C peptide. Medical search

The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

A pancreatic polypeptide of about 110 amino acids, depending on the species, that is the precursor of insulin. Proinsulin, produced by the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS, is comprised sequentially of the N-terminal B-chain, the proteolytically removable connecting C-peptide, and the C-terminal A-chain. It also contains three disulfide bonds, two between A-chain and B-chain. After cleavage at two locations, insulin and C-peptide are the secreted products. Intact proinsulin with low bioactivity also is secreted in small amounts.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).

A group of cytochromes with covalent thioether linkages between either or both of the vinyl side chains of protoheme and the protein. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539)

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A collection of cloned peptides, or chemically synthesized peptides, frequently consisting of all possible combinations of amino acids making up an n-amino acid peptide.

A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.

Small cationic peptides that are an important component, in most species, of early innate and induced defenses against invading microbes. In animals they are found on mucosal surfaces, within phagocytic granules, and on the surface of the body. They are also found in insects and plants. Among others, this group includes the DEFENSINS, protegrins, tachyplesins, and thionins. They displace DIVALENT CATIONS from phosphate groups of MEMBRANE LIPIDS leading to disruption of the membrane.

Peptides whose amino and carboxy ends are linked together with a peptide bond forming a circular chain. Some of them are ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS. Some of them are biosynthesized non-ribosomally (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NON-RIBOSOMAL).

Analysis of PEPTIDES that are generated from the digestion or fragmentation of a protein or mixture of PROTEINS, by ELECTROPHORESIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; or MASS SPECTROMETRY. The resulting peptide fingerprints are analyzed for a variety of purposes including the identification of the proteins in a sample, GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, patterns of gene expression, and patterns diagnostic for diseases.

Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.

A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.

A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).

Calcitonin gene-related peptide. A 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The neuropeptide is widely distributed in neural tissue of the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. The peptide produces multiple biological effects and has both circulatory and neurotransmitter modes of action. In particular, it is a potent endogenous vasodilator.

Peptides that have the ability to enter cells by crossing the plasma membrane directly, or through uptake by the endocytotic pathway.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

The production of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS by the constituents of a living organism. The biosynthesis of proteins on RIBOSOMES following an RNA template is termed translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC). There are other, non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NUCLEIC ACID-INDEPENDENT) mechanisms carried out by PEPTIDE SYNTHASES and PEPTIDYLTRANSFERASES. Further modifications of peptide chains yield functional peptide and protein molecules.

A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.

DNA analogs containing neutral amide backbone linkages composed of aminoethyl glycine units instead of the usual phosphodiester linkage of deoxyribose groups. Peptide nucleic acids have high biological stability and higher affinity for complementary DNA or RNA sequences than analogous DNA oligomers.

A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.

Peptides that regulate the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in the body, also known as natriuretic peptide hormones. Several have been sequenced (ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR; BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; C-TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE).

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

A family of G-protein-coupled receptors that was originally identified by its ability to bind N-formyl peptides such as N-FORMYLMETHIONINE LEUCYL-PHENYLALANINE. Since N-formyl peptides are found in MITOCHONDRIA and BACTERIA, this class of receptors is believed to play a role in mediating cellular responses to cellular damage and bacterial invasion. However, non-formylated peptide ligands have also been found for this receptor class.

A 27-amino acid peptide with histidine at the N-terminal and isoleucine amide at the C-terminal. The exact amino acid composition of the peptide is species dependent. The peptide is secreted in the intestine, but is found in the nervous system, many organs, and in the majority of peripheral tissues. It has a wide range of biological actions, affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and central nervous systems.

Ligases that catalyze the joining of adjacent AMINO ACIDS by the formation of carbon-nitrogen bonds between their carboxylic acid groups and amine groups.

Hydrolases that specifically cleave the peptide bonds found in PROTEINS and PEPTIDES. Examples of sub-subclasses for this group include EXOPEPTIDASES and ENDOPEPTIDASES.

Cell surface receptors that bind peptide messengers with high affinity and regulate intracellular signals which influence the behavior of cells.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

The endogenous peptides with opiate-like activity. The three major classes currently recognized are the ENKEPHALINS, the DYNORPHINS, and the ENDORPHINS. Each of these families derives from different precursors, proenkephalin, prodynorphin, and PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN, respectively. There are also at least three classes of OPIOID RECEPTORS, but the peptide families do not map to the receptors in a simple way.

Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.

Hormones synthesized from amino acids. They are distinguished from INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS in that their actions are systemic.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of large biomolecules. Analyte molecules are embedded in an excess matrix of small organic molecules that show a high resonant absorption at the laser wavelength used. The matrix absorbs the laser energy, thus inducing a soft disintegration of the sample-matrix mixture into free (gas phase) matrix and analyte molecules and molecular ions. In general, only molecular ions of the analyte molecules are produced, and almost no fragmentation occurs. This makes the method well suited for molecular weight determinations and mixture analysis.

The structure of one molecule that imitates or simulates the structure of a different molecule.

A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Peptide sequences, generated by iterative rounds of SELEX APTAMER TECHNIQUE, that bind to a target molecule specifically and with high affinity.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Cell surface proteins that bind VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE; (VIP); with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

Cell surface proteins that bind ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. They contain intrinsic guanylyl cyclase activity.

Proteins obtained from species in the class of AMPHIBIANS.

Antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the T-cell receptor. Epitopes recognized by the T-cell receptor are often located in the inner, unexposed side of the antigen, and become accessible to the T-cell receptors after proteolytic processing of the antigen.

Proteins and peptides found in SALIVA and the SALIVARY GLANDS. Some salivary proteins such as ALPHA-AMYLASES are enzymes, but their composition varies in different individuals.

Peptides generated from AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES PRECURSOR. An amyloid fibrillar form of these peptides is the major component of amyloid plaques found in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and in aged individuals with trisomy 21 (DOWN SYNDROME). The peptide is found predominantly in the nervous system, but there have been reports of its presence in non-neural tissue.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

The process by which antigen is presented to lymphocytes in a form they can recognize. This is performed by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Some antigens require processing before they can be recognized. Antigen processing consists of ingestion and partial digestion of the antigen by the APC, followed by presentation of fragments on the cell surface. (From Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)

Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Methods used for studying the interactions of antibodies with specific regions of protein antigens. Important applications of epitope mapping are found within the area of immunochemistry.

Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.

The thermodynamic interaction between a substance and WATER.

Family of antimicrobial peptides that have been identified in humans, animals, and plants. They are thought to play a role in host defenses against infections, inflammation, wound repair, and acquired immunity.

Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.

Peptides composed of two amino acid units.

A class of antimicrobial peptides discovered in the skin of XENOPUS LAEVIS. They kill bacteria by permeabilizing cell membranes without exhibiting significant toxicity against mammalian cells.

Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). These CD8-positive cells are distinct from NATURAL KILLER CELLS and NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. There are two effector phenotypes: TC1 and TC2.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

A specific HLA-A surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-A*02 allele family.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes.

Cell surface proteins that bind CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. CGRP receptors are present in both the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and the periphery. They are formed via the heterodimerization of the CALCITONIN RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN and RECEPTOR ACTIVITY-MODIFYING PROTEIN 1.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Antimicrobial cationic peptides with a highly conserved amino terminal cathelin-like domain and a more variable carboxy terminal domain. They are initially synthesized as preproproteins and then cleaved. They are expressed in many tissues of humans and localized to EPITHELIAL CELLS. They kill nonviral pathogens by forming pores in membranes.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.

A mass spectrometry technique using two (MS/MS) or more mass analyzers. With two in tandem, the precursor ions are mass-selected by a first mass analyzer, and focused into a collision region where they are then fragmented into product ions which are then characterized by a second mass analyzer. A variety of techniques are used to separate the compounds, ionize them, and introduce them to the first mass analyzer. For example, for in GC-MS/MS, GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY is involved in separating relatively small compounds by GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY prior to injecting them into an ionization chamber for the mass selection.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The systematic study of the complete complement of proteins (PROTEOME) of organisms.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNA-binding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis.

Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.

Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection.

Polymorphic class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens present on almost all nucleated cells. At least 20 antigens have been identified which are encoded by the A locus of multiple alleles on chromosome 6. They serve as targets for T-cell cytolytic responses and are involved with acceptance or rejection of tissue/organ grafts.

Regulatory proteins and peptides that are signaling molecules involved in the process of PARACRINE COMMUNICATION. They are generally considered factors that are expressed by one cell and are responded to by receptors on another nearby cell. They are distinguished from HORMONES in that their actions are local rather than distal.

Subunits of the antigenic determinant that are most easily recognized by the immune system and thus most influence the specificity of the induced antibody.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; OPIOID PEPTIDES is used for the broader group.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.

A tetradecapeptide originally obtained from the skins of toads Bombina bombina and B. variegata. It is also an endogenous neurotransmitter in many animals including mammals. Bombesin affects vascular and other smooth muscle, gastric secretion, and renal circulation and function.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

Vaccines consisting of one or more antigens that stimulate a strong immune response. They are purified from microorganisms or produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or they can be chemically synthesized peptides.

A 33-amino acid peptide derived from the C-terminal of PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. It stimulates intestinal mucosal growth and decreased apoptosis of ENTEROCYTES. GLP-2 enhances gastrointestinal function and plays an important role in nutrient homeostasis.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Cell surface proteins that bind bombesin or closely related peptides with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Gastrin- releasing peptide (GRP); GRP 18-27 (neuromedin C), and neuromedin B are endogenous ligands of bombesin receptors in mammals.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.

Chromatographic techniques in which the mobile phase is a liquid.

HORMONES secreted by the gastrointestinal mucosa that affect the timing or the quality of secretion of digestive enzymes, and regulate the motor activity of the digestive system organs.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A mass spectrometry technique used for analysis of nonvolatile compounds such as proteins and macromolecules. The technique involves preparing electrically charged droplets from analyte molecules dissolved in solvent. The electrically charged droplets enter a vacuum chamber where the solvent is evaporated. Evaporation of solvent reduces the droplet size, thereby increasing the coulombic repulsion within the droplet. As the charged droplets get smaller, the excess charge within them causes them to disintegrate and release analyte molecules. The volatilized analyte molecules are then analyzed by mass spectrometry.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.

Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.

Chemical groups containing the covalent disulfide bonds -S-S-. The sulfur atoms can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The major group of transplantation antigens in the mouse.

Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence.

A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

DEFENSINS found mainly in epithelial cells.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The enzymatic synthesis of PEPTIDES without an RNA template by processes that do not use the ribosomal apparatus (RIBOSOMES).

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.

N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)-L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor.

The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.

Hormones produced by invertebrates, usually insects, mollusks, annelids, and helminths.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

DEFENSINS found in azurophilic granules of neutrophils and in the secretory granules of intestinal PANETH CELLS.

Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.

Substances elaborated by specific strains of bacteria that are lethal against other strains of the same or related species. They are protein or lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes used in taxonomy studies of bacteria.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties. Such procedures may include the design of MOLECULAR MODELS of proteins using COMPUTER GRAPHICS or other molecular modeling techniques; site-specific mutagenesis (MUTAGENESIS, SITE-SPECIFIC) of existing genes; and DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION techniques to create new genes.

The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.

A fibrous protein complex that consists of proteins folded into a specific cross beta-pleated sheet structure. This fibrillar structure has been found as an alternative folding pattern for a variety of functional proteins. Deposits of amyloid in the form of AMYLOID PLAQUES are associated with a variety of degenerative diseases. The amyloid structure has also been found in a number of functional proteins that are unrelated to disease.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla.

A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Proteins which contain carbohydrate groups attached covalently to the polypeptide chain. The protein moiety is the predominant group with the carbohydrate making up only a small percentage of the total weight.

An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of PAIN, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses.

Techniques for labeling a substance with a stable or radioactive isotope. It is not used for articles involving labeled substances unless the methods of labeling are substantively discussed. Tracers that may be labeled include chemical substances, cells, or microorganisms.

Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (ENDOPEPTIDASES).

A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.

A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds.

Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.

Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.

Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.

A biosensing technique in which biomolecules capable of binding to specific analytes or ligands are first immobilized on one side of a metallic film. Light is then focused on the opposite side of the film to excite the surface plasmons, that is, the oscillations of free electrons propagating along the film's surface. The refractive index of light reflecting off this surface is measured. When the immobilized biomolecules are bound by their ligands, an alteration in surface plasmons on the opposite side of the film is created which is directly proportional to the change in bound, or adsorbed, mass. Binding is measured by changes in the refractive index. The technique is used to study biomolecular interactions, such as antigen-antibody binding.

A pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide receptor subtype found in LYMPHOCYTES. It binds both PACAP and VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE and regulates immune responses.

A spectroscopic technique in which a range of wavelengths is presented simultaneously with an interferometer and the spectrum is mathematically derived from the pattern thus obtained.

A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A nitrogen-free class of lipids present in animal and particularly plant tissues and composed of one mole of glycerol and 1 or 2 moles of phosphatidic acid. Members of this group differ from one another in the nature of the fatty acids released on hydrolysis.

An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.

A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

A molluscan neuroactive peptide which induces a fast excitatory depolarizing response due to direct activation of amiloride-sensitive SODIUM CHANNELS. (From Nature 1995; 378(6558): 730-3)

A technology, in which sets of reactions for solution or solid-phase synthesis, is used to create molecular libraries for analysis of compounds on a large scale.

The homogeneous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), from which the dissolved substances can be recovered by physical processes. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Reagents with two reactive groups, usually at opposite ends of the molecule, that are capable of reacting with and thereby forming bridges between side chains of amino acids in proteins; the locations of naturally reactive areas within proteins can thereby be identified; may also be used for other macromolecules, like glycoproteins, nucleic acids, or other.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.

The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.

Auto- and alloimmune reactivity to human islet allografts transplanted into type 1 diabetic patients. (1/1227)

Allogeneic islet transplantation can restore an insulin-independent state in C-peptide-negative type 1 diabetic patients. We recently reported three cases of surviving islet allografts that were implanted in type 1 diabetic patients under maintenance immune suppression for a previous kidney graft. The present study compares islet graft-specific cellular auto- and alloreactivity in peripheral blood from those three recipients and from four patients with failing islet allografts measured over a period of 6 months after portal islet implantation. The three cases that remained C-peptide-positive for >1 year exhibited no signs of alloreactivity, and their autoreactivity to islet autoantigens was only marginally increased. In contrast, rapid failure (<3 weeks) in three other cases was accompanied by increases in precursor frequencies of graft-specific alloreactive T-cells; in one of them, the alloreactivity was preceded by a sharply increased autoreactivity to several islet autoantigens. One recipient had a delayed loss of islet graft function (33 weeks); he did not exhibit signs of graft-specific alloimmunity, but developed a delayed increase in autoreactivity. The parallel between metabolic outcome of human beta-cell allografts and cellular auto- and alloreactivity in peripheral blood suggests a causal relationship. The present study therefore demonstrates that T-cell reactivities in peripheral blood can be used to monitor immune mechanisms, which influence survival of beta-cell allografts in diabetic patients. (+info)

Prolonged elevation of plasma free fatty acids desensitizes the insulin secretory response to glucose in vivo in rats. (2/1227)

Prolonged exposure of pancreatic islets to free fatty acids (FFAs) inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in vitro. However, FFA inhibition of GSIS has not been clearly demonstrated in vivo. We examined the in vivo effect of prolonged elevation of plasma FFAs on GSIS using a two-step hyperglycemic clamp in rats treated with a 48-h intravenous infusion of either 20% Intralipid plus heparin (INT) (5 microl/min plus heparin, 0.1 U/min; n = 8), oleate (OLE) (1.3 microEq/min; n = 6), saline (SAL) (n = 6), or bovine serum albumin (BSA) (vehicle for OLE; n = 5). Because there was no difference in any of the parameters between BSA and SAL rats, these groups were combined as control rats (CONT) (n = 11). At the end of the 48-h OLE/INT/CONT infusions, after an overnight fast, plasma glucose was clamped for 2 h at 13 mmol/l and for another 2 h at 22 mmol/l. Preclamp plasma FFAs were elevated twofold (P < 0.01) versus CONT with both INT and OLE (NS, INT vs. OLE). Preclamp glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels were higher in INT than in CONT rats (P < 0.05), suggesting insulin resistance, but they were not different in OLE and CONT rats. The insulin and C-peptide responses to the rise in plasma glucose from basal to 13 mmol/l were lower in OLE (336 +/- 72 pmol/l and 1.2 +/- 0.1 nmol/l, P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively) than in CONT (552 +/- 54 and 1.9 +/- 0.1) rats, but they were not different between CONT and INT rats (648 +/- 150 and 2.0 +/- 0.4). The insulin and C-peptide responses to the rise in plasma glucose from 13 to 22 mmol/l were lower in both INT (1,188 +/- 204 pmol/l and 3.0 +/- 0.3 nmol/l, P < 0.01 and P < 0.001) and OLE (432 +/- 60 and 1.7 +/- 0.2, P < 0.001 vs. CONT or INT) rats than in CONT rats (1,662 +/- 174 and 5.0 +/- 0.6). In summary, 1) both INT and OLE decreased GSIS in vivo in rats, and 2) the impairing effect of INT on GSIS was less than that of OLE, which might be due to the different type of fatty acid (mostly polyunsaturated in INT versus monounsaturated as OLE) and/or to differential effects of INT and OLE on insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, prolonged elevation of plasma FFAs can desensitize the insulin secretory response to glucose in vivo, thus inducing a beta-cell defect that is similar to that found in type 2 diabetes. (+info)

Resistance to insulin's acute direct hepatic effect in suppressing steady-state glucose production in individuals with type 2 diabetes. (3/1227)

We and others have shown that insulin acutely suppresses glucose production in fasting nondiabetic humans and dogs, by both a direct hepatic effect and an indirect (extrahepatic) effect, and in diabetic dogs by an indirect effect alone. In type 2 diabetes, there is resistance to insulin's ability to suppress hepatic glucose production, but it has not previously been determined whether the resistance is primarily at the level of the hepatocyte or the peripheral tissues. To determine whether the diabetic state reduces the direct effect of insulin in humans, we studied nine patients with untreated type 2 diabetes who underwent three studies each, 4-6 weeks apart. 1) Portal study (POR): intravenous tolbutamide was infused for 3 h with calculation of pancreatic insulin secretion from peripheral plasma C-peptide. 2) Peripheral study (PER): equidose insulin was infused by peripheral vein. 3) Half-dose peripheral insulin study (1/2 PER): matched peripheral insulin levels with study 1. In all studies, glucose was clamped at euglycemia, glucose turnover was measured with the constant specific activity method, and 3-[3H]glucose was purified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Peripheral insulin was lower in POR versus PER but slightly higher in POR versus 1/2 PER, although most of the difference could be accounted for by higher proinsulin levels in POR (stimulated by tolbutamide). Calculated portal insulin was approximately 1.3-fold higher in POR versus PER and approximately 2.2-fold higher in POR versus 1/2 PER. In the final 30 min of the clamp, glucose production reached a lower steady-state level in PER than in POR (4.0 +/- 0.4 vs. 5.3 +/- 0.5 pmol(-1) x kg(-1) x min(-1), P < 0.05), despite the higher hepatic insulin level in POR. In contrast with our studies in nondiabetic individuals, glucose production was not more suppressed at steady state in POR versus 1/2 PER (5.3 +/- 0.4 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1)), despite much higher hepatic insulin levels in POR. In conclusion, this is the first study in patients with type 2 diabetes to characterize insulin resistance to the acute direct suppressive effect of insulin on hepatic glucose production. (+info)

Effects of fatty acids and ketone bodies on basal insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes. (4/1227)

The objective of this study was to assess the role of free fatty acids (FFAs) as insulin secretagogues in patients with type 2 diabetes. To this end, basal insulin secretion rates (ISR) in response to acute increases in plasma FFAs were evaluated in patients with type 2 diabetes and in age- and weight-matched nondiabetic control subjects during 1) intravenous infusion of lipid plus heparin (L/H), which stimulated intravascular lipolysis, and 2) the FFA rebound, which followed lowering of plasma FFAs with nicotinic acid (NA) and was a consequence of increased lipolysis from the subject's own adipose tissue. At comparable euglycemia, diabetic patients had similar ISR but higher plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-OHB) levels during L/H infusion and higher plasma FFA and beta-OHB levels during the FFA rebound than nondiabetic control subjects. Correlating ISR with plasma FFA plus beta-OHB levels showed that in response to the same changes in FFA plus beta-OHB levels, diabetic patients secreted approximately 30% less insulin than nondiabetic control subjects. In addition, twice as much insulin was secreted during L/H infusion as during the FFA rebound in response to the same FFA/beta-OHB stimulation by both diabetic patients and control subjects. Glycerol, which was present in the infused lipid (272 mmol/l) did not affect ISR. We concluded that 1) assessment of FFA effects on ISR requires consideration of effects on ISR by ketone bodies; 2) ISR responses to FFA/beta-OHB were defective in patients with type 2 diabetes (partial beta-cell lipid blindness), but this defect was compensated by elevated plasma levels of FFAs and ketone bodies; and 3) approximately two times more insulin was released per unit change in plasma FFA plus beta-OHB during L/H infusion than during the FFA rebound after NA. The reason for this remains to be explored. (+info)

Within- and between-subject variation in commonly measured anthropometric and biochemical variables. (5/1227)

BACKGROUND: The biological variation of some commonly assessed metabolic variables in healthy subjects has not been studied extensively. The aim of the study was to assess, in 12 healthy subjects (6 male and 6 female; mean (SD) age; 22.7 (1.5) years) following an overnight fast, the day-to-day variation of body fat (impedance method), triglycerides, nonesterified fatty acid (NEFAs), glycerol, 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-OHB), lactate, glucose, insulin (RIA), C-peptide, and glucagon on 12 consecutive days. METHODS: Between- and within-subject coefficients of variation (CVG and CVW) were estimated using a random effects analysis of variance, and assay variation was subtracted to give the coefficient of within-subject biological variation (CVI). Individuality indices were calculated as CVW/CVG. RESULTS: The overall means, CVI, and individuality indices were as follows: for body fat, 24.2%, 10%, and 0.3; for triglycerides, 0.61 mmol/L, 21%, and 1.1; for NEFAs, 376 micromol/L, 45%, and 1.4; for glycerol, 48 micromol/L, 36%, and 0.8; for 3-OHB, 43 micromol/L, 61%, and 1.5; for lactate, 0.88 mmol/L, 31%, and 1.1; for glucose, 4.9 mmol/L, 4.8%, and 0.7; for insulin, 52 pmol/L, 26%, and 1.0; for C-peptide, 0.39 nmol/L, 24%, and 0.9; and for glucagon, 53 ng/L, 19%, and 0.8. CONCLUSIONS: The data presented here are necessary for the evaluation of several important metabolic variables in individual and group studies. The biological variation of some metabolites makes it difficult to characterize the status of healthy subjects with a single measurement. (+info)

Intact proinsulin and beta-cell function in lean and obese subjects with and without type 2 diabetes. (6/1227)

OBJECTIVE: Type 2 diabetes is a heterogeneous disease in which both beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance are pathogenetic factors. Disproportionate hyperproinsulinemia (elevated proinsulin/insulin) is another abnormality in type 2 diabetes whose mechanism is unknown. Increased demand due to obesity and/or insulin resistance may result in secretion of immature beta-cell granules with a higher content of intact proinsulin. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We investigated the impact of obesity on beta-cell secretion in normal subjects and in type 2 diabetic patients by measuring intact proinsulin, total proinsulin immunoreactivity (PIM), intact insulin, and C-peptide (by radioimmunoassay) by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in the fasting state and during a 120-min glucagon (1 mg i.v.) stimulation test. Lean (BMI 23.5 +/- 0.3 kg/m2) (LD) and obese (30.1 +/- 0.4 kg/m2) (OD) type 2 diabetic patients matched for fasting glucose (10.2 +/- 0.6 vs. 10.3 +/- 0.4 mmol/l) were compared with age- and BMI-matched lean (22.4 +/- 0.6 kg/m2) (LC) and obese (30.8 +/- 0.9 kg/m2) (OC) normal control subjects. RESULTS: Diabetic patients (LD vs. LC and OD vs. OC) had elevated fasting levels of intact proinsulin 6.6 +/- 1.0 vs. 1.6 +/- 0.3 pmol/l and 7.7 +/- 2.0 vs. 1.2 +/- 0.2 pmol/l; PIM: 19.9 +/- 2.5 vs. 5.4 +/- 1.0 pmol/l and 29.6 +/- 6.1 vs. 6.1 +/- 0.9 pmol/l; and total PIM/intact insulin: 39 +/- 4 vs. 15 +/- 2% and 35 +/- 5 vs. 13 +/- 2%, all P < 0.01. After glucagon stimulation, PIM levels were disproportionately elevated (PIM/intact insulin based on area under the curve analysis) in diabetic patients (LD vs. LC and OD vs. OC): 32.6 +/- 6.7 vs. 9.2 +/- 1.1% and 22.7 +/- 5.2 vs. 9.1 +/- 1.1%, both P < 0.05. Intact insulin and C-peptide net responses were significantly reduced in type 2 diabetic patients, most pronounced in the lean group. The ratio of intact proinsulin to PIM was higher in diabetic patients after stimulation in both LD versus LC: 32 +/- 3 vs. 23 +/- 2%, and OD versus OC: 28 +/- 4 vs. 16 +/- 2%, both P < 0.01. In obese normal subjects, intact proinsulin/PIM was lower both in the fasting state and after glucagon stimulation: OC versus LC: 22 +/- 3 vs. 33 +/- 3% (fasting) and 16 +/- 2 vs. 23 +/- 2% (stimulated), both P < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: Increased secretory demand from obesity-associated insulin resistance cannot explain elevated intact proinsulin and disproportionate hyperproinsulinemia in type 2 diabetes. This abnormality may be an integrated part of pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction in this disease. (+info)

Effect of calorie restriction on in vivo glucose metabolism by individual tissues in rats. (7/1227)

We evaluated the effects of 8 mo of calorie restriction [CR: 60% of ad libitum (AL) food intake] on glucose uptake by 14 tissues in unanesthetized, adult (12 mo) F344xBN rats. Glucose metabolism was assessed by the 2-[3H]deoxyglucose tracer technique at 1500 or 2100. Despite an approximately 60% decline in insulinemia with CR, plasma 2-[3H]deoxyglucose clearance for CR was greater than for AL at both times. A small, CR-related decrease in glucose metabolic index (R'g) occurred only at 1500 in the spleen and heart, and this decrease was reversed at 2100. In some tissues (cerebellum, lung, kidney, soleus, and diaphragm), R'g was unaffected by diet, regardless of time. In the other tissues (brown fat, 3 white fat pads, epitrochlearis, plantaris, and gastrocnemius), R'g was higher or tended to be higher for CR vs. AL at one or both times. These findings indicate that 8 mo of CR did not cause a continuous reduction in in vivo glucose uptake by any tissue studied, and, in several insulin-sensitive tissues, glucose uptake was at times greater for CR vs. AL rats. (+info)

C-peptide induces a concentration-dependent dilation of skeletal muscle arterioles only in presence of insulin. (8/1227)

In this study we tested the hypothesis that C-peptide alone or in conjunction with insulin may cause a dilation of skeletal muscle arterioles. First-order arterioles (88 microm) isolated from rat cremaster muscles were pressurized (65 mmHg), equilibrated in a Krebs bicarbonate-buffered solution (pH 7.4), gassed with 10% O2 (balance 5% CO2, 85% N2), and studied in a no-flow state. C-peptide administered at concentrations of 0.3, 1, 3, 10, 100, 300, and 1,000 ng/ml evoked arteriolar dilation that was not concentration dependent. In contrast, the administration of the four lower physiological concentrations of C-peptide to arterioles exposed to a nondilating concentration of insulin evoked a significant concentration-dependent increase in arteriolar diameter from 8.6 to 42.3% above control. The arteriolar dilation to C-peptide in the presence of insulin was completely inhibited by administration of NG-nitro-L-arginine (10(-4) M). Responses to ACh and adenosine were not enhanced when these drugs were administered in the presence of insulin. These results indicate that C-peptide has the capacity to evoke arteriolar dilation in skeletal muscle via a nitric oxide-mediated mechanism that appears to be enhanced by an interaction with insulin. Furthermore, the effects of insulin appear to be specific for C-peptide and are not the result of a general enhancement of endothelium-dependent or endothelium-independent dilation. (+info)

Cyclic peptides[edit]. A peptide is a short polymer of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. They have the same chemical ... Cyclic peptides Microcystins Liver Microcystis, Anabaena, Planktothrix (Oscillatoria), Nostoc, Hapalosiphon, Anabaenopsis ... In a cyclic peptide, the ends link to form a stable circular chain. In mammals this stability makes them resistant to the ... Of all the cyanotoxins, the cyclic peptides are of most concern to human health. The microcystins and nodularins poison the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanotoxin

Peptide alkaloids[edit]. Peptide ergot alkaloids or ergopeptines (also known as ergopeptides) are ergoline derivatives that ... contain a tripeptide structure attached to the basic ergoline ring in the same location as the amide group of the lysergic acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoline

Antimicrobial peptides[edit]. The skin creates antimicrobial peptides such as cathelicidins that control the proliferation of ... Psoriasis has been linked to self-DNA created from cathelicidin peptides that causes autoinflammation. A major factor ... "Antimicrobial peptides and the skin immune defense system". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 122 (2): 261-6. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2008.03 ... "Unique profile of antimicrobial peptide expression in polymorphic light eruption lesions compared to healthy skin, atopic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_flora

Therapeutic peptides and proteins[edit]. A relatively new way of administration of therapeutic peptides and proteins (such as ... Peptides and proteins are not stable in the gastro-intestinal tract, mainly due to degradation by enzymes and pH differences. ... As a consequence, most peptides (such as insulin, exenatide, vasopressin, etc...) or proteins (such as interferon, EPO and ... Increased efforts are underway to deliver macromolecules (peptides, proteins and immunotherapies) by sublingual route, by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublingual

Peptide lyases[edit]. A seventh catalytic type of proteolytic enzymes, asparagine peptide lyase, was described in 2011. Its ... The structure of a protease (TEV protease) complexed with its peptide substrate in black with catalytic residues in red.(PDB: ... The mechanism used to cleave a peptide bond involves making an amino acid residue that has the cysteine and threonine ( ... Asparagine peptide lyases - using an asparagine to perform an elimination reaction (not requiring water) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E1101

Signal peptide prediction[edit]. Name Method. Description. Link SignalP artificial neural networks and hidden Markov models. ... On-line server for peptide structure prediction. Server Secondary structure prediction[edit]. Main article: Protein structure ... Homology modeling of proteins in monomeric or multimeric forms alone and in complex with peptides and DNA as well as ... and transmembrane helix and signal peptide prediction. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protein_structure_prediction_software

... fungal peptides, invertebrate peptides, amphibian/skin peptides, venom peptides, cancer/anticancer peptides, vaccine peptides ... cardiovascular peptides, renal peptides, respiratory peptides, opiate peptides, neurotrophic peptides, and blood-brain peptides ... immune/inflammatory peptides, brain peptides, endocrine peptides, ingestive peptides, gastrointestinal peptides, ... A peptide hormone is a peptide that acts as a hormone.. *A proteose is a mixture of peptides produced by the hydrolysis of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptone

Random Peptide Array[edit]. Early immunosignature tests used glass microscope slides, with spots of 10,000 random peptides.[1] ... This eliminated the peptides in common between various cancers, and this selection of peptides was used to distinguish between ... at the C-terminus side of the peptide) are common to each peptide spot. This 3 amino acid segment is used as the linker by ... the array now has the 10,000 random peptides, and an unknown number of antibodies bound to some of those peptides. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosignature

Peptide removal[edit]. Peptides that fail to bind MHC class I molecules in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are ... Translocation and peptide loading[edit]. The peptide translocation from the cytosol into the lumen of the ER is accomplished by ... The α1 and α2 domains fold to make up a groove for peptides to bind. MHC class I molecules bind peptides that are predominantly ... The peptide-loading process involves several other molecules that form a large multimeric complex called the Peptide loading ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHC_class_I

Vasoactive intestinal peptide. VIP. Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors. -. PP: Secretins. Growth hormone-releasing hormone ... Peptides: somatostatin, substance P, cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript, opioid peptides[9] ... List of neurotransmitters, peptides, and gasotransmitters[edit]. This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it. ... Snyder SH, Innis RB (1979). "Peptide neurotransmitters". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 48: 755-82. PMID 38738. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro_transmitter

The pro-peptide[edit]. The MMPs are initially synthesized as inactive zymogens with a pro-peptide domain that must be removed ... Collagen Hybridizing Peptide, a peptide that can bind and stain MMP cleaved collagen ... The pro-peptide domain is part of the "cysteine switch." This contains a conserved cysteine residue that interacts with the ... The three common domains are the pro-peptide, the catalytic domain, and the haemopexin-like C-terminal domain, which is linked ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_metalloproteinase

Wang Y, Macke JP, Abella BS, Andreasson K, Worley P, Gilbert DJ, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Nathans J (Jun 1996). "A large family of putative transmembrane receptors homologous to the product of the Drosophila tissue polarity gene frizzled". J Biol Chem. 271 (8): 4468-76. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.8.4468. PMID 8626800 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FZD5

See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Signaling peptide/protein receptor modulators • GnRH and gonadotropins ... These drugs can be both peptides and small-molecules. They are modeled after the hypothalamic neurohormone GnRH, which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_agonist

... is a 9-amino acid peptide chain. The amino acid sequence of bradykinin is: Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Ser-Pro-Phe-Arg ( ... It is a peptide that causes blood vessels to dilate (enlarge), and therefore causes blood pressure to fall. A class of drugs ... Bradykinin is a physiologically and pharmacologically active peptide of the kinin group of proteins, consisting of nine amino ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradykinin

peptide binding. • signal transducer activity. • taste receptor activity. • fatty acid binding. • lipid binding. • G-protein ... response to peptide. • cellular response to hormone stimulus. • negative regulation of cytokine secretion. • positive ... "Free fatty acids regulate gut incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion through GPR120". Nat. Med. 11 (1): 90-4. doi:10.1038/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPR120

The puromycin can then form a covalent link to the growing peptide chain allowing the mRNA to be physically linked to its ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puromycin

The MeSH definition reads: "A well-characterized neutral peptide believed to be secreted by the liver and to circulate in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_2

Bradykinin is a peptide-based hormone that is formed locally in tissues, very often in response to a trauma. It increases ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icatibant

Hillier LD, Lennon G, Becker M, Bonaldo MF, Chiapelli B, Chissoe S, Dietrich N, DuBuque T, Favello A, Gish W, Hawkins M, Hultman M, Kucaba T, Lacy M, Le M, Le N, Mardis E, Moore B, Morris M, Parsons J, Prange C, Rifkin L, Rohlfing T, Schellenberg K, Bento Soares M, Tan F, Thierry-Meg J, Trevaskis E, Underwood K, Wohldman P, Waterston R, Wilson R, Marra M (September 1996). "Generation and analysis of 280,000 human expressed sequence tags". Genome Research. 6 (9): 807-28. doi:10.1101/gr.6.9.807. PMID 8889549 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPR34

Each type of adenosine receptor has different functions, although with some overlap.[3] For instance, both A1 receptors and A2A play roles in the heart, regulating myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow, while the A2A receptor also has broader anti-inflammatory effects throughout the body.[4] These two receptors also have important roles in the brain,[5] regulating the release of other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and glutamate,[6][7][8] while the A2B and A3 receptors are located mainly peripherally and are involved in processes such as inflammation and immune responses. Most older compounds acting on adenosine receptors are nonselective, with the endogenous agonist adenosine being used in hospitals as treatment for severe tachycardia (rapid heart beat),[9] and acting directly to slow the heart through action on all four adenosine receptors in heart tissue,[10] as well as producing a sedative effect through action on A1 and A2A receptors in the brain. Xanthine derivatives ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_receptor

Cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK-4, Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2) is a peptide fragment derived from the larger peptide hormone ... García-López MT, González-Muñiz R, Martín-Martínez M, Herranz R (2007). "Strategies for design of non peptide CCK1R agonist/ ... Kalindjian SB, McDonald IM (2007). "Strategies for the design of non-peptide CCK2 receptor agonist and antagonist ligand". ... Since it is a peptide, CCK-4 must be administered by injection, and is rapidly broken down once inside the body so has only a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCK-4

Peptide.. N-type calcium-channel blocker.. Intrathecal.. Protein binding = 50%; half-life = 2.9-6.5 hours; excretion = urine (, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algesic

... (INN) (code name MK-0974) is a calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist which was an investigational ... "Efficacy and tolerability of MK-0974 (telcagepant), a new oral antagonist of calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telcagepant

peptide hormone binding. • galanin receptor activity. • protein binding. Cellular component. • integral component of membrane. ... agonist character of chimeric galanin peptides". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 287 (2): 448-56. ... "Delineation of the peptide binding site of the human galanin receptor". The EMBO Journal. 15 (2): 236-44. PMC 449938 . PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galanin_receptor_1

The TAS2R38 protein also confers sensitivity to the bitter compound 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP). Because perception of PROP bitterness has been associated with supertasting, and because TAS2R38 genotypes associate with PROP-tasting phenotypes, it has been proposed that TAS2R38 genotypes may have a role in supertasting capabilities. It appears that while TAS2R38 genotypes determine a threshold of PROP tasting abilities, the genotypes cannot account for the differences in tasting amongst each threshold group. For example, some PAV/PAV homozygotes perceive PROP to be more bitter than others, and TAS2R38 genotype cannot account for these differences. Furthermore, some heterozygotes may become PROP supertasters (despite a lack of two PAV alleles), indicating overlap between PROP bitterness levels and varying TAS2R38 genotypes. These results illustrate that a mechanism beyond TAS2R38 genotype contributes to supertasting capabilities.[13] Because fungiform papillae (FP) number varies with PROP ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS2R38

Peptides. 27 (10): 2508-14. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2006.03.038. PMID 16904237.. ... "Production of recombinant large proneurotensin/neuromedin N-derived peptides and characterization of their binding and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromedin_N

G-protein coupled peptide receptor activity. • signal transducer activity. • G-protein coupled receptor activity. • leukotriene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteinyl_leukotriene_receptor_2

BB2, previously known as Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor GRPR. BB3, previously known as Bombesin-like receptor 3 BRS3. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombesin_receptor

Growth hormone-releasing peptide 6 (GHRP-6) (developmental code name SKF-110679), also known as growth hormone-releasing ... Camanni, F; Ghigo, E; Arvat, E (1998). "Growth hormone-releasing peptides and their analogs". Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. ... Regulatory Peptides. 172 (1-3): 69-76. doi:10.1016/j.regpep.2011.08.011. PMID 21893106. S2CID 8213917.. ... "Pharmacokinetic study of Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide 6 (GHRP-6) in nine male healthy volunteers". Eur J Pharm Sci. 48 (1-2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GHRP-6

Adams MD, Soares MB, Kerlavage AR, et al. (1993). "Rapid cDNA sequencing (expressed sequence tags) from a directionally cloned human infant brain cDNA library". Nat. Genet. 4 (4): 373-80. doi:10.1038/ng0893-373. PMID 8401585 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPR26

A peptide hormone is a peptide that acts as a hormone.. *A proteose is a mixture of peptides produced by the hydrolysis of ... Peptide classes[edit]. Peptides are divided into several classes, depending on how they are produced:. Milk peptides Two ... The term peptide has been used to mean secretagogue peptides and peptide hormones in sports doping matters: secretagogue ... Well-known peptide families[edit]. The peptide families in this section are ribosomal peptides, usually with hormonal activity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide

In the example shown, peptide A, but not peptide B, can bind to the HLA molecule. Self-peptides presented to T cells in this ... Three of these peptides were present at levels (,100 copies/cell) that place them among the top 5% of all peptides in the drug- ... To set up the assay, 5 × 105 PBMCs were then exposed to 10 μg/mL of exogenous peptides, either singly or as peptide pools ... D) Abacavir binding in the F pocket does not alter the peptide conformation compared with other peptide/HLA-B complexes. A ...

http://www.pnas.org/content/109/25/9959.long

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptone

The development of peptide chemistry in the second half of this century is so closely related to hormone research that it ... Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Human Insulin Disulfide Bridge Peptide Hormone Arginine Vasopressin These keywords were added by ... R. Guillemin, Peptides in the brain: the new endocrinology of the neuron. (Nobel Lecture) Science 202: 390-402 (1978).PubMed ... The development of peptide chemistry in the second half of this century is so closely related to hormone research that it ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-75850-8_7

... peptide microarrays will likely expand beyond being just a research tool into an a ... In Peptide Microarrays: Methods and Protocols, experts in the field provide a cutting-edge view of peptide array technology, ... A Designed Peptide Chip: Protein Fingerprinting Technology with a Dry Peptide Array and Statistical Data Mining ... Synthesis of Peptide Arrays Using SPOT-Technology and the CelluSpots-Method Dirk F.H. Winkler, Kai Hilpert, Ole Brandt, Robert ...

https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-60327-394-7

A C-peptide test can help doctors tell the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It also can help find the cause of ... In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas produces little or no insulin and little or no C-peptide. In type 2 diabetes, C-peptide levels ... In general, high C-peptide levels are associated with increased insulin production, while low C-peptide levels indicate ... C-peptide, on the other hand, has no effect on blood sugar. It is, however, useful as a marker of insulin production, since the ...

http://kidshealth.org/ChildrensHealthNetwork/en/parents/test-cpeptide.html

... shorter strings of linked amino acids are known as peptides). ... Peptide Bond A peptide bond is a linkage between the building ... Peptide Bond. A peptide bond is a linkage between the building blocks of proteins called amino acids (shorter strings of linked ... The synthesis of proteins involves the formation of many peptide bonds. Cleavage of peptide bonds, involved in digestion of ... peptide bond A chemical bond that links 2 or more amino acids by a reaction between carboxyl and amino groups. According to the ...

https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/chemistry/chemistry-general/peptide-bond

... a peptide, one form of which, angiotensin II, causes constriction of blood vessels. There are three forms of angiotensin. ... peptide. Peptide. , any organic substance of which the molecules are structurally like those of proteins, but smaller. The ... protein: Peptides with hormonelike activity. One peptide, angiotensin (angiotonin or hypertensin), is formed in the blood from ... Angiotensin, a peptide, one form of which, angiotensin II, causes constriction of blood vessels. ...

https://www.britannica.com/science/angiotensin

The class of peptides includes many hormones, antibiotics, and other compounds that participate in the metabolic functions of ... Peptide molecules are composed of two or more ... Peptide, any organic substance of which the molecules are ... protein: Peptides with hormonelike activity. Small peptides have been discovered that, like hormones, act on certain target ... protein: Peptides with hormonelike activity. Small peptides have been discovered that, like hormones, act on certain target ...

https://www.britannica.com/science/peptide

atrial n. p. (*ANP*) a peptide produced in the atria of the heart in response to a rise in atrial pressure. ... any of several peptides that stimulate diuresis and vasodilatation. They act on the kidney tubules to promote excretion of ... Others include brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), produced in the central nervous system, and type C natriuretic peptide (CNP).. ... natriuretic peptide Any of several peptide hormones that promote the excretion of sodium ions in the urine (i.e. natriuresis). ...

https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/anatomy-and-physiology/anatomy-and-physiology/natriuretic-peptide

We use cookies to give you the best online experience. Please let us know if you agree to functional, advertising and performance cookies. You can update your cookie preferences at any time.. Cookie policy. ...

https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/chemistry/research/perrier/perriergroup/equipmentbooking/peptidesynthesiser/?start=24052021&view=week&selectedResource=094d4345533bbe19015380c94a662ae1

... Featured events. IMAP 12018, the 8th International Meeting on Antimicrobial Peptides. 2 ... IMAP 2018 will cover both the antimicrobial activity of peptides as well as their role in regulation and modulation of the ...

http://www.rsc.org/events?MemberNetwork=59&PageTitle=59

... of how peptides (and proteins) interact with lipid bilayers. This session will address the simplest membrane and peptide ... The behaviour of peptides and proteins within membranes will be considered further in this session. Discussion in the first two ... Chair, Peptide-membrane interactions. Format of the Discussion. Faraday Discussions remain amongst the only conferences to ... Peptide-membrane interactions and biotechnology; enabling next-generation synthetic biology. This session will consider how the ...

https://www.rsc.org/events/detail/37143/peptide-membrane-interactions-faraday-discussion

... opioid peptides, pituitary peptides, hypothalamic releasing hormones, and a catch-all category containing all other peptides ... such as substance P and the opioid peptides, are involved in the perception of pain (see Chapter 10). Still other peptides, ... the release of multiple neuroactive peptides from a single vesicle often elicits complex postsynaptic responses. Peptides are ... Such processing can result in a number of different neuroactive peptides such as ACTH, γ-lipotropin, and β-endorphin (A), or ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10873/

Bioactive peptides are small protein fragments that promote metabolic health by exerting a positive influence on biological ... Typical opioid peptides have the same N-terminal sequence of Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe, while atypical opioid peptides have varying amino ... Marine-derived bioactive peptides, such as jellyfish collagen peptides, protein hydrolysates from muscles of goby fish and ... Milk-Derived Bioactive Peptides. Milk-derived bioactive peptides also exert multiple therapeutic functions, such as ...

https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Bioactive-Peptide-Applications.aspx

PRNewswire/ -- INTRODUCTION Peptide therapeutics, due to their numerous advantages such as high selectivity, stability, ... for the overall market of peptide therapeutics in metabolic disorders.. Chapter 6 focuses on peptide therapeutics that have ... It also contains a detailed analysis of the development pipeline highlighting the different types of peptides and peptide ... C-type natriuretic peptide analogues, oxyntomodulin analogues¸ Human proIslet peptide analogues, Glucose-Dependent ...

https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/peptide-therapeutics-in-metabolic-disorders-2016---2025-300364103.html

peptide: Vocabulary.com [home, info] *peptide: Macmillan Dictionary [home, info] *Peptide, peptide: Wordnik [home, info] * ... peptide: Rhymezone [home, info] *peptide: Free Dictionary [home, info] *peptide: Mnemonic Dictionary [home, info] *peptide: ... Peptide: AIDSinfo Glossary [home, info] *Peptide: Diabetes Dictionary [home, info] *Peptide: Diabetes [home, info] *peptide: ... Phrases that include peptide: peptide bond, vasoactive intestinal peptide, b type natriuretic peptide, c-type natriuretic ...

https://www.onelook.com/?w=peptide&ls=a

The subgroup of peptides having the target property can then be selected, and either each peptide isolated and sequenced, or ... thereof which have a target property and optionally to determine the amino acid sequence of a selected peptide or peptides to ... the method of the invention comprises synthesizing a mixture of randomly or deliberately generated peptides using standard ... A method to obtain selected individual peptides or families ... The peptide mixture of claim 8, wherein at least one peptide in ...

http://www.google.com/patents/US5420246?dq=6,370,566

A C-peptide test measures the level of C-peptide in your blood or urine. It can be used to tell which type of diabetes you have ... What is a C-peptide test?. This test measures the level of C-peptide in your blood or urine. C-peptide is a substance made in ... C-peptide and insulin are released from the pancreas at the same time and in about equal amounts. So a C-peptide test can show ... Why do I need a C-peptide test?. You may need a C-peptide test if your health care provider thinks you have diabetes, but is ...

https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/c-peptide-test/

Os peptides Bioactive são os fragmentos pequenos da proteína que promovem a saúde metabólica exercendo uma influência positiva ... Aplicações terapêuticas de Peptides Bioactive Marinho-Derivados. os peptides bioactive Marinho-derivados, tais como peptides do ... Os peptides típicos do opiáceo têm a mesma seqüência do N-terminal de Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe, quando os peptides atípicos do opiáceo ... Propriedades farmacológicas de Peptides Bioactive. O tipo de ácido aminado do n e do C-terminal, o comprimento chain do peptide ...

https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Bioactive-Peptide-Applications-

... peptide will be displayed first. Be patient, because the isotope cluster of the substituted peptide will then be calculated. ... A Tool in Peptide Mapping and Protein Identification," Anal. Chem., 1998, 70, 5150-5158. Xian Chen, Z. Fei, L. M. Smith, E. M. ... The target ion m/z is used to display only those peptides that are close to the chosen value. The target ion m/z doesnt change ... EMBL: Protein & Peptide Group PeptideSearch UCSF: Protein Prospector ExPASy: PeptideMass Stable Isotope Substitution:. S. Sechi ...

https://www.colby.edu/chemistry/NMR/scripts/proteasehlp.html

Find Insulin C-peptide information, treatments for Insulin C-peptide and Insulin C-peptide symptoms. ... MedHelps Insulin C-peptide Center for Information, Symptoms, Resources, Treatments and Tools for Insulin C-peptide. ... I got the results for my blood test, and the Dr said my c-peptide was very low and my A... ... C-peptide, Insulin, Hemoglobin glycated results to confirm - Diabetes Prevention & Pre-Diabetes Community ...

https://www.medhelp.org/tags/show/124493/Insulin-C-peptide?section=subjects

... Naveed Natanzi,1,2 Mazyar Amini,1,2 David Yamini,1,2 Shawn Nielsen,1,2 and Ramin Ram1,2 ... Vasoactive intestinal peptide tumor is a rare neoplasm associated with significant morbidity and mortality through secretion of ... Vasoactive intestinal peptide tumor is a rare neuroendocrine neoplasm which causes voluminous watery diarrhea via ... and Cochrane databases in collection of data using MeSH terms including vasoactive intestinal peptide, VIPoma, and WDHA. ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/syrexe/2009/938325/abs/

... Peptide Prevents Spike Protein Binding and Slows the Transmission ... Researchers at VCU have developed at novel peptide that binds with extremely high affinity to SD1 segment of the SARS-CoV-2 ... Further development of the novel peptide can also allow a novel target for the SARS-CoV-2. ... for a novel peptide therapeutic to prevent spike protein binding, which may be a leading cause of COVID-19, and slow its ...

https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/hoth-therapeutics-licenses-novel-peptide-covid-19-therapeutic-301062389.html?tc=eml_cleartime

The insulin C-peptide test measures the amount of this product in the blood. ... C-peptide is a substance that is created when the hormone insulin is produced and released into the body. ... Normal C-peptide level is based on blood sugar level. C-peptide is a sign that your body is producing insulin. A low level (or ... C-peptide is a substance that is created when the hormone insulin is produced and released into the body. The insulin C-peptide ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003701.htm

Prediction of peptide retention times.. Sakamoto Y1, Kawakami N, Sasagawa T. ... A new approach for predicting the retention times of peptides, either with isocratic or gradient elution is described. The ... it is possible to calculate the retention time of a peptide eluted by a gradient, for any slope of gradient, flow-rate and ... isocratic capacity factors of peptides are correlated with their molecular weights and with their hydrophobicities. Given the ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3417835?dopt=Abstract

... based protein identification via peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) is a key component in high-throughput proteome research. ... peptide mass fingerprinting peak bagging protein identification new peak random peak subset single m pmf algorithm multiple pmf ... Motivation: Mass Spectrometry(MS) based protein identification via peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) is a key component in high ...

http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.602.4215&rank=2

A research team led by the Technical University of Munich (TUM) has now determined how peptides can be designed so that they ... Peptides, short amino acid chains that control many functions in the human body, represent a billion-dollar market, also in the ... Breakthrough for peptide medication The Holy Grail of peptide chemistry: New strategy makes peptide active agents available ... "In the past, experts have designated the oral availability of peptide-based medications as the holy grail of peptide chemistry ...

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-02/tuom-bfp022118.php

More specifically the invention relates to the use of such peptide-based compounds used as targeting vectors that bind to ... This invention relates to new peptide-based compounds and their use in therapeutically effective treatments as well as for ... The peptide was synthesised on an ABI 433A automatic peptide synthesiser starting with Fmoc-Gly-Wang resin on a 0.25 mmol scale ... The peptide was synthesised on a ABI 433A automatic peptide synthesiser starting with Fmoc-Gly Wang resin (Novabiochem) on a ...

http://www.google.com/patents/US7737252?dq=7253017

A C-peptide test can help doctors tell the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It also can help find the cause of ... Why Are C-Peptide Tests Done?. Doctors do C-peptide tests to find out how much insulin the pancreas is making. This information ... What Is a C-Peptide Test?. C-peptide is made in the pancreas with insulin. Insulin is a hormone that controls the glucose level ... In general, high C-peptide levels mean the body is making a lot of insulin, while low C-peptide levels mean the body is making ...

https://kidshealth.org/Nemours/en/parents/test-cpeptide.html

C.R. Harington, R.V. Pitt-Rivers, The synthesis of cysteine-(cystine-) tyrosine peptides and the action thereon of crystalline pepsin. (springer.com)
G.W. Anderson, J. Blodinger, A.D. Welcher, Tetraethyl pyrophosphite as reagent in peptide synthesis. (springer.com)
The synthesis of proteins involves the formation of many peptide bonds. (encyclopedia.com)
Incorporation of bioactive peptides into liposomes via cell-free protein synthesis is another way to develop proteoliposomal nanodelivery systems. (news-medical.net)
A method to obtain selected individual peptides or families thereof which have a target property and optionally to determine the amino acid sequence of a selected peptide or peptides to permit synthesis in practical quantities is disclosed. (google.com)
In general outline, the method of the invention comprises synthesizing a mixture of randomly or deliberately generated peptides using standard synthesis techniques, but adjusting the individual concentrations of the components of a mixture of sequentially added amino acids according to the coupling constants for each amino acid/amino acid coupling. (google.com)
Solid-phase peptide synthesis is the archetypal example of combinatorial chemistry. (ingentaconnect.com)
In this chapter we briefly introduce the history and advances in peptide synthesis and include strategies for peptidomimetic development. (ingentaconnect.com)
Finally, we offer suggestions for using peptide diversity for lead compound identification and optimisation, as well as a number of pitfalls in both peptide synthesis and virtual screening that need to be avoided. (ingentaconnect.com)
The company offers comprehensive selections of pre-manufactured catalog peptides, custom synthesis, and GMP peptide active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). (prweb.com)
APC is proficient in solid-phase and solution-phase peptide synthesis, as well as organic conjugations, proteins and PEGylation. (prweb.com)
Sigma-Genosys offers custom peptide synthesis with a wide variety of purity levels, scales and modifications to best fit your research needs. (bio-medicine.org)
Sigma-Genosys guarantees the synthesis of your peptide to meet listed specifications. (bio-medicine.org)
It is important to know peptide molecular weight numbers in processes such as peptide synthesis, as the weight can be used to determine the concentration of molecular components. (wisegeek.com)
Youngki Choe, Shih-jui Chen, and Eun Sok Kim, University of Southern California Volume: 61, Issue: 3, Page:705-710 This paper describes our recent synthesis of glycine peptides with various molecular lengths (1 - 9 mers) on a modified glass surface using an acoustic droplet. (embs.org)
Neurath "The Proteins - Synthesis & Function of Peptides of Biological Interest" Academic Press 2nd edition, 1963, pp. 53-105. (freepatentsonline.com)
Recently, various peptides having physiological activity have been disclosed, and development of techniques for synthesis of peptides has been ongoing. (freepatentsonline.com)
At the end of the synthesis, the peptide formed is cleaved from the resin support by the treatment with 95% TFA, followed by lyophilization to get dry peptide. (ltu.se)
The peptide synthesizer instrument combines the protecting chemistry (BOC / Fmoc) with the activation (DCC / HOBt / HBTU) to perform solid-phase peptide synthesis. (ltu.se)
Stepwise microwave assisted solid phase synthesis is an efficient technique especially for the preparation of difficult and long peptide sequences. (unimi.it)
Organisms use enzymes to produce nonribosomal peptides, and ribosomes to produce proteins via reactions that differ in details from dehydration synthesis. (wikipedia.org)

Peptide fragments refer to fragments of proteins that are used to identify or quantify the source protein. (wikipedia.org)
The Protein and Peptide Science Group (PPSG) is one of the RSC's many Interest Groups. (rsc.org)
A peptide is any of a class of organic molecule s that are composed of (and hydrolyze into) amino acid s and form the basic building blocks of protein s. (everything2.com)
Bioactive peptides are small protein fragments that promote metabolic health by exerting a positive influence on biological responses within the body. (news-medical.net)
A pure form of proteolytic enzyme is used to hydrolyze the protein to produce short peptide sequences. (news-medical.net)
Marine-derived bioactive peptides, such as jellyfish collagen peptides, protein hydrolysates from muscles of goby fish and sardines are used for their hypotensive, anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic, and hypocholesterolemic activities. (news-medical.net)
A Tool in Peptide Mapping and Protein Identification," Anal. (colby.edu)
HOTH ), a biopharmaceutical company, today announced licensing technology and intellectual property exclusively from Virginia Commonwealth University ('VCU') for a novel peptide therapeutic to prevent spike protein binding, which may be a leading cause of COVID-19, and slow its transmission. (prnewswire.com)
Researchers at VCU have developed at novel peptide that binds with extremely high affinity to SD1 segment of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein mimicking its attachment to ACE2. (prnewswire.com)
This therapeutic development effort exploits the unusually strong and unique binding of the SARS-Cov-2 spike protein to ACE2 to develop safe and effective peptide 'decoys' that have the potential to preferentially bind to the spike protein and prevent fusion and infection. (prnewswire.com)
Motivation: Mass Spectrometry(MS) based protein identification via peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) is a key component in high-throughput proteome research. (psu.edu)
GFP Peptide - Explores the structure of an oligopeptide, then zooms out to the whole GFP protein, showing how the peptide is oriented within the protein. (curriki.org)
The IPL reaction allows the ligation of a synthetic peptide or a protein with an N-terminal cysteine residue to the thioester on the C-terminus of an expressed protein through a native peptide bond (1). (neb.com)
Visit the new Peptide & Protein Bioanalysis Boot Camp. (waters.com)
Human creativity has led to peptides being important tools for understanding protein structure and function. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Peptides also allow antibodies to be generated without the need to purify the protein of interest, by making antigenic peptides of sections of the protein. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
This review article represents an overview of peptide and protein based hydrogel therapeutics as a gradually emerging excellent tissue engineering scaffold as well as drug delivery dais to treat severe CNS injury and its associated complications. (rsc.org)
We highlight examples of the use of peptides in drug development, including pharmacophore extrapolation, substrate/ligand mimicry, and post-genomics target protein identification. (ingentaconnect.com)
The UC Berkeley team created a protein fragment, or peptide, that successfully prevents the virus from hitching a ride on a cell s chromosomes as the cell divides. (webwire.com)
Affinity selected signature peptides for protein identification and quantification.Inventor: Fred Regnier. (genomeweb.com)
The patent covers a method for identifying proteins in complex mixtures that utilizes affinity selection of constituent proteolytic peptide fragments unique to a protein analyte. (genomeweb.com)
Mass spectrometric analysis of the proteolyzed mixture permits identification of a protein in a complex sample without purifying the protein or obtaining its composite peptide signature. (genomeweb.com)
The method involves differential isotopic labeling of peptide or protein samples in order to identify the source of the sample, to permit multiplexing of samples during the sequencing step by mass spectroscopy, or to perform sample relative quantitation of proteins differently expressed in biological samples. (genomeweb.com)
This peptide is used as a negative control peptide with the InCELLect™ AKAP St-Ht31 Inhibitor Peptide, which inhibits the interaction between protein kinase A and AKAP. (promega.com)
An example of a peptide is a simple protein in a lab. (yourdictionary.com)
The research describes how the peptide stops levels of a protein called FOXO4 from increasing in senescent cells, which are cells that lose the ability to replicate and destroy themselves, but which remain metabolically active. (medicalnewstoday.com)
if a person eats meat, for example, the enzymes in his intestines break down the protein at its amide bonds to create an assortment of peptides that may be digested or excreted, depending on the needs of the body. (wisegeek.com)
The dividing line between a peptide and a protein is somewhat fluid. (wisegeek.com)
As a general rule of thumb, if more than 50 amino acids are involved, the compound is a protein, while shorter chains are considered peptides. (wisegeek.com)
A protein is a peptide, but a peptide is not always a protein. (wisegeek.com)
As the article pointed out, a peptide with 50 or more amino acids is considered a protein. (wisegeek.com)
I have been also told that peptide is protein so I believe it's a protein. (wisegeek.com)
My instructor said that peptide is a protein, but after i read your article, i must say that peptide is not a protein? (wisegeek.com)
Because a peptide chain needs to be long enough to be a protein. (wisegeek.com)
So,in my opinion, peptide is not fully a protein yet. (wisegeek.com)
A peptide bond is an amide type of covalent chemical bond linking two consecutive alpha-amino acids from C1 (carbon number one) of one alpha-amino acid and N2 (nitrogen number two) of another, along a peptide or protein chain. (wikipedia.org)
In living organisms, the process is normally catalyzed by enzymes known as peptidases or proteases, although there are reports of peptide bond hydrolysis caused by conformational strain as the peptide/protein folds into the native structure. (wikipedia.org)

Peptides function primarily as signaling molecules in animals or as antibiotics in some lower organisms . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Peptides comprise the widest variety of signaling molecules in animals. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

The class of peptides includes many hormones, antibiotics, and other compounds that participate in the metabolic functions of living organisms. (britannica.com)
Small peptides have been discovered that, like hormones, act on certain target organs. (britannica.com)
natriuretic peptide Any of several peptide hormones that promote the excretion of sodium ions in the urine (i.e. natriuresis). (encyclopedia.com)
Many peptides known to be hormones also act as neurotransmitters, and often these are co-released with small-molecule neurotransmitters. (nih.gov)
The large number of neuropeptide transmitters have been loosely grouped into five categories: the brain/gut peptides, opioid peptides, pituitary peptides, hypothalamic releasing hormones, and a catch-all category containing all other peptides not easily classified. (nih.gov)
Peptide hormones , which function as chemical messengers between cells . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Growth hormone, for example, is involved in the general stimulation of growth, and insulin and glucagon are well known peptide hormones. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The blood-brain barrier prevents peptide hormones traveling in the blood from entering the brain , so that they do not interfere with the functioning of the central nervous system . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Peptide hormones are a class of peptides that function in living animals as chemical messengers from one cell (or group of cells) to another. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Well-known peptide hormones include insulin , glucagon , and the hormones secreted from the pituitary gland , an endocrine gland about the size of a pea that sits in a small, bony cavity at the base of the brain . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Hormones that contain these peptides are active in regions of the body, such as the brain , the nervous system, and the gastrointestinal tract. (wisegeek.com)
Peptides or proteins regulate most human physiology through the endocrine/paracrine systems and serve as hormones, neurotransmitters, growth factors, enzymes, and also as structural components of cells. (genengnews.com)
Unigene Laboratories (www.unigene.com) has developed a new enzyme-based assay for the discovery of amidated peptides that ultimately should identify low-concentration peptide hormones and will complement LC and LC/MS methods, thereby fueling the discovery of many more biologically active peptides suitable for pharmaceutical development. (genengnews.com)

WE strongly endorse Vane's comments 1 on the pitfalls associated with the use of synthetic peptides in biological studies. (nature.com)
The IPL reaction applies the chemistry described for "native chemical ligation" which fuses two synthetic peptides when the N-terminal cysteine of one peptide attacks a C-terminal thioester of another peptide (2,3). (neb.com)
The UC Berkeley team created a short peptide that binds to E2 in hopes that this synthetic peptide would prevent E2, and thus the viral plasmid, from successfully tethering to the chromosomes. (webwire.com)
By tracking the plasmid DNA in dividing cultured cells, the researchers showed that the synthetic peptide did indeed prevent HPV from following the chromosomes into daughter cells. (webwire.com)
FDA researchers developed a new class of synthetic peptides with antimicrobial activity. (fda.gov)
Any of various natural or synthetic compounds containing two or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds that link the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another. (yourdictionary.com)
Here, the six peptides are analyzed in terms of chemical structure, synthetic strategy used for their production, source, therapeutic use, and mode of action. (mdpi.com)
ChemPartner's center of excellence in South San Francisco, California has extensive industry experience in peptide, medicinal, synthetic, analytical and computational chemistry as well as biologics. (medindia.net)
Several of these natural or synthetic peptides are able to bind bacterial products like Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria. (hu-berlin.de)

Peptide therapeutics, due to their numerous advantages such as high selectivity, stability, efficacy, safety, bioavailability and tolerability offer a number of benefits over other therapeutic classes. (prnewswire.com)
The 'Peptide Therapeutics in Metabolic Disorders, 2016-2025' report provides a comprehensive analysis of the current market landscape and future outlook of peptide therapeutics targeting metabolic disorders. (prnewswire.com)
A majority of peptide therapeutics that we identified during our research are being developed for the treatment of diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis and acromegaly. (prnewswire.com)
In addition, there are several peptide therapeutics targeting other metabolic disorders such as Cushing's disease, hypoglycemia, cystic fibrosis and achondroplasia. (prnewswire.com)
The innovative technology platforms and delivery systems being offered to eliminate the challenges associated with the administration of peptide therapeutics. (prnewswire.com)
Recently approved and mid / late stage peptide therapeutics in terms of their history of development, available formulations, associated patents, key clinical trials and results. (prnewswire.com)
The report provides sales forecast for the overall peptide therapeutics market targeting metabolic disorders for the period 2016 - 2025. (prnewswire.com)
Now, Bicycle Therapeutics has taken up the "peptide challenge" by rolling out an improved peptide expression platform. (genengnews.com)
Bicycle Therapeutics develops bicyclic peptides that provide antibody-like target specificity and high affinity. (genengnews.com)
Foundation (PFT), a not-for-profit organization established to promote the research and development of peptide therapeutics. (medindia.net)
We are excited to be a corporate sponsor of the Peptide Therapeutics Foundation. (medindia.net)
ChemPartner understands how important peptides are as a class of therapeutics as there are more than 60 approved peptide drugs in the United States and other markets. (medindia.net)
In the past few years, new technological advancements in the pharma industry have influenced the growth of the global peptide therapeutics market , which is now estimated to reach US $23.70 billion by 2020, with an increased number of peptides now in the pipeline of many biotech companies. (smi-online.co.uk)

The development of peptide chemistry in the second half of this century is so closely related to hormone research that it appears necessary to dedicate a chapter to some historically significant accomplishments in this area. (springer.com)
Metabolic disorders have gained significant attention for the development of peptide based therapies. (prnewswire.com)
At one time, the well-known drawbacks of injectable dosage forms held back the development of peptide drugs. (genengnews.com)

[4] All peptides except cyclic peptides have an N-terminal and C-terminal residue at the end of the peptide (as shown for the tetrapeptide in the image). (wikipedia.org)
[11] These peptides are often cyclic and can have highly complex cyclic structures, although linear nonribosomal peptides are also common. (wikipedia.org)
The antibiotic s cyclosporin , valinomycin , and gramicidin are all cyclic peptides. (everything2.com)
Vasoactive intestinal peptide tumor is a rare neuroendocrine neoplasm which causes voluminous watery diarrhea via hypersecretion of electrolytes and water from the intestinal mucosa through a vasoactive intestinal peptide-mediated, cyclic AMP-dependent mechanism. (hindawi.com)
Nonribosomal peptides often have highly complex cyclic structures, although linear nonribosomal peptides are also common. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Cationic LPS-binding peptides like cyclic peptides corresponding to the LPS-binding domain of the Limulus-anti-LPS-factor (LALF) have been shown to act synergistic to classic antibiotics. (hu-berlin.de)

a , b , Comparison of DDA and DIA data for individual peptides under each experimental condition. (nature.com)
These signatures are called mass spectra, which characterize individual peptides. (eurekalert.org)

derived from πέσσειν, péssein "to digest") are short chains of amino acid monomers linked by peptide ( amide ) bonds. (wikipedia.org)
Cleavage of peptide bonds, involved in digestion of proteins and in many regulatory processes, is carried out by enzymes known as proteases. (encyclopedia.com)
According to the number of amino acids linked by such bonds, the resulting peptide is designated dipeptide (2 amino acids), tripeptide (3 amino acids), oligo-peptide (3-10 amino acids), or polypeptide (10 or more amino acids). (encyclopedia.com)
Some or all of the peptide bonds, which connect the consecutive triplets of atoms in the chain regarded as the backbone of the molecule, can be broken by partial or complete hydrolysis of the compound . (britannica.com)
The bonds between peptides can be broken by enzyme s known as peptidases . (everything2.com)
Since proteins are an important part of the diet, the stomach and intestines harbor countless enzymes that break peptide bonds. (eurekalert.org)
The scientists used it to investigate what effect replacing hydrogen atoms of the peptide bonds with methyl groups has on oral availability. (eurekalert.org)
Peptides are short chains of amino acids linked together via peptide bonds and having a defined sequence. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Peptides and proteins are chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds (and sometimes by a few isopeptide bonds). (wikipedia.org)
The trans form is preferred overwhelmingly in most peptide bonds (roughly 1000:1 ratio in trans:cis populations). (wikipedia.org)
Both of these mechanisms for lowering the activation energy have been observed in peptidyl prolyl isomerases (PPIases), which are naturally occurring enzymes that catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of X-Pro peptide bonds. (wikipedia.org)

The availability of genome sequences has led to a new, high-throughput approach for neuropeptide discovery: algorithms that predict cleavage sites in peptide precursors ( 3 , 4 ) followed by sequencing from brain samples with mass spectrometry ( 5 - 7 ). (pnas.org)
Given the huge dynamic range for biological molecules, traditional analytical methods such as mass spectrometry and HPLC-MS will require highly selective and innovative sample-preparation methods to identify peptides whose existence in blood may be only fleeting. (genengnews.com)
The purity of the peptide is determined by mass spectrometry. (ltu.se)
The quality of the peptide was evaluated by reversed-phase HPLC and by mass spectrometry. (cellsignal.com)

A review of literature was performed using MEDLINE, Pubmed, and Cochrane databases in collection of data using MeSH terms including vasoactive intestinal peptide, VIPoma, and WDHA. (hindawi.com)
Vasoactive intestinal peptide tumor is a rare neoplasm associated with significant morbidity and mortality through secretion of water and electrolytes in the gastrointestinal tract. (hindawi.com)

The first to be discovered was atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), which is produced by an upper chamber (atrium) of the heart. (encyclopedia.com)
Others include brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), produced in the central nervous system , and type C natriuretic peptide (CNP). (encyclopedia.com)
natriuretic peptide n. any of several peptides that stimulate diuresis and vasodilatation. (encyclopedia.com)
These images are a random sampling from a Bing search on the term "Brain Natriuretic Peptide. (fpnotebook.com)

Ribosomal peptides are synthesized by translation of mRNA . (wikipedia.org)
The most common non-ribosomal peptide is glutathione , which is a component of the antioxidant defenses of most aerobic organisms. (wikipedia.org)
Some ribosomal peptides are subject to proteolysis . (wikipedia.org)
The precursors of ribosomal peptides are processed in several stages in the endoplasmic reticulum , resulting in "propeptides. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The peptide families in this section are ribosomal peptides, usually with hormonal activity. (wikipedia.org)
Some peptides, like alpha-amanitin, are called ribosomal peptides as they are made by ribosomes, but many are nonribosomal peptides as they are synthesized by specialized enzymes rather than ribosomes. (wikipedia.org)

Amino acids that have been incorporated into peptides are termed "residues" due to the release of either a hydrogen ion from the amine end or a hydroxyl ion from the carboxyl end, or both, as a water molecule is released during formation of each amide bond. (wikipedia.org)
The specific type of covalent bond formed in these compounds is known as a peptide bond or amide bond, and it forms when the carboxl group of one amino acid attaches to another. (wisegeek.com)

Why do I need a C-peptide test? (medlineplus.gov)
You may need a C-peptide test if your health care provider thinks you have diabetes, but is unsure whether it is type 1 or type 2. (medlineplus.gov)
You may also need a C-peptide test if you have symptoms of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). (medlineplus.gov)

Oral nanoparticle formulations increase bioavailability of bioactive proteins and peptides, and improve treatment compliance in the long run. (news-medical.net)

Albericio, F. 2017 FDA Peptide Harvest. (mdpi.com)
Al Musaimi O, Al Shaer D, de la Torre BG, Albericio F. 2017 FDA Peptide Harvest. (mdpi.com)

In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas produces little or no insulin and little or no C-peptide. (kidshealth.org)
In type 2 diabetes, C-peptide levels will typically be normal or high, as the pancreas works harder to overcome insulin resistance (when the tissues become less sensitive to the effects of insulin) by producing more insulin. (kidshealth.org)
A C-peptide test is often used to help tell the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. (medlineplus.gov)
With type 1 diabetes , your pancreas makes little to no insulin, and little or no C-peptide. (medlineplus.gov)
A C-peptide test can provide important information about the type of diabetes you have and whether or not your diabetes treatment is working well. (medlineplus.gov)
Someone with type 1 or type 2 diabetes may have their C-peptide level measured to see if their body is still producing insulin. (medlineplus.gov)
People with type 2 diabetes, obesity, or insulin resistance may have a high C-peptide level. (medlineplus.gov)
In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas makes little or no insulin and little or no C-peptide. (kidshealth.org)
In type 2 diabetes, C-peptide levels usually are normal or high, as the pancreas works harder to overcome insulin resistance by making more insulin. (kidshealth.org)
C-Peptide is useful in the evaluation of pancreatic beta cell function (e.g., helping distinguish type 1 from type 2 diabetes mellitus, or monitoring patients who have received islet cell or pancreatic transplants) and for determining the source of insulin in patients with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (e.g., distinguishing insulin-secreting tumors from exogenous insulin administration). (questdiagnostics.com)
A C-peptide test is not ordered to help diagnose diabetes, but when a person has been newly diagnosed with diabetes, it may be ordered by itself or along with an insulin level to help determine how much insulin a person's pancreas is still producing (endogenous insulin). (labcorp.com)
C-peptide levels may be ordered when a person has been newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes as part of an evaluation of the person's "residual beta cell function. (labcorp.com)
Much innovation in peptide half-life extension has occurred by way of structural modifications of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) products, which typically are used to treat type 2 diabetes. (genengnews.com)
A novel peptide analog improved metabolic parameters in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes , though in early trials it didn't significantly improve glycemic control. (medpagetoday.com)
Discovered by Banting in 1921, this 51-amino acid peptide with a molecular weight of 5808 daltons quickly revolutionized the treatment of diabetes. (genengnews.com)

Here we show that abacavir can bind within the F pocket of the peptide-binding groove of HLA-B*57:01, thereby altering its specificity. (pnas.org)
These peptides are so named because they bind to the same postsynaptic receptors activated by opium (see Chapter 10). (nih.gov)
The tyrosine residue is an important structural motif that is required for the opioid peptide to bind with its corresponding receptor. (news-medical.net)
Although with this the peptide initially loses its ability to bind to the target molecule, if the right protective groups are selected, they are split off again by enzymes that are ubiquitous in the blood. (eurekalert.org)
More specifically the invention relates to the use of such peptide-based compounds used as targeting vectors that bind to receptors associated with. (google.com)
This research reveals that human neutrophil peptide 1 can bind various viral and cellular targets and that a previously unappreciated feature is essential for its anti-HIV activity, possibly its propensity to form large complexes, Melikyan explains. (redorbit.com)
Bicycle peptides that bind are further optimized through affinity maturation. (genengnews.com)

These bacteria or yeast secrete their proteolytic enzymes in due course to release peptides from the proteins. (news-medical.net)
Um formulário puro da enzima proteolytic é usado para hydrolyze a proteína para produzir seqüências curtos do peptide. (news-medical.net)
Estas bactérias ou o fermento segregam suas enzimas proteolytic em momento oportuno para liberar peptides das proteínas. (news-medical.net)
Opioid peptides are released by post-translational proteolytic cleavage of precursor proteins . (wikipedia.org)
Orally delivered peptides and proteins face a hostile gastric environment, proteolytic enzymes in the stomach and intestine, and the intestinal permeability barrier. (genengnews.com)

Further development of the novel peptide can also allow a novel target for the SARS-CoV-2. (prnewswire.com)
However, one of the potential barriers for the development of novel peptide drugs is that they may lack a clearly defined Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls (CMC) strategy encompassing pre-clinical development through to co. (rsc.org)

As already described, propeptide precursors are typically larger than their active peptide products and can give rise to more than one species of neuropeptide ( Figure 6.14 ). (nih.gov)
1. A predetermined mixture of peptides containing 8,000 or more different peptides of distinct, unique and different amino acid sequences, wherein the presence of each peptide in the mixture is predetermined, each peptide is present in an amount such that 100 picomoles or more of each peptide can be retrieved and analyzed and the mixture includes at least one biologically active peptide. (google.com)
One of our main research goals is detection and structure determination of active peptide aggregates causing Alzheimer, Parkinson, Huntington and similar diseases. (ltu.se)

The pharmacologic interaction with immune receptors (p-i) model states that drugs can induce the formation of HLA-drug complexes that can activate T-cell immune responses directly without requiring a specific peptide ligand ( 8 ). (pnas.org)
Angiotensin -converting enzyme (ACE) is an enzyme that targets a specific peptide bond, forming a chemical signal that increases blood pressure . (encyclopedia.com)
Cellular tests by collaboration partners in Israel showed that only specific peptide variants are absorbed very quickly. (eurekalert.org)

Technologies designed to enhance the stability, increase the bioavailability and facilitate the effective delivery of peptides have acted as key enablers to the market's growth. (prnewswire.com)

P. Edman, Determination of the amino acid sequence in peptides. (springer.com)
also: Method for the determination of the amino acid sequence in peptides. (springer.com)
The biological activity of the peptide neurotransmitters depends on their amino acid sequence (see, for example, Figure 6.4 ). (nih.gov)
Typical opioid peptides have the same N-terminal sequence of Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe, while atypical opioid peptides have varying amino acid sequences at their N-terminal region with conserved tyrosine residue. (news-medical.net)
are they known polymorphisms in the sequence of the signal peptide? (bio.net)
Kessler's co-workers incorporated the key sequence at different positions of their model peptide, thus creating new variants. (eurekalert.org)
A cell-permeable peptide containing the NF-kB nuclear localization sequence (NLS) shows promise as a potential agent in controlling the development of atherosclerotic disease. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Bacteriophage display is known for creating immense chemical diversity, with each virus expressing a unique peptide sequence that is capable of being crosslinked in situ . (genengnews.com)
Some of our guidelines are listed in the Sequence Analysis and Peptide Design sections. (bio-medicine.org)
Actual processing time is dependent on the peptide sequence, length and modifications. (bio-medicine.org)
The Control Peptide has a similar sequence to the Inhibitor Peptide but does not inhibit the interaction. (promega.com)
Peptides of desired sequence are synthesized using an automated Applied Biosystems 433A peptide synthesizer. (ltu.se)

During the 1990s, Affymax popularized libraries of short peptides immobilized on inert substrates, but these peptides never led to novel therapeutic molecules or strategies. (genengnews.com)

In general, high C-peptide levels are associated with increased insulin production, while low C-peptide levels indicate decreased insulin production. (kidshealth.org)
In general, high C-peptide levels mean the body is making a lot of insulin, while low C-peptide levels mean the body is making less insulin. (kidshealth.org)

This reaction, producing smaller peptides and finally the individual amino acids, is commonly used in studies of the composition and structure of peptides and proteins. (britannica.com)
Biochemists study the structure of peptides to help solve a wide range of problems in cell biology . (everything2.com)

A peptide bond can be broken by hydrolysis (the addition of water). (wikipedia.org)

Peptides are catabolized into inactive amino acid fragments by enzymes called peptidases, usually located on the extracellular surface of the plasma membrane. (nih.gov)
Mass spectrometers are powerful tools that can fully identify and quantify very small amounts of peptides, which are fragments of the larger proteins. (eurekalert.org)

The opioid peptides were discovered in the 1970s during a search for endogenous compounds that mimicked the actions of morphine . (nih.gov)
Novel and upgraded software for proteomic analysis, new peptide-scoring methods, and new ways to optimize existing search engines made a splash at this year's PITTCON conference, held in Orlando early last month. (genomeweb.com)

some authorities have adopted, as an upper limit on the molecular weight of a polypeptide, 10,000 (that of a peptide composed of about 100 amino acids). (britannica.com)
10 kDa) are effective anti-hypertensive, anti-oxidative agents that find commercial application to produce peptides in bulk than high molecular weight peptides. (news-medical.net)
Size exclusion, also known as gel filtration, chromatography separates proteins based on their sizes (hydrodynamic radii) in solution and not by absolute molecular weight with larger sized species eluting before smaller peptides. (waters.com)
SEC columns containing comparatively larger pore size particles are selected as the molecular weight of the peptides of interest increase. (waters.com)
What Is Peptide Molecular Weight? (wisegeek.com)
Peptide molecular weight is a number without units that is derived from the ratio of an average mass of a peptide molecule divided by one-twelfth the mass of a atom of carbon 12. (wisegeek.com)
The peptide molecular weight can also be described as one mole of the peptide in grams, as a mole is a quantity of the peptide that is equal to its molecular weight. (wisegeek.com)
Molecular weight analyzer software is often used to calculate peptide molecular weight numbers, as the calculations can be complicated otherwise. (wisegeek.com)
Avogadro's number , which represents how many molecules exist in a mole, must also be used when determining a peptide's volume from the peptide molecular weight. (wisegeek.com)
When two or more amino acids are combined, a peptide molecular weight calculator is often used to determine the new molecular weight. (wisegeek.com)
Determining an accurate peptide molecular weight has important applications in a variety of research. (wisegeek.com)
Evidence shows, for example, that low molecular weight peptides are important regulators in biology . (wisegeek.com)

A polypeptide is a long, continuous, and unbranched peptide chain. (wikipedia.org)
A polypeptide is a longer, continuous, unbranched peptide chain of up to approximately fifty amino acids. (wikipedia.org)

A whole array of Phalloidin peptides, Phalloidin derivatives and their fluorescent conjugates has been added to the catalog. (prweb.com)
American Peptide Company (APC) is a leading manufacturer of peptides and peptide conjugates. (prweb.com)

Plant peptides regulate development and stress response. (els.net)

Opioid peptides are widely distributed throughout the brain and are often co-localized with other small-molecule neurotransmitters such as GABA and 5-HT. (nih.gov)
These molecule s link to each other by forming a bond (an amide linkage) between the amino group of one peptide to the carboxyl group of another. (everything2.com)
several types of marker peptides can be created by linking a small peptide to a dye molecule . (everything2.com)
C-peptide is a substance produced by the beta cells in the pancreas when proinsulin splits apart and forms one molecule of C-peptide and one molecule of insulin . (labcorp.com)

[13] In addition to containing small peptides, the resulting material includes fats, metals, salts, vitamins and many other biological compounds. (wikipedia.org)

We used differential isotope labeling combined with mass spectrometric analysis to quantify ≈50% of known bee brain peptides in the context of foraging, with 8 showing robust and dynamic regulation. (pnas.org)
These results demonstrate that it is now possible to use quantitative peptidomics to help determine which brain peptides are bioactive and to elucidate their function in the regulation of behavior. (pnas.org)
Brain peptides play an important role in orchestrating physiological and behavioral processes in animals by functioning as neurohormones, neuromodulators, and neurotransmitters ( 1 ). (pnas.org)
Until very recently, most brain peptides were discovered one at a time via biochemical techniques, and functional experiments focused on physiological effects ( 12 ). (pnas.org)
We focused on foraging behavior in honey bees for 2 reasons: it is subject to at least 3 different types of regulation, and the roles of brain peptides in these regulatory processes have yet to be thoroughly examined. (pnas.org)

Some organisms produce peptides as antibiotics , such as microcins . (wikipedia.org)

Single-blind case-control studies have demonstrated that marine collagen peptides improve skin elasticity and sebum production in healthy participants. (news-medical.net)

The type of N- and C-terminal amino acid, the peptide chain length, charge character, and composition of the amino acids determines the biological activity of bioactive peptides. (news-medical.net)
This sub-field of proteomics involves developing novel bioactive peptides and generation of peptide databases for industries that produce dairy products. (news-medical.net)
Milk-derived bioactive peptides also exert multiple therapeutic functions, such as immunomodulatory, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and antagonistic activities against toxic agents. (news-medical.net)
Human salivary proteins, including statherin, histatin 3, histatin 1, proline-rich proteins and musin 7 can generate bioactive peptides with anti-microbial, anti-viral, and other therapeutic activities. (news-medical.net)
By enhancing the mucoadhesive property of nanoparticles, bioactive peptides can readily reach the blood stream for its intended therapeutic action. (news-medical.net)
With increasing consumer awareness on the health-promoting effects of nutraceuticals, it is imperative to conduct robust clinical trials to provide enough evidence to show that bioactive peptides are useful functional agents to prevent and treat diseases. (news-medical.net)
These cell-cell signaling peptides are produced from their corresponding precursor genes by cleavage at specific sites followed by additional posttranslational modifications, a complex process that can make bioactive peptides difficult to predict ( 2 ). (pnas.org)

Nonribosomal peptides are assembled by enzymes that are specific to each peptide, rather than by the ribosome. (wikipedia.org)
[9] Other nonribosomal peptides are most common in unicellular organisms , plants , and fungi and are synthesized by modular enzyme complexes called nonribosomal peptide synthetases . (wikipedia.org)
Nonribosomal peptides are assembled by enzymes , not the ribosome. (wikipedia.org)
Nonribosomal peptides, found primarily in fungi , plants , and, unicellular organisms are synthesized using a modular enzyme complex (which functions much like a conveyor belt in a factory). (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Peptide molecules are composed of two or more amino acids joined through amide formation involving the carboxyl group of each amino acid and the amino group of the next. (britannica.com)
Like proteins , peptides are built from combinations of 20 different amino acids, which are organic molecules composed of an amino group (-NH2), a carboxylic acid group (-COOH), and a unique R group, or side chain. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Hence, peptides fall under the broad chemical classes of biological oligomers and polymers , alongside nucleic acids , oligosaccharides and polysaccharides , etc. (wikipedia.org)
Researchers have continued to develop novel strategies to synthesize customized peptides to elicit desired biological responses. (prnewswire.com)
In a forthcoming Journal of Biological Chemistry Paper of the Week, Gregory Melikyan at Emory University and colleagues investigated the ability of human neutrophil peptide 1 to impede each step of this process. (redorbit.com)
Peptides is an international journal presenting original contributions on the biochemistry , physiology and pharmacology of biological active peptides , as well as their functions that relate to gastroenterology, endocrinology, and behavioral effects . (elsevier.com)

For example, opioid peptides are short amino acid sequences with similar pharmacological activity as opium. (news-medical.net)
2. A mixture as claimed in claim 1, wherein the mixture contains 160,000 or more different peptides of distinct, unique and different amino acid sequences, each in retrievable and analyzable amounts. (google.com)
8. A synthesized peptide mixture containing 8,000 or more different peptides of distinct, unique and different amino acid sequences, wherein each of the individual member peptides in the mixture are present in an amount such that each peptide is analyzable. (google.com)
9. The peptide mixture of claim 8, wherein the mixture contains 160,000 or more different peptides of distinct, unique and different amino acid sequences, each present in an amount such that each peptide is analyzable. (google.com)
We have been focused on making peptides for 25 years and have much experience synthesizing complex sequences and purifying difficult and hydrophobic peptides. (prweb.com)
Not only are there a variety of chemical element molecular weights to account for in amino acid sequences that make up peptides, but there are also other factors to consider. (wisegeek.com)

The reference collection released today, known as a peptide library, was created by NIST researchers. (eurekalert.org)

Polysaccharide peptide (PSP) Coriolus versicolor Human CYP1A2 CYP2D6 CYP2E1 CYP3A4 ABSTRACT Polysaccharide peptide (PSP), isolated from COV-1 strain of Coriolus versicolor, is commonly used as an adjunct in cancer chemotherapy or health supplement in China. (acronymfinder.com)

For instance, peptides called enkephalins are natural opiate s created by the brain . (everything2.com)

Most of the currently approved peptide drugs including insulin are administered by injection or infusion. (genengnews.com)

Novartis' Miacalcin, a calcitonin analogue, was the first peptide therapeutic approved for the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis in 1986. (prnewswire.com)
Peptides (1986) 7(SUPPL. (mendeley.com)

Este secundário-campo do proteomics envolve desenvolver peptides e a geração bioactive novos de bases de dados do peptide para as indústrias que produzem produtos lácteos. (news-medical.net)

C-peptide (connecting peptide) - serum. (medlineplus.gov)
While human neutrophil peptide 1 hinders HIV entry into cells under these lab conditions, it does not do so as effectively in the presence of serum -- meaning that it may not be as successful at blocking HIV in our bodies. (redorbit.com)
But Melikyan's team showed that human neutrophil peptide 1 remained attached to its specific targets in the presence of serum, despite its reduced efficacy. (redorbit.com)
Their work suggests that the structure of human neutrophil peptide 1 is important for its anti-HIV activity, and they propose that serum may interfere with the ability of this defensin to form complexes, reducing its ability to block HIV. (redorbit.com)
More importantly, NLS peptide inhibited lesion development in mice either at the onset of atherosclerosis (early treatment) or after the development of advanced plaques (delayed treatment), without affecting serum cholesterol levels. (medicalnewstoday.com)
For The Detection Of Serum C-Peptide Levels. (bio-medicine.org)

Empa researchers have now succeeded in encasing peptides in a protective coat, which could prolong their life in the human body. (empa.ch)
in a new study, researchers reveal how a peptide led to the destruction of cells that play a role in aging, reversing fur loss, kidney damage, and frailty in mice. (medicalnewstoday.com)
On administering the peptide to fast-aging mice in regular doses, the researchers were able to reverse age-related conditions, such as fur loss and poor kidney health. (medicalnewstoday.com)
For their study, the researchers tested the peptide on older mice that had aged naturally and mice that had been genetically modified to age rapidly. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Discovering new peptide drugs will require significant advances in how researchers identify, quantify, and analyze peptides as small as three amino acids in length. (genengnews.com)

As formulações orais do nanoparticle aumentam a disponibilidade biológica de proteínas e de peptides bioactive, e melhoram a conformidade do tratamento a longo prazo. (news-medical.net)

Brain opioid peptide systems are known to play an important role in motivation , emotion , attachment behaviour , the response to stress and pain , and the control of food intake . (wikipedia.org)

We also describe methods for virtual combinatorial peptide construction, using databases of commercially available, non-natural amino acids, as well as strategies for high throughput virtual screening and de novo design of inhibitors. (ingentaconnect.com)

Pseudin-2: an antimicrobial peptide with low hemolytic activity from the skin of the paradoxical frog. (ebi.ac.uk)

O resíduo da tirosina é um motivo estrutural importante que seja exigido para que o peptide do opiáceo ligue com seu receptor correspondente. (news-medical.net)
This symbol next to a receptor indicates that the corresponding peptide is a principal endogenous agonist of the receptor in humans. (wikipedia.org)
This symbol next to a receptor indicates that the corresponding peptide is the endogenous ligand with the highest known potency for the receptor in humans. (wikipedia.org)
What they discovered was that beta cells exposed to CRF, one of the peptides that activate the CRFR1 receptor, can respond in at least two ways. (redorbit.com)

Peptides are short chains of amino acids. (eurekalert.org)

For example, the tripeptide glutathione is synthesized in two steps from free amino acids, by two enzymes: glutamate-cysteine ligase (forms an isopeptide bond, which is not a peptide bond) and glutathione synthetase (forms a peptide bond). (wikipedia.org)

The insulin C-peptide test measures the amount of this product in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
Rarely, when someone has had his pancreas removed or has had pancreas islet cell transplants, intended to restore the ability to make insulin, C-peptide levels may be used to verify the effectiveness of treatment and continued success of the procedure. (labcorp.com)

Anatomy12

Organisms11

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs132

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment39

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes58

Disciplines and Occupations3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture5

Information Science4

Health Care2

Auto- and alloimmune reactivity to human islet allografts transplanted into type 1 diabetic patients. (1/1227)

Prolonged elevation of plasma free fatty acids desensitizes the insulin secretory response to glucose in vivo in rats. (2/1227)

Resistance to insulin's acute direct hepatic effect in suppressing steady-state glucose production in individuals with type 2 diabetes. (3/1227)

Effects of fatty acids and ketone bodies on basal insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes. (4/1227)

Within- and between-subject variation in commonly measured anthropometric and biochemical variables. (5/1227)

Intact proinsulin and beta-cell function in lean and obese subjects with and without type 2 diabetes. (6/1227)

Effect of calorie restriction on in vivo glucose metabolism by individual tissues in rats. (7/1227)

C-peptide induces a concentration-dependent dilation of skeletal muscle arterioles only in presence of insulin. (8/1227)

C-Peptide

Peptides

Proinsulin

Peptide Fragments

Insulin

Cytochrome c Group

Amino Acid Sequence

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1

Molecular Sequence Data

Peptide Library

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides

Peptides, Cyclic

Peptide Mapping

Oligopeptides

Natriuretic Peptide, Brain

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide

Cell-Penetrating Peptides

Protein Binding

Peptide Biosynthesis

Peptide YY

Peptide Nucleic Acids

Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type

Natriuretic Peptides

Protein Conformation

Models, Molecular

Binding Sites

Gastrin-Releasing Peptide

Protein Structure, Secondary

Receptors, Formyl Peptide

Peptide PHI

Peptide Synthases

Peptide Hydrolases

Receptors, Peptide

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

Atrial Natriuretic Factor

Epitopes

Kinetics

Base Sequence

Mass Spectrometry

Structure-Activity Relationship

Protein Precursors

Trypsin

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Cell Line

Amino Acids

Opioid Peptides

Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins

Peptide Hormones

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Recombinant Proteins

Cloning, Molecular

Substrate Specificity

Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization

Molecular Mimicry

Glucagon-Like Peptide 1

Escherichia coli

Aptamers, Peptide

Proteins

Molecular Weight

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Cattle

Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

Binding, Competitive

Receptors, Atrial Natriuretic Factor

Amphibian Proteins

Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte

Salivary Proteins and Peptides

Amyloid beta-Peptides

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Antigen Presentation

Melitten

Sequence Alignment

Protein Processing, Post-Translational

Cell Membrane

Epitope Mapping

Glucagon-Like Peptides

Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions