Calcium Channels, L-Type

Neurons

Ether

Calcium Channels

Calcium Channel Blockers

Electromagnetic Fields

Hippocampus

Memory, Long-Term

Colforsin

3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases

Memory

Synapses

Orchitis

Theilovirus

Maus Elberfeld virus

Cardiovirus Infections

Demyelinating Diseases

Enterovirus Infections

Enterovirus

Limbic System

Cellular Phone

Mobile Applications

Computers, Handheld

Mamillary Bodies

Ageusia

Amygdala

Crows

Schizophrenia

Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate

Dizocilpine Maleate

Nervous System Diseases

Williams Syndrome

Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists

Epilepsy, Reflex

Seizures

Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide

Anticonvulsants

Piribedil

Meprobamate

Acoustic Stimulation

Brain

Brain Chemistry

Censuses

Brain Mapping

Nerve Tissue Proteins

Time Factors

2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate

Ketamine

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Neurons50

• Hirano bodies and Granulovacuolar bodies were absent in the CA3 pyramidal neurons of different groups studied. (springer.com)
• Extensive theorical and experimental data indicate that the well known propensity of CA3 neurons to generate synchronized burst is due to the presence of recurrent excitatory collateral's between pyramidal neurons (Mc Vicar and Dudeck 1980, Wong and Traub 1983, Miles and Wong 1986). (springer.com)
• Modulation of excitatory synaptic transmission by glycine and zinc in cultures of mouse hippocampal neurons. (springer.com)
• Gaiarsa, J.L., Corradetti, R., Cherubini, E. and Ben-Ari, Y. (1990) The allosteric glycine site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate modulates GABAergic-mediated synaptic events in neonatal rat CA3 hippocampal neurons. (springer.com)
• Mossy fibers make excitatory inputs onto postsynaptic specializations of CA3 pyramidal neurons termed thorny excrescences and these structures were smaller in the absence of SynCAM 1. (nih.gov)
• Our results support that SynCAM 1 modulates excitatory mossy fiber inputs onto both interneurons and principal neurons in the hippocampal CA3 area to balance network excitability. (nih.gov)
• 1 ) provided early clues when they found that elevating corticosterone stress hormone levels into the high physiological range for an extended period reduced the number of hippocampal neurons in rats. (pnas.org)
• The sensitivity of hippocampal neurons to stress and glucocorticoids has been confirmed in a host of other species, including nonhuman primates ( 3 ). (pnas.org)
• Promotes neuritogenesis in developing hippocampal neurons. (uniprot.org)
• ModelDB: Firing patterns of CA3 hippocampal neurons (Soldado-Magraner et al. (yale.edu)
• Here we demonstrate that the intrinsic firing patterns of CA3 neurons of the rat hippocampus in vitro undergo rapid long-term plasticity in response to a few minutes of only subthreshold synaptic conditioning. (yale.edu)
• We conclude that CA3 neurons adapt their conductance profile to the subthreshold activity of their input, so that their intrinsic firing pattern is not a static signature, but rather a reflection of their history of subthreshold activity. (yale.edu)
• In this way, recurrent output from CA3 neurons may collectively shape the temporal dynamics of their embedding circuits. (yale.edu)
• Rapid activation of plasticity-associated gene transcription in hippocampal neurons provides a mechanism for encoding of one-trial experience. (uci.edu)
• Unlike the pyramidal neurons in CA1 and CA3, the neurons here include mossy cells that primarily receive inputs from the granule cells in the dentate gyrus in the form of mossy fibers. (wikipedia.org)
• Increased duration of cerebral ischemia resulted in a progressive loss of striatal and CA3 hippocampal neurons. (curehunter.com)
• It remains controversial whether hippocampal neurons exhibit slow-wave oscillations with bistable membrane potentials [20] , [21] . (plos.org)
• On the cellular level, the disease is characterized by a decrease in synaptic proteins and the loss of synapses and neurons, all of which primarily occur in the hippocampus, the cerebral cortex, and some subcortical brain regions [ 6 - 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
• The activity of hippocampal neurons appears to reflect such a relationship, representing not only instantaneous position but also the path towards a goal location. (nih.gov)
• A subpopulation of granule neurons that innervated the CA3 region expressed leptin receptors and these cells were not activated by stress.Leptin treatment dampened tail suspension-evoked glutamate release in CA3.On the other hand, intra-CA3 infusion of NMDA blocked the antidepressant-like effect of leptin in reversing behavioral despair in both the tail suspension and forced swim tests, which involved activation of Akt signaling in DG. (nih.gov)
• A subpopulation of granule neurons that innervated the CA3 region expressed leptin receptors and these cells were not activated by stress. (nih.gov)
• We have tested a novel class of compounds using a combination of electrophysiology in autaptic hippocampal neurons, a well-characterized model of endogenous cannabinoid signaling, and measurements of IOP in a mouse model. (mdpi.com)
• Wong, R. K. S. and Prince, D. A., 1978, Participation of calcium spikes during intrinsic burst firing in hippocampal neurons, Brain Res . (springer.com)
• 2014a) reported that condensed, interstitial and degenerated neurons were observed in fluoride-treated hippocampal CA1 regions of developmental rat. (fluoridealert.org)
• Concurrently, hippocampal researchers have proposed a system of parallel information processing being carried out among the intertwined circuitry of CA1, where-in preferential interneuron targeting acts to segregate information streams to different sets of principal neurons ( Soltesz and Losonczy, 2018 ). (elifesciences.org)
• Xenon caused death of hippocampal neurons in CA1, CA3, and dentate regions after 1 and 2 MAC exposures, but not at 0.75 MAC. (asahq.org)
• They saw this increase in neurons of the dentate gyrus and CA3 regions, which die early in Alzheimer's pathogenesis. (alzforum.org)
• Recordings from tetrodotoxin-treated CA3 neurons revealed a strong postsynaptic component of endogenous adenosinergic inhibition. (uni-muenchen.de)
• CA3 neurons receive massive glutamatergic inputs from granule neurons in DG. (nih.gov)
• The axonal terminals of LepRb granule neurons were extended to CA3 (Figure 3A), suggesting that LepRb neurons participate in modulating CA3 activity. (nih.gov)
• The death of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons caused by transient forebrain ischemia in the gerbil was inhibited with the ventricular preadministration of theanine. (prohealth.com)
• These results show the presence of functional M-current-inhibitory P2Y 1 receptors on hippocampal pyramidal neurons, as predicted from their effects when expressed in sympathetic neurons. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• To examine this, we selected rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• The neurons expressing caspase‑3, Bax and Bcl‑2 in the cortical area, CA3, CA1, stratum lucidum (Slu) and molecular layer of the dentate gyrus (MoDG) of the hippocampus were detected using immunohistochemistry or the TUNEL method. (spandidos-publications.com)
• Mint1 mRNA and mint2 mRNA were distributed among hippocampal pyramidal neurons, while mint2 mRNA was especially abundant in CA3. (unboundmedicine.com)
• We report that in aged human temporal lobe, the phospho-Lrp6 (pLrp6) epitope localizes to neurons in the entorhinal cortex (EC), the dentate gyrus (DG), and the hippocampal formation, especially in the CA3 field. (scirp.org)
• The researchers then determined that osteocalcin binds to a receptor called Gpr158 that is abundant in neurons of the CA3 region of the hippocampus, the brain's memory center. (eurekalert.org)
• Depolarizing GABAergic responses in neurons downstream to the sclerotic CA1 region contribute to human interictal activity. (sciencemag.org)
• In slices prepared from this tissue ( 14 ), the size of both CA1 and CA3 regions was reduced and a laminar organization of pyramidal cell bodies was hard to detect ( Fig. 1 A). We recorded neuronal activity with intracellular electrodes and extracellular tungsten electrodes, which detect firing of neurons located within a radius of about 100 μm ( 15 ). (sciencemag.org)
• Interestingly, there were no significant differences in the number of hippocampal neurons and GABAergic neurons between normal and SE+HUMSCs rats. (ncl.edu.tw)
• To investigate this, a hippocampal slice model, showing spontaneous sharp wave - ripple activity, and a combination of planar multi-electrode array recordings and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of anatomically identified hippocampal neurons were used. (bl.uk)
• Sharp waves were generated by changing subpopulations of pyramidal neurons in the CA3 region and had characteristics similar to those found in vivo. (bl.uk)
• A decrease in the excitability of CA1 pyramidal neurons contributes to the age related decrease in hippocampal function and memory decline. (biomedsearch.com)
• 0.001) of hippocampal neurons at CA1 and CA3 region in the diabetic rats as compared with healthy controls. (ijpsonline.com)
• This cognitive decline was found to be associated with an increase in acetylcholinesterase activity and loss of hippocampal neurons. (ijpsonline.com)
• The hippocampal region contained in the black square is enlarged showing (1) neural progenitor cells in the in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus proliferating, (2) migrating into the granule cell layer and (3) maturing into new granule neurons, integrating into the hippocampal circuitry by receiving inputs from the entorhinal cortex, and extend projections into the CA3 (Stangl & Thuret, 2009). (kcl.ac.uk)
• The next step is to determine how the neurons of the hippocampal CA3 region process the information to re-create a memory from only a portion of the original," said Johnston. (eurekalert.org)
• In this model, autaptic hippocampal neurons express CB1 receptors, the cellular machinery to synthesize and metabolize the endocannabinoid 2-AG, and several other forms of CB1-mediated neuronal plasticity (Kellogg et al. (fabbs.org)
• 1076). Neurons were obtained from animals (aged postnatal day 0-2) and plated on a feeder layer of hippocampal astrocytes previously laid down (Levison and McCarthy, 1991). (fabbs.org)
• Additional immunohistochemical results revealed a significant loss of CA3 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus of TBI alone and TBI-PTSD compared to PTSD alone and sham treatment. (blogspot.com)

Dentate25

• Translational studies show that the key consequences of stress exposure on the hippocampus are suppression of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) and dendritic remodeling in the cornu ammonis (CA), particularly the CA3 subfield. (pnas.org)
• The tissue sections were analyzed for AT8 (AT8 antibody), amino terminus exposure (TNT2 antibody), and amyloid-β (MOAB2 antibody) pathology in hippocampal strata containing the axons and neuronal cell bodies of the CA3-Schaffer collateral and dentate granule-mossy fiber pathways. (nih.gov)
• a ) AT8 staining in the dentate gyrus granule cell layer (DG) and their corresponding mossy fiber terminal fields in the stratum lucidum of CA3 (Str. (nih.gov)
• Anatomically, the hippocampus can be divided into several major areas: the dentate gyrus, CA3, and CA1 ( 3 ). (sciencemag.org)
• In area CA3, the pyramidal cells, which project to CA1 pyramidal cells via Schäffer collaterals, receive excitatory inputs from three sources: the mossy fibers of the dentate gyrus granule cells, the perforant path axons of the stellate cells in the superficial layers of the entorhinal cortex, and the recurrent collaterals of the CA3 pyramidal cells themselves, which are the most numerous type of input to the CA3 pyramidal cells ( 4 ). (sciencemag.org)
• CA3 receives input from the mossy fibers of the granule cells in the dentate gyrus, and also from cells in the entorhinal cortex via the perforant path. (wikipedia.org)
• The pyramidal cells in CA3 send some axons back to the dentate gyrus hilus, but they mostly project to regions CA2 and CA1 via the Schaffer collaterals. (wikipedia.org)
• CA4 is often called the hilus or hilar region if considered as a part of the dentate gyrus. (wikipedia.org)
• Dentate gyrus-CA3 glutamate release/NMDA transmission mediates behavioral despair and antidepressant-like responses to leptin. (nih.gov)
• Next come a series of Cornu Ammonis areas: first CA4 (which underlies the dentate gyrus), then CA3 , then a very small zone called CA2 , then CA1 . (wikipedia.org)
• Most anatomists use the term "hippocampus proper" to refer to the four CA fields, and hippocampal formation to refer to the hippocampus proper plus dentate gyrus and subiculum. (wikipedia.org)
• These axons arise from layer 2 of the entorhinal cortex (EC), and terminate in the dentate gyrus and CA3. (wikipedia.org)
• The perforant path-to-dentate gyrus-to-CA3-to-CA1 was called the trisynaptic circuit by Per Andersen, who noted that thin slices could be cut out of the hippocampus perpendicular to its long axis, in a way that preserves all of these connections. (wikipedia.org)
• Perforant path input from EC layer II enters the dentate gyrus and is relayed to region CA3 (and to mossy cells, located in the hilus of the dentate gyrus, which then send information to distant portions of the dentate gyrus where the cycle is repeated). (wikipedia.org)
• A. LepRb-tdTomato cells are largely restricted to the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus (DG) and extend axonal projections to the CA3 region. (nih.gov)
• In the dentate gyrus region, no down-regulation of nuclear or total PCNA protein was observed during reperfusion. (lu.se)
• Spontaneous activity was rarely evident in the CA3 or CA1 regions or in the dentate gyrus ( Fig. 1 , B and C). However, we always detected large extracellular spikes in records from the subiculum, an output region of the hippocampus projecting to the temporal cortex and normally innervated by CA1 pyramidal cell axons ( 16 ). (sciencemag.org)
• Rectangles labeled a to c indicate positions of photomicrographs in (A). ( C ) Spontaneous events were never observed from the CA3 and CA1 regions or the dentate gyrus (DG) (positions 1 to 5). (sciencemag.org)
• Dormant basket cell' hypothesis revisited: relative vulnerabilities of dentate gyrus mossy cells and inhibitory interneurons after hippocampal status epilepticus in the rat. (semanticscholar.org)
• This process of neurogenesis occurs in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. (kcl.ac.uk)
• Incoming signals are transmitted by granule cells in the dentate gyrus to pyramid cells in the CA3 region and from these to pyramid cells in the CA1 region. (medindia.net)
• The scientists studied genetically modified mice lacking NMDA receptors in dentate gyrus granule cells and pyramid cells in the CA1 region. (medindia.net)
• Mice lacking the NMDA receptors in the dentate gyrus and the CA1 region could not resolve this problem. (medindia.net)
• In contrast, hypothermia induces neurotrophin mRNA alterations in the ischemia-resistant dentate gyms that may convey protection to sensitive regions. (lu.se)
• Dentate gyrus (DG), Cornu ammonis fields 3 and 1 (CA3, CA1) and the subiculum are components of the hippocampal formation. (scholarpedia.org)

Slices16

• Hippocampal CA3 epileptiform activity was then examined using field potential recordings in brain slices. (aspetjournals.org)
• Age-related deterioration of long-term potentiation in the CA3 and CA1 regions of hippocampal slices from the senescence-accelerated mouse. (semanticscholar.org)
• In the present study, we carried out electrophysiological studies on hippocampal slices prepared from the senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM-P/8), a strain which shows accelerated senescence and failure of certain types of learning in behavioral tests. (semanticscholar.org)
• We studied the expression of S100B, S100A1, and S100A6 mRNA in the subfield CA1 of rat hippocampal slices after tetanic and low-frequency stimulation by real-time PCR. (hindawi.com)
• Antiserum against S-100 protein prevents the long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices, suggesting a positive role of S100B in the manifestation of LTP [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
• Conversely, an enhanced LTP was observed in the hippocampal CA1 region of mutant mice devoid of S100B, while the perfusion of hippocampal slices with the recombinant S100B protein reversed the LTP in the slices from mutant mice to the wild-type level [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
• Here, we have established how these distinct synaptic processes contribute to the expression of LTP in hippocampal slices obtained from young adult rodents. (nature.com)
• We have used both whole-cell and extracellular recording techniques in hippocampal slices to investigate the actions of both cocaine and dopamine receptor agonists in the CA1 region. (aspetjournals.org)
• Under physiologically relevant ionic conditions, CA3 pyramidal cells in hippocampal slices displayed spontaneous spikes with bistable slow oscillations of membrane potential, alternating between the so-called UP and DOWN states. (plos.org)
• There is also morphological evidence that hippocampal slices undergo a spontaneous and rapid increase in synapses within 2 hr after slicing [13] . (plos.org)
• By using the newly developed high-sensitivity Zn 2+ indicator ZnAF-2, the spatiotemporal dynamics of Zn 2+ was monitored in rat hippocampal slices. (rupress.org)
• This was followed by biochemical estimation of acetylcholinesterase and reduced glutathione levels followed by histological evaluation of cortical and hippocampal slices. (ijpsonline.com)
• Immunohistochemical studies in these animals showed pronounced astrogliosis and microglial activation in the cortical and hippocampal slices suggesting neuroinflammatory changes. (ijpsonline.com)
• The hippocampal slices in the control and medium-exposed groups generated long-term potentiation after induction by theta burst stimulation, but the low-exposed group did not. (greenmedinfo.com)
• Paired-pulse facilitation of excitatory synaptic transmission was investigated in the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices using whole-cell patch-clamp. (molecularstation.com)
• Population spikes evoked in CA3 pyramidal cells of rat hippocampal slices by stimulation of the fimbria are subject to an early and a late inhibition. (molecularstation.com)

Neuronal10

• Quantifying the distribution of cells in every brain region is fundamental to attaining a comprehensive census of distinct neuronal and glial types. (bioportfolio.com)
• a ) tPA immunohistochemistry (red) with superimposed scheme of synaptic input from the amygdala and the three-synaptic hippocampal neuronal circuit (yellow). (jci.org)
• The purpose of this study was to investigate neuroprotective efficiency of N-methyl D-aspartate ( NMDA ) receptor (NMDAR) blockade on the neuronal damage in the less studied and allegedly less affected CA3 hippocampus and striatum in the Mongolian gerbil model of global cerebral ischemia . (curehunter.com)
• The neuronal death of the hippocampal CA3 region by kainate was also prevented by the administration of theanine. (prohealth.com)
• However, it is clear that an immune response by the peripheral administration of the inflammatory agent, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), can result in excitation in specific brain regions by detecting an increase in the expression of the neuronal immediate early gene Fos [ 10 - 16 ]. (omicsonline.org)
• In vivo electrophysiological recordings have been used to study neuronal activity and hippocampal dependent learning and memory function since the Nobel Prize winning discovery of " Place Cells " by O'Keefe and Dostrovsky in 1971 . (bu.edu)
• Activated Lrp6 is detected in neuronal soma and in neuronal processes, particularly in the mossy fiber terminals in the stratum lucidum of CA3. (scirp.org)
• Oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory changes in the brain of these animals may be responsible for hippocampal neuronal loss, which could be partly reversed upon glibenclamide treatment. (ijpsonline.com)
• B . Horizontal section through the posterior part of the left hemisphere, taken at the level indicated by the dotter square in A, schematically illustrating the overall neuronal architecture and subdivisions of the entorhinal cortex and the closely associated hippocampal formation. (scholarpedia.org)
• In the present in vivo study, we assessed chronic neuroinflammation, neuronal cell loss, cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation in specific brain regions of adult Sprague-Dawley male rats following controlled cortical impact model of moderate TBI with or without exposure to PTSD. (blogspot.com)

Neurogenesis9

• Cotman and Berchtold also suggest that trophic factors, such as BDNF and IGF-1, might mediate the exercise-induced increase in hippocampal neurogenesis. (alzforum.org)
• Luszczki, Jarogniew J. 2015-10-22 00:00:00 Hippocampal neurogenesis plays a very important role in learning and memory functions. (deepdyve.com)
• Hippocampal neurogenesis plays a very important role in learning and memory functions. (deepdyve.com)
• The central theme of the lab is postnatal or adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN), which is implicated in memory formation and mood regulation. (kcl.ac.uk)
• In the Thuret lab we investigate the molecular mechanisms governing neurogenesis by using human hippocampal cell lines and we use the mouse as animal model to study cognition and mood. (kcl.ac.uk)
• We study how the systemic milieu modulates hippocampal neurogenesis during ageing and Alzheimer's disease progression. (kcl.ac.uk)
• We study the molecular mechanisms (including epigenetic changes and modification in microRNA expression) by which diet content and meal frequency impacts on adult hippocampal neurogenesis and subsequently affects cognition and mood. (kcl.ac.uk)
• We are also investigating if certain bioactives previously shown to have beneficial effect on cognition and mood can regulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis. (kcl.ac.uk)
• Overview of physiological and environmental modulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and its impact on learning and memory abilities and mood. (kcl.ac.uk)

Receptors9

• Long-term potentiation (LTP) at hippocampal CA1 synapses can be expressed by an increase either in the number (N) of AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid) receptors or in their single channel conductance (γ). (nature.com)
• Blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors by intra-CA3 infusion of MK-801, a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, reversed behavioral despair. (nih.gov)
• Additionally, we assessed the modulation of hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors (GR) nuclear translocation and SNARE complex expression by western blotting. (greenmedinfo.com)
• We now report that activation of endogenous P2Y 1 receptors induces inhibition of the M-current in rat CA1/CA3 hippocampal pyramidal cells in primary neuron cultures. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• Secondly, four major receptor types present in hippocampal CA3, namely NMDA, AMPA, GABAA and GABAB receptors, were investigated for their involvement in sharp wave generation. (bl.uk)
• the hippocampal NMDA receptors are clearly needed to detect or resolve the conflict. (medindia.net)
• The NMDA receptors in the CA1 region of the hippocampus therefore seem to perform a conflict detection or decision-making role in the event of conflicts. (medindia.net)
• It runs contrary to a textbook tenet that has prevailed for more than 15 years, namely that NMDA receptors in the CA1 region of the hippocampus are needed to develop spatial memory. (medindia.net)
• The researchers assume, therefore, that hippocampal NMDA receptors are also significant in other non-spatial conflicts. (medindia.net)

Rats9

• Hippocampal plasticity induced by primed burst, but not long-term potentiation, stimulation is impaired in area CA1 of aged Fischer 344 rats. (semanticscholar.org)
• The effects of chronic and repeated radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RFEMR) exposure on spatial cognition and hippocampal architecture were investigated in prepubescent rats. (springer.com)
• 2007 ) have reported that, 900 MHz exposure (2 h/day, 5 days/week for 5 weeks), did enhance spatial memory performance and it did not affect hippocampal morphology in rats. (springer.com)
• Male Sprague Dawley rats were chronically treated for 21 d with CORT in drinking water (400 μg/ml), and half were given daily injections of phenytoin (40 mg/kg), an antiepileptic drug that prevents CA3 dendritic retraction. (jneurosci.org)
• Edward Koo on FK960, a potential anti-dementia drug, increases synaptic density in the hippocampal CA3 region of aged rats. (alzforum.org)
• Trajectory-dependent firing was observed in medial prefrontal cortex, the nucleus reuniens of the thalamus, and the CA1 region of the hippocampus in rats. (nih.gov)
• Following, histochemical studies show the severe pyramidal neuron loss in CA1 and CA3 regions in the SE rats compared with the neuron number in normal and SE+HUMSCs rat. (ncl.edu.tw)
• Estradiol (E) mediates increased synaptogenesis in the hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum (sr) and enhances memory in young and some aged female rats, depending on dose and age. (biomedsearch.com)
• Moreover, the responses of hippocampal synaptic structure to estrogens differ between aged and young rats. (biomedsearch.com)

Interneurons11

• However, the most prevalent targets of mossy fibers are GABAergic interneurons and SynCAM 1 loss unexpectedly reduced the number of excitatory terminals onto parvalbumin (PV)-positive interneurons in CA3. (nih.gov)
• These synaptic imbalances in SynCAM 1 KO mice resulted in CA3 disinhibition, in agreement with reduced feedforward inhibition in this network in the absence of SynCAM 1-dependent excitatory drive onto interneurons. (nih.gov)
• Specifically, the study reveals that hippocampal CA3 connectivity is modulated by the synapse-organizing adhesion protein SynCAM 1 and identifies a novel, SynCAM 1-dependent mechanism that controls excitatory inputs onto parvalbumin-positive interneurons. (nih.gov)
• GABAergic interneurons are known to control activity balance in physiological conditions and to coordinate hippocampal networks during cognitive tasks. (frontiersin.org)
• We tested this hypothesis in mice by in vivo unilateral epileptogenic hippocampal kainate lesion followed by in vitro recording of extracellular potentials and patch-clamp from GFP-expressing interneurons in CA3, in an optimized recording chamber. (frontiersin.org)
• [22] , [23] observed slow oscillation-associated firing modulations in both hippocampal pyramidal cells and interneurons in urethane-anesthetized mice, whereas Isomura et al. (plos.org)
• and rat ( Moran-Jimenez and Matute, 2000 ) hippocampal pyramidal cell layer and adjacent interneurons, strong P2Y 1 receptor immunoreactivity has been reported. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• Interneuron Diversity series: Fast in, fast out--temporal and spatial signal processing in hippocampal interneurons. (semanticscholar.org)
• Interneurons are the local targets of hippocampal inhibitory cells which project to the medial septum. (semanticscholar.org)
• Kv3 potassium conductance is necessary and kinetically optimized for high-frequency action potential generation in hippocampal interneurons. (semanticscholar.org)
• These results further imply that interneurons may play an integral part in the local information processing that takes place in the hippocampal network. (bl.uk)

Vitro6

• Pharmacological evidence for two kinds of GABA receptor on rat hippocampal pyramidal cells studied in vitro. (springer.com)
• A pharmacological characterization of chloride-and potassium-dependent inhibitions in the CA3 region of rat hippocampus in vitro. (springer.com)
• Intracellular recordings were performed on hippocampal CA3 neuronsin vitro to investigate the inhibitory tonus generated by endogenously produced adenosine in this brain region. (uni-muenchen.de)
• Differential involvement of oriens/pyramidale interneurones in hippocampal network oscillations in vitro. (semanticscholar.org)
• We investigate environmental and molecular regulatory mechanisms controlling AHN by using in vitro approaches (human hippocampal stem cells) for molecular focused studies and mice as animal models for behavioural centred investigations. (kcl.ac.uk)
• We have developed an in vitro model of stress using human hippocampal progenitor cells. (kcl.ac.uk)

Mice14

• Transgenic mice overexpressing the human S100B protein exhibited the impaired hippocampal LTP and spatial learning [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
• In agreement, mossy fiber refinement in CA3 was impaired in SynCAM 1 KO mice. (nih.gov)
• In turn, mice lacking SynCAM 1 were impaired in memory tasks involving CA3. (nih.gov)
• We have tested this hypothesis by generating and analyzing a genetically engineered mouse strain in which the N -methyl- d -asparate (NMDA) receptor gene is ablated specifically in the CA3 pyramidal cells of adult mice. (sciencemag.org)
• Similarly, hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells in mutant mice displayed normal place-related activity in a full-cue environment but showed a reduction in activity upon partial cue removal. (sciencemag.org)
• In this study, we have examined the role of these synapses in memory storage, retrieval, and pattern completion by generating and analyzing a mouse strain in which the NMDAR subunit 1 (NR1) is specifically and exclusively deleted in the CA3 pyramidal cells of adult mice. (sciencemag.org)
• CA3 NMDA receptor knockout mice. (sciencemag.org)
• To generate CA3 pyramidal cell-specific NR1 knockout mice (CA3-NR1 KO mice), we used the bacteriophage P1-derived Cre/ loxP recombination system ( 15 ). (sciencemag.org)
• Because the CA3 pyramidal cell layer is a robust site of expression of KA-1, one of the kainate receptor subunits ( 16 ), we created transgenic mice in which the transcriptional regulatory region of the KA-1 gene drives the expression of the Cre transgene ( 17 ). (sciencemag.org)
• To better understand the role of hippocampal aromatase in AD, we studied its expression in postmortem material from patients with AD and in a mouse model for AD (5xFAD mice). (hindawi.com)
• To determine whether NMDA receptor activation is responsible for behavioral despair, mice received intra-CA3 infusion of MK-801 (1.0 μg), a non-competitive NMDA antagonist, 30 min prior to tail suspension. (nih.gov)
• This was confirmed by inactivating hippocampal Gpr158 in mice, and subsequently giving them infusions of osteocalcin, which failed to improve their performance on memory tests. (eurekalert.org)
• Johnston and researchers in his laboratory have measured the electrical activity mediated by the NMDA receptor in the hippocampus of mutant and normal mice to help their colleagues from other institutions demonstrate that a lack of NMDA receptor function within the CA3 region was responsible for the deficits displayed by the mutant animals. (eurekalert.org)
• Ye H , Jalini S, Mylvaganam S, Carlen P. Activation of large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels depresses basal synaptic transmission in the hippocampal CA1 area in APP (swe/ind) TgCRND8 mice. (luc.edu)

Long-term potenti2

• In addition, several reports have also described the effects of dopamine on long-term potentiation (LTP) at the Schaffer collateral synapse in the CA1 region. (aspetjournals.org)
• Components of these networks function as key regulators of synaptic plasticity, in particular hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP). (sciencemag.org)

Spatial4

• We previously found that chronic stress conditions producing CA3 dendritic retraction and spatial memory deficits make the hippocampus vulnerable to the neurotoxin ibotenic acid (IBO). (jneurosci.org)
• Additionally, spatial recognition memory was assessed using the Y-maze, revealing that conditions producing CA3 dendritic retraction failed to impair spatial recognition memory. (jneurosci.org)
• Caloric restriction and age affect synaptic proteins in hippocampal CA3 and spatial learning ability. (sigmaaldrich.com)
• Central tenet of neuroscience regarding the function of hippocampal NMDA receptor-transmitted plasticity in spatial learning refuted by researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg and Oxford University. (medindia.net)

Subfields6

• The hypothesis that maltreatment is associated with volume reductions in 3-T MRI subfields containing the DG and CA3 was assessed and made practical by newly released automatic segmentation routines for FreeSurfer. (pnas.org)
• The strongest associations between maltreatment and volume were observed in the left CA2-CA3 and CA4-DG subfields, and were not mediated by histories of major depression or posttraumatic stress disorder. (pnas.org)
• The hippocampus proper refers to the actual structure of the hippocampus which is made up of four regions or subfields. (wikipedia.org)
• The subfields CA1, CA2, CA3, and CA4 use the initials of cornu Ammonis, an earlier name of the hippocampus. (wikipedia.org)
• A constitutive expression of PCNA mRNA and protein was detected in all hippocampal subfields, as well as in other brain regions. (lu.se)
• We tested the hypothesis that Alzheimer's disease subjects have greater atrophy of the CA1, CA2 and CA3 hippocampal subfields relative to amnestic MCI subjects. (unboundmedicine.com)

MRNA2

• In contrast, there were no changes in neurotrophin and TrkB mRNA in the CA3 and CA1 regions. (lu.se)
• We conclude that, the expressions of NGF, BDNF, NT3 or TrkB mRNA in ischemia-sensitive hippocampal subregions are not increased by protective hypothermia. (lu.se)

Synapses3

• In CA3, the strength of the recurrent collateral synapses along with perforant path synapses can be modified in an NMDA receptor (NR)-dependent manner ( 11-14 ). (sciencemag.org)
• To this end, we model a population of CA3 place cells projecting to a single CA1 cell, and we assume that the CA1 input synapses are plastic according to STDP. (mit.edu)
• Expression of synaptic marker genes, including synaptotagmin, Ves1, and AP17 went up, suggesting that exercise modulates brain physiology via direct effects on hippocampal synapses, the authors write. (alzforum.org)

Alterations in hippocampal2

• A large number of studies have since shown alterations in hippocampal volume in a multitude of psychiatric disorders, including major depression (MDD), PTSD, borderline personality disorder (BPD), schizophrenia, dissociative identity disorder (DID), and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) ( 6 ). (pnas.org)
• In addition, the results also demonstrated that NaF exposure caused multiple ultrastructure alterations in hippocampal CA3 region. (fluoridealert.org)

Neuron6

• CA3 pyramidal neuron morphology and surviving neuron count (in CA3 region) were studied using H&E and cresyl violet stained sections. (springer.com)
• Dendritic arborization pattern of CA3 pyramidal neuron was investigated by concentric circle method. (springer.com)
• The comet assay and hippocampal neuron counting were used to detect the brain cell damage. (greenmedinfo.com)
• Different BPA treatments exerted different effects on the neuron numbers of different regions in the hippocampus. (greenmedinfo.com)
• In the CA1 region, the high-exposed group had a significant decrease in neuron numbers. (greenmedinfo.com)
• A non-monotonic relationship was observed between the exposure concentrations and neuron quantity in the CA3 region. (greenmedinfo.com)

Cortical3

• The data suggest that projections from medial prefrontal cortex, via the nucleus reuniens, are crucial for representation of the future path during goal-directed behaviour and point to the thalamus as a key node in networks for long-range communication between cortical regions involved in navigation. (nih.gov)
• Interestingly, these heterotopias in area CA1 of the hippocampus have a tendency to fragment the single excitatory principal cell layer (PCL) into multiple pyramidal cell bands, stacked vertically on one another - transitioning the region into what looks like a primitive cortical structure with multiple excitatory layers. (elifesciences.org)
• A . Schematic lateral view of the left hemisphere of the rat brain , indicating the position and orientation of the entorhinal cortex and adjacent closely associated cortical regions, including the hippocampus. (scholarpedia.org)

Cornu1

• Under conditions in which GABAergic inhibition is blocked, norepinephrine reduces hippocampal cornu ammonis 3 (CA3) epileptiform activity through α 2 adrenergic receptor (AR) activation on pyramidal cells. (aspetjournals.org)

Different hippocampal1

• Illustrated are the medial and lateral entorhinal cortex (light and dark green respectively) and the main connections of entorhinal cortex with the different hippocampal subdivisions (see text for more details). (scholarpedia.org)

Receptor8

• MA increased the number of c-Fos and c-Fos/glucocorticoid receptor (GR) dual-labeled cells to a greater extent in males than females in the cingulate and CA3 regions. (wiley.com)
• This may be mediated by increased neural activation, involving a greater activation of glucocorticoid receptor-positive cells, in males in the CA3 and cingulate brain regions, which are involved in negative feedback functions. (wiley.com)
• These results provide direct evidence for CA3 NMDA receptor involvement in associative memory recall. (sciencemag.org)
• We used a transgenic rat with the diphtheria toxin receptor ( Dtr ) inserted into the promoter region of the fractalkine receptor, Cx3cr1 , expressed on microglia and monocytes, to allow temporary ablation of microglia upon application of diphtheria toxin (DT). (springer.com)
• Neuroprotective efficiency of NMDA receptor blockade in the striatum and CA3 hippocampus after various durations of cerebral ischemia in gerbils. (curehunter.com)
• Effects of intra-CA3 injection of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 on behavioral despair in the tail suspension test. (nih.gov)
• These findings suggest that NMDA receptor activation in CA3 may underlie the mechanisms of behavioral despair in the TST. (nih.gov)
• Overall, these data indicate regional Wnt receptor activation in the human hippocampus that is most prominent in the cells comprising the afferent arm of the major hippocampal circuit that is associated with learning and memory functions. (scirp.org)

Cresyl violet stained sections1

• A ) Sclerotic cell loss was evident in cresyl violet-stained sections of the CA3 (a) and CA1 (b) regions but less pronounced in the subiculum (c). (sciencemag.org)

Entorhinal cortex6

• CA1 is the first region in the hippocampal circuit, from which a major output pathway goes to layer V of the entorhinal cortex. (wikipedia.org)
• The grid cells of the rat medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) show an increased firing frequency when the position of the animal correlates with multiple regions. (molecularstation.com)
• Figure 1: Schematic representation of the entorhinal cortex and its main connectivity illustrating its pivotal position to mediate the communication between the hippocampal formation and neocortex. (scholarpedia.org)
• D . Schematic illustration of the rat brain, with exposed hippocampal formation of the right hemisphere The dorsoventral extent of the hippocampal formation is represented, showing the longitudinal organization of entorhinal-hippocampal connectivity using a colour-code comparable to that in the entorhinal cortex (latero-to-medial: pink-to-blue gradient in EC related to similarly coloured dorsoventral gradient in hippocampus). (scholarpedia.org)
• The entorhinal cortex is part of the medial temporal lobe or hippocampal memory system and constitutes the major gateway between the hippocampal formation and the neocortex. (scholarpedia.org)
• The entorhinal cortex has initially attracted attention because of its strong reciprocal connections with the hippocampal formation and its involvement in certain brain disorders. (scholarpedia.org)

Brain15

• Despite these important roles, the extent to which different synapse-organizing mechanisms act across brain regions to establish connectivity and regulate network properties is incompletely understood. (nih.gov)
• First, the data support that synaptogenic proteins guide connectivity and can function in distinct brain regions even if they are expressed broadly. (nih.gov)
• Loss of SynCAM 1 affects connectivity in select brain regions. (nih.gov)
• Where are the hippocampal place cells located in the brain? (brainscape.com)
• Thus, sex differences in MA-induced plasma corticosterone levels and activation of distinct brain regions and proteins involved in HPA axis regulation may contribute to sex differences in acute effects of MA on the brain. (wiley.com)
• Cell numbers, distribution, shape, and regional variation throughout the murine hippocampal formation from the adult brain Allen Reference Atlas. (bioportfolio.com)
• cell analysis in an entire brain region. (bioportfolio.com)
• Diagram of hippocampal regions in a rat brain. (wikipedia.org)
• A protocol for entorhino-hippocampal organotypic slice cultures, which allows reproducing many aspects of ischemic brain injury, is presented. (jove.com)
• Brain edema, hippocampal morphology changes and hippocampal volume were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging, a non-invasive imaging technology, and Nissl staining, respectively. (ncl.edu.tw)
• These apparently random remembrances, triggered by a sensory cue representing only a portion of the original memory, appear to be dependent on a particular region of the brain--the CA3 region of the hippocampus, say researchers from Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, collaborating with others from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, and Hokkaido University School of Medicine in Sapporo Japan. (eurekalert.org)
• He believes that those memories can remain there for up to a year before being transferred to other brain regions, specifically the cortex. (eurekalert.org)
• We apply our methods on a dataset obtained from MEA-measurements in an acute hippocampal brain slice from a rat. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• The multi-electrode arrays (MEA) system is becoming an increasingly important tool for investigations of neural activity, both in ex vivo brain tissue (e.g., a hippocampal slice preparation from rat or mouse Egert et al. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• Eight weeks post-TBI, stereology-based histological analyses revealed no significant differences between sham and PTSD alone treatment across all brain regions examined, whereas significant exacerbation of OX6-positive activated microglial cells in the striatum, thalamus, and cerebral peduncle, but not cerebellum, in animals that received TBI alone and combined TBI-PTSD compared with PTSD alone and sham treatment. (blogspot.com)

Decrease in hippocampal1

• 0.001) acetylcholinesterase activity as compared to control animals suggesting type 2 diabetes-associated oxidative stress and decrease in hippocampal Ach activity. (ijpsonline.com)

Inhibition2

• These results suggest that, under conditions of impaired GABAergic inhibition, activation of α 2A ARs is primarily responsible for the antiepileptic actions of norepinephrine in the rat hippocampal CA3 region. (aspetjournals.org)
• Excitatory Synaptic Drive and Feedforward Inhibition in the Hippocampal CA3 Circuit Are Regulated by SynCAM 1. (nih.gov)

Granule2

• Granule cells of the DG send their axons (called "mossy fibers") to CA3. (wikipedia.org)
• We found that LepRb-tdTomato cells were largely restricted to the granule cell layer in DG with sparse cells observed in CA3 (Figure 3A). (nih.gov)

Recurrent3

• The extensive recurrent connectivity of the CA3 area of hippocampus has led to suggestions that it might provide this function. (sciencemag.org)
• The prominence of these recurrent collaterals has led to suggestions that CA3 might serve as an associative memory network. (sciencemag.org)
• There are also a significant number of recurrent connections that terminate in CA3. (wikipedia.org)

Alzheimer's2

• Using an innovative surface-based hippocampal analytic technique we analysed the structural magnetic resonance hippocampal data of 31 amnestic MCI and 34 Alzheimer's disease subjects. (unboundmedicine.com)
• Our study suggests that as Alzheimer's disease progresses, subregional hippocampal atrophy spreads in a pattern that follows the known trajectory of neurofibrillary tangle dissemination. (unboundmedicine.com)

Progenitor cells1

• In the DG, cells positive for pLrp6 include Type 1 and Type 2 hippocampal progenitor cells. (scirp.org)

Modulation1

• We then investigate the roles of the hippocampal theta modulation and phase precession on the inheritance process. (mit.edu)

Dorsal1

• Nevertheless, RF-EMR exposure affected the viable cell count in dorsal hippocampal CA3 region. (springer.com)

Dendritic6

• The purpose of this study was to determine whether exposure to chronic corticosterone (CORT) under conditions that produce CA3 dendritic retraction would enhance CA3 susceptibility to IBO. (jneurosci.org)
• Conditions producing CA3 dendritic retraction (CORT and vehicle) exacerbated IBO-induced CA3 damage compared with conditions in which CA3 dendritic retraction was not observed (vehicle and vehicle, vehicle and phenytoin, CORT and phenytoin). (jneurosci.org)
• These data are the first to show that conditions with prolonged glucocorticoid elevations leading to structural changes in hippocampal dendritic arbors can make the hippocampus vulnerable to neurotoxic challenges. (jneurosci.org)
• However, CA3 dendritic retraction may increase vulnerability to concurrent life events. (jneurosci.org)
• If dendritic retraction contributes to hippocampal damage after neurotoxin challenge, then producing dendritic retraction using glucocorticoids should also exacerbate neurotoxin-induced hippocampal damage. (jneurosci.org)
• Thus, we hypothesized that conditions producing CA3 dendritic retraction would exacerbate neurotoxin-induced hippocampal damage. (jneurosci.org)

Glutamate release3

• The onset of tail suspension stress evoked a rapid increase in glutamate release in hippocampal field CA3, which declined gradually after its offset. (nih.gov)
• Leptin treatment dampened tail suspension-evoked glutamate release in CA3. (nih.gov)
• Distribution of LepRb cells in the hippocampus and effect of leptin on glutamate release in CA3. (nih.gov)

Postnatal1

• Using postnatal rat hippocampal slice cultures, the authors demonstrated that xenon used at 1 minimum alveolar concentration-equivalent concentration increased apoptosis similar to sevoflurane and isoflurane at equipotent concentrations, and that this effect was abolished by preconditioning the tissue with a subtoxic concentration of isoflurane. (asahq.org)

Slice1

• Subsequently, the ionic basis for action potential generation in the hippocampal pyramidal cells has been extensively studied in the hippocampal slice. (springer.com)

Connectivity3

• Motivated by the anatomical connectivity between these two regions and by the evidence for synaptic plasticity at these connections, we study how a place field in CA1 can be inherited from an upstream region such as CA3 through a Hebbian learning rule, in particular, through spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP). (mit.edu)
• It seems possible, if not likely, that these crude laminar structures resulting from faulty cellular migration in the Lis1 mutant mouse, might reflect natural underlying patterns in local circuit connectivity upon which normal hippocampal function is critically dependent. (elifesciences.org)
• These three regions and their connectivity represent the afferent arm of the major hippocampal circuit. (scirp.org)

Vivo1

• The burst firing pattern of the hippocampal pyramidal cells was first described by Kandel and Spencer in their intracellular studies using the in vivo cat preparation (Kandel and Spencer, 1961). (springer.com)

Synapse2

• b ) Schematic representation of a hippocampal synapse, showing the putative mechanism of tPA action at that site. (jci.org)
• Age-related synapse loss in hippocampal CA3 is not reversed by caloric restriction. (biomedsearch.com)

Physiological1

• Although Zn 2+ is contained in large amounts in the synaptic terminals of hippocampal mossy fibers (MFs), its physiological role in synaptic transmission is poorly understood. (rupress.org)

Plasticity4

• As judged by morphological and neurological data, the effect of ischemia is also apparent in the presumed less vulnerable regions (CA3 and striatum) which are functionally important in stroke plasticity. (curehunter.com)
• suggesting that endogenous dopamine facilitates synaptic plasticity in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. (aspetjournals.org)
• This age-related decrease and CR-induced stabilization are likely to affect CA3 synaptic plasticity and, as a result, hippocampal function. (sigmaaldrich.com)
• a form of synaptic plasticity), isolated the CA1 region, and then performed both a proteomic analysis and a protein-protein interaction analysis of the postsynaptic density (PSD), a cellular compartment containing more than 1500 proteins. (sciencemag.org)

Epileptiform activity3

• The selective αAR agonist 6-fluoronorepinephrine caused a reduction of CA3 epileptiform activity, as measured by decreased frequency of spontaneous epileptiform bursts. (aspetjournals.org)
• Finally, equilibrium dissociation constants ( K b ) of selective αAR antagonists were functionally determined to confirm the specific α 2 AR subtype inhibiting CA3 epileptiform activity. (aspetjournals.org)
• Much of the synchronous bursting activity associated with interictal epileptiform activity appears to be generated in CA3. (wikipedia.org)

Excitatory1

• CA3 uniquely, has pyramidal cell axon collaterals that ramify extensively with local regions and make excitatory contacts with them. (wikipedia.org)

Formation8

• Using two independent image processing pipelines and the adult mouse reference atlas, we report the first cellular-level soma segmentation in every sub-region and non-principal layer of the left hippocampal formation through the full rostral-caudal extent. (bioportfolio.com)
• With both numerical and analytical methods, we show that in the case of overlapping CA3 input place fields, the STDP learning rule leads to the formation of a place field in CA1. (mit.edu)
• The hippocampal formation is thought to contribute to both addictive behaviors and to psychotic disorders, and the actions of the neurotransmitter dopamine are intimately involved with these disease states. (aspetjournals.org)
• The understanding of the actions of dopamine as a neurotransmitter in the hippocampal formation has evolved over the past 3 decades, from the presumption that dopamine had no significant role (except as a precursor to norepinephrine), to the current appreciation that dopamine can act via multiple signaling pathways in the hippocampus. (aspetjournals.org)
• Here we examine the formation of synaptic circuitry under cellular heterotopia in hippocampal CA1, using a mouse model of the human neurodevelopmental disorder Type I Lissencephaly. (elifesciences.org)
• Unilateral resection of part of this structure, including the hippocampal formation, was indicated because seizures were poorly controlled by antiepileptic drugs ( 13 ). (sciencemag.org)
• Brodmann, 1909) constitutes the major gateway between the hippocampal formation and the neocortex. (scholarpedia.org)
• Together with the hippocampal formation and neighboring portions of the parahippocampal region it forms a major substrate mediating conscious (declarative) memory. (scholarpedia.org)

Adult1

• Childhood maltreatment or abuse is a major risk factor for mood, anxiety, substance abuse, psychotic, and personality disorders, and it is associated with reduced adult hippocampal volume, particularly on the left side. (pnas.org)

Spontaneous1

• D-amino-phosphonovaleric acid-sensitive spontaneous giant EPSPs in immature rat hippocampal neurones. (springer.com)

Glucocorticoid1

• The main purpose of this study was to determine whether a history of chronic glucocorticoid elevations mediate the chronic stress exacerbation of CA3 damage after neurotoxin challenge. (jneurosci.org)

Recordings1

• This activity pattern can be visualized in the video below of the Dancing Place Cells which was made from actual data recordings of hippocampal place cells. (bu.edu)

Atrophy1

• In each patient, magnetic resonance imaging revealed a hippocampal atrophy suggestive of sclerosis ( 12 ). (sciencemag.org)

Subregions1

• Following hypothermic ischemia, the PCNA protein levels did not decrease in any of the hippocampal subregions. (lu.se)

Subregional1

• Using immediate-early genes to map hippocampal subregional functions. (uci.edu)

Spikes1

• Intracranial electroencephalogram (EEG) records from hippocampal structures usually reveal interictal spikes, lasting 50 to 300 ms, which occur between seizures. (sciencemag.org)

Amygdala2

• C-Fos was elevated in both sexes following MA in HPA axis-associated regions, including the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), central amygdala, cingulate, and CA3 hippocampal region. (wiley.com)
• MA also increased the number of c-fos/vasopressin dual-labeled cells in the PVN as well as the number and percentage of c-Fos/GR dual-labeled cells in the PVN and central amygdala, although no sex differences in dual labeling were found in these regions. (wiley.com)

Cognitive3

• Thus, the decrease in key synaptic proteins in CA3 and cognitive decline occurring across lifespan are stabilized by CR. (sigmaaldrich.com)
• While CR attenuates age-related cognitive deficits in tasks of hippocampal-dependent memory, the cellular mechanisms by which CR improves this cognitive decline are poorly understood. (biomedsearch.com)
• Circulating estrogen levels and hippocampal-dependent cognitive functions decline with aging. (biomedsearch.com)

Axons1

• Pyramidal cells of CA3 send their axons to CA1. (wikipedia.org)