C peptide. Medical search

The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

A pancreatic polypeptide of about 110 amino acids, depending on the species, that is the precursor of insulin. Proinsulin, produced by the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS, is comprised sequentially of the N-terminal B-chain, the proteolytically removable connecting C-peptide, and the C-terminal A-chain. It also contains three disulfide bonds, two between A-chain and B-chain. After cleavage at two locations, insulin and C-peptide are the secreted products. Intact proinsulin with low bioactivity also is secreted in small amounts.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).

A group of cytochromes with covalent thioether linkages between either or both of the vinyl side chains of protoheme and the protein. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539)

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Glucose in blood.

A collection of cloned peptides, or chemically synthesized peptides, frequently consisting of all possible combinations of amino acids making up an n-amino acid peptide.

A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.

Small cationic peptides that are an important component, in most species, of early innate and induced defenses against invading microbes. In animals they are found on mucosal surfaces, within phagocytic granules, and on the surface of the body. They are also found in insects and plants. Among others, this group includes the DEFENSINS, protegrins, tachyplesins, and thionins. They displace DIVALENT CATIONS from phosphate groups of MEMBRANE LIPIDS leading to disruption of the membrane.

Peptides whose amino and carboxy ends are linked together with a peptide bond forming a circular chain. Some of them are ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS. Some of them are biosynthesized non-ribosomally (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NON-RIBOSOMAL).

Analysis of PEPTIDES that are generated from the digestion or fragmentation of a protein or mixture of PROTEINS, by ELECTROPHORESIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; or MASS SPECTROMETRY. The resulting peptide fingerprints are analyzed for a variety of purposes including the identification of the proteins in a sample, GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, patterns of gene expression, and patterns diagnostic for diseases.

Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.

A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.

A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).

Calcitonin gene-related peptide. A 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The neuropeptide is widely distributed in neural tissue of the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. The peptide produces multiple biological effects and has both circulatory and neurotransmitter modes of action. In particular, it is a potent endogenous vasodilator.

Peptides that have the ability to enter cells by crossing the plasma membrane directly, or through uptake by the endocytotic pathway.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

The production of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS by the constituents of a living organism. The biosynthesis of proteins on RIBOSOMES following an RNA template is termed translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC). There are other, non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NUCLEIC ACID-INDEPENDENT) mechanisms carried out by PEPTIDE SYNTHASES and PEPTIDYLTRANSFERASES. Further modifications of peptide chains yield functional peptide and protein molecules.

A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.

DNA analogs containing neutral amide backbone linkages composed of aminoethyl glycine units instead of the usual phosphodiester linkage of deoxyribose groups. Peptide nucleic acids have high biological stability and higher affinity for complementary DNA or RNA sequences than analogous DNA oligomers.

A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.

Peptides that regulate the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in the body, also known as natriuretic peptide hormones. Several have been sequenced (ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR; BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; C-TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE).

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

A family of G-protein-coupled receptors that was originally identified by its ability to bind N-formyl peptides such as N-FORMYLMETHIONINE LEUCYL-PHENYLALANINE. Since N-formyl peptides are found in MITOCHONDRIA and BACTERIA, this class of receptors is believed to play a role in mediating cellular responses to cellular damage and bacterial invasion. However, non-formylated peptide ligands have also been found for this receptor class.

A 27-amino acid peptide with histidine at the N-terminal and isoleucine amide at the C-terminal. The exact amino acid composition of the peptide is species dependent. The peptide is secreted in the intestine, but is found in the nervous system, many organs, and in the majority of peripheral tissues. It has a wide range of biological actions, affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and central nervous systems.

Ligases that catalyze the joining of adjacent AMINO ACIDS by the formation of carbon-nitrogen bonds between their carboxylic acid groups and amine groups.

Hydrolases that specifically cleave the peptide bonds found in PROTEINS and PEPTIDES. Examples of sub-subclasses for this group include EXOPEPTIDASES and ENDOPEPTIDASES.

Cell surface receptors that bind peptide messengers with high affinity and regulate intracellular signals which influence the behavior of cells.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

The endogenous peptides with opiate-like activity. The three major classes currently recognized are the ENKEPHALINS, the DYNORPHINS, and the ENDORPHINS. Each of these families derives from different precursors, proenkephalin, prodynorphin, and PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN, respectively. There are also at least three classes of OPIOID RECEPTORS, but the peptide families do not map to the receptors in a simple way.

Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.

Hormones synthesized from amino acids. They are distinguished from INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS in that their actions are systemic.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of large biomolecules. Analyte molecules are embedded in an excess matrix of small organic molecules that show a high resonant absorption at the laser wavelength used. The matrix absorbs the laser energy, thus inducing a soft disintegration of the sample-matrix mixture into free (gas phase) matrix and analyte molecules and molecular ions. In general, only molecular ions of the analyte molecules are produced, and almost no fragmentation occurs. This makes the method well suited for molecular weight determinations and mixture analysis.

The structure of one molecule that imitates or simulates the structure of a different molecule.

A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Peptide sequences, generated by iterative rounds of SELEX APTAMER TECHNIQUE, that bind to a target molecule specifically and with high affinity.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Cell surface proteins that bind VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE; (VIP); with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

Cell surface proteins that bind ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. They contain intrinsic guanylyl cyclase activity.

Proteins obtained from species in the class of AMPHIBIANS.

Antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the T-cell receptor. Epitopes recognized by the T-cell receptor are often located in the inner, unexposed side of the antigen, and become accessible to the T-cell receptors after proteolytic processing of the antigen.

Proteins and peptides found in SALIVA and the SALIVARY GLANDS. Some salivary proteins such as ALPHA-AMYLASES are enzymes, but their composition varies in different individuals.

Peptides generated from AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES PRECURSOR. An amyloid fibrillar form of these peptides is the major component of amyloid plaques found in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and in aged individuals with trisomy 21 (DOWN SYNDROME). The peptide is found predominantly in the nervous system, but there have been reports of its presence in non-neural tissue.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

The process by which antigen is presented to lymphocytes in a form they can recognize. This is performed by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Some antigens require processing before they can be recognized. Antigen processing consists of ingestion and partial digestion of the antigen by the APC, followed by presentation of fragments on the cell surface. (From Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)

Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Methods used for studying the interactions of antibodies with specific regions of protein antigens. Important applications of epitope mapping are found within the area of immunochemistry.

Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.

The thermodynamic interaction between a substance and WATER.

Family of antimicrobial peptides that have been identified in humans, animals, and plants. They are thought to play a role in host defenses against infections, inflammation, wound repair, and acquired immunity.

Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.

Peptides composed of two amino acid units.

A class of antimicrobial peptides discovered in the skin of XENOPUS LAEVIS. They kill bacteria by permeabilizing cell membranes without exhibiting significant toxicity against mammalian cells.

Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). These CD8-positive cells are distinct from NATURAL KILLER CELLS and NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. There are two effector phenotypes: TC1 and TC2.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

A specific HLA-A surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-A*02 allele family.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes.

Cell surface proteins that bind CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. CGRP receptors are present in both the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and the periphery. They are formed via the heterodimerization of the CALCITONIN RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN and RECEPTOR ACTIVITY-MODIFYING PROTEIN 1.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Antimicrobial cationic peptides with a highly conserved amino terminal cathelin-like domain and a more variable carboxy terminal domain. They are initially synthesized as preproproteins and then cleaved. They are expressed in many tissues of humans and localized to EPITHELIAL CELLS. They kill nonviral pathogens by forming pores in membranes.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.

A mass spectrometry technique using two (MS/MS) or more mass analyzers. With two in tandem, the precursor ions are mass-selected by a first mass analyzer, and focused into a collision region where they are then fragmented into product ions which are then characterized by a second mass analyzer. A variety of techniques are used to separate the compounds, ionize them, and introduce them to the first mass analyzer. For example, for in GC-MS/MS, GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY is involved in separating relatively small compounds by GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY prior to injecting them into an ionization chamber for the mass selection.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The systematic study of the complete complement of proteins (PROTEOME) of organisms.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNA-binding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis.

Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.

Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection.

Polymorphic class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens present on almost all nucleated cells. At least 20 antigens have been identified which are encoded by the A locus of multiple alleles on chromosome 6. They serve as targets for T-cell cytolytic responses and are involved with acceptance or rejection of tissue/organ grafts.

Regulatory proteins and peptides that are signaling molecules involved in the process of PARACRINE COMMUNICATION. They are generally considered factors that are expressed by one cell and are responded to by receptors on another nearby cell. They are distinguished from HORMONES in that their actions are local rather than distal.

Subunits of the antigenic determinant that are most easily recognized by the immune system and thus most influence the specificity of the induced antibody.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; OPIOID PEPTIDES is used for the broader group.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.

A tetradecapeptide originally obtained from the skins of toads Bombina bombina and B. variegata. It is also an endogenous neurotransmitter in many animals including mammals. Bombesin affects vascular and other smooth muscle, gastric secretion, and renal circulation and function.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

Vaccines consisting of one or more antigens that stimulate a strong immune response. They are purified from microorganisms or produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or they can be chemically synthesized peptides.

A 33-amino acid peptide derived from the C-terminal of PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. It stimulates intestinal mucosal growth and decreased apoptosis of ENTEROCYTES. GLP-2 enhances gastrointestinal function and plays an important role in nutrient homeostasis.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Cell surface proteins that bind bombesin or closely related peptides with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Gastrin- releasing peptide (GRP); GRP 18-27 (neuromedin C), and neuromedin B are endogenous ligands of bombesin receptors in mammals.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.

Chromatographic techniques in which the mobile phase is a liquid.

HORMONES secreted by the gastrointestinal mucosa that affect the timing or the quality of secretion of digestive enzymes, and regulate the motor activity of the digestive system organs.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A mass spectrometry technique used for analysis of nonvolatile compounds such as proteins and macromolecules. The technique involves preparing electrically charged droplets from analyte molecules dissolved in solvent. The electrically charged droplets enter a vacuum chamber where the solvent is evaporated. Evaporation of solvent reduces the droplet size, thereby increasing the coulombic repulsion within the droplet. As the charged droplets get smaller, the excess charge within them causes them to disintegrate and release analyte molecules. The volatilized analyte molecules are then analyzed by mass spectrometry.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.

Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.

Chemical groups containing the covalent disulfide bonds -S-S-. The sulfur atoms can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The major group of transplantation antigens in the mouse.

Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence.

A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

DEFENSINS found mainly in epithelial cells.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The enzymatic synthesis of PEPTIDES without an RNA template by processes that do not use the ribosomal apparatus (RIBOSOMES).

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.

N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)-L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor.

The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.

Hormones produced by invertebrates, usually insects, mollusks, annelids, and helminths.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

DEFENSINS found in azurophilic granules of neutrophils and in the secretory granules of intestinal PANETH CELLS.

Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.

Substances elaborated by specific strains of bacteria that are lethal against other strains of the same or related species. They are protein or lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes used in taxonomy studies of bacteria.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties. Such procedures may include the design of MOLECULAR MODELS of proteins using COMPUTER GRAPHICS or other molecular modeling techniques; site-specific mutagenesis (MUTAGENESIS, SITE-SPECIFIC) of existing genes; and DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION techniques to create new genes.

The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.

A fibrous protein complex that consists of proteins folded into a specific cross beta-pleated sheet structure. This fibrillar structure has been found as an alternative folding pattern for a variety of functional proteins. Deposits of amyloid in the form of AMYLOID PLAQUES are associated with a variety of degenerative diseases. The amyloid structure has also been found in a number of functional proteins that are unrelated to disease.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla.

A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Proteins which contain carbohydrate groups attached covalently to the polypeptide chain. The protein moiety is the predominant group with the carbohydrate making up only a small percentage of the total weight.

An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of PAIN, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses.

Techniques for labeling a substance with a stable or radioactive isotope. It is not used for articles involving labeled substances unless the methods of labeling are substantively discussed. Tracers that may be labeled include chemical substances, cells, or microorganisms.

Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (ENDOPEPTIDASES).

A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.

A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds.

Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.

Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.

Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.

A biosensing technique in which biomolecules capable of binding to specific analytes or ligands are first immobilized on one side of a metallic film. Light is then focused on the opposite side of the film to excite the surface plasmons, that is, the oscillations of free electrons propagating along the film's surface. The refractive index of light reflecting off this surface is measured. When the immobilized biomolecules are bound by their ligands, an alteration in surface plasmons on the opposite side of the film is created which is directly proportional to the change in bound, or adsorbed, mass. Binding is measured by changes in the refractive index. The technique is used to study biomolecular interactions, such as antigen-antibody binding.

A pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide receptor subtype found in LYMPHOCYTES. It binds both PACAP and VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE and regulates immune responses.

A spectroscopic technique in which a range of wavelengths is presented simultaneously with an interferometer and the spectrum is mathematically derived from the pattern thus obtained.

A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A nitrogen-free class of lipids present in animal and particularly plant tissues and composed of one mole of glycerol and 1 or 2 moles of phosphatidic acid. Members of this group differ from one another in the nature of the fatty acids released on hydrolysis.

An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.

A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

A molluscan neuroactive peptide which induces a fast excitatory depolarizing response due to direct activation of amiloride-sensitive SODIUM CHANNELS. (From Nature 1995; 378(6558): 730-3)

A technology, in which sets of reactions for solution or solid-phase synthesis, is used to create molecular libraries for analysis of compounds on a large scale.

The homogeneous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), from which the dissolved substances can be recovered by physical processes. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Reagents with two reactive groups, usually at opposite ends of the molecule, that are capable of reacting with and thereby forming bridges between side chains of amino acids in proteins; the locations of naturally reactive areas within proteins can thereby be identified; may also be used for other macromolecules, like glycoproteins, nucleic acids, or other.

Auto- and alloimmune reactivity to human islet allografts transplanted into type 1 diabetic patients. (1/1227)

Allogeneic islet transplantation can restore an insulin-independent state in C-peptide-negative type 1 diabetic patients. We recently reported three cases of surviving islet allografts that were implanted in type 1 diabetic patients under maintenance immune suppression for a previous kidney graft. The present study compares islet graft-specific cellular auto- and alloreactivity in peripheral blood from those three recipients and from four patients with failing islet allografts measured over a period of 6 months after portal islet implantation. The three cases that remained C-peptide-positive for >1 year exhibited no signs of alloreactivity, and their autoreactivity to islet autoantigens was only marginally increased. In contrast, rapid failure (<3 weeks) in three other cases was accompanied by increases in precursor frequencies of graft-specific alloreactive T-cells; in one of them, the alloreactivity was preceded by a sharply increased autoreactivity to several islet autoantigens. One recipient had a delayed loss of islet graft function (33 weeks); he did not exhibit signs of graft-specific alloimmunity, but developed a delayed increase in autoreactivity. The parallel between metabolic outcome of human beta-cell allografts and cellular auto- and alloreactivity in peripheral blood suggests a causal relationship. The present study therefore demonstrates that T-cell reactivities in peripheral blood can be used to monitor immune mechanisms, which influence survival of beta-cell allografts in diabetic patients. (+info)

Prolonged elevation of plasma free fatty acids desensitizes the insulin secretory response to glucose in vivo in rats. (2/1227)

Prolonged exposure of pancreatic islets to free fatty acids (FFAs) inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in vitro. However, FFA inhibition of GSIS has not been clearly demonstrated in vivo. We examined the in vivo effect of prolonged elevation of plasma FFAs on GSIS using a two-step hyperglycemic clamp in rats treated with a 48-h intravenous infusion of either 20% Intralipid plus heparin (INT) (5 microl/min plus heparin, 0.1 U/min; n = 8), oleate (OLE) (1.3 microEq/min; n = 6), saline (SAL) (n = 6), or bovine serum albumin (BSA) (vehicle for OLE; n = 5). Because there was no difference in any of the parameters between BSA and SAL rats, these groups were combined as control rats (CONT) (n = 11). At the end of the 48-h OLE/INT/CONT infusions, after an overnight fast, plasma glucose was clamped for 2 h at 13 mmol/l and for another 2 h at 22 mmol/l. Preclamp plasma FFAs were elevated twofold (P < 0.01) versus CONT with both INT and OLE (NS, INT vs. OLE). Preclamp glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels were higher in INT than in CONT rats (P < 0.05), suggesting insulin resistance, but they were not different in OLE and CONT rats. The insulin and C-peptide responses to the rise in plasma glucose from basal to 13 mmol/l were lower in OLE (336 +/- 72 pmol/l and 1.2 +/- 0.1 nmol/l, P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively) than in CONT (552 +/- 54 and 1.9 +/- 0.1) rats, but they were not different between CONT and INT rats (648 +/- 150 and 2.0 +/- 0.4). The insulin and C-peptide responses to the rise in plasma glucose from 13 to 22 mmol/l were lower in both INT (1,188 +/- 204 pmol/l and 3.0 +/- 0.3 nmol/l, P < 0.01 and P < 0.001) and OLE (432 +/- 60 and 1.7 +/- 0.2, P < 0.001 vs. CONT or INT) rats than in CONT rats (1,662 +/- 174 and 5.0 +/- 0.6). In summary, 1) both INT and OLE decreased GSIS in vivo in rats, and 2) the impairing effect of INT on GSIS was less than that of OLE, which might be due to the different type of fatty acid (mostly polyunsaturated in INT versus monounsaturated as OLE) and/or to differential effects of INT and OLE on insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, prolonged elevation of plasma FFAs can desensitize the insulin secretory response to glucose in vivo, thus inducing a beta-cell defect that is similar to that found in type 2 diabetes. (+info)

Resistance to insulin's acute direct hepatic effect in suppressing steady-state glucose production in individuals with type 2 diabetes. (3/1227)

We and others have shown that insulin acutely suppresses glucose production in fasting nondiabetic humans and dogs, by both a direct hepatic effect and an indirect (extrahepatic) effect, and in diabetic dogs by an indirect effect alone. In type 2 diabetes, there is resistance to insulin's ability to suppress hepatic glucose production, but it has not previously been determined whether the resistance is primarily at the level of the hepatocyte or the peripheral tissues. To determine whether the diabetic state reduces the direct effect of insulin in humans, we studied nine patients with untreated type 2 diabetes who underwent three studies each, 4-6 weeks apart. 1) Portal study (POR): intravenous tolbutamide was infused for 3 h with calculation of pancreatic insulin secretion from peripheral plasma C-peptide. 2) Peripheral study (PER): equidose insulin was infused by peripheral vein. 3) Half-dose peripheral insulin study (1/2 PER): matched peripheral insulin levels with study 1. In all studies, glucose was clamped at euglycemia, glucose turnover was measured with the constant specific activity method, and 3-[3H]glucose was purified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Peripheral insulin was lower in POR versus PER but slightly higher in POR versus 1/2 PER, although most of the difference could be accounted for by higher proinsulin levels in POR (stimulated by tolbutamide). Calculated portal insulin was approximately 1.3-fold higher in POR versus PER and approximately 2.2-fold higher in POR versus 1/2 PER. In the final 30 min of the clamp, glucose production reached a lower steady-state level in PER than in POR (4.0 +/- 0.4 vs. 5.3 +/- 0.5 pmol(-1) x kg(-1) x min(-1), P < 0.05), despite the higher hepatic insulin level in POR. In contrast with our studies in nondiabetic individuals, glucose production was not more suppressed at steady state in POR versus 1/2 PER (5.3 +/- 0.4 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1)), despite much higher hepatic insulin levels in POR. In conclusion, this is the first study in patients with type 2 diabetes to characterize insulin resistance to the acute direct suppressive effect of insulin on hepatic glucose production. (+info)

Effects of fatty acids and ketone bodies on basal insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes. (4/1227)

The objective of this study was to assess the role of free fatty acids (FFAs) as insulin secretagogues in patients with type 2 diabetes. To this end, basal insulin secretion rates (ISR) in response to acute increases in plasma FFAs were evaluated in patients with type 2 diabetes and in age- and weight-matched nondiabetic control subjects during 1) intravenous infusion of lipid plus heparin (L/H), which stimulated intravascular lipolysis, and 2) the FFA rebound, which followed lowering of plasma FFAs with nicotinic acid (NA) and was a consequence of increased lipolysis from the subject's own adipose tissue. At comparable euglycemia, diabetic patients had similar ISR but higher plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-OHB) levels during L/H infusion and higher plasma FFA and beta-OHB levels during the FFA rebound than nondiabetic control subjects. Correlating ISR with plasma FFA plus beta-OHB levels showed that in response to the same changes in FFA plus beta-OHB levels, diabetic patients secreted approximately 30% less insulin than nondiabetic control subjects. In addition, twice as much insulin was secreted during L/H infusion as during the FFA rebound in response to the same FFA/beta-OHB stimulation by both diabetic patients and control subjects. Glycerol, which was present in the infused lipid (272 mmol/l) did not affect ISR. We concluded that 1) assessment of FFA effects on ISR requires consideration of effects on ISR by ketone bodies; 2) ISR responses to FFA/beta-OHB were defective in patients with type 2 diabetes (partial beta-cell lipid blindness), but this defect was compensated by elevated plasma levels of FFAs and ketone bodies; and 3) approximately two times more insulin was released per unit change in plasma FFA plus beta-OHB during L/H infusion than during the FFA rebound after NA. The reason for this remains to be explored. (+info)

Within- and between-subject variation in commonly measured anthropometric and biochemical variables. (5/1227)

BACKGROUND: The biological variation of some commonly assessed metabolic variables in healthy subjects has not been studied extensively. The aim of the study was to assess, in 12 healthy subjects (6 male and 6 female; mean (SD) age; 22.7 (1.5) years) following an overnight fast, the day-to-day variation of body fat (impedance method), triglycerides, nonesterified fatty acid (NEFAs), glycerol, 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-OHB), lactate, glucose, insulin (RIA), C-peptide, and glucagon on 12 consecutive days. METHODS: Between- and within-subject coefficients of variation (CVG and CVW) were estimated using a random effects analysis of variance, and assay variation was subtracted to give the coefficient of within-subject biological variation (CVI). Individuality indices were calculated as CVW/CVG. RESULTS: The overall means, CVI, and individuality indices were as follows: for body fat, 24.2%, 10%, and 0.3; for triglycerides, 0.61 mmol/L, 21%, and 1.1; for NEFAs, 376 micromol/L, 45%, and 1.4; for glycerol, 48 micromol/L, 36%, and 0.8; for 3-OHB, 43 micromol/L, 61%, and 1.5; for lactate, 0.88 mmol/L, 31%, and 1.1; for glucose, 4.9 mmol/L, 4.8%, and 0.7; for insulin, 52 pmol/L, 26%, and 1.0; for C-peptide, 0.39 nmol/L, 24%, and 0.9; and for glucagon, 53 ng/L, 19%, and 0.8. CONCLUSIONS: The data presented here are necessary for the evaluation of several important metabolic variables in individual and group studies. The biological variation of some metabolites makes it difficult to characterize the status of healthy subjects with a single measurement. (+info)

Intact proinsulin and beta-cell function in lean and obese subjects with and without type 2 diabetes. (6/1227)

OBJECTIVE: Type 2 diabetes is a heterogeneous disease in which both beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance are pathogenetic factors. Disproportionate hyperproinsulinemia (elevated proinsulin/insulin) is another abnormality in type 2 diabetes whose mechanism is unknown. Increased demand due to obesity and/or insulin resistance may result in secretion of immature beta-cell granules with a higher content of intact proinsulin. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We investigated the impact of obesity on beta-cell secretion in normal subjects and in type 2 diabetic patients by measuring intact proinsulin, total proinsulin immunoreactivity (PIM), intact insulin, and C-peptide (by radioimmunoassay) by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in the fasting state and during a 120-min glucagon (1 mg i.v.) stimulation test. Lean (BMI 23.5 +/- 0.3 kg/m2) (LD) and obese (30.1 +/- 0.4 kg/m2) (OD) type 2 diabetic patients matched for fasting glucose (10.2 +/- 0.6 vs. 10.3 +/- 0.4 mmol/l) were compared with age- and BMI-matched lean (22.4 +/- 0.6 kg/m2) (LC) and obese (30.8 +/- 0.9 kg/m2) (OC) normal control subjects. RESULTS: Diabetic patients (LD vs. LC and OD vs. OC) had elevated fasting levels of intact proinsulin 6.6 +/- 1.0 vs. 1.6 +/- 0.3 pmol/l and 7.7 +/- 2.0 vs. 1.2 +/- 0.2 pmol/l; PIM: 19.9 +/- 2.5 vs. 5.4 +/- 1.0 pmol/l and 29.6 +/- 6.1 vs. 6.1 +/- 0.9 pmol/l; and total PIM/intact insulin: 39 +/- 4 vs. 15 +/- 2% and 35 +/- 5 vs. 13 +/- 2%, all P < 0.01. After glucagon stimulation, PIM levels were disproportionately elevated (PIM/intact insulin based on area under the curve analysis) in diabetic patients (LD vs. LC and OD vs. OC): 32.6 +/- 6.7 vs. 9.2 +/- 1.1% and 22.7 +/- 5.2 vs. 9.1 +/- 1.1%, both P < 0.05. Intact insulin and C-peptide net responses were significantly reduced in type 2 diabetic patients, most pronounced in the lean group. The ratio of intact proinsulin to PIM was higher in diabetic patients after stimulation in both LD versus LC: 32 +/- 3 vs. 23 +/- 2%, and OD versus OC: 28 +/- 4 vs. 16 +/- 2%, both P < 0.01. In obese normal subjects, intact proinsulin/PIM was lower both in the fasting state and after glucagon stimulation: OC versus LC: 22 +/- 3 vs. 33 +/- 3% (fasting) and 16 +/- 2 vs. 23 +/- 2% (stimulated), both P < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: Increased secretory demand from obesity-associated insulin resistance cannot explain elevated intact proinsulin and disproportionate hyperproinsulinemia in type 2 diabetes. This abnormality may be an integrated part of pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction in this disease. (+info)

Effect of calorie restriction on in vivo glucose metabolism by individual tissues in rats. (7/1227)

We evaluated the effects of 8 mo of calorie restriction [CR: 60% of ad libitum (AL) food intake] on glucose uptake by 14 tissues in unanesthetized, adult (12 mo) F344xBN rats. Glucose metabolism was assessed by the 2-[3H]deoxyglucose tracer technique at 1500 or 2100. Despite an approximately 60% decline in insulinemia with CR, plasma 2-[3H]deoxyglucose clearance for CR was greater than for AL at both times. A small, CR-related decrease in glucose metabolic index (R'g) occurred only at 1500 in the spleen and heart, and this decrease was reversed at 2100. In some tissues (cerebellum, lung, kidney, soleus, and diaphragm), R'g was unaffected by diet, regardless of time. In the other tissues (brown fat, 3 white fat pads, epitrochlearis, plantaris, and gastrocnemius), R'g was higher or tended to be higher for CR vs. AL at one or both times. These findings indicate that 8 mo of CR did not cause a continuous reduction in in vivo glucose uptake by any tissue studied, and, in several insulin-sensitive tissues, glucose uptake was at times greater for CR vs. AL rats. (+info)

C-peptide induces a concentration-dependent dilation of skeletal muscle arterioles only in presence of insulin. (8/1227)

In this study we tested the hypothesis that C-peptide alone or in conjunction with insulin may cause a dilation of skeletal muscle arterioles. First-order arterioles (88 microm) isolated from rat cremaster muscles were pressurized (65 mmHg), equilibrated in a Krebs bicarbonate-buffered solution (pH 7.4), gassed with 10% O2 (balance 5% CO2, 85% N2), and studied in a no-flow state. C-peptide administered at concentrations of 0.3, 1, 3, 10, 100, 300, and 1,000 ng/ml evoked arteriolar dilation that was not concentration dependent. In contrast, the administration of the four lower physiological concentrations of C-peptide to arterioles exposed to a nondilating concentration of insulin evoked a significant concentration-dependent increase in arteriolar diameter from 8.6 to 42.3% above control. The arteriolar dilation to C-peptide in the presence of insulin was completely inhibited by administration of NG-nitro-L-arginine (10(-4) M). Responses to ACh and adenosine were not enhanced when these drugs were administered in the presence of insulin. These results indicate that C-peptide has the capacity to evoke arteriolar dilation in skeletal muscle via a nitric oxide-mediated mechanism that appears to be enhanced by an interaction with insulin. Furthermore, the effects of insulin appear to be specific for C-peptide and are not the result of a general enhancement of endothelium-dependent or endothelium-independent dilation. (+info)

... renal peptides, respiratory peptides, opiate peptides, neurotrophic peptides, and blood-brain peptides. Some ribosomal peptides ... fungal peptides, invertebrate peptides, amphibian/skin peptides, venom peptides, cancer/anticancer peptides, vaccine peptides, ... immune/inflammatory peptides, brain peptides, endocrine peptides, ingestive peptides, gastrointestinal peptides, cardiovascular ... Amylin AGG01 Aromatic short peptides Biomimetic peptides Peptide amphiphiles Peptide dendrimers B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide

... forms a peptide bond). A peptide bond can be broken by hydrolysis (the addition of water). The hydrolysis of peptide bonds in ... Peptides and proteins are chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds (and sometimes by a few isopeptide bonds). ... However, not all peptide groups have the same effect on folding; nonnative isomers of other peptide groups may not affect ... Some peptides, like alpha-amanitin, are called ribosomal peptides as they are made by ribosomes, but many are nonribosomal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_bond

Opioid peptides are peptides that bind to opioid receptors in the brain; opiates and opioids mimic the effect of these peptides ... Such peptides may be produced by the body itself, for example endorphins. The effects of these peptides vary, but they all ... Exorphins include opioid food peptides like Gluten exorphin and opioid food peptides and are mostly contained in cereals and ... hemoglobin-derived opioid peptides, including hemorphin-4, valorphin, and spinorphin, among others. While not peptides, codeine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid_peptide

... has immunotoxic as well as neurotoxic properties due to different active sites of the MCD peptide. The MCD peptide ... MCD peptide is a cationic 22-amino acid residue peptide with two disulfide bridges. Although the MCD peptide sequence shows ... Buku, A (1999). "Mast cell degranulating (MCD) peptide: a prototypic peptide in allergy and inflammation". Peptides. 20 (3): ... MCD peptide is a component of bumblebee (Megabombus pennsylvanicus) venom. In addition to MCD peptide, melittin and apamin have ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCD_peptide

Peptides with multiple, tandem staples are sometimes referred to as stitched peptides. Among other applications, peptide ... A stapled peptide is a short peptide, typically in an alpha-helical conformation, that is constrained by a synthetic brace (" ... Beta-peptide Druggability Non-proteinogenic amino acids Peptide synthesis Peptidomimetic Peptoid Douse, CH; Maas, SJ; Thomas, ... Since this first proof of principle, peptide stapling technology has been applied to numerous peptide templates, allowing the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stapled_peptide

A peptide library is a tool for studying proteins. A peptide library contains a great number of peptides that have a systematic ... "Peptide Library services". www.genscript.com. Archived from the original on 2022-03-14. Retrieved 2022-07-21. Peptide library ... The subtypes are (1) overlapping peptide libraries, (2) truncation peptide libraries, (3) random libraries, (4) alanine ... Large random peptide libraries are often used for the synthesis of certain peptide molecules, such as ultra-large chemical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_library

... vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) K. Siddle, J. C. Hutton, Peptide Hormone Secretion/Peptide Hormone Action: A Practical ... Like all peptides and proteins, peptide hormones and protein hormones are synthesized in cells from amino acids according to ... Peptide hormones or protein hormones are hormones whose molecules are peptide, or proteins, respectively. The latter have ... When a peptide hormone binds to a receptor on the surface of the cell, a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm, which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_hormone

... , and its modified analog Dala1-peptide T-amide (DAPTA), a drug in clinical trials, is a short peptide derived from ... Jul 2003). "Antiviral and immunological benefits in HIV patients receiving intranasal peptide T (DAPTA)". Peptides. 24 (7): ... Peptide T has several positive effects related to HIV disease and Neuro-AIDS. A FDG-PET neuro-imaging study in an individual ... Peptide T clinical development was stopped due to the propensity of the liquid nasal spray to lose potency upon storage and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_T

A peptide microarray (also commonly known as peptide chip or peptide epitope microarray) is a collection of peptides displayed ... However, peptide synthesis on chip allows the parallel synthesis of tens of thousands of peptides providing larger peptide ... Peptides are ideally covalently linked through a chemoselective bond leading to peptides with the same orientation for ... The assay principle of peptide microarrays is similar to an ELISA protocol. The peptides (up to tens of thousands in several ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_microarray

The initial peptides were successfully used to kill B-cell lymphoma cancer cells. The reference synthetic short peptide was ... Photoactivated peptides are modified natural or synthetic peptides the functions of which can be activated with light. This can ... Caged peptides which contain photocleavable protecting groups belong to irreversibly activated peptides. Reversible activation/ ... in the side chains or in the backbone of peptide templates to get the photo-controlled peptides, which can reversibly change ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoactivated_peptide

Cyclic peptides in plants are synthesized via a two-step process; the translation of a linear peptide chain, and its subsequent ... Cyclic peptides can be classified according to the types of bonds that comprise the ring. Homodetic cyclic peptides, such as ... Other bicyclic peptides include echinomycin, triostin A, and Celogentin C. There are a number of bi and monocyclic peptides ... Cyclic peptides tend to be extremely resistant to the process of digestion, making them of interest to scientists working on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_peptide

... also known as amyloid β- peptide (Aβ)17-40/42 is the peptide resulting from the b- and γ-secretase cleavage from the ... However, p3 peptide's role in these diseases is not truly known yet. There is little information related to the p3 peptides ... This confirms the absence of N-terminal domain Aβ1-16 in p3 peptides. p3 peptide generates from the 17-40 or 17-42 sequence of ... That is why p3 peptide represents the benign form of amyloid. Energy plays a very important role in p3 peptides. While Aβ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P3_peptide

Peptide-based synthetic vaccines, also called epitope vaccines, are subunit vaccines made from peptides. The peptides mimic the ... The peptides can be specially designed for specificity. A single peptide vaccine can be designed to have multiple epitopes to ... Gp100 peptide vaccine is studied to treat melanoma. To generate a greater in vitro CTL response, the peptide, gp100:209-217( ... IC41 is a peptide vaccine candidate against the Hepatitis C virus. It consists of five synthetic peptides along with the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_vaccine

... , also known as peptide histidine isoleucine, is a peptide which functions as a hormone. This peptide contains a ... "Differential Effects of Peptide Histidine Isoleucine (PHI) and Related Peptides on Stimulation and Suppression of Neuroblastoma ... "Peptides that Regulate Food Intake Effect of peptide histidine isoleucine on consummatory behavior in rats". American Journal ... Peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) is part of family that plays a vital role in the cell growth rate such as in the intestine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_PHI

Each nonribosomal peptide synthetase can synthesize only one type of peptide. Nonribosomal peptides often have cyclic and/or ... Nonribosomal peptides (NRP) are a class of peptide secondary metabolites, usually produced by microorganisms like bacteria and ... Nonribosomal peptides are synthesized by one or more specialized nonribosomal peptide-synthetase (NRPS) enzymes. The NRPS genes ... Nonribosomal peptides are synthesized by nonribosomal peptide synthetases, which, unlike the ribosomes, are independent of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonribosomal_peptide

This class of model peptides has proved useful for studying the impact of changes in lipid composition on peptide insertion. ... WALP peptides are a class of synthesized, membrane-spanning α-helices composed of tryptophan (W), alanine (A), and leucine (L) ... Following detailed experimental studies by various techniques, the WALP and related peptides have become commonly used model ... Killian, J.Antoinette (2003). "Synthetic peptides as models for intrinsic membrane proteins". FEBS Letters. 555 (1): 134-138. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WALP_peptide

Known natriuretic peptides include the following: atrial natriuretic peptide, also known as ANP brain natriuretic peptide, also ... A natriuretic peptide is a peptide that induces natriuresis, which is the excretion of sodium by the kidneys. ... known as BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide) C-type natriuretic peptide, also known as CNP dendroaspis natriuretic peptide, also ... known as DNP urodilatin Nesiritide Carperitide CD-NP Ularitide Natriuretic+peptides at the US National Library of Medicine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natriuretic_peptide

... which is commonly referred to as the signal peptide, signal sequence or leader peptide. Signal peptides form alpha-helical ... A target peptide is a short (3-70 amino acids long) peptide chain that directs the transport of a protein to a specific region ... Target+Peptide at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) SPdb (Signal Peptide DataBase) Prediction ... Like most signal peptides, mitochondrial targeting signals and plastid specific transit peptides are cleaved once targeting is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_peptide

Chemerin peptides are short peptides (on the order of 9 amino acids) that are produced from the carboxyl terminus of the ... Cash, J; Greaves DR (May 2010). "Chemerin peptides promote phagocytosis in a ChemR23 and Syk dependent manner". J. Immunol. 184 ... A particular synthetic chemerin-derived peptide, termed C15, was developed at Oxford University. It showed anti-inflammatory ... "Synthetic chemerin-derived peptides suppress inflammation through ChemR23". J. Exp. Med. 205 (4): 767-75. doi:10.1084/jem. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemerin_peptide

... (PYY) also known as peptide tyrosine tyrosine is a peptide that in humans is encoded by the PYY gene. Peptide YY is ... Peptide YY is related to the pancreatic peptide family by having 18 of its 36 amino acids located in the same positions as ... Mannon PJ (2002). "Peptide YY as a growth factor for intestinal epithelium". Peptides. 23 (2): 383-8. doi:10.1016/S0196-9781(01 ... Hagan MM (2002). "Peptide YY: a key mediator of orexigenic behavior". Peptides. 23 (2): 377-82. doi:10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00614 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_YY

... is a form of computing which uses peptides, instead of traditional electronic components. The basis of this ... For instance, while DNA is made of four building blocks, peptides are made of twenty building blocks. The peptide-antibody ... Similar to DNA computing, the parallel interactions of peptide sequences and antibodies have been used by this model to solve a ... ISBN 978-3-540-43775-8. Hubert Hug & Rainer Schuler (2001). "Strategies for the development of a peptide computer". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_computing

A peptide amphiphile typically comprises a hydrophilic peptide sequence attached to a lipid tail, i.e. a hydrophobic alkyl ... Peptide amphiphiles are a class of molecules consisting of either hydrophobic and hydrophilic peptide sequences, or a ... Peptide amphiphiles (PAs) are peptide-based molecules that self-assemble into supramolecular nanostructures including; ... This self-assembly allows the peptides to further optimise their interaction with the surroundings. Peptide amphiphiles are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_amphiphile

CLE peptides are coded by the CLE genes. These peptides vary in structure with each peptide structure performing a different ... The specific peptides are: A-type peptides CLE 1/3/4 CLE 2 CLE 5/6 CLE 7 CLE 8 CLE 9 CLE 10 CLE 11 CLE 12 CLE 13 CLE 14 CLE 16 ... CLE peptides (CLAVATA3/Embryo Surrounding Region-Related) are a group of peptides found in plants that are involved with cell ... The secretion of A-type peptides speeds up the vascular development of the plant that is mediated by the B-type peptides. This ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLE_peptide

... transit peptide, leader sequence or leader peptide) is a short peptide (usually 16-30 amino acids long) present at the N- ... The structure of these nonclassical signal peptides differs strongly from the N-terminal signal peptides. Signal peptides are ... Signal+Peptide at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) SPdb (Signal Peptide DataBase) SignalP - ... They are a kind of target peptide. Signal peptides function to prompt a cell to translocate the protein, usually to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_peptide

A multifunctional peptide is a peptide which occurs when two genes band together. This process gives new properties to the ... v t e (Articles lacking sources from December 2009, All articles lacking sources, Peptides, All stub articles, Chemistry stubs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multifunctional_peptide

A β-peptide can consist of only one kind of these amino acids (β2-peptides and β3-peptides), or have a combination of the two. ... Beta-peptides (β-peptides) are peptides derived from β-amino acids, in which the amino group is attached to the β-carbon (i.e. ... Generally speaking, β-peptides form a more stable helix than α-peptides. β-peptides are stable against proteolytic degradation ... β-peptides usually do not occur in nature. β-peptide-based antibiotics are being explored as ways of evading antibiotic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-peptide

... methionyl peptide + formate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are formyl-L-methionyl peptide and H2O, whereas its two ... "Determination of substrate specificity for peptide deformylase through the screening of a combinatorial peptide library". ... In enzymology, a peptide deformylase (EC 3.5.1.88) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction H2O + formyl-L-methionyl ... Pei D (2001). "Peptide deformylase: a target for novel antibiotics?". Emerging Therapeutic Targets. 5 (1): 23-40. doi:10.1517/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_deformylase

Chemical peptide synthesis most commonly starts at the carboxyl end of the peptide (C-terminus), and proceeds toward the amino- ... The crude peptide can be purified using reversed-phase HPLC. The purification process, especially of longer peptides can be ... Microwave-assisted peptide synthesis has been used to complete long peptide sequences with high degrees of yield and low ... In organic chemistry, peptide synthesis is the production of peptides, compounds where multiple amino acids are linked via ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_synthesis

... peptide therapeutics mimic such functions. Peptide Therapeutics are seen as relatively safe and well-tolerated as peptides can ... units to the peptide to help with peptide delivery to target sights. The introduction of carbohydrates to peptides can alter ... Peptide therapeutics are peptides or polypeptides (oligomers or short polymers of amino acids) which are used to for the ... Another peptide known to self-assemble is the octapeptide Lanreotide. This compound is a synthetic analogue of the peptide ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_therapeutics

"C-peptide - Creative Peptides -". AdisInsight. Retrieved 22 October 2016. "C-peptide - Eli Lilly". AdisInsight. Retrieved 22 ... The connecting peptide, or C-peptide, is a short 31-amino-acid polypeptide that connects insulin's A-chain to its B-chain in ... C-peptide levels are measured instead of insulin levels because C-peptide can assess a person's own insulin secretion even if ... Creative Peptides, Eli Lilly, and Cebix all had drug development programs for a C-peptide product. Cebix had the only ongoing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-peptide

Cosmetics Database Rating for Grande Cosmetics GrandeMASCARA Waterproof Conditioning Peptide Mascara. ...

https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/products/978592-Grande_Cosmetics_GrandeMASCARA_Waterproof_Conditioning_Peptide_Mascara/

A C-peptide test measures the level of C-peptide in your blood or urine. It can help find the cause of low blood sugar and ... Why do I need a C-peptide test?. You may need a C-peptide test if:. *You have been diagnosed with hypoglycemia (low blood sugar ... What happens during a C-peptide test?. A C-peptide test usually uses a sample of your blood. But the test may also be done on a ... Is there anything else I need to know about a C-peptide test?. A C-peptide test is not used to diagnose diabetes. Other tests, ...

https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/c-peptide-test/

WHO international collaborative study of the proposed 1st international standard for human C-peptide: Expert Committee on ...

https://apps.who.int/iris/browse?authority=C-Peptide&type=mesh

This is a summary of a preprint research study, "Clinical Implication of N-Terminal Pro-B Type Natriuretic Peptide to Predict ... Higher levels of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in patients with acute type-A aortic dissection can ... Cite this: Natriuretic Peptide Risk-Stratifies Acute Type-A Aortic Dissection - Medscape - Aug 15, 2022. ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/979223

2.0 provides advantages over existing peptide synthesizers with its patented use of microwave irradiation during both the ... Peptides. GMP Peptides Peptide Synthesis SPPS Chemicals Synthesis. Microwave Synthesis Purification. Preparative HPLC Molecular ... Branched Peptides. View Application Data. Cyclized Peptides. View Application Data. Disulfide Bonding. View Application Data. ... High-throughput peptide synthesis made easy. *Add additional peptides at any time, even while the instrument is running with an ...

https://cem.com/liberty-lite-2/

Bora Peptide (Cat. No. 5117P) is used for blocking the activity of Bora Antibody. ... Pair your antibody with a Lysate, Peptide, Control, & /OR Secondary Antibody.. Contact our Customer Care Team for more ... PEPTIDE AA LOCATION: 15 amino acids near the amino terminus of human Bora. ... APPLICATION NOTE: Bora peptide is used for blocking the activity of Bora antibody. ...

https://www.prosci-inc.com/product/bora-peptide-5117/

... linked to one another by peptide bridges that confer rigid stability. The nature of the peptide bridges differs considerably ... Other articles where peptide bridge is discussed: bacteria: The cell envelope: … ... linked to one another by peptide bridges that confer rigid stability. The nature of the peptide bridges differs considerably ...

https://www.britannica.com/science/peptide-bridge

View and buy high quality RAGE antagonist peptide. RAGE antagonist. Cited in 2 publications. ... Reviews for RAGE antagonist peptide. There are currently no reviews for this product. Be the first to review RAGE antagonist ... Have you used RAGE antagonist peptide?. Submit a review and receive an Amazon gift card.. $25/€18/£15/$25CAN/¥75 Yuan/¥1250 Yen ... RAGE antagonist peptide is a receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) antagonist. Blocks S100P, S100A4 and HMGB-1 ...

https://www.rndsystems.com/products/rage-antagonist-peptide_6259

Multi-peptide Moisture Cream (Travel size) £21.00 FOR Dry skin types At Evolve Organic Beauty, they promote a positive ageing ... Sacha Inchi Peptides This Peruvian superfood helped the ancient Incas live to over 100 years old. Natural Inchi Peptides are ... Coconut Peptides A triple firming action for rejuvenation, moisturisation and anti-age wrinkle prevention. Helps to smooth the ...

https://www.fashion-conscience.com/collections/bath-beauty/products/multi-peptide-moisture-cream-travel

Peptide mass fingerprinting is a traditional approach for protein identification by mass spectrometry. Here, the authors ... Here, we show that an engineered Fragaceatoxin C nanopore is capable of identifying individual proteins by measuring peptide ... The intensity of individual peaks provides information on the concentration of individual peptides, indicating that this ... demonstrating protein identification based on nanopore measurements of digested peptides. ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-26046-9?error=cookies_not_supported&code=d936bf42-18da-4dc2-9b6b-15de08eabea6

The reference values of brain-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal (NT) proBNP are different to exclude or confirm a ... The most important use of natriuretic peptides is in helping to establish the diagnosis of heart failure (HF) in a patient in ... How is a brain-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) performed?. What is the role of brain-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in the ... What is the reference range of brain-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)?. What does a normal brain-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2087425

I. To determine the toxicity profile of the SVN53-67/M57-KLH peptide (SVN53-67/M57-KLH peptide vaccine) in Montanide ISA 51 ( ... Vaccines made from survivin peptide may help the body build an effective immune response to kill cancer cells that express ... Toxicity profile of the SVN53-67/M57-KLH peptide vaccine in incomplete Freund's adjuvant plus sargramostim, given before ... This phase I trial studies the safety of SVN53-67/M57-KLH peptide vaccine in incomplete Freunds adjuvant together with ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT02334865

Purchase Peptide Receptors, Part II, Volume 20 - 1st Edition. Print Book & E-Book. ISBN 9780444505408, 9780080538570 ... Peptide Receptors, Part II. Black Friday Event. :. save up to 30% on print and eBooks with free shipping. No promo code needed. ... Peptide Receptors Part I was published in 2000 (as volume 16 of the Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy series). This volume ... of a given peptide family. Some chapters also review current knowledge on the profile of internalization of the neuropeptide- ...

https://www.elsevier.com/books/peptide-receptors-part-ii/bjorklund/978-0-444-50540-8

WHO international collaborative study of the proposed 1st international standard for human C-peptide: Expert Committee on ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?locale-attribute=fr&type=mesh&authority=C-Peptide

... the creation of new peptide-focused companies, and the consolidation of peptide business by so-called big pharma [...] ... the peptide drug discovery field has shown a high level of dynamism, with hundreds of academic groups working on this topic, ... 13 aa lineal peptide analog of α-MSH. 2019. Bremelanotide. Vyleesi®. Women hypoactive sexual desire. 7 aa cyclic peptide analog ... From a chemical structure perspective, it is possible to find small peptides (Ninlar®, Macrilen®); medium-sized peptides ( ...

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/10/2293/htm

Discusses C-peptide test, used to tell the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, find the cause of hypoglycemia, or ... A C-peptide test measures the level of this peptide in the blood. It is generally found in amounts equal to insulin. This is ... The level of C-peptide in the blood can show how much insulin is being made by the pancreas. C-peptide does not affect the ... insulin does not have C-peptide, a person with a low blood sugar level from taking too much insulin will have a low C-peptide ...

https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/tests-treatments-medications/medical-tests/c-peptide

A family of peptides was synthesized to further study the role of acidic amino acids in peptide substrates of beta-ARK. By ... Role of acidic amino acids in peptide substrates of the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase and rhodopsin kinase Biochemistry. 1991 ... A feature common to beta-ARK and RK was a much greater Km for peptide substrates as compared to that for intact receptor ... In this study, a peptide whose sequence is present in a portion of the third intracellular loop region of the human platelet ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1645191/?dopt=Abstract

C-Peptide C-peptide radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a competitive assay where 125I-labelled C-peptide competes with C-peptide in the ... LBXCPSI - C-peptide: SI(nmol/L). Variable Name: LBXCPSI. SAS Label: C-peptide: SI(nmol/L). English Text: C-peptide (nmol/L) in ... Plasma Fasting Glucose, Serum C-peptide & Insulin (L10AM_B) Data File: L10AM_B.xpt First Published: March 2005. Last Revised: ... Bound and free C-peptide is separated by adding a second PEG-accelerated double antibody. The antibody-bound fraction is ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/Nchs/Nhanes/2001-2002/L10AM_B.htm

... , B-Type Natriuretic Peptide, BNP, NT-proBNP, N-Terminal BNP, ntBNP. ... Natriuretic Peptide Type-B, Natriuretic Peptide, B-Type, Natriuretic Peptide, Type-B, Natriuretic Peptide-32, Brain, Peptide-32 ... b-type natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptides, brain natriuretic peptide, b type natriuretic peptide, b type ... Brain natriuretic peptide (substance), Natriuretic Peptide B Type, B-type natriuretic peptide, Brain natriuretic peptide. ...

https://fpnotebook.com/legacy/cv/Lab/BrnNtrtcPptd.htm

Cell-penetrating peptides including the trans-activating transcriptional activator (Tat) from HIV-1 have been used as carriers ... Cellular translocation of a γ-AApeptide mimetic of Tat peptide Mol Pharm. 2012 May 7;9(5):1529-34. doi: 10.1021/mp300070w. Epub ... Cell-penetrating peptides including the trans-activating transcriptional activator (Tat) from HIV-1 have been used as carriers ... We also establish that the γ-AApeptide is even less toxic than the Tat peptide against mammalian cells. In addition to their ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22413929/

b-type natriuretic peptide Clinical Research Trial Listings on CenterWatch ... peptide. (NT-proBNP) , 400 pg/mL. The primary endpoint is the time-averaged proportional changes in NT-proBNP level from ...

https://www.centerwatch.com/clinical-trials/listings/search/?q=b-type%20natriuretic%20peptide

... By Cyf Ramos-Colon ... Difficult peptide sequences, JR10-mer and Aib-enkephalin, along with a cyclic peptide, MT-II, were successfully synthesized ... The renewed interest in peptide therapeutics in industry and academia has increased the demand for rapid peptide development, ... The ability to rapidly synthesize peptide libraries for biological evaluation is another important aspect of peptide drug ...

https://www.genengnews.com/magazine/291/optimizing-peptide-synthesis-in-demanding-peptide-drug-development/

AOXKI4A, antimicrobial peptide in spider venom. A. 30. Oxyopes takobius. Mutation(s): 0 Membrane Entity: Yes ... A unique 30-residue cationic peptide oxyopinin 4a (Oxt 4a) was identified in the venom of the lynx spider Oxyopes takobius ( ... A unique 30-residue cationic peptide oxyopinin 4a (Oxt 4a) was identified in the venom of the lynx spider Oxyopes takobius ( ... Novel lynx spider toxin shares common molecular architecture with defense peptides from frog skin.. Dubovskii, P.V., ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2L3I

24, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The Global Peptide Therapeutics Market Size, Share & Industry Trends Analysis Report By Type ... 24, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The Global Peptide Therapeutics Market Size, Share & Industry Trends Analysis Report By Type ... Generic Drugs Monoclonal Parenteral Parenterals Peptide Peptide Drug Peptide Synthesis Peptide Therapeutic Protein Therapy ... There were 21 peptide medicines in development for the treatment of COVID-19, including 15 synthetic peptides in therapies for ...

https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2022/11/24/2562232/0/en/Global-Peptide-Therapeutics-Market-Report-2022-to-2028-Players-Include-AstraZeneca-Teva-Pharmaceutical-Industries-Novartis-and-Pfizer.html

Zenovia Skincare s Peptide + Ceramide Repairing Moisturizer at Sephora. This face cream boosts hydration for a firm, plumped-up ...

https://www.sephora.com/product/dr-zenovia-skin-care-peptide-ceramide-repairing-moisturizer-P464238

SIRT1 Blocking Peptide for SAB3500493; find Sigma-Aldrich-SBP3500493 MSDS, related peer-reviewed papers, technical documents, ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/sbp3500493

The co-assembly of peptides with lipid membranes is important in both healthy and diseased states. On one hand, the immune ... Tags: ProteinsPeptidesBJ cover artBiophysical Journaldisulfide bridgesfolding funnel ... Exploring Nebulous Assemblies of Peptides and Lipids. Catie Curry / Tuesday, September 1, 2020. 0 1382 ... The latest BiophysJ cover image is based on the article "Molecular Interactions of Alzheimers Biomarker FDDNP with Aβ Peptide ...

https://www.biophysics.org/blog/tag/peptides-3

Chemiluminescent line of assays with the launch of the new Human C-peptide ELISA. ... Learn more about the STELLUX® Human C-peptide ELISA.. About ALPCO. ALPCO offers a wide range of testing solutions, providing ... Salem, NH, December 10, 2014 --(PR.com)-- ALPCO announced the launch of its new STELLUX® Chemiluminescent Human C-peptide ELISA ... ALPCO Releases New Chemiluminescent Human C-peptide ELISA. ALPCO adds to their STELLUX® Chemiluminescent line of assays with ...

https://www.pr.com/press-release/596607

Bachems custom peptide synthesis services offer high-quality, reliable, flexible and cost-effective solutions for cutting-edge ... Peptide Trends January 2021. The theme of this edition of peptide trends is fighting drug addiction.... ... Learn More: A New Turn in Peptide Purification. Peptide Easy Clean, developed by Belyntic in collaboration with Bachem, enables ... QUOTE REQUEST FOR PEPTIDES AND AMINO ACID DERIVATIVES. Bachem offers comprehensive custom synthesis services to life scientists ...

https://www.bachem.com/products/research-and-specialties/custom-peptide-synthesis/page/2/

Our honest review of Beauty Pies Youthbomb Biologic Collagen Peptide Cream and whether it will make your dry skin more plump ... This can be credited to the collagen peptides, an ingredient that works hard to restore the skins moisture barrier and ... Looking elsewhere, Naturium Multi-Peptide Moisturiser, £21, and Pacifica Vegan Collagen Overnight Recovery Cream, £25, contain ... packed with antioxidant peptides (you can purchase both products as part of a combo). Using a serum that contains retinol or ...

https://www.refinery29.com/en-gb/beauty-pie-youthbomb-biologic-collagen-cream-review

The Prodigy Preperative HPLC is the optimized purification system for peptides and proteins. (cem.com)
Here, we show that an engineered Fragaceatoxin C nanopore is capable of identifying individual proteins by measuring peptide spectra that are produced from hydrolyzed proteins. (nature.com)
The resulting collected peptides describe a spectrum that can then be used to identify proteins (Fig. 1 ). (nature.com)
There has been a recent revival in interest in peptide therapeutic development, with five of the top-selling drugs being peptides or proteins (Enbrel, Remicade, Humira, Avastin, MabThera) and many more currently in clinical trials [1]. (genengnews.com)
The FDA revised its definition of a biologic to include chemically produced polypeptides with a length of more than 40 amino acids but less than 100 amino acids (synthetic proteins) and synthetic peptides with a length of 40 amino acids or less (synthetic peptides). (globenewswire.com)
Disulfide bridges, a common type of covalent bond in protein structures, are usually believed to maintain structural stability of proteins, especially small peptides that lack hydrophobic cores. (biophysics.org)
The formula - devised by celebrated dermatologist Dr Andrew Markey - contains a laundry list of active ingredients, including peptides (proteins that strengthen the skin), collagen (which keeps skin plump) and niacinamide (reduces excess oil and protects the skin's barrier). (refinery29.com)
These peptides can be found in food and unlike proteins they can enter the blood through the stomach. (antiaging-systems.com)
After years of research, MRVL Skin Solutions is sharing their discovery of their breakthrough ingredient, Blue Scorpion Peptide™ (BSP) , which is a combination of amino acids, proteins, enzymes and antioxidants that deliver transformative anti-aging results. (wect.com)
Peptides are essential to anti-aging and young skin as they are the building blocks for proteins needed by the skin for collagen and elasticity, essential for younger and healthier skin. (wect.com)
Biomolecular interactions found in peptides and proteins enable the construction of large, complex structures with multiple functions across multiple length scales. (mrs.org)
Specifically, this symposium will focus on the significant progress that has been made towards understanding the design rules, mechanisms and driving forces behind the design and hierarchical assembly of peptides and proteins and derivatives thereof. (mrs.org)
Materials made from peptides and proteins can be engineered through precise molecular modifications using natural and non-natural amino acids. (mrs.org)
Peptides and proteins will be discussed as building blocks for potential technology spanning high-tech to commodity materials. (mrs.org)
This interdisciplinary symposium will bring together those working in the field of materials design, spanning computation/simulation and experiment, exploiting bio-inspired self-assembly of biologically relevant molecules including peptides and polypeptides, proteins, and peptoids well as hybrid and composite systems. (mrs.org)
If you get the right and identify the significant proteins in your experiment… How download the file twice), one are the keys to successful delivery of an oral peptide. (topsidepress.com)
The interfaces resulting from protein-protein interactions - (i) specific, as represented by the homodimeric quaternary structures and the complexes formed by two independently occurring protein components, and (ii) non-specific, as observed in the crystal lattice of monomeric proteins - have been analysed on the basis of the length and the number of peptide segments. (who.int)
PROTEINS are considered to be larger versions of peptides that can form into complex structures such as ENZYMES and RECEPTORS. (bvsalud.org)

Diabetes mellitus was assessed by measures of plasma glucose, serum insulin, and serum C-peptide in participants aged 12 years and over in the morning examination session only. (cdc.gov)
This highly characterized assay measures C-peptide requiring only 50 µL of human serum, plasma or cell culture supernatant. (pr.com)
If you're also looking to tackle dullness and uneven skin tone, Beauty Pie recommends pairing this cream with YouthBomb 360° Radiance Concentrate Serum , packed with antioxidant peptides (you can purchase both products as part of a combo ). (refinery29.com)
Design of experiment (DOE) was utilized to optimize a peptide microarray to test autoantibodies in serum against various components of the myelin sheath. (sas.com)
The ultimate anti-aging treatment with this light, luxurious serum that's formulated with our proprietary Blue Scorpion Peptide. (wect.com)
Based on advanced skin care science and natural ingredients, this potent Seaweed and Peptide-based serum helps reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles and helps fight the visible signs of premature aging. (repechage.com)
Yes, in fact you can really power up your skin care program once a week with by applying the serum, then apply the Triple Action Peptide Mask over it, then go over the mask with the Repêchage® LED Radio Frequency and EMS Skin Tightening Machine set on pink or flashing pink for no more than 5-7 minutes to help the ingredients become absorbed into the skin. (repechage.com)
Why are the ingredients in the Triple Action Peptide Mask and Triple Action Peptide Serum the same? (repechage.com)
Unlike the sheet mask, which is worn for up to 15 minutes and removed, the Triple Action Peptide Serum can be worn alone or under moisturizer all day, and all night alone or under a night cream to keep the benefits of the Seaweed extracts and Peptides going. (repechage.com)
This innovative cream-gel concentrate supports the benefits of the Marine Flower Peptide Serum, helping the skin look firm as well as targeting the visible signs of aging. (jespashop.ca)
The Nightly is our 4-in-1 'smart' serum featuring our patented TriGLO® retinol complex, plus collagen-boosting peptides, hyaluronic acid filling spheres and stem cell technology, plumps out the appearance of fine lines for smoother, firmer skin overnight. (beautybio.com)
Massage 1-2 pumps of The Nightly collagen peptide serum onto entire face. (beautybio.com)
The Best Natural Anti-Aging Firming Peptide Eye Serum for Dark Eye Circles, Under Eye Bags, Crow's Feet and Puffiness by Borchelli Skincare -Use Daily as Moisturizer for Eyes. (borchelliskincare.com)
Destined for Density™ MegaStrength+ Caffeine + Biotin Peptide Density Serum is a potent, yet lightweight formula featuring 5% of our unique follicle support complex including scientifically proven ingredients like copper peptides and zinc to help support thicker-looking hair. (briogeohair.com)
Destined for Density™ MegaStrength+ Caffeine + Biotin Peptide Density Serum is a non-greasy, lightweight formula that absorbs quickly on the scalp. (briogeohair.com)

Cite this: Natriuretic Peptide Risk-Stratifies Acute Type-A Aortic Dissection - Medscape - Aug 15, 2022. (medscape.com)

The best coupling method for peptide synthesis. (cem.com)
High-throughput peptide synthesis made easy. (cem.com)
The Liberty 2.0 series, like preceding models, utilizes CEM's High-Efficiency Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis (HE-SPPS) and CarboMAX coupling methodologies. (cem.com)
The HT4 automates peptide synthesis with the ability to queue up to 4 peptides. (cem.com)
The renewed interest in peptide therapeutics in industry and academia has increased the demand for rapid peptide development, which has been met by automated solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). (genengnews.com)
The synthesis of complex peptides can be challenging due to steric and conformational factors, and this has driven the development of synthesizers with enabling technologies such as rapid heating methods. (genengnews.com)
Heat-assisted synthesis has been shown to speed up production of high-purity linear peptides and also cyclic peptides. (genengnews.com)
Bachem's custom peptide synthesis services offer high-quality, reliable, flexible and cost-effective solutions for cutting-edge research in life science, drug discovery, and in vitro diagnostics development programs and commercial supply. (bachem.com)
Bachem offers comprehensive custom synthesis services to life scientists and researchers worldwide including the synthesis of custom peptides and organic compounds. (bachem.com)
The Protein Facility offers both large and small scale peptide synthesis utilizing Protein Technologies Symphony and Tribute peptide synthesizers, both performing Fmoc synthesis and on-instrument cleavage of the peptide from the resin. (lsuagcenter.com)
It is a good idea to contact us before a synthesis is performed to discuss your peptide and the probability of success in the synthesis. (lsuagcenter.com)
These specialized derivatives are usually more expensive resulting in higher charges for the peptide synthesis. (lsuagcenter.com)
Also, incorporation of modified amino acids and labels can increase the difficulty of peptide synthesis. (lsuagcenter.com)
If you wish to order a peptide, please complete the " Contact and Billing " and " Peptide Synthesis Request " forms below and fax to us. (lsuagcenter.com)
Now their published research is in the open and it identifies that each organ / gland / tissue uses a highly specific short chain peptide to act as a 'short cut' to initiate protein synthesis. (antiaging-systems.com)
With advances in synthetic peptide and polypeptide synthesis as well as synthetic biology, materials need not be limited to small-scale, high-tech, or bio-tech applications. (mrs.org)
The SPOT peptide synthesis technique is an ultra-high-throughput synthesis method for hundreds to thousands of peptides in parallel. (jpt.com)
After synthesis peptides can remain on the membrane for an easy and inexpensive peptide array (PepSpots) or be separated from the mebrane and used as individual peptides (PepTrack Fast Track), pooled (SpotMix) or used to print on glass slides (PepStar). (jpt.com)
These biological oligomers and polymers can be Solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), or in continue produced for custom peptide synthesis projects. (fibrinogens.com)
The High-efficiency solid phase peptide synthesis (HE-SPPS) is give very low production costs. (fibrinogens.com)

Levelling up my moisturiser before winter sets in seemed like the smart thing to do, which was what led me to test out Beauty Pie's popular Youthbomb Biologic Collagen Peptide Cream . (refinery29.com)
This can be credited to the collagen peptides, an ingredient that works hard to restore the skin's moisture barrier and plumpness. (refinery29.com)
Looking elsewhere, Naturium Multi-Peptide Moisturiser, £21, and Pacifica Vegan Collagen Overnight Recovery Cream, £25 , contain some of Youthbomb's star ingredients for a fraction of the price. (refinery29.com)
This proprietary peptide has been clinically proven to help stimulate natural collagen production, fight free radicals, help regenerate symptoms of damaged skin and smooth the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. (wect.com)
Does This Native Path Grass Fed Collagen Peptide Works? (ipsnews.net)
During the process of manufacture, collagen is hydrolyzed to break the protein into the smallest peptides. (ipsnews.net)
This supplement contains the purest form of grass-fed collagen peptides (Type I and II) that is absorbed very fast into the bloodstream. (ipsnews.net)
The collagen peptides also aid in the growth of lean muscles. (ipsnews.net)
A rich restructuring facial moisturiser formulated with a unique complex of 6 high-performance peptides, potent probiotics, biomimetic lipids and a proprietary blend of fermented algae and botanicals to support skin's natural collagen production and renewal. (zelens.com)
Powered by a vitamin C and peptide blend, it visibly brightens the entire eye area and supports skin's natural collagen production for a firmer, smoother appearance. (summerfridays.com)
Known for its line-relaxing properties, this firming peptide helps reduce the look of wrinkles and support skin's natural production of line-plumping collagen. (summerfridays.com)
Collagen buy Follistatin Peptide online peptides assists with improving the rate of collagen the massive spots of baldness were visible. (topsidepress.com)

Peptide therapeutics are polypeptides or peptides (oligomers or short polymers of amino acids) that are utilized to treat disorders. (globenewswire.com)
till polypeptides that are long, continuous, and unbranched synthetic peptide chains. (fibrinogens.com)

The most important use of natriuretic peptides is in helping to establish the diagnosis of heart failure (HF) in a patient in the urgent care setting in whom the diagnosis is uncertain. (medscape.com)
The single most validated and established use of natriuretic peptides remains the diagnosis of CHF but, as discussed below, other conditions are increasingly being recognized in which natriuretic peptides may have a role. (medscape.com)
Natriuretic peptides are also being used to evaluate valvular heart diseases. (medscape.com)
Natriuretic Peptides and Potential Treatment Response in HFpEF A new study adds to the evidence that NT-proBNP levels are strong prognostic markers of clinical severity in patients with HFpEF, and may inform potential for treatment response to SGLT2 inhibitors. (medscape.com)

This test measures the level of C-peptide in a sample of your blood or urine (pee). (medlineplus.gov)
The level of C-peptide in the blood can show how much insulin is being made by the pancreas . (healthlinkbc.ca)
A person with type 2 diabetes can have a normal or high level of C-peptide. (healthlinkbc.ca)
A person with an insulinoma will have a high level of C-peptide in the blood when they have a high level of insulin. (healthlinkbc.ca)
A high level of C-peptide with a low blood glucose level may mean that an insulin-producing tumour of the pancreas (insulinoma) is present. (healthlinkbc.ca)
A low level of C-peptide with a high blood glucose level is found in people with type 1 diabetes . (healthlinkbc.ca)
A high level of C-peptide could mean a number of conditions. (ahealthyme.com)
A level of C-peptide that's lower than normal means that your body isn't making enough insulin or that your pancreas isn't working correctly. (ahealthyme.com)

The Global Peptide Therapeutics Market size is expected to reach $58.4 billion by 2028, rising at a market growth of 6.3% CAGR during the forecast period. (globenewswire.com)
Therefore, identifying AIPs accurately from a given amino acid sequences is critical for the discovery of novel and efficient anti-inflammatory peptide-based therapeutics and the acceleration of their application in therapy. (frontiersin.org)

Because man-made (synthetic) insulin does not have C-peptide, a person with a low blood sugar level from taking too much insulin will have a low C-peptide level but a high level of insulin. (healthlinkbc.ca)
This medication is a synthetic counterpart of the peptide hormone somatostatin, which is used to alleviate acromegaly (a malfunction where the body produced excessive amounts of growth hormone). (globenewswire.com)
There were 21 peptide medicines in development for the treatment of COVID-19, including 15 synthetic peptides in therapies for the treatment of ARDS and other respiratory disorders caused by SARS-Cov-2 infection. (globenewswire.com)
However, there has been a renaissance in the development of peptides and their synthetic derivatives for therapeutic intervention in recent years. (globenewswire.com)
Many modified amino acids and labels can be incorporated into synthetic peptides. (lsuagcenter.com)
Researchers have recognized the potential of biological tools in the creation of synthetic materials with new materials created using peptide and protein interactions. (mrs.org)
However, the overall expense of this approach and the inherent challenges in scaling up the production and purification of synthetic peptides precludes the general application of this approach. (bvsalud.org)

Changes in the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide after exposure to injurious stretch-shortening contractions. (cdc.gov)
The goal of this study was to determine if skeletal muscle injury induced by exposure to injurious stretch-shortening cycles (iSSCs), resulted in hyperalgesia in the hind limb and changes in calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP) immunolabeling in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in young and old male rats. (cdc.gov)
The effects of asphalt fumes on nasal mucosal innervation were examined by measuring SP and calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) levels in rat TG neurons projecting to the nasal epithelium. (cdc.gov)

Peptide Receptors Part I was published in 2000 (as volume 16 of the Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy series). (elsevier.com)
Part II is its natural complementwith chapters covering six additional families of neuropeptide receptors for ligands ranging from well known peptides such as the opioids and neurotensin to recently isolated ones like the orexins. (elsevier.com)
Nesiritide binds to natriuretic peptide receptors on vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells, through which it triggers guanylate cyclase dependent signal transduction resulting in increase of intracellular concentrations of cGMP. (fpnotebook.com)
Based on the analgesic effect of NMDA antagonist receptors, the nociceptive action of the peptide BLMP-101 is evaluated, agonist of NMDA, designed to boost learning/memory. (bvsalud.org)

Today for the first time ever in luxury skincare, this groundbreaking proprietary peptide is being introduced, alongside the MRVL Skin Solutions potent formulas that contain powerful active ingredients. (wect.com)
Delivered through a process called Hyaluronidase, Blue Scorpion Peptide™ (BSP) is like a rocketship delivering MRVL's age-defying ingredients to the skin. (wect.com)
Paired with our proprietary Blue Scorpion Peptide™, these active ingredients help decrease the appearance of wrinkles for a smoother, youthful look after daily usage. (wect.com)
Peptides are one of the best advanced skin care ingredients to use for ageless-looking skin. (repechage.com)
Packed with peptides, it gives volume, improves firmness, elasticity and bounce, minimises the look of lines and wrinkles, and contains ingredients proven to help sculpt and contour. (zelens.com)
It features 5% of our unique follicle support complex including ingredients like copper peptides and zinc that are scientifically proven to help support thicker-looking hair in as few as 16 weeks with daily use. (briogeohair.com)
Our Density Boosting Complex consists of a high concentration of ingredients like copper peptides, zinc, and caffeine to help support thicker, fuller, healthier looking hair, with daily use. (briogeohair.com)

ORANGE PEPTIDES is a manufacturer of the peptides, Sarms powders, Nootropic powders, and API powders with the USA and Europe warehouses. (orangepeptide.com)
Pharma Lab Global is a trusted supplier of peptides and sarms worldwide. (pharmalabglobal.com)

On one hand, the immune system uses self-assembling antimicrobial peptides to capture pathogens and help rid them from the body. (biophysics.org)

The intensity of individual peaks provides information on the concentration of individual peptides, indicating that this approach is quantitative. (nature.com)

Brain natriuretic peptide 32 (32 aa, ~3 kDa) is encoded by the human NPPB gene. (fpnotebook.com)

Our Knowledge Center has a wide variety of tools and materials for peptide and oligonucleotide chemistry. (bachem.com)
The official journal of the European Peptide Society, it covers the whole field of peptide chemistry and biology and is widely recognised as the premier research resource by peptide scientists throughout the world. (appadvice.com)

Used as a blocking peptide in immunoblotting applications. (sigmaaldrich.com)

GenScript is proud to provide a comprehensive collection of amino acid derivatives , beta-amyloid peptides , blocking peptides , cosmetic peptides , biochemical reagents and pharmaceuticals to clients in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, academic and industry institutions all over the world. (genscript.com)

This regenerative nutrition cream formulated with salmon oil, ceramides, peptides and allantoin intensively moisturizes and nourishes the skin, reduces the severity of wrinkles and improves the texture of the skin. (elikoglow.ca)
Powered by a Vitamin C and Peptide blend, this multitasking eye cream is all you need for a brighter, firmer look. (summerfridays.com)
Light Aura Vitamin C + Peptide Eye Cream comes in our new Tree-Free™ Paper box. (summerfridays.com)
Once you finish Light Aura Vitamin C + Peptide Eye Cream, we recommend removing the cap from the jar and discarding this piece. (summerfridays.com)
Cran-Peptide Cream is an ultra-soothing moisturizer containing a powerful blend of peptides and antioxidants for anti-aging benefits. (tayleredaesthetics.com)

Available in 3 different surface chemistries, covering range from hydrophobic peptides to hydrophilic. (labmanager.com)
Determinations were made on how the length of the peptide sequence and the identity of the hydrophobic amino acid impact the heme binding affinity, heme density, and the electronic properties. (anl.gov)

The latest BiophysJ cover image is based on the article "Molecular Interactions of Alzheimer's Biomarker FDDNP with Aβ Peptide," written by Christopher Lockhart and Dmitri K. Klimov. (biophysics.org)
Klimov explains the scientific purpose of the image, as well as the work that went into it, in the blog post below: The cover art represents the molecules of FDDNP biomarker bound to Abeta peptide implicated in Alzheimer's disease. (biophysics.org)
One such compound under development in Professor Ingram's laboratory is DP-8, a decoy peptide (a short chain of amino acids) that he said is particularly promising in derailing the formation of the fibrils that kill brain cells in Alzheimer's patients. (mit.edu)

Bora peptide is used for blocking the activity of Bora antibody. (prosci-inc.com)
This peptide blocks the action of antibody SAB3500493 . (sigmaaldrich.com)
C-peptide radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a competitive assay where 125 I-labelled C-peptide competes with C-peptide in the specimen for antibody sites. (cdc.gov)
Bound and free C-peptide is separated by adding a second PEG-accelerated double antibody. (cdc.gov)

Peptide treatments replicate natural peptide functions such as hormones, neurotransmitters, growth factors, ion channel ligands, and anti-infectives. (globenewswire.com)

S100P-derived RAGE antagonistic peptide reduces tumor growth and metastasis. (rndsystems.com)
the peptide is particularly prone to metastatic action in bone, with PTHrP-mediated osteolysis being important in the establishment of tumor cell colonies. (medscape.com)

RAGE antagonist peptide is a receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) antagonist. (rndsystems.com)

Removal of the negatively charged amino acids surrounding a cluster of serines in this alpha 2-peptide resulted in a complete loss of phosphorylation by the kinase. (nih.gov)
Comparing a variety of kinases, only rhodopsin kinase and casein kinase II exhibited significant phosphorylation of the acidic peptides. (nih.gov)
In the present study, two MS fragmentation methods, ECD (electron-capture dissociation) and CID (collision-induced dissociation), were tested as tools for analysis of N-phosphorylation of three model peptides, RKRSRAE, RKRARKE and PLSRTLSVAAKK. (researchgate.net)
The ECD method was found useful for the localization of phosphorylation sites in unstable lysine-phosphorylated peptides. (researchgate.net)
was found useful for the localization of phosphorylation sites in unstable lysine-phosphorylated peptides. (researchgate.net)

Many researchers have tried to adopt machine learning algorithms to identify AIPs only based on peptide amino acid sequence information. (frontiersin.org)

Natural Inchi Peptides are clinically proven to improve facial firmness, reduce wrinkle volume and smooth the skin, restructuring by improving dermal density. (fashion-conscience.com)

In this study, a peptide whose sequence is present in a portion of the third intracellular loop region of the human platelet alpha 2-adrenergic receptor is shown to serve as a substrate for beta-ARK. (nih.gov)
The difficulty in synthesizing peptides is often dependent on length, composition, and sequence. (lsuagcenter.com)
With sequence length of n = 2, the peptide assembly yielded the greatest binding affinity. (anl.gov)

Utilizing fluorescence flow cytometry and confocal fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrate that a γ-AApeptide mimetic of Tat (48-57) can cross the cell membranes and enter the cytoplasm and nucleus of cells, with efficiency comparable to or better than that of Tat peptide (48-57). (nih.gov)
The co-assembly of peptides with lipid membranes is important in both healthy and diseased states. (biophysics.org)
Using chemically synthesized peptides attached to membranes and microarray experiments is one approach for determining predominant epitopes that has seen success. (bvsalud.org)

The effects of heating on peptide cyclization were also assessed by synthesizing the potent melanocortin receptor agonist Melanotan II (MT-II) [3]. (genengnews.com)

Synthesize standard and complex peptides. (cem.com)
With over 25 years of peptide manufacturing experience, AnaSpec is your trusted source of highly complex peptides. (anaspec.com)
Here we present crystal structures of a prokaryotic homologue of the mammalian transporters in complex with the antiviral prodrug valacyclovir and the peptide based photodynamic therapy agent, 5-aminolevulinic acid. (biorxiv.org)
This biodegradable sheet mask is not only formulated with a peptide complex that helps firm skin, improve skin elasticity and reduce the appearance of fine lines but paired with antioxidants to help protect the skin from further damage. (ohklife.com)
Peptide Complex - Helps to firm skin, reduce the appearance of fine lines and improve skin barrier function. (ohklife.com)
With High Qaulity protein complex consisting of concentrate, isolate and hydrolysate then by adding BIO-GRO Active Peptides! (strongsupplementshop.com)
The formation of peptide- nanotube receptor-ligand complex was detected with a UV absorbance detector. (cdc.gov)

As in the case of Part I, this volume integrates photomontages and maps of quantitative receptor autoradiography, in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunocytochemistry.Data derived from transgenic and knock-out animals are also summarized, helping to decipher the possible physiological and Pathophysiological role(s) of a given peptide family. (elsevier.com)
The valacyclovir structure reveals that prodrug recognition is mediated through both the amino acid scaffold and the ester bond, which is commonly used to link drug molecules to the carrier's physiological ligand, whereas 5-aminolevulinic acid makes far fewer interactions compared to physiological peptides. (biorxiv.org)

In addition, this instrument also offers independent method optimization and the greatest flexibility of any peptide synthesizer on the market, making it the industry standard for high-throughput peptide process development. (genengnews.com)

We have the capability to synthesize peptides at different purity levels (crude to ≥ 97%), and scales (mg to kg) with customized solutions to meet any aliquoting requirements. (bachem.com)
An aliquot of the purified peptide will be used to verify that purity is at least 85% as indicated by analytical reverse-phase HPLC. (lsuagcenter.com)

A powerful peptide synthesizer. (cem.com)
Prelude ® X automated peptide synthesizer, with six reaction vessels and induction heating on each vessel enables independent, simultaneous and rapid heating of multiple reactions with increased efficiency. (genengnews.com)
The ability to rapidly synthesize peptide libraries for biological evaluation is another important aspect of peptide drug development and one for which the Symphony ® X peptide synthesizer is well suited. (genengnews.com)

Parallelism or convergence is apparent on several levels: the structure, function and biosynthesis of a lynx spider toxin are mirrored by those of Rana-box peptides from frogs. (rcsb.org)
With cryoEM images providing a road map, the Nair Lab carried out biochemical studies to pinpoint the active site elements that enabled the unusual peptide cutting activity in ribosomal peptide biosynthesis. (illinois.edu)

The typical way to dose any peptide bioregulator is to initially take an 'intensive' course which is 2 capsules a day for 30-days (60 capsules) and then follow every 3 months with 2 capsules a day for 10-days (20 capsules). (antiaging-systems.com)
Therefore, the 'average person' requires 120 capsules of a peptide bioregulator for a year. (antiaging-systems.com)
Description Visoluten® - The retina peptide bioregulator. (livelongerstore.com)

Design of peptide and protein materials for biological application (incl. (mrs.org)
This peptide has diverse biological activities affecting peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. (intechopen.com)
Viktoria De'Ann was founded on a single premise, to maintain health by researching, evaluating, and employing Active Natural Biological Peptide Messengers. (viktoriadeann.com)

Cell-penetrating peptides including the trans-activating transcriptional activator (Tat) from HIV-1 have been used as carriers for intracellular delivery of a myriad of cargoes including drugs, molecular probes, DNAs and nanoparticles. (nih.gov)
In addition to their low toxicity, γ-AApeptides are resistant to protease degradation, which may prove to be advantageous over α-peptides for further development of molecular transporters for intracellular delivery. (nih.gov)
K18 Peptide is the molecular breakthtough haircare was waitingfor. (frizerija.si)

Crude peptides are delivered as a lyophilized powder and include an analytical reverse-phase HPLC profile and a MALDI mass spectrum. (lsuagcenter.com)
Delivery time is normally 1-2 weeks for crude peptides and 2-3 weeks for purified peptides. (lsuagcenter.com)

CJC 1295 is basically a peptide hormone that acts similar to growth hormone releasing hormones (GHRH). (fitlightmed.com)
Growth hormone-releasing hormone analogue CJC-1295 no DAC, commonly known as Modified GRF, is a shortened peptide (GHRH). (pharmalabglobal.com)

We are experts in producing a variety of peptides - from simple to long and challenging sequences per our customers' specifications. (bachem.com)
Furthermore, the extraction of features for peptide sequences provides the basis for evolutionary analysis. (frontiersin.org)
AIEpred encodes peptide sequences based on three feature representations. (frontiersin.org)

In patients with a prior diagnosis of heart failure, knowledge of optivolemic natriuretic peptide values is important when interpreting elevated levels of these molecules. (medscape.com)
Of particular interest has been their ability to recognise amino acid and peptide-based prodrug molecules, thereby providing a rational approach to improving drug transport into the body. (biorxiv.org)
These structures provide a unique insight into how peptide transporters interact with xenobiotic molecules and provide a template for further prodrug development. (biorxiv.org)

This exclusive mascara not only provides extreme volume and length, but is infused with a lash-loving blend of peptides, panthenols, and natural waxes. (skinstore.com)

Anatomy12

Organisms11

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs132

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment39

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes58

Disciplines and Occupations3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture5

Information Science4

Health Care2

Auto- and alloimmune reactivity to human islet allografts transplanted into type 1 diabetic patients. (1/1227)

Prolonged elevation of plasma free fatty acids desensitizes the insulin secretory response to glucose in vivo in rats. (2/1227)

Resistance to insulin's acute direct hepatic effect in suppressing steady-state glucose production in individuals with type 2 diabetes. (3/1227)

Effects of fatty acids and ketone bodies on basal insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes. (4/1227)

Within- and between-subject variation in commonly measured anthropometric and biochemical variables. (5/1227)

Intact proinsulin and beta-cell function in lean and obese subjects with and without type 2 diabetes. (6/1227)

Effect of calorie restriction on in vivo glucose metabolism by individual tissues in rats. (7/1227)

C-peptide induces a concentration-dependent dilation of skeletal muscle arterioles only in presence of insulin. (8/1227)

C-Peptide

Peptides

Proinsulin

Peptide Fragments

Insulin

Cytochrome c Group

Amino Acid Sequence

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1

Molecular Sequence Data

Blood Glucose

Peptide Library

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides

Peptides, Cyclic

Peptide Mapping

Oligopeptides

Natriuretic Peptide, Brain

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide

Cell-Penetrating Peptides

Protein Binding

Peptide Biosynthesis

Peptide YY

Peptide Nucleic Acids

Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type

Natriuretic Peptides

Protein Conformation

Models, Molecular

Binding Sites

Gastrin-Releasing Peptide

Protein Structure, Secondary

Receptors, Formyl Peptide

Peptide PHI

Peptide Synthases

Peptide Hydrolases

Receptors, Peptide

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

Atrial Natriuretic Factor

Epitopes

Kinetics

Base Sequence

Mass Spectrometry

Structure-Activity Relationship

Protein Precursors

Trypsin

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Cell Line

Amino Acids

Opioid Peptides

Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins

Peptide Hormones

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Recombinant Proteins

Cloning, Molecular

Substrate Specificity

Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization

Molecular Mimicry

Glucagon-Like Peptide 1

Escherichia coli

Aptamers, Peptide

Proteins

Molecular Weight

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Cells, Cultured

Cattle

Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

Binding, Competitive

Receptors, Atrial Natriuretic Factor

Amphibian Proteins

Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte

Salivary Proteins and Peptides

Amyloid beta-Peptides

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Antigen Presentation

Melitten

Sequence Alignment

Protein Processing, Post-Translational

Cell Membrane

Epitope Mapping