, functional compounds, ... Twenty-five samples reached values ≤ 0.61 ± 0.01 ppm of cadmium. There was a higher lead content in the FDB, in the M20 sample ... Reglamento (UE) No 488, que modifica el Reglamento (CE) no 1881/2006 por lo que respecta al contenido máximo de cadmio en los ...

https://revistas.unitru.edu.pe/index.php/scientiaagrop/article/view/2657

Determination of particulate cadmium and cadmium compounds - Flame and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric method ... Determination of particulate cadmium and cadmium compounds. Flame and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric method. ... Specifies methods for the determination of the mass concentration of particulate cadmium and cadmium compounds in workplace air ... applicable to the determination of mass concentrations of 10 ng to 600 ng Cadmium per sample or flame atomic absorption ...

https://dntms.isolutions.iso.org/standard/19181.html

E. Cadmium and its compounds Testing shall be carried out according to the Notification method. ... B. Agricultural chemical residue, aflatoxin and cadmium and its compounds in rice In accordance with Schedule 3 ...

https://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/topics/importedfoods/10/10-05.html

Cadmium and its compounds in one shot pellet type thermal cut-offs ... Cadmium and cadmium oxide in thick film pastes used on aluminium bonded beryllium oxide ... Cadmium in colour converting II-VI LEDs (, 10 μg Cd per mm2 of light-emitting area) for use in solid state illumination or ... Lead and cadmium in printing inks for the application of enamels on glasses, such as borosilicate and soda lime glasses ...

https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32011L0065

Cadmium and its compounds. Metal cutting, processing, machining, welding, natural gas combustion. 1.0. Processed. ... Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) (Excel). Guide. Process heating. *Natural Gas Boilers (0-99 MMBTUs) (Excel). If you use ... Lead and its compounds. Metal cutting, processing, machining, welding, natural gas combustion. 10. Processed. ... Manganese and its compounds. Metal cutting, processing, machining, welding, natural gas combustion. 10. Processed. ...

https://www.toronto.ca/community-people/health-wellness-care/health-programs-advice/chemtrac/chemtrac-tools-for-businesses/metal-processing-chemtrac-reporting/

Cadmium ions are taken up through calcium channels of the plasma membrane of various cell types … ... Effects of the carcinogenic metal cadmium on the regulation of mammalian gene expression are reviewed and discussed in the ... Cadmium compounds as such are only weak mutagens and clastogens. However, cadmium at noncytotoxic doses interferes with DNA ... Cadmium ions are taken up through calcium channels of the plasma membrane of various cell types, and cadmium is accumulated ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9194408/?dopt=Abstract

Cadmium. and its compounds. 231-152-8. 7440-43-9. Investigate the derogation in entry 23(3) to identify whether or not the ... Cadmium and its compounds. 231-152-8. 7440-43-9. Preparation of an Annex XV restriction dossier ... An assessment whether the use of cadmium and its compound in plastic materials not covered by entry 23 of REACH Annex XVII ... Lead and its compounds. 231-100-4. 7439-92-1. Preparation of an Annex XV restriction dossier - Lead compounds-PVC ...

https://echa.europa.eu/it/completed-activities-on-restriction

Cadmium-compounds; Mortality-data; Mortality-rates; Exposure-levels; Cytotoxicity; Cytotoxic-effects; Cell-damage; Carcinogens ... Exposure of cells to cadmium, as well as the specific silencing of eIF4E gene, also resulted in decreased cellular levels of ... Exposure of human cell lines, HCT15, PLC/PR/5, HeLa, and Chang, to cadmium chloride resulted in cytotoxicity and cell death, ... Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E is a cellular target for toxicity and death due to exposure to cadmium chloride. ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=cadmium&f1=%2A&Adv=0&terms=1&PageNo=20&RecNo=199&View=f&

EQS values may vary depending on the hardness of the water as specified in five class categories For Cadmium and its compounds ... EQS values may vary depending on the hardness of the water as specified in five class categories For Cadmium and its compounds ... EQS values may vary depending on the hardness of the water as specified in five class categories For Cadmium and its compounds ... EQS values may vary depending on the hardness of the water as specified in five class categories For Cadmium and its compounds ...

https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.007.324

Cadmium Chloride ► Flinn Scientific SDS Sheets ► Learn health and safety information about chemicals. ... Shipping name: Cadmium Compounds. Hazard class: 6.1, Keep away from food. UN number: UN2570 ... Cadmium Chloride. Flinn Scientific, Inc. P.O. Box 219, Batavia, IL 60510 (800) 452-1261. Chemtrec Emergency Phone Number: (800 ... Exposure guidelines: (as Cadmium) PEL 0.005 mg/m3 (OSHA) TLV 0.01 mg/m3 (ACGIH). ...

https://www.flinnsci.com/sds_187-cadmium-chloride/sds_187/

Cadmium and its compound : supporting documentation health-related sections.. Publisher. Health Canada,. ... Cadmium--Environmental aspects--Canada ; Pollutants--Canada--Analysis ; Environmental protection--Canada ; Pollutants--Analysis ... Pollutants--Environmental aspects--Canada, Northern ; Organic water pollutants--Canada, Northern ; Organochlorine compounds-- ...

https://cfpub.epa.gov/ols/catalog/advanced_bibliography.cfm?&FIELD1=SUBJECT&INPUT1=Environmental%20protection%20Canada&TYPE1=EXACT&LOGIC1=AND&COLL=&SORT_TYPE=MTIC&start_row=7

Cadmium and its compounds. Cadmium, metal. 7440-43-9. 0.063249. 0.001000. 0.000866. ... Inorganic compounds. Carbon Black. 1333-86-4. 20.163845. 0.318800. 0.276201. Lead and its compounds. Lead, metallic lead and ... Organic Phosphorus compounds. Other organic phosphorous compounds. 20.163845. 0.318800. 0.276201. Phenols and Phenolic Resins. ... Inorganic Silicon compounds. Silicon, doped. 53.406501. 98.000000. 0.731553. Miscellaneous substances. Other miscellaneous ...

https://www.nxp.com/webapp/chemical-content/MC68MH360AI25L.html

It is rarely present in large quantities as the chlorides and sulfates.ï¿½ These different forms of cadmium compounds are ... cadmium oxide), chlorine (cadmium chloride), or sulfur (cadmium sulfate, cadmium sulfide).ï¿½ Cadmium is most often present in ... ½ Pure cadmium is a soft, silver-white metal.ï¿½ Cadmium is not usually present in the environment as a pure metal, but as a ... ½ Cadmium may change forms, but the cadmium metal itself does not disappear from the environment.ï¿½ Knowing the particular ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/PHS/PHS.aspx?phsid=46&toxid=15

arsenic compounds (4) * photonic crystals (4) * band structure (3) * cadmium compounds (3) ...

https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/search/subject%3A%22III%255C-V%255C%2Bsemiconductors%22

DANCE IG; GARBUTT RG; CRAIG DC, 1988, ChemInform Abstract: Applications of Cadmium NMR to Polycadmium Compounds. Part 5. ... Bishop R; Craig DC; Dance IG; Gizachew D; Scudder ML; Ung AT, 1996, Helical Tubulate Inclusion Compounds Compounds: Size, ... 252Cf-Plasma Desorption and Gas-Phase Clustering of Cadmium Thiolate Compounds, Inorganic Chemistry, 33, pp. 2890 - 2912, http ... Dance IG; Dean PA; Fisher KJ, 1995, Self-Assembled Helicates of Zinc and Cadmium Cyanides, [Mx(CN)2x+1]−, x ≤ 27, Angewandte ...

https://www.unsw.edu.au/staff/ian-dance

Northrop Grumman Microelectronics Products and Services is a leader in the design and manufacture of III-V compound ... Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds. 0 ppm. 0 ppm. 0 ppm. 0 ppm. ... Lead and Lead Compounds. 0 ppm. 0 ppm. 0 ppm. 0 ppm. ... Mercury and Mercury Compounds. 0 ppm. 0 ppm. 0 ppm. 0 ppm. ... Tributyl tin (TBT) and Triphenyl tin (TPT) compounds. 0 ppm. 0 ... Northrop Grummans Space Park foundry is a leader in the design and manufacture of III-V compound semiconductors. ...

https://www.northropgrumman.com/what-we-do/microelectronics-space-park

Toxic effect of cadmium and its compounds. T56.4X1+ - T56.6X4+. Toxic effects of copper, zinc, tin and its compounds. ... Blood levels of cadmium above 5 mcg/dL suggest acute cadmium toxicity. There is a lack of evidence of beneficial effects of ... Developing an effective chelation therapy for cadmium is difficult because cadmium is tightly bound to metallothionein in liver ... Toxic effects of lead and its compounds. Background. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-Approved Indications for ...

http://www.aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/200_299/0234.html

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic element that can negatively affect both humans and animals. It enters the human and animal bodies ... Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic element that can negatively affect both humans and animals.It enters the human and animal bodies ... Compound probiotics alleviate cadmium-induced intestinal dysfunction and microbiota disorders in broilers. Ecotoxicol Environ ... Keywords: cadmium exposure, 16S rRNA , blood microbiome, serum metabolism, SD rats. Citation: Liu S, Deng X, Li Z, Zhou W, Wang ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2023.1219729/full

Coordination compounds of cadmium with tertiary arsines Vol 70, Iss 1, Page 218 ... Compounds formed by mercury salts with tertiary arsines Vol 70, Iss 1, Page 63 ... The optical properties and crystal structure of some compounds of the type RXMX₄ Vol 70, Iss 1, Page 205 ...

https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46154193

Organic compounds, chemicals such as cadmium and cigarette smoking may affect thyroid regulation. Air pollution is a mixture of ...

https://www.thyroid.org/patient-thyroid-information/ct-for-patients/march-2017/vol-10-issue-3-p-3-4/

Photo-aggravated reactions are most commonly caused by yellow (cadmium sulfide) tattoo pigment. Edema and erythema may develop ... Red - Mercuric sulfide (cinnabar), sienna (ferric hydrate), sandalwood, brazilwood, organic pigments (aromatic azo compounds), ... Although the mechanism is not clear, cadmium sulfide is the light-sensitive material used in photoelectric cells; therefore, ... Reactions to manganese and cadmium in tattoos. Cutis. 1979 Jan. 23(1):71-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1124433-overview

Beryllium Compounds. Cadmium Compounds. Chromium Compounds. Cobalt Compounds. Coke Oven Emissions. Cyanide Compounds [FN1]. ... Cadmium (metallic cadmium and cadmium compounds) None identified. Carbon Tetrachloride(CCl4; tetrachloromethane). None ... Lead Compounds. Manganese Compounds. Mercury Compounds. Fine mineral fibers [FN3]. Nickel Compounds. Polycyclic Organic Matter ... Selenium Compounds. Note: For all listing above which contain the word "compounds" and for glycol ethers, the following applies ...

https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/documents/carb-identified-toxic-air-contaminants

Beryllium-compounds; Metallic-dusts; Lead-dust; Lead-compounds; Chromium-compounds; Cobalt-compounds; Cadmium-dust; Cadmium- ... compounds; Author Keywords: Recyclable Material Merchant Wholesalers; electronic scrap; e-scrap; recycling; lead; cadmium; ... cadmium, chromium, cobalt, and lead; (3) testing employees blood for lead and cadmium; (4) measuring noise exposures; and (5) ... Employees blood did not show detectable amounts of lead, and cadmium levels were well below the limit that would trigger ...

http://www2.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=hearing+protection+devices&f1=%2A&Startyear=&Adv=0&terms=1&B1=Search&whichdate=DP&D1=10&Limit=500&Sort=DP+DESC&EndYear=&PageNo=6&RecNo=58&View=f&

Cadmium compounds are used in the metal plating and battery industry, and as stabilizing agents in many polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products. (dcceew.gov.au)
Cadmium chloride is used in the dyeing and printing of fabrics, in electronics component manufacture and in photography. (dcceew.gov.au)
Cadmium is most often found combined with other elements, which produces compounds such as Cadmium chloride, Cadmium oxide, and Cadmium sulfite. (dcceew.gov.au)
In water some of the compounds will be quite soluble (cadmium chloride) and others will be insoluble (cadmium oxide). (dcceew.gov.au)
Cadmium chloride is a white crystalline compound of cadmium and chloride, with the formula CdCl2. (wikipedia.org)
The crystal structure of cadmium chloride (described below), is a reference for describing other crystal structures. (wikipedia.org)
Anhydrous cadmium chloride forms a layered structure consisting of octahedral Cd2+ centers linked with chloride ligands. (wikipedia.org)
Cadmium iodide, CdI2, has a similar structure, but the iodide ions are arranged in a HCP lattice, whereas in CdCl2 the chloride ions are arranged in a CCP lattice. (wikipedia.org)
Cadmium chloride dissolves well in water and other polar solvents. (wikipedia.org)
CdCl2 + 2 Cl− → [CdCl4]2− Solutions of equimolar cadmium chloride and potassium chloride give potassium cadmium trichloride. (wikipedia.org)
Cadmium metal is soluble in molten cadmium chloride, produced by heating cadmium chloride above 568 °C. Upon cooling, the metal precipitates. (wikipedia.org)
Anhydrous cadmium chloride can be prepared by the reaction of hydrochloric acid and cadmium metal or cadmium oxide. (wikipedia.org)
Cd + 2 HCl → CdCl2 + H2 The anhydrous salt can also be prepared from anhydrous cadmium acetate using hydrogen chloride or acetyl chloride. (wikipedia.org)
Industrially, it is produced by the reaction of molten cadmium and chlorine gas at 600 °C. The monohydrate, hemipentahydrate, and tetrahydrate can be produced by evaporation of the solution of cadmium chloride at 35, 20, and 0 °C respectively. (wikipedia.org)
Cadmium chloride is used for the preparation of cadmium sulfide, used as "cadmium yellow", a brilliant-yellow stable inorganic pigment. (wikipedia.org)
Cadmium chloride is also used for photocopying, dyeing and electroplating. (wikipedia.org)
Sigma-Aldrich Co., Cadmium chloride. (wikipedia.org)
International Chemical Safety Card 0116 IARC Monograph "Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds" National Pollutant Inventory - Cadmium and compounds Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cadmium chloride. (wikipedia.org)
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E is a cellular target for toxicity and death due to exposure to cadmium chloride. (cdc.gov)
Exposure of human cell lines, HCT15, PLC/PR/5, HeLa, and Chang, to cadmium chloride resulted in cytotoxicity and cell death, and this was associated with a significant decrease in eIF4E protein levels. (cdc.gov)
Taken together, our results demonstrate that the exposure of cells to cadmium chloride resulted in cytotoxicity and cell death due to enhanced ubiquitination and consequent proteolysis of eIF4E protein, which in turn diminished cellular levels of critical genes such as cyclin D1. (cdc.gov)
Cadmium chloride and cadmium sulfate are soluble in water. (cdc.gov)
Cadmium (as oxide, chloride, and sulfate) will exist in air as particles or vapors (from high temperature processes). (cdc.gov)
acetate, chloride and sulfate, whereas cadmium oxide, carbonate and sulfide are almost insoluble (1). (feministlawprofessors.com)

Occupational exposure to cadmium and cadmium compounds occurs mainly in the form of airborne dust and fume. (inchem.org)
A case-control analysis of lung cancer did not show any association with exposure to cadmium. (inchem.org)
Excess mortality from lung cancer was reported among workers employed in a US cadmium recovery plant, and a dose-response relationship was demonstrated between estimated cumulative exposure to cadmium and lung cancer risk. (inchem.org)
Constraints that influence the assessment of both lung and prostatic cancer risk are that the number of long-term, highly exposed workers is small, the historical data on exposure to cadmium are limited, particularly for the non-US plants, and the ability to define and examine a gradient of cumulative exposure varies across studies. (inchem.org)
The most significant route of exposure to cadmium and or cadmium compounds for most members of the general public is through food, since food materials tend to take up and retain cadmium. (dcceew.gov.au)
Environmental exposure to cadmium causes renal dysfunction and bone damage. (biomedcentral.com)
There have been increasing concerns over health effects of low level exposure to cadmium, especially those on bones and kidneys. (cdc.gov)
Additional knowledge on racial difference in cadmium exposure may facilitate further research on the avoidable sources of exposure to cadmium, thereby contributing to the efforts to prevent adverse health effects induced by cadmium. (cdc.gov)

Cadmium is found at low concentrations in the Earth's crust, mainly as the sulfide in zinc-containing mineral deposits. (inchem.org)
Occupations in which the highest potential exposures occur include cadmium production and refining, nickel-cadmium battery manufacture, cadmium pigment manufacture and formulation, cadmium alloy production, mechanical plating, zinc smelting, soldering and polyvinylchloride compounding. (inchem.org)
Modulation of tissue trace metal concentrations in weanling rats fed different levels of zinc and exposed to oral lead and cadmium. (cdc.gov)
The mechanisms underlying the modulation of gene activity by cadmium are discussed in terms of interference with cellular signalling at the levels of cell surface receptors, cellular calcium and zinc homeostases, protein phosphorylation, and modification of transcription factors. (nih.gov)
Most cadmium used in the United States is extracted as a byproduct during the production of other metals such as zinc, lead, or copper. (cdc.gov)
Jeremias Lukáš, Demo Gabriel, Kubát Václav, Trávníček Zdeněk, Novosad Josef: Synthesis and X-Ray Structures of Zinc(II) and Cadmium(II) Heteroleptic Complexes Involving 1,1-Dithiolate and N-Donor Ligands. (cas.cz)
A type of non-covalent bond has been discovered in compounds of zinc, cadmium and mercury. (chemistryworld.com)
Through computational modelling, the team found that mercury and cadmium adducts form spodium bonds while zinc adducts mostly rely on a mix of halogen and chalcogen bonds. (chemistryworld.com)
Cd is primarily toxic to the kidney, especially to the pro … Zinc ores contain up … Cadmium releases can be carried to and deposited on areas remote from the sources of emission by means of long-range atmospheric transport. (feministlawprofessors.com)
Cadmium (Cd), a by-product of zinc production, is one of the most toxic elements to which man can be exposed at work or in the environment. (feministlawprofessors.com)
The median concentration of zinc in 726 filtered samples of water taken from rivers and lakes of the United States in November 1971 was close to 20 μg/l, and the median concentration of cadmium was a little below 1 μg/l. 6. (feministlawprofessors.com)
Cadmium occurs naturally in zinc, in lead and copper ores, in coal and other fossil fuels, in shales and is released during volcanic action. (feministlawprofessors.com)

Urinary and blood cadmium concentrations are generally much lower in non-occupationally exposed people, for whom the most important sources of exposure are cigarette smoking and, especially in polluted areas, eating certain foods (e.g. rice). (inchem.org)
The national geometric mean blood cadmium level for adults is 0.38 µg/L. A geometric mean blood cadmium level of 1.58 µg/L for New York City smokers has been reported. (cdc.gov)
The mean values of urinary and blood cadmium among the study population were 0.5 μg/L and 1.9 μg/L, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
Positive correlations were observed between environmental cadmium exposure and blood cadmium (R? (biomedcentral.com)
0.01), tobacco cadmium intake and blood cadmium excluding non-smokers (R? (biomedcentral.com)
To explore how age-adjusted geometric means of blood cadmium in adults varied by race/Hispanic origin, sex, and smoking status among U.S. adults and the extent to which the difference in blood cadmium by race/Hispanic origin and sex may be explained by intensity of smoking, a known major source of cadmium exposure. (cdc.gov)
With direct age adjustment, geometric means of blood cadmium and number of cigarettes smoked per day were estimated for subgroups defined by race/Hispanic origin, smoking status, and sex using interval regression, which allows mean estimation in the presence of left- and right-censoring. (cdc.gov)
Among never and former smoking men and women, blood cadmium tended to be higher for non-Hispanic Asian adults than adults of other race/Hispanic origin. (cdc.gov)
Among current smokers, who generally had higher blood cadmium than never and former smokers, non-Hispanic white, black, and Asian adults had similarly elevated blood cadmium compared to Hispanic adults. (cdc.gov)
The observed pattern provided evidence for smoking as a major source of cadmium exposure, yet factors other than smoking also appeared to contribute to higher blood cadmium of non-Hispanic Asian adults. (cdc.gov)
We explored sex-specific differences in blood cadmium between race/Hispanic origin groups by smoking status and examined the extent to which the difference may be explained by smoking intensity. (cdc.gov)
We used data on race/Hispanic origin, sex, age at screening, blood cadmium, and self-reported smoking status and intensity from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014. (cdc.gov)
were targeted for blood cadmium measurements. (cdc.gov)

No. The Deck Elite coating does not contain cadmium, nor does it contain chromium or chromium compounds. (grkfasteners.com)

Breathing high levels of cadmium damages people's lungs and can cause death. (cdc.gov)
Exposure to low levels of cadmium in air, food, water, and particularly in tobacco smoke over time may build up cadmium in the kidneys and cause kidney disease and fragile bones. (cdc.gov)
Finding a measurable amount of cadmium in blood or urine does not imply that the levels of cadmium cause an adverse health effect. (cdc.gov)
Biomonitoring studies on levels of cadmium provide physicians and public health officials with reference values so that they can determine whether people have been exposed to higher levels of cadmium than are found in the general population. (cdc.gov)
In general, leafy vegetables such as lettuce and spinach, potatoes and grains, peanuts, soybeans, and sunflower seeds contain high levels of cadmium, approximately 0.05- 0.12 mg cadmium/kg. (cdc.gov)
Tobacco leaves accumulate high levels of cadmium from the soil. (cdc.gov)
However, background levels of cadmium in food, water, and ambient air are not a health concern for the general North American population. (feministlawprofessors.com)

Among the important compounds of cadmium are cadmium oxide (used in batteries, as an intermediate and catalyst and in electroplating), cadmium sulfide (used as a pigment), cadmium sulfate (used as an intermediate and in electroplating) and cadmium stearate (used as a plastics stabilizer). (inchem.org)
Cadmium sulfide is used in the electronics industry for photocells and light emitting diodes. (dcceew.gov.au)

Cadmium oxide is used in electroplating, in semiconductors, and in glass and ceramic glazes. (dcceew.gov.au)
As fine powder cadmium metal will burn, releasing toxic fumes of cadmium oxide. (dcceew.gov.au)
Inhalation of smoke from burning cadmium or from cadmium oxide is toxic to the respiratory system. (dcceew.gov.au)

Prolonged heating of I gave rise to a 3D cadmium sulfate phase, [Cd-2(C10H8N2)(2)(H2O)(3)(SO4)(2)]center dot 2H(2)O, VI. (iisc.ac.in)
Compound VI has one-dimensional cadmium sulfate chains formed by six-membered rings connected by bpy units to form a 3D structure, which appears to resemble the topological arrangement of III. (iisc.ac.in)
Transformation studies of III indicates the formation of IV and V, and at a higher temperature a new 3D cadmium sulfate, [Cd(C10H8N2)(SO4)], VII. (iisc.ac.in)
Compound VII has a 4 x 4 grid cadmium sulfate layers pillared by bpy units. (iisc.ac.in)

The National Pollutant Inventory ( NPI ) holds data for all sources of cadmium and compounds emissions in Australia. (dcceew.gov.au)
Natural sources of cadmium result from mobilization of naturally occurring cadmium from the Earth's crust and mantle, by volcanic activity and weathering of rocks. (feministlawprofessors.com)

Aetna considers laboratory testing medically necessary for heavy metal poisoning (e.g., arsenic, cadmium, copper, gold, iron, mercury) for members with specific signs and symptoms of heavy metal toxicity and/or a history of likely exposure to heavy metals. (aetna.com)
Does Deck Elite coating contain any heavy metals such as cadmium? (grkfasteners.com)
The oxp1 /CRISPR plants also exhibited tolerance to heavy metals, such as cadmium, and another sulfonamide compound, amisulbrom. (isaaa.org)
Heavy metals, flame retardants, and plasticizers are among the prohibited compounds. (arenasolutions.com)
A PC's central processing unit (CPU), the module containing the chip and the hard disk, typically contains toxic heavy metals such as mercury (in switches), lead (in solder on circuit boards), and cadmium (in batteries). (ghanabusinessnews.com)
Marine turtles of all species, particularly hawksbill turtles ( Figure 1 ), can contain a variety of toxins including heavy metals (e.g. cadmium and mercury), organic compounds (e.g. pesticides such as chlordane and polychlorinated biphenyls) and biotoxins such as those produced by various blue-green algae on which turtles feed (e.g. lyngbyatoxin A from Lyngbya majuscula ). (who.int)
Similar changes develop in animals injected with heavy metals, such as cadmium, lead, and mercury. (medscape.com)

CdCl 2 + H 2S → CdS + 2 HCl In the laboratory, anhydrous CdCl2 can be used for the preparation of organocadmium compounds of the type R2Cd, where R is an aryl or a primary alkyl. (wikipedia.org)
These were once used in the synthesis of ketones from acyl chlorides: CdCl 2 + 2 RMgX → R 2Cd + MgCl 2 + MgX 2 R 2Cd + 2R'COCl → 2R'COR + CdCl 2 Such reagents have largely been supplanted by organocopper compounds, which are much less toxic. (wikipedia.org)
Like all cadmium compounds, CdCl 2 is highly toxic and appropriate safety precautions must be taken when handling it. (wikipedia.org)

Acidification of cadmium-containing soils and sediments may increase the concentrations of cadmium in surface waters and crops. (inchem.org)
Specifies methods for the determination of the mass concentration of particulate cadmium and cadmium compounds in workplace air by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric method (ETAAS) applicable to the determination of mass concentrations of 10 ng to 600 ng Cadmium per sample or flame atomic absorption spectrometric method (FAAS), applicable to the determination of mass concentrations of 0,15 g to 96 g Cadmium per sample. (iso.org)
About 1 microM cadmium stimulates DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in various cell lines, whereas more elevated concentrations are inhibitory. (nih.gov)
Cadmium enhances the expression of several classes of genes at concentrations of a few microM. (nih.gov)
Cadmium concentrations in earthworms increase with increasing Cd levels in a non-proportional way. (europa.eu)

The amount of cadmium absorbed from smoking one pack of cigarettes per day is about 1- 3 µg/day. (cdc.gov)

Blood and urinary cadmium levels are known to increase with age, as seen in the Fourth Report . (cdc.gov)
1981. The effects of sodium chromate and carbon tetrachloride on the urinary excretion and tissue distribution of cadmium in cadmium-pretreated rats. (cdc.gov)

Cadmium compounds are also toxic with a possible risk of irreversible effects on human health and accumulate in the human body, particularly the kidneys. (ghanabusinessnews.com)

Insoluble forms of cadmium are immobile and will deposit and absorb to sediments. (cdc.gov)

The highest levels of urine cadmium in the U.S. population were only slightly lower than levels associated with indicators of changes in the kidney. (cdc.gov)
0.05), and urine cadmium and age (R? (biomedcentral.com)

CDC researchers found cadmium in most participants. (cdc.gov)

Twenty-five samples reached values ≤ 0.61 ± 0.01 ppm of cadmium. (edu.pe)

Whether translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), the mRNA cap binding and rate-limiting factor required for translation, is a target for cytotoxicity and cell death induced by cadmium , a human carcinogen, was investigated. (cdc.gov)

Chemical class - metals, pesticides and volatile organic compounds. (cdc.gov)

With increasing pollution and emission of cadmium, its levels in agricultural soils are increasing. (feministlawprofessors.com)

The food frequency questionnaire was combined with food, tobacco and water cadmium exposure to estimate the daily environmental cadmium exposure in both point and probabilistic estimations. (biomedcentral.com)
Dietary and tobacco cadmium exposure approached 25.8% and 7.9% of the PTDI, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
By sensitivity analysis, tobacco consumption, tobacco cadmium level, cadmium in vegetables and cadmium in rice accounted for 27.5%, 24.9%, 20.2% and 14.6% of the total cadmium exposure, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
Tobacco cadmium exposure, which accounted for approximately 25% of the total dietary cadmium exposure, was another important source of non-occupational cadmium exposure. (biomedcentral.com)
It is estimated that a tobacco leaf contains more than 6000 chemical compounds that undergo a lot of changes till the final product is formed. (who.int)

Lead, mercury, cadmium, and polybrominated flame retardants are all persistent, bio-accumulative toxins (PBTs), that can create environmental and health risks when computers are manufactured, incinerated, landfilled or melted during recycling. (ghanabusinessnews.com)

Cadmium can also contaminate drinking water through corrosion of galvanized pipes and cadmium-containing solders. (feministlawprofessors.com)

It was later decided to include nitions of carcinogens were based on pollution, occupational exposure to a review of lifestyle factors that are the January 2013 list of agents classified carcinogenic compounds, and lifestyle known to influence cancer risk. (who.int)

Cadmium (Cd) exposure is a risk factor for endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. (bvsalud.org)

RoHS directives are designed to reduce the level of certain compounds found in some electrical and electronic products. (timbercon.com)

Cadmium is easily absorbed and accumulates in tissues, and its main sources in our diet are fish and cereal products (Olmedo et al. (feministlawprofessors.com)
2013). It accumulates in the body through food and water, but also through the air we breathe and the environment in … Cadmium and Human Health. (feministlawprofessors.com)

Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds (2nd ed. (wikipedia.org)
Five new thiosulfate based inorganic-organic hybrid open-framework compounds have been synthesized employing mild reaction conditions. (iisc.ac.in)
Cadmium and its compounds may travel through soil, but its mobility depends on several factors such as pH and amount of organic matter, which will vary depending on the local environment. (cdc.gov)
Generally, cadmium binds strongly to organic matter where it will be immobile in soil and be taken up by plant life, eventually, entering the food supply. (cdc.gov)
Cadmium exists as the hydrated ion or as ionic complexes with other inorganic or organic substances. (cdc.gov)
Organic compounds, chemicals such as cadmium and cigarette smoking may affect thyroid regulation. (thyroid.org)

In the Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (Fourth Report) , CDC scientists measured cadmium in the blood of 8,372 participants aged one year and older and in the urine of 2543 participants aged six years and older who took part in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) during 2003-2004. (cdc.gov)

2007). As an extension of the work on the structural characterization of such complexes, the title new polynuclear cadmium(II) complex is reported here. (iucr.org)

Effects of dietary cadmium on circulatory function plasma cholesterol and triglyceride. (cdc.gov)
The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of dietary cadmium exposure in environmental cadmium exposure and its health risk among adults in Shanghai, China. (biomedcentral.com)
Males had higher levels of dietary cadmium exposure than females (p? (biomedcentral.com)
The probabilistic model showed that 93.4% of the population did not have any health risks from dietary cadmium exposure. (biomedcentral.com)
Vegetables and rice were the main sources of dietary cadmium intake. (biomedcentral.com)
Recent studies have shown that dietary cadmium exposure is associated with the development of postmenopausal breast cancer in women [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, it was necessary to evaluate dietary cadmium exposure and its health risk for future policymaking on cadmium contamination prevention. (biomedcentral.com)

Cadmium is a metal that also occurs naturally in the environment. (feministlawprofessors.com)
Cadmium occurs in certain components such as SMD chip resistors, infra-red detectors, and semi-conductor chips. (ghanabusinessnews.com)

Cadmium can accumulate in aquatic organisms and agricultural crops. (cdc.gov)
There is a number of data available on the possible accumulation of cadmium in aquatic organisms. (europa.eu)
In recent years, it has been reported that cadmium levels in some food in Shanghai have exceeded the National Maximum Level as follows: 27.2% in aquatic products, 2.7% in animal innards and 8.2% in grains [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Cadmium is released by various natural and anthropogenic sources to the atmosphere, the aquatic and terrestrial environments, mostly in the form of particles. (feministlawprofessors.com)
Cadmium enters the aquatic environment from agricultural and urban run-off and atmospheric fall-out and other point sources. (feministlawprofessors.com)

Cadmium enters the environment through mining operations and the action of wind and rain. (cdc.gov)
What happens to cadmium when it enters the environment? (cdc.gov)

Cadmium contamination in food is regarded as the main environmental source of non-occupational exposure. (biomedcentral.com)
Cadmium contamination is a major environmental health problem, and is potentially harmful to the broader population through the food chain [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
To prevent health risk from cadmium contamination, a provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) for cadmium of 7 μg/kg body weight was established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives in 2004 [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Cadmium contamination is severe and prevalent in some areas of China. (biomedcentral.com)

People are exposed to higher amounts of cadmium by breathing cigarette smoke. (cdc.gov)

Cadmium metal is alloyed with copper in the production of automobile radiators. (dcceew.gov.au)
Pure cadmium, the metal, is a soft silver white colour. (dcceew.gov.au)
In the workplace, people are exposed where cadmium is used or generated, such as in battery manufacturing, metal soldering, or welding. (cdc.gov)
Effects of the carcinogenic metal cadmium on the regulation of mammalian gene expression are reviewed and discussed in the light of observations on interference with cellular signal transduction pathways. (nih.gov)
Cadmium is emitted to soil, water, and air by non-ferrous metal mining and refining, manufacture and application of phosphate fertilizers, fossil fuel combustion, and waste incineration and disposal. (cdc.gov)
Cadmium is a naturally occurring metal and commonly used to make batteries and solar cells. (feministlawprofessors.com)

Nongenotoxic mechanisms upregulating intracellular signalling pathways leading to increased mitogenesis are discussed as major mechanisms for the interpretation of the carcinogenic activity by chronic cadmium exposure. (nih.gov)
In considering the available evidence, the carcinogenic properties of cadmium are interpreted using a multifactorial approach involving indirect genotoxicity (interference with DNA repair) and the upregulation of mitogenic signalling pathways. (nih.gov)

Most soil and rocks, including coal and mineral fertilizers, contain some cadmium. (cdc.gov)
Cadmium is concentrated from the soil into earthworms organisms (BAF values are all higher than 1). (europa.eu)
However, cadmium can be a source of soil and water pollution after extraction and discharge. (biomedcentral.com)
Cadmium from smoking cigarettes is more likely to pose a health concern than cadmium … "Unfortunately, the human body finds it much more difficult to excrete cadmium than other toxic metals, and its presence in many nutritious foods means it is critical to continue reducing sources of environmental pollution that contribute to its presence in air, soil and water," says Hu. (feministlawprofessors.com)
Cadmium may enter drinking water sources naturally (leaching from soil) , as a result of human activities (as a cadmium in drinking water. (feministlawprofessors.com)

Northrop Grumman's Space Park foundry is a leader in the design and manufacture of III-V compound semiconductors. (northropgrumman.com)

However, cadmium at noncytotoxic doses interferes with DNA repair processes and enhances the genotoxicity of directly acting mutagens. (nih.gov)

Cadmium is a natural element in the earth's crust. (cdc.gov)

The three 3D structures have one-dimensional cadmium thiosulfate chains linked by bpy units. (iisc.ac.in)

A nine-year old chronic toxicity study of cadmium in monkeys II. (cdc.gov)

What about the toxic substances we hear about in the news-mercury in canned tuna, BPA in plastic, cadmium in jewelry? (cdc.gov)

Organisms1

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs12

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Phenomena and Processes1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science1

Health Care1

Cloning and expression of cadD, a new cadmium resistance gene of Staphylococcus aureus. (1/228)

Evaluation of three gamma detectors for intraoperative detection of tumors using 111In-labeled radiopharmaceuticals. (2/228)

A new Klebsiella planticola strain (Cd-1) grows anaerobically at high cadmium concentrations and precipitates cadmium sulfide. (3/228)

Azuki bean cells are hypersensitive to cadmium and do not synthesize phytochelatins. (4/228)

Metabolic engineering of an aerobic sulfate reduction pathway and its application to precipitation of cadmium on the cell surface. (5/228)

Structure and dynamics of hnRNP-labelled nuclear bodies induced by stress treatments. (6/228)

The NADPH oxidase inhibitors iodonium diphenyl and cadmium sulphate inhibit hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in isolated rat pulmonary arteries. (7/228)

Colloidal nanocrystal shape and size control: the case of cobalt. (8/228)

Cadmium Compounds

Cadmium

Cadmium Poisoning

Cadmium Chloride

Cadmium Radioisotopes

Metallothionein

Metals, Heavy

Lead

Zinc

Phytochelatins

Spectrophotometry, Atomic

Environmental Pollutants

Cyanamide

Tobacco Industry

Fertilizers

Pest Control, Biological

Plant Diseases

Formularies as Topic

Vicia

Cloning and expression of cadD, a new cadmium resistance gene of Staphylococcus aureus. (1/228)

Evaluation of three gamma detectors for intraoperative detection of tumors using 111In-labeled radiopharmaceuticals. (2/228)

A new Klebsiella planticola strain (Cd-1) grows anaerobically at high cadmium concentrations and precipitates cadmium sulfide. (3/228)

Azuki bean cells are hypersensitive to cadmium and do not synthesize phytochelatins. (4/228)

Metabolic engineering of an aerobic sulfate reduction pathway and its application to precipitation of cadmium on the cell surface. (5/228)

Structure and dynamics of hnRNP-labelled nuclear bodies induced by stress treatments. (6/228)

The NADPH oxidase inhibitors iodonium diphenyl and cadmium sulphate inhibit hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in isolated rat pulmonary arteries. (7/228)

Colloidal nanocrystal shape and size control: the case of cobalt. (8/228)

Cadmium chloride

Cadmium

Cadmium oxide

Cadmium zinc telluride

Cadmium telluride

Cadmium tungstate

Cadmium acetate

Cadmium nitrate

Cadmium cyanide

Cadmium phosphide

Cadmium resistance transporter

Cadmium pigments

Cadmium chromate

Cadmium bromide

Cadmium selenide

Cadmium iodide

Cadmium sulfide

Organocadmium chemistry

Cubic crystal system

Zinc cadmium sulfide

Cadmium fluoride

Tetrafluoroberyllate

ERCC1

Micronekton

Cadmium hydroxide

Smelting

Mercury telluride

Cadmium tetrafluoroborate

Reformatsky reaction

Diarylide pigment

Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds (IARC Summary & Evaluation, Volume 58, 1993)

Cadmium Compounds Archives - Lab CanadaLab Canada

Cadmium and compounds - DCCEEW

Cadmium chloride - Wikipedia

Cadmium Factsheet | National Biomonitoring Program | CDC

Synthesis, structure, transformation studies and catalytic properties of open-framework cadmium thiosulfate compounds ePrints...

Macro and microelements, lead, cadmium, functional compounds, antioxidant capacity in fresh, dry cocoa beans and cocoa paste ...

ISO 11174:1996 - Workplace air - Determination of particulate cadmium and cadmium compounds - Flame and electrothermal atomic...

Implementation of 'Imported Foods Monitoring Plan for FY 2010'

EUR-Lex - 32011L0065 - EN - EUR-Lex

Metal Processing - ChemTRAC Reporting Tools - City of Toronto

Cadmium, gene regulation, and cellular signalling in mammalian cells

Attività completate dell'ECHA sulla restrizione - ECHA

NIOSHTIC-2 Search Results - Full View

Substance Information - ECHA

Cadmium Chloride SDS (Safety Data Sheet) | Flinn Scientific

The EPA National Library Catalog | EPA National Library Network | US EPA

NXP Semiconductors :: Secure Connections for a Smarter World

Cadmium | Public Health Statement | ATSDR

Search results | TU Delft Repositories

Emeritus Professor Ian Dance

Microelectronics - Space Park | Northrop Grumman

Chelation Therapy - Medical Clinical Policy Bulletins | Aetna