C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.Proinsulin: A pancreatic polypeptide of about 110 amino acids, depending on the species, that is the precursor of insulin. Proinsulin, produced by the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS, is comprised sequentially of the N-terminal B-chain, the proteolytically removable connecting C-peptide, and the C-terminal A-chain. It also contains three disulfide bonds, two between A-chain and B-chain. After cleavage at two locations, insulin and C-peptide are the secreted products. Intact proinsulin with low bioactivity also is secreted in small amounts.Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.Insulin: A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).Cytochrome c Group: A group of cytochromes with covalent thioether linkages between either or both of the vinyl side chains of protoheme and the protein. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539)Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1: A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood.Peptide Library: A collection of cloned peptides, or chemically synthesized peptides, frequently consisting of all possible combinations of amino acids making up an n-amino acid peptide.Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2: A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides: Small cationic peptides that are an important component, in most species, of early innate and induced defenses against invading microbes. In animals they are found on mucosal surfaces, within phagocytic granules, and on the surface of the body. They are also found in insects and plants. Among others, this group includes the DEFENSINS, protegrins, tachyplesins, and thionins. They displace DIVALENT CATIONS from phosphate groups of MEMBRANE LIPIDS leading to disruption of the membrane.Peptides, Cyclic: Peptides whose amino and carboxy ends are linked together with a peptide bond forming a circular chain. Some of them are ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS. Some of them are biosynthesized non-ribosomally (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NON-RIBOSOMAL).Peptide Mapping: Analysis of PEPTIDES that are generated from the digestion or fragmentation of a protein or mixture of PROTEINS, by ELECTROPHORESIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; or MASS SPECTROMETRY. The resulting peptide fingerprints are analyzed for a variety of purposes including the identification of the proteins in a sample, GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, patterns of gene expression, and patterns diagnostic for diseases.Oligopeptides: Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide: Calcitonin gene-related peptide. A 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The neuropeptide is widely distributed in neural tissue of the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. The peptide produces multiple biological effects and has both circulatory and neurotransmitter modes of action. In particular, it is a potent endogenous vasodilator.Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Peptides that have the ability to enter cells by crossing the plasma membrane directly, or through uptake by the endocytotic pathway.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Peptide Biosynthesis: The production of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS by the constituents of a living organism. The biosynthesis of proteins on RIBOSOMES following an RNA template is termed translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC). There are other, non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NUCLEIC ACID-INDEPENDENT) mechanisms carried out by PEPTIDE SYNTHASES and PEPTIDYLTRANSFERASES. Further modifications of peptide chains yield functional peptide and protein molecules.Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.Peptide Nucleic Acids: DNA analogs containing neutral amide backbone linkages composed of aminoethyl glycine units instead of the usual phosphodiester linkage of deoxyribose groups. Peptide nucleic acids have high biological stability and higher affinity for complementary DNA or RNA sequences than analogous DNA oligomers.Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type: A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.Natriuretic Peptides: Peptides that regulate the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in the body, also known as natriuretic peptide hormones. Several have been sequenced (ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR; BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; C-TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE).Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.Protein Structure, Secondary: The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.Receptors, Formyl Peptide: A family of G-protein-coupled receptors that was originally identified by its ability to bind N-formyl peptides such as N-FORMYLMETHIONINE LEUCYL-PHENYLALANINE. Since N-formyl peptides are found in MITOCHONDRIA and BACTERIA, this class of receptors is believed to play a role in mediating cellular responses to cellular damage and bacterial invasion. However, non-formylated peptide ligands have also been found for this receptor class.Peptide PHI: A 27-amino acid peptide with histidine at the N-terminal and isoleucine amide at the C-terminal. The exact amino acid composition of the peptide is species dependent. The peptide is secreted in the intestine, but is found in the nervous system, many organs, and in the majority of peripheral tissues. It has a wide range of biological actions, affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and central nervous systems.Peptide Synthases: Ligases that catalyze the joining of adjacent AMINO ACIDS by the formation of carbon-nitrogen bonds between their carboxylic acid groups and amine groups.Peptide Hydrolases: Hydrolases that specifically cleave the peptide bonds found in PROTEINS and PEPTIDES. Examples of sub-subclasses for this group include EXOPEPTIDASES and ENDOPEPTIDASES.Receptors, Peptide: Cell surface receptors that bind peptide messengers with high affinity and regulate intracellular signals which influence the behavior of cells.Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Mass Spectrometry: An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.Protein PrecursorsTrypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.Opioid Peptides: The endogenous peptides with opiate-like activity. The three major classes currently recognized are the ENKEPHALINS, the DYNORPHINS, and the ENDORPHINS. Each of these families derives from different precursors, proenkephalin, prodynorphin, and PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN, respectively. There are also at least three classes of OPIOID RECEPTORS, but the peptide families do not map to the receptors in a simple way.Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins: Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.Peptide Hormones: Hormones synthesized from amino acids. They are distinguished from INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS in that their actions are systemic.Protein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization: A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of large biomolecules. Analyte molecules are embedded in an excess matrix of small organic molecules that show a high resonant absorption at the laser wavelength used. The matrix absorbs the laser energy, thus inducing a soft disintegration of the sample-matrix mixture into free (gas phase) matrix and analyte molecules and molecular ions. In general, only molecular ions of the analyte molecules are produced, and almost no fragmentation occurs. This makes the method well suited for molecular weight determinations and mixture analysis.Molecular Mimicry: The structure of one molecule that imitates or simulates the structure of a different molecule.Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Aptamers, Peptide: Peptide sequences, generated by iterative rounds of SELEX APTAMER TECHNIQUE, that bind to a target molecule specifically and with high affinity.Proteins: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.Molecular Weight: The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: Cell surface proteins that bind VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE; (VIP); with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells.Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel: Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.Binding, Competitive: The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.Receptors, Atrial Natriuretic Factor: Cell surface proteins that bind ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. They contain intrinsic guanylyl cyclase activity.Amphibian Proteins: Proteins obtained from species in the class of AMPHIBIANS.Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte: Antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the T-cell receptor. Epitopes recognized by the T-cell receptor are often located in the inner, unexposed side of the antigen, and become accessible to the T-cell receptors after proteolytic processing of the antigen.Salivary Proteins and Peptides: Proteins and peptides found in SALIVA and the SALIVARY GLANDS. Some salivary proteins such as ALPHA-AMYLASES are enzymes, but their composition varies in different individuals.Amyloid beta-Peptides: Peptides generated from AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES PRECURSOR. An amyloid fibrillar form of these peptides is the major component of amyloid plaques found in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and in aged individuals with trisomy 21 (DOWN SYNDROME). The peptide is found predominantly in the nervous system, but there have been reports of its presence in non-neural tissue.Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.Antigen Presentation: The process by which antigen is presented to lymphocytes in a form they can recognize. This is performed by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Some antigens require processing before they can be recognized. Antigen processing consists of ingestion and partial digestion of the antigen by the APC, followed by presentation of fragments on the cell surface. (From Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.Protein Processing, Post-Translational: Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.Cell Membrane: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Epitope Mapping: Methods used for studying the interactions of antibodies with specific regions of protein antigens. Important applications of epitope mapping are found within the area of immunochemistry.Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions: The thermodynamic interaction between a substance and WATER.Defensins: Family of antimicrobial peptides that have been identified in humans, animals, and plants. They are thought to play a role in host defenses against infections, inflammation, wound repair, and acquired immunity.Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.Dipeptides: Peptides composed of two amino acid units.Magainins: A class of antimicrobial peptides discovered in the skin of XENOPUS LAEVIS. They kill bacteria by permeabilizing cell membranes without exhibiting significant toxicity against mammalian cells.T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic: Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). These CD8-positive cells are distinct from NATURAL KILLER CELLS and NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. There are two effector phenotypes: TC1 and TC2.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Amino Acid Motifs: Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.HLA-A2 Antigen: A specific HLA-A surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-A*02 allele family.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.Lipid Bilayers: Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes.Receptors, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide: Cell surface proteins that bind CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. CGRP receptors are present in both the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and the periphery. They are formed via the heterodimerization of the CALCITONIN RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN and RECEPTOR ACTIVITY-MODIFYING PROTEIN 1.Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Cathelicidins: Antimicrobial cationic peptides with a highly conserved amino terminal cathelin-like domain and a more variable carboxy terminal domain. They are initially synthesized as preproproteins and then cleaved. They are expressed in many tissues of humans and localized to EPITHELIAL CELLS. They kill nonviral pathogens by forming pores in membranes.Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.Endopeptidases: A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.Tandem Mass Spectrometry: A mass spectrometry technique using two (MS/MS) or more mass analyzers. With two in tandem, the precursor ions are mass-selected by a first mass analyzer, and focused into a collision region where they are then fragmented into product ions which are then characterized by a second mass analyzer. A variety of techniques are used to separate the compounds, ionize them, and introduce them to the first mass analyzer. For example, for in GC-MS/MS, GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY is involved in separating relatively small compounds by GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY prior to injecting them into an ionization chamber for the mass selection.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Sequence Analysis, Protein: A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Proteomics: The systematic study of the complete complement of proteins (PROTEOME) of organisms.Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.Mice, Inbred C57BLCarrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.Hydrogen-Ion Concentration: The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Antibodies, Monoclonal: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.Drug Design: The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNA-binding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis.Anti-Bacterial Agents: Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection.HLA-A Antigens: Polymorphic class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens present on almost all nucleated cells. At least 20 antigens have been identified which are encoded by the A locus of multiple alleles on chromosome 6. They serve as targets for T-cell cytolytic responses and are involved with acceptance or rejection of tissue/organ grafts.Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins: Regulatory proteins and peptides that are signaling molecules involved in the process of PARACRINE COMMUNICATION. They are generally considered factors that are expressed by one cell and are responded to by receptors on another nearby cell. They are distinguished from HORMONES in that their actions are local rather than distal.Mice, Inbred BALB CImmunodominant Epitopes: Subunits of the antigenic determinant that are most easily recognized by the immune system and thus most influence the specificity of the induced antibody.T-Lymphocytes: Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; OPIOID PEPTIDES is used for the broader group.Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.Protein Folding: Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.DNA, Complementary: Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.Serine Endopeptidases: Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.Bombesin: A tetradecapeptide originally obtained from the skins of toads Bombina bombina and B. variegata. It is also an endogenous neurotransmitter in many animals including mammals. Bombesin affects vascular and other smooth muscle, gastric secretion, and renal circulation and function.Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.Vaccines, Subunit: Vaccines consisting of one or more antigens that stimulate a strong immune response. They are purified from microorganisms or produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or they can be chemically synthesized peptides.Glucagon-Like Peptide 2: A 33-amino acid peptide derived from the C-terminal of PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. It stimulates intestinal mucosal growth and decreased apoptosis of ENTEROCYTES. GLP-2 enhances gastrointestinal function and plays an important role in nutrient homeostasis.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Receptors, Bombesin: Cell surface proteins that bind bombesin or closely related peptides with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Gastrin- releasing peptide (GRP); GRP 18-27 (neuromedin C), and neuromedin B are endogenous ligands of bombesin receptors in mammals.Chromatography, Gel: Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.Cross Reactions: Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.Chromatography, Liquid: Chromatographic techniques in which the mobile phase is a liquid.Gastrointestinal Hormones: HORMONES secreted by the gastrointestinal mucosa that affect the timing or the quality of secretion of digestive enzymes, and regulate the motor activity of the digestive system organs.Models, Chemical: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization: A mass spectrometry technique used for analysis of nonvolatile compounds such as proteins and macromolecules. The technique involves preparing electrically charged droplets from analyte molecules dissolved in solvent. The electrically charged droplets enter a vacuum chamber where the solvent is evaporated. Evaporation of solvent reduces the droplet size, thereby increasing the coulombic repulsion within the droplet. As the charged droplets get smaller, the excess charge within them causes them to disintegrate and release analyte molecules. The volatilized analyte molecules are then analyzed by mass spectrometry.Amino Acid Substitution: The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).Liposomes: Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.Lymphocyte Activation: Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.Cricetinae: A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.Disulfides: Chemical groups containing the covalent disulfide bonds -S-S-. The sulfur atoms can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).H-2 Antigens: The major group of transplantation antigens in the mouse.Spectrometry, Fluorescence: Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence.Thermodynamics: A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)beta-Defensins: DEFENSINS found mainly in epithelial cells.Crystallography, X-Ray: The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Peptide Biosynthesis, Nucleic Acid-Independent: The enzymatic synthesis of PEPTIDES without an RNA template by processes that do not use the ribosomal apparatus (RIBOSOMES).Mutagenesis, Site-Directed: Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.Peptide T: N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)-L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor.Antibody Specificity: The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.Invertebrate Hormones: Hormones produced by invertebrates, usually insects, mollusks, annelids, and helminths.Tumor Cells, Cultured: Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.alpha-Defensins: DEFENSINS found in azurophilic granules of neutrophils and in the secretory granules of intestinal PANETH CELLS.Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.Mice, Transgenic: Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.Hemolysis: The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.Bacteriocins: Substances elaborated by specific strains of bacteria that are lethal against other strains of the same or related species. They are protein or lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes used in taxonomy studies of bacteria.Temperature: The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Chromatography, Affinity: A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Protein Engineering: Procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties. Such procedures may include the design of MOLECULAR MODELS of proteins using COMPUTER GRAPHICS or other molecular modeling techniques; site-specific mutagenesis (MUTAGENESIS, SITE-SPECIFIC) of existing genes; and DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION techniques to create new genes.Solubility: The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Antigens, Neoplasm: Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.Amyloid: A fibrous protein complex that consists of proteins folded into a specific cross beta-pleated sheet structure. This fibrillar structure has been found as an alternative folding pattern for a variety of functional proteins. Deposits of amyloid in the form of AMYLOID PLAQUES are associated with a variety of degenerative diseases. The amyloid structure has also been found in a number of functional proteins that are unrelated to disease.Swine: Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).CHO Cells: CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.Enkephalins: One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla.Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.Glycopeptides: Proteins which contain carbohydrate groups attached covalently to the polypeptide chain. The protein moiety is the predominant group with the carbohydrate making up only a small percentage of the total weight.Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of PAIN, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses.Isotope Labeling: Techniques for labeling a substance with a stable or radioactive isotope. It is not used for articles involving labeled substances unless the methods of labeling are substantively discussed. Tracers that may be labeled include chemical substances, cells, or microorganisms.Protease Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (ENDOPEPTIDASES).Trifluoroethanol: A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.Hydrogen Bonding: A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds.Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.Receptors, Cell Surface: Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.Chromatography, Ion Exchange: Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.Surface Plasmon Resonance: A biosensing technique in which biomolecules capable of binding to specific analytes or ligands are first immobilized on one side of a metallic film. Light is then focused on the opposite side of the film to excite the surface plasmons, that is, the oscillations of free electrons propagating along the film's surface. The refractive index of light reflecting off this surface is measured. When the immobilized biomolecules are bound by their ligands, an alteration in surface plasmons on the opposite side of the film is created which is directly proportional to the change in bound, or adsorbed, mass. Binding is measured by changes in the refractive index. The technique is used to study biomolecular interactions, such as antigen-antibody binding.Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II: A pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide receptor subtype found in LYMPHOCYTES. It binds both PACAP and VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE and regulates immune responses.Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared: A spectroscopic technique in which a range of wavelengths is presented simultaneously with an interferometer and the spectrum is mathematically derived from the pattern thus obtained.PhosphopeptidesAlamethicin: A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Phosphatidylglycerols: A nitrogen-free class of lipids present in animal and particularly plant tissues and composed of one mole of glycerol and 1 or 2 moles of phosphatidic acid. Members of this group differ from one another in the nature of the fatty acids released on hydrolysis.Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes: A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.Enzyme Activation: Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.FMRFamide: A molluscan neuroactive peptide which induces a fast excitatory depolarizing response due to direct activation of amiloride-sensitive SODIUM CHANNELS. (From Nature 1995; 378(6558): 730-3)Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques: A technology, in which sets of reactions for solution or solid-phase synthesis, is used to create molecular libraries for analysis of compounds on a large scale.Solutions: The homogeneous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), from which the dissolved substances can be recovered by physical processes. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Auto- and alloimmune reactivity to human islet allografts transplanted into type 1 diabetic patients. (1/1227)
Allogeneic islet transplantation can restore an insulin-independent state in C-peptide-negative type 1 diabetic patients. We recently reported three cases of surviving islet allografts that were implanted in type 1 diabetic patients under maintenance immune suppression for a previous kidney graft. The present study compares islet graft-specific cellular auto- and alloreactivity in peripheral blood from those three recipients and from four patients with failing islet allografts measured over a period of 6 months after portal islet implantation. The three cases that remained C-peptide-positive for >1 year exhibited no signs of alloreactivity, and their autoreactivity to islet autoantigens was only marginally increased. In contrast, rapid failure (<3 weeks) in three other cases was accompanied by increases in precursor frequencies of graft-specific alloreactive T-cells; in one of them, the alloreactivity was preceded by a sharply increased autoreactivity to several islet autoantigens. One recipient had a delayed loss of islet graft function (33 weeks); he did not exhibit signs of graft-specific alloimmunity, but developed a delayed increase in autoreactivity. The parallel between metabolic outcome of human beta-cell allografts and cellular auto- and alloreactivity in peripheral blood suggests a causal relationship. The present study therefore demonstrates that T-cell reactivities in peripheral blood can be used to monitor immune mechanisms, which influence survival of beta-cell allografts in diabetic patients. (+info)Prolonged elevation of plasma free fatty acids desensitizes the insulin secretory response to glucose in vivo in rats. (2/1227)
Prolonged exposure of pancreatic islets to free fatty acids (FFAs) inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in vitro. However, FFA inhibition of GSIS has not been clearly demonstrated in vivo. We examined the in vivo effect of prolonged elevation of plasma FFAs on GSIS using a two-step hyperglycemic clamp in rats treated with a 48-h intravenous infusion of either 20% Intralipid plus heparin (INT) (5 microl/min plus heparin, 0.1 U/min; n = 8), oleate (OLE) (1.3 microEq/min; n = 6), saline (SAL) (n = 6), or bovine serum albumin (BSA) (vehicle for OLE; n = 5). Because there was no difference in any of the parameters between BSA and SAL rats, these groups were combined as control rats (CONT) (n = 11). At the end of the 48-h OLE/INT/CONT infusions, after an overnight fast, plasma glucose was clamped for 2 h at 13 mmol/l and for another 2 h at 22 mmol/l. Preclamp plasma FFAs were elevated twofold (P < 0.01) versus CONT with both INT and OLE (NS, INT vs. OLE). Preclamp glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels were higher in INT than in CONT rats (P < 0.05), suggesting insulin resistance, but they were not different in OLE and CONT rats. The insulin and C-peptide responses to the rise in plasma glucose from basal to 13 mmol/l were lower in OLE (336 +/- 72 pmol/l and 1.2 +/- 0.1 nmol/l, P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively) than in CONT (552 +/- 54 and 1.9 +/- 0.1) rats, but they were not different between CONT and INT rats (648 +/- 150 and 2.0 +/- 0.4). The insulin and C-peptide responses to the rise in plasma glucose from 13 to 22 mmol/l were lower in both INT (1,188 +/- 204 pmol/l and 3.0 +/- 0.3 nmol/l, P < 0.01 and P < 0.001) and OLE (432 +/- 60 and 1.7 +/- 0.2, P < 0.001 vs. CONT or INT) rats than in CONT rats (1,662 +/- 174 and 5.0 +/- 0.6). In summary, 1) both INT and OLE decreased GSIS in vivo in rats, and 2) the impairing effect of INT on GSIS was less than that of OLE, which might be due to the different type of fatty acid (mostly polyunsaturated in INT versus monounsaturated as OLE) and/or to differential effects of INT and OLE on insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, prolonged elevation of plasma FFAs can desensitize the insulin secretory response to glucose in vivo, thus inducing a beta-cell defect that is similar to that found in type 2 diabetes. (+info)Resistance to insulin's acute direct hepatic effect in suppressing steady-state glucose production in individuals with type 2 diabetes. (3/1227)
We and others have shown that insulin acutely suppresses glucose production in fasting nondiabetic humans and dogs, by both a direct hepatic effect and an indirect (extrahepatic) effect, and in diabetic dogs by an indirect effect alone. In type 2 diabetes, there is resistance to insulin's ability to suppress hepatic glucose production, but it has not previously been determined whether the resistance is primarily at the level of the hepatocyte or the peripheral tissues. To determine whether the diabetic state reduces the direct effect of insulin in humans, we studied nine patients with untreated type 2 diabetes who underwent three studies each, 4-6 weeks apart. 1) Portal study (POR): intravenous tolbutamide was infused for 3 h with calculation of pancreatic insulin secretion from peripheral plasma C-peptide. 2) Peripheral study (PER): equidose insulin was infused by peripheral vein. 3) Half-dose peripheral insulin study (1/2 PER): matched peripheral insulin levels with study 1. In all studies, glucose was clamped at euglycemia, glucose turnover was measured with the constant specific activity method, and 3-[3H]glucose was purified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Peripheral insulin was lower in POR versus PER but slightly higher in POR versus 1/2 PER, although most of the difference could be accounted for by higher proinsulin levels in POR (stimulated by tolbutamide). Calculated portal insulin was approximately 1.3-fold higher in POR versus PER and approximately 2.2-fold higher in POR versus 1/2 PER. In the final 30 min of the clamp, glucose production reached a lower steady-state level in PER than in POR (4.0 +/- 0.4 vs. 5.3 +/- 0.5 pmol(-1) x kg(-1) x min(-1), P < 0.05), despite the higher hepatic insulin level in POR. In contrast with our studies in nondiabetic individuals, glucose production was not more suppressed at steady state in POR versus 1/2 PER (5.3 +/- 0.4 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1)), despite much higher hepatic insulin levels in POR. In conclusion, this is the first study in patients with type 2 diabetes to characterize insulin resistance to the acute direct suppressive effect of insulin on hepatic glucose production. (+info)Effects of fatty acids and ketone bodies on basal insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes. (4/1227)
The objective of this study was to assess the role of free fatty acids (FFAs) as insulin secretagogues in patients with type 2 diabetes. To this end, basal insulin secretion rates (ISR) in response to acute increases in plasma FFAs were evaluated in patients with type 2 diabetes and in age- and weight-matched nondiabetic control subjects during 1) intravenous infusion of lipid plus heparin (L/H), which stimulated intravascular lipolysis, and 2) the FFA rebound, which followed lowering of plasma FFAs with nicotinic acid (NA) and was a consequence of increased lipolysis from the subject's own adipose tissue. At comparable euglycemia, diabetic patients had similar ISR but higher plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-OHB) levels during L/H infusion and higher plasma FFA and beta-OHB levels during the FFA rebound than nondiabetic control subjects. Correlating ISR with plasma FFA plus beta-OHB levels showed that in response to the same changes in FFA plus beta-OHB levels, diabetic patients secreted approximately 30% less insulin than nondiabetic control subjects. In addition, twice as much insulin was secreted during L/H infusion as during the FFA rebound in response to the same FFA/beta-OHB stimulation by both diabetic patients and control subjects. Glycerol, which was present in the infused lipid (272 mmol/l) did not affect ISR. We concluded that 1) assessment of FFA effects on ISR requires consideration of effects on ISR by ketone bodies; 2) ISR responses to FFA/beta-OHB were defective in patients with type 2 diabetes (partial beta-cell lipid blindness), but this defect was compensated by elevated plasma levels of FFAs and ketone bodies; and 3) approximately two times more insulin was released per unit change in plasma FFA plus beta-OHB during L/H infusion than during the FFA rebound after NA. The reason for this remains to be explored. (+info)Within- and between-subject variation in commonly measured anthropometric and biochemical variables. (5/1227)
BACKGROUND: The biological variation of some commonly assessed metabolic variables in healthy subjects has not been studied extensively. The aim of the study was to assess, in 12 healthy subjects (6 male and 6 female; mean (SD) age; 22.7 (1.5) years) following an overnight fast, the day-to-day variation of body fat (impedance method), triglycerides, nonesterified fatty acid (NEFAs), glycerol, 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-OHB), lactate, glucose, insulin (RIA), C-peptide, and glucagon on 12 consecutive days. METHODS: Between- and within-subject coefficients of variation (CVG and CVW) were estimated using a random effects analysis of variance, and assay variation was subtracted to give the coefficient of within-subject biological variation (CVI). Individuality indices were calculated as CVW/CVG. RESULTS: The overall means, CVI, and individuality indices were as follows: for body fat, 24.2%, 10%, and 0.3; for triglycerides, 0.61 mmol/L, 21%, and 1.1; for NEFAs, 376 micromol/L, 45%, and 1.4; for glycerol, 48 micromol/L, 36%, and 0.8; for 3-OHB, 43 micromol/L, 61%, and 1.5; for lactate, 0.88 mmol/L, 31%, and 1.1; for glucose, 4.9 mmol/L, 4.8%, and 0.7; for insulin, 52 pmol/L, 26%, and 1.0; for C-peptide, 0.39 nmol/L, 24%, and 0.9; and for glucagon, 53 ng/L, 19%, and 0.8. CONCLUSIONS: The data presented here are necessary for the evaluation of several important metabolic variables in individual and group studies. The biological variation of some metabolites makes it difficult to characterize the status of healthy subjects with a single measurement. (+info)Intact proinsulin and beta-cell function in lean and obese subjects with and without type 2 diabetes. (6/1227)
OBJECTIVE: Type 2 diabetes is a heterogeneous disease in which both beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance are pathogenetic factors. Disproportionate hyperproinsulinemia (elevated proinsulin/insulin) is another abnormality in type 2 diabetes whose mechanism is unknown. Increased demand due to obesity and/or insulin resistance may result in secretion of immature beta-cell granules with a higher content of intact proinsulin. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We investigated the impact of obesity on beta-cell secretion in normal subjects and in type 2 diabetic patients by measuring intact proinsulin, total proinsulin immunoreactivity (PIM), intact insulin, and C-peptide (by radioimmunoassay) by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in the fasting state and during a 120-min glucagon (1 mg i.v.) stimulation test. Lean (BMI 23.5 +/- 0.3 kg/m2) (LD) and obese (30.1 +/- 0.4 kg/m2) (OD) type 2 diabetic patients matched for fasting glucose (10.2 +/- 0.6 vs. 10.3 +/- 0.4 mmol/l) were compared with age- and BMI-matched lean (22.4 +/- 0.6 kg/m2) (LC) and obese (30.8 +/- 0.9 kg/m2) (OC) normal control subjects. RESULTS: Diabetic patients (LD vs. LC and OD vs. OC) had elevated fasting levels of intact proinsulin 6.6 +/- 1.0 vs. 1.6 +/- 0.3 pmol/l and 7.7 +/- 2.0 vs. 1.2 +/- 0.2 pmol/l; PIM: 19.9 +/- 2.5 vs. 5.4 +/- 1.0 pmol/l and 29.6 +/- 6.1 vs. 6.1 +/- 0.9 pmol/l; and total PIM/intact insulin: 39 +/- 4 vs. 15 +/- 2% and 35 +/- 5 vs. 13 +/- 2%, all P < 0.01. After glucagon stimulation, PIM levels were disproportionately elevated (PIM/intact insulin based on area under the curve analysis) in diabetic patients (LD vs. LC and OD vs. OC): 32.6 +/- 6.7 vs. 9.2 +/- 1.1% and 22.7 +/- 5.2 vs. 9.1 +/- 1.1%, both P < 0.05. Intact insulin and C-peptide net responses were significantly reduced in type 2 diabetic patients, most pronounced in the lean group. The ratio of intact proinsulin to PIM was higher in diabetic patients after stimulation in both LD versus LC: 32 +/- 3 vs. 23 +/- 2%, and OD versus OC: 28 +/- 4 vs. 16 +/- 2%, both P < 0.01. In obese normal subjects, intact proinsulin/PIM was lower both in the fasting state and after glucagon stimulation: OC versus LC: 22 +/- 3 vs. 33 +/- 3% (fasting) and 16 +/- 2 vs. 23 +/- 2% (stimulated), both P < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: Increased secretory demand from obesity-associated insulin resistance cannot explain elevated intact proinsulin and disproportionate hyperproinsulinemia in type 2 diabetes. This abnormality may be an integrated part of pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction in this disease. (+info)Effect of calorie restriction on in vivo glucose metabolism by individual tissues in rats. (7/1227)
We evaluated the effects of 8 mo of calorie restriction [CR: 60% of ad libitum (AL) food intake] on glucose uptake by 14 tissues in unanesthetized, adult (12 mo) F344xBN rats. Glucose metabolism was assessed by the 2-[3H]deoxyglucose tracer technique at 1500 or 2100. Despite an approximately 60% decline in insulinemia with CR, plasma 2-[3H]deoxyglucose clearance for CR was greater than for AL at both times. A small, CR-related decrease in glucose metabolic index (R'g) occurred only at 1500 in the spleen and heart, and this decrease was reversed at 2100. In some tissues (cerebellum, lung, kidney, soleus, and diaphragm), R'g was unaffected by diet, regardless of time. In the other tissues (brown fat, 3 white fat pads, epitrochlearis, plantaris, and gastrocnemius), R'g was higher or tended to be higher for CR vs. AL at one or both times. These findings indicate that 8 mo of CR did not cause a continuous reduction in in vivo glucose uptake by any tissue studied, and, in several insulin-sensitive tissues, glucose uptake was at times greater for CR vs. AL rats. (+info)C-peptide induces a concentration-dependent dilation of skeletal muscle arterioles only in presence of insulin. (8/1227)
In this study we tested the hypothesis that C-peptide alone or in conjunction with insulin may cause a dilation of skeletal muscle arterioles. First-order arterioles (88 microm) isolated from rat cremaster muscles were pressurized (65 mmHg), equilibrated in a Krebs bicarbonate-buffered solution (pH 7.4), gassed with 10% O2 (balance 5% CO2, 85% N2), and studied in a no-flow state. C-peptide administered at concentrations of 0.3, 1, 3, 10, 100, 300, and 1,000 ng/ml evoked arteriolar dilation that was not concentration dependent. In contrast, the administration of the four lower physiological concentrations of C-peptide to arterioles exposed to a nondilating concentration of insulin evoked a significant concentration-dependent increase in arteriolar diameter from 8.6 to 42.3% above control. The arteriolar dilation to C-peptide in the presence of insulin was completely inhibited by administration of NG-nitro-L-arginine (10(-4) M). Responses to ACh and adenosine were not enhanced when these drugs were administered in the presence of insulin. These results indicate that C-peptide has the capacity to evoke arteriolar dilation in skeletal muscle via a nitric oxide-mediated mechanism that appears to be enhanced by an interaction with insulin. Furthermore, the effects of insulin appear to be specific for C-peptide and are not the result of a general enhancement of endothelium-dependent or endothelium-independent dilation. (+info)
Peptide
Argireline Beefy meaty peptide Bis-peptide CLE peptide Epidermal growth factor Journal of Peptide Science Lactotripeptides ... Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; PHM27) PACAP Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Peptide Peptide PHI 27 (Peptide Histidine ... All peptides except cyclic peptides have an N-terminal and C-terminal residue at the end of the peptide (as shown for the ... A peptide hormone is a peptide that acts as a hormone. A proteose is a mixture of peptides produced by the hydrolysis of ...
Peptide vaccine
A peptide vaccine is any peptide which serves to immunize an organism against a pathogen. Peptide vaccine are often synthetic ... "Synthetic peptide vaccines". World Health Organization. Retrieved 24 July 2015. ...
MCD peptide
... has immunotoxic as well as neurotoxic properties due to different active sites of the MCD peptide. The MCD peptide ... MCD peptide is a cationic 22-amino acid residue peptide with two disulfide bridges. Although the MCD peptide sequence shows ... Buku, A (1999). "Mast cell degranulating (MCD) peptide: a prototypic peptide in allergy and inflammation". Peptides. 20 (3): ... MCD peptide is a component of bumblebee (Megabombus pennsylvanicus) venom. In addition to MCD peptide, melittin and apamin have ...
Peptide computing
... is a form of computing which uses peptides and molecular biology, instead of traditional silicon-based ... For instance, while DNA is made of four building blocks, peptides are made of twenty building blocks. The peptide-antibody ... Similar to DNA computing, the parallel interactions of peptide sequences and antibodies have been used by this model to solve a ... ISBN 978-3-540-43775-8. Hubert Hug & Rainer Schuler (2001). "Strategies for the development of a peptide computer". ...
Opioid peptide
Opioid peptides are peptides that bind to opioid receptors in the brain; opiates and opioids mimic the effect of these peptides ... Such peptides may be produced by the body itself, for example endorphins. The effects of these peptides vary, but they all ... Exorphins include opioid food peptides like Gluten exorphin and opioid food peptides and are mostly contained in cereals and ... hemoglobin-derived opioid peptides, including hemorphin-4, valorphin, and spinorphin, among others. While not peptides, codeine ...
Peptide library
A peptide library is a tool for protein-related study. A peptide library contains a great number of peptides that have a ... Usually, peptide library is synthesized on solid phase, mostly on resin, which can be made as flat surface or beads. The ... As a general formula, if you made a completely random peptide library with n amino acids for each link in the chain with a ... this peptide library would be useful for analyzing the effect of the post-translational modification acetylation on lysine ...
Cyclic peptide
Cyclic peptides can be classified according to the types of bonds that comprise the ring. Homodetic cyclic peptides, such as ... Other bicyclic peptides include echinomycin, triostin A, and Celogentin C. There are a number of cyclic peptide hormones which ... Nonribosomal peptide lantibiotics, 19-37 residues and 1 to 5 'bridges' Jensen, Knud (2009-09-01). Peptide and Protein Design ... Cyclic peptides tend to be extremely resistant to the process of digestion, enabling them to survive in the human digestive ...
Peptide amphiphile
A peptide amphiphile typically comprises a hydrophilic peptide sequence with an attached lipid chains, in this case being a ... Peptide amphiphiles are peptide-based molecules that self-assemble into structures including high aspect ratio nanofibers. ... It has been shown that injection of peptide amphiphile solutions in vivo leads to in situ gel formation due to the presence of ... "Self-Assembling Amphiphilic Peptides." doi:10.1002/psc.2633 Hamley, I.W. Lipopeptides: From Self-Assembly to Bioactivity. Chem ...
C-peptide
"C-peptide - Creative Peptides -". AdisInsight. Retrieved 22 October 2016. "C-peptide - Eli Lilly". AdisInsight. Retrieved 22 ... The connecting peptide, or C-peptide, is a short 31-amino-acid polypeptide that connects insulin's A-chain to its B-chain in ... C-peptide levels are measured instead of insulin levels because C-peptide can assess a person's own insulin secretion even if ... Creative Peptides, Eli Lilly, and Cebix all had drug development programs for a C-peptide product. Cebix had the only ongoing ...
Nonribosomal peptide
Each nonribosomal peptide synthetase can synthesize only one type of peptide. Nonribosomal peptides often have cyclic and/or ... Nonribosomal peptides (NRP) are a class of peptide secondary metabolites, usually produced by microorganisms like bacteria and ... Nonribosomal peptides are synthesized by one or more specialized nonribosomal peptide-synthetase (NRPS) enzymes. The NRPS genes ... Nonribosomal peptides are synthesized by nonribosomal peptide synthetases, which, unlike the ribosomes, are independent of ...
Target peptide
... which is commonly referred to as the signal peptide, signal sequence or leader peptide. Signal peptides form alpha-helical ... A target peptide is a short (3-70 amino acids long) peptide chain that directs the transport of a protein to a specific region ... Target Peptide at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) SPdb (Signal Peptide DataBase) SignalP - ... The NLS normally is located anywhere on the peptide chain. A nuclear export signal (NES) is a target peptide that directs ...
Beta-peptide
Generally speaking, β-peptides form a more stable helix than α-peptides. β-peptides are stable against proteolytic degradation ... Because the backbones of β-peptides are longer than those of peptides that consist of α-amino acids, β-peptides form different ... an important advantage over natural peptides in the preparation of peptide-based drugs. β-Peptides have been used to mimic ... Two main types of β-peptides exist: those with the organic residue (R) next to the amine are called β3-peptides and those with ...
Polysaccharide peptide
... (PSP) is a protein-bound polysaccharide extracted from the edible mushroom Coriolus versicolor. PSP is ... Abba Kastin (2013-01-26). Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides. Academic Press. pp. 180-. ISBN 978-0-12-385096-6. Lu H, ...
Peptide bond
However, not all peptide groups have the same effect on folding; nonnative isomers of other peptide groups may not affect ... A peptide bond can be broken by hydrolysis (the addition of water). In the presence of water they will break down and release 8 ... A peptide bond, also known as an amide bond, is a covalent chemical bond linking two consecutive amino acid monomers along a ... Peptides are synthesized by specific enzymes. For example, the tripeptide glutathione is synthesized in two steps from free ...
Stapled peptide
A stapled peptide is a peptide that has a synthetic brace ("staple"). Peptides with multiple, tandem staples are sometimes ... Peptide stapling is used to enhance pharmacologic performance of peptides. The two primary classes of therapeutics are small ... Additionally, protein and peptides are often subject to proteolytic degradation. Furthermore, small peptides (such as single ... Beta-peptide Druggability Non-proteinogenic amino acids Peptide synthesis Peptidomimetic Peptoid Douse, CH; Maas, SJ; Thomas, ...
Signal peptide
... transit peptide, leader sequence or leader peptide) is a short peptide (usually 16-30 amino acids long) present at the N- ... Signal Peptide at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) SPdb (Signal Peptide DataBase) SignalP - ... Signal peptides are extremely heterogeneous and many prokaryotic and eukaryotic signal peptides are functionally ... Nucleus aiming signal peptides can be found at both the N-terminus and the C-terminus of a protein and are in the majority of ...
Peptide synthesis
The biosynthesis of peptides or proteins (long peptides) in living organisms occurs in the opposite direction, and is known as ... In peptide synthesis, microwave irradiation has been used to complete long peptide sequences with high degrees of yield and low ... Chemical peptide synthesis most commonly starts at the carboxyl end of the peptide, and proceeds toward the amino-terminus. ... J. Peptide Res. Therap. 13 (1-2): 31-44. doi:10.1007/s10989-006-9059-7. Jones J (1992). Amino Acid and Peptide Synthesis. ...
P3 peptide
... also known as amyloid β- peptide (Aβ)17-40/42 is the peptide resulting from the α- and γ-secretase cleavage from the ... However, p3 peptide's role in these diseases is not truly known yet. There is little information related to the p3 peptides ... This confirms the absence of N-terminal domain Aβ1-16 in p3 peptides. p3 peptide generates from the 17-40 or 17-42 sequence of ... That is why p3 peptide represents the benign form of amyloid. Energy plays a very important role in p3 peptides. While Aβ ...
Chemerin peptide
Chemerin Peptides are short peptides (on the order of 9 amino acids) that are produced from the carboxyl terminus of the ... Cash, J; Greaves DR (May 2010). "Chemerin peptides promote phagocytosis in a ChemR23 and Syk dependent manner". J immuno. 184 ( ... A particular synthetic chemerin-derived peptide, termed C15, was developed at Oxford University. It showed anti-inflammatory ... "Synthetic chemerin-derived peptides suppress inflammation through ChemR23". J. Exp. Med. 205 (4): 767-75. doi:10.1084/jem. ...
CLE peptide
CLE peptides are coded by the CLE genes. These peptides vary in structure with each peptide structure performing a different ... The specicific peptides are: A-type peptides CLE 1/3/4 CLE 2 CLE 5/6 CLE 7 CLE 8 CLE 9 CLE 10 CLE 11 CLE 12 CLE 13 CLE 14 CLE ... CLE peptides (CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-RELATED) are a group of peptides found in plants that are involved with cell ... The secretion of A-type peptides speeds up the vascular development of the plant that is mediated by the B-type peptides. This ...
Photoactivated peptide
The initial peptides were successfully used to kill B-cell lymphoma cancer cells. The reference synthetic short peptide was ... Photoactivated peptides are modified natural or synthetic peptides the functions of which can be activated with light. This can ... Caged peptides which contain photocleavable protecting groups belong to irreversibly activated peptides. Reversible activation/ ... in the side chains or in the backbone of peptide templates to get the photo-controlled peptides, which can reversibly change ...
Peptide PHI
... (or peptide histidine isoleucine) is a peptide which functions as a hormone. It plays a role in the regulation of ... "The relative importance of vasoactive intestinal peptide and peptide histidine isoleucine as physiological regulators of ... Peptide PHI at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). ...
Peptide hormone
... s are produced by many different organs and tissues, including the heart (atrial-natriuretic peptide (ANP) or ... Peptide hormones or protein hormones are hormones whose molecules are peptides or proteins, respectively. The latter have ... Peptide Hormone Secretion/Peptide Hormone Action: A Practical Approach, K. Siddle, J. C. Hutton, Oxford University Press, 1991 ... to act within their nuclei Like all peptides and proteins, peptide hormones and protein hormones are synthesized in cells from ...
Natriuretic peptide
Known natriuretic peptides include: Atrial natriuretic peptide, also known as ANP Brain natriuretic peptide, also known as BNP ... Natriuretic peptide refers to a peptide which induces natriuresis, the excretion of sodium by the kidneys. ... C-type natriuretic peptide, also known as CNP Dendroaspis natriuretic peptide, also known as DNP Urodilatin Nesiritide ... Carperitide CD-NP Ularitide Natriuretic peptides at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). ...
Peptide microarray
A peptide microarray (also commonly known as peptide chip or peptide epitope microarray) is a collection of peptides displayed ... However, peptide synthesis on chip allows the parallel synthesis of tens of thousands of peptides providing larger peptide ... Peptides are ideally covalently linked through an chemoselective bond leading to peptides with the same orientation for ... The assay principle of peptide microarrays is similar to an ELISA protocol. The peptides (up to tens of thousands in several ...
Proinsulin C-peptide reduces diabetes-induced glomerular hyperfiltration via efferent arteriole dilation and inhibition of...
Maintenance of basal plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in maturity-onset diabetes. - Radcliffe Department of Medicine
MSACL 2020 US : Owusu
Elevated C-peptide levels predict diabetes in women with gestational diabetes history
JCI -
Volume 129, Issue 8
Insulin production. A. C-peptide levels in mice fed wit | Open-i
Plus it
Proof-of-Concept, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial of Bacillus-Calmette-Guerin for Treatment of Long-Term Type 1 Diabetes ...
C-Peptide Response to Glucose, 7 Specimens - Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute of Valencia
topic:"Blood glucose" found 131 records • Arctic Health
C-Peptide (Blood) - Health Encyclopedia - University of Rochester Medical Center
Islet cell antibodies and fasting plasma C-peptide during the first 10 year after diagnosis in patients with diabetes mellitus...
C-Peptide test and GAD65 Test results in need help interpreting them - Type 1.5 Diabetes - Diabetes forums![Re: [IP] Preparing For C-Peptide Test](data:image/png;base64,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)
Re: [IP] Preparing For C-Peptide Test
Zinc-coordination and C-peptide complexation: a potential mechanism for the endogenous inhibition of IAPP aggregation -...
C-Peptide - Notfalllabor.de - Das Labor-Portal
my new islets: Islet cell patch
Insulin Loaded Orally Dissolved Films (Insulin-ODF) - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
C Peptide Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis 2019 • Diabetes Help
WELCOME TO VOW Scientific Quest
What are c-peptides in the blood test? About whatsays level of the peptide? | | Medical Online Journal | site dedicated to...
BMRB Entry 6623
Metals Influence C-Peptide Hormone Related to Insulin | UC Davis
C-Peptide (Urine)
When dialysis doesn t work - Answers on HealthTap
C Peptide Test | Diabetic Connect
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Serum bilirubin concentrations are positively associated with serum C-peptide levels in patients with Type 2 diabetes
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What does c-peptide stand for?
Diabetes Update: What does that C-peptide test result mean?
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C-Peptide (Blood)
Medicowesome: C Peptide levels : An Overview
Protein Reverses Vascular And Nerve Damage In Diabetic Rats | EurekAlert! Science News
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Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults - definition of Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults by The Free Dictionary
Global and Chinese C-peptide Calibrator Industry, 2016 Market Research Report : ReportsnReports
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Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA), JADA, and the Cookie Trap
Postprandial oscillations of plasma glucose, insulin and C-peptide in man. - PubMed - NCBI
C-Peptide Colocalizes with Macrophages in Early Arteriosclerotic Lesions of Diabetic Subjects and Induces Monocyte Chemotaxis...
HealthBoards - View Single Post - OGGT with C-Peptide enough? Urgent, plz
C peptide - Creative Peptides
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糖尿病性浮腫性硬化症の一例
PAMP - proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide | AcronymAttic
PAMP stands for proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide. PAMP is defined as proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide rarely. ... This film is loaded with the proangiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial peptide, proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 ... S.v. "PAMP." Retrieved March 31 2020 from https://www.acronymattic.com/proadrenomedullin-N_terminal-20-peptide-(PAMP).html ... a href=https://www.acronymattic.com/proadrenomedullin-N_terminal-20-peptide-(PAMP).html,PAMP,/a,. ...
https://www.acronymattic.com/proadrenomedullin-N_terminal-20-peptide-
Molluscan Cardioexcitatory Peptide (CAS 152165-14-5) Market Research Report 2017
... aims at providing comprehensive data on ... Molluscan cardioexcitatory peptide prices in other regions. 7. MOLLUSCAN CARDIOEXCITATORY PEPTIDE END-USE SECTOR 7.1. Molluscan ... 6. MOLLUSCAN CARDIOEXCITATORY PEPTIDE MARKET PRICES. 6.1. Molluscan cardioexcitatory peptide prices in Europe. 6.2. Molluscan ... 3. MOLLUSCAN CARDIOEXCITATORY PEPTIDE MANUFACTURING METHODS. 4. MOLLUSCAN CARDIOEXCITATORY PEPTIDE PATENTS. Abstract. ...
https://marketpublishers.com/report/industry/chemicals_petrochemicals/molluscan_cardioexcitatory_peptide_152165-14-5_market_research_report.html
Human neutrophil peptide. Causes, symptoms, treatment Human neutrophil peptide
Treatment Human neutrophil peptide. Symptoms and causes Human neutrophil peptide Prophylaxis Human neutrophil peptide ... Peptide-1. Peptides , Defensins , HNP-1, Defensin Human Neutrophil Peptide-1; Mammalian defensins are abundant in the ... Role of human neutrophil peptides in the initial interaction .... Role of human neutrophil peptides in the initial interaction ... Role of human neutrophil peptides in lung inflammation .... TRANSLATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY. Role of human neutrophil peptides in lung ...
http://drugster.info/medic/term/human-neutrophil-peptide/Human C-type natriuretic peptide<...
We isolated the human C-type natriuretic peptide gene and identified the peptide in the brain. The human C-type natriuretic ... abstract = "We isolated the human C-type natriuretic peptide gene and identified the peptide in the brain. The human C-type ... N2 - We isolated the human C-type natriuretic peptide gene and identified the peptide in the brain. The human C-type ... AB - We isolated the human C-type natriuretic peptide gene and identified the peptide in the brain. The human C-type ...
https://kyushu-u.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/human-c-type-natriuretic-peptidenatriuretic peptide
... natriuretic peptide.ws www.natriuretic peptide.cn www.natriuretic peptide.sg www.natriuretic peptide.be www.natriuretic peptide ... natriuretic peptide.fm www.natriuretic peptide.tk www.natriuretic peptide.de www.natriuretic peptide.sh www.natriuretic peptide ... natriuretic peptide.jp www.natriuretic peptide.vc www.natriuretic peptide.gs www.natriuretic peptide.tm www.natriuretic peptide ... natriuretic peptide.ms www.natriuretic peptide.im www.natriuretic peptide.la www.natriuretic peptide.vg www.natriuretic peptide ...
http://fesion.awardspace.co.uk/1.php?go=natriuretic%20peptidePeptide - Wikipedia
A peptide hormone is a peptide that acts as a hormone.. *A proteose is a mixture of peptides produced by the hydrolysis of ... Peptide classes[edit]. Peptides are divided into several classes, depending on how they are produced:. Milk peptides Two ... The term peptide has been used to mean secretagogue peptides and peptide hormones in sports doping matters: secretagogue ... Well-known peptide families[edit]. The peptide families in this section are ribosomal peptides, usually with hormonal activity ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide
Vasoactive intestinal peptide test: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a test that measures the amount of VIP in the blood. ... Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a test that measures the amount of VIP in the blood. ...
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003508.htm
Drug hypersensitivity caused by alteration of the MHC-presented self-peptide repertoire | PNAS
In the example shown, peptide A, but not peptide B, can bind to the HLA molecule. Self-peptides presented to T cells in this ... Three of these peptides were present at levels (,100 copies/cell) that place them among the top 5% of all peptides in the drug- ... To set up the assay, 5 × 105 PBMCs were then exposed to 10 μg/mL of exogenous peptides, either singly or as peptide pools ... D) Abacavir binding in the F pocket does not alter the peptide conformation compared with other peptide/HLA-B complexes. A ...
http://www.pnas.org/content/109/25/9959.longPeptide - Wikipedia
... fungal peptides, invertebrate peptides, amphibian/skin peptides, venom peptides, cancer/anticancer peptides, vaccine peptides ... cardiovascular peptides, renal peptides, respiratory peptides, opiate peptides, neurotrophic peptides, and blood-brain peptides ... immune/inflammatory peptides, brain peptides, endocrine peptides, ingestive peptides, gastrointestinal peptides, ... A peptide hormone is a peptide that acts as a hormone.. *A proteose is a mixture of peptides produced by the hydrolysis of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptone
Peptide Microarrays | SpringerLink
... provides insights into the technological fundamentals together with a comprehensive overview of the potentialities of peptide ... Peptides and Anti-peptide Antibodies for Small and Medium Scale Peptide and Anti-peptide Affinity Microarrays: Antigenic ... strategies Enzyme activity screening Epitope mapping Medical applications Peptide array technology Peptide binding Peptide ... Peptide Arrays: Cutting-Edge Methods and Technology. * Front Matter Pages 1-1 ...
https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4939-3037-1Peptide Hormones | SpringerLink
The development of peptide chemistry in the second half of this century is so closely related to hormone research that it ... Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Human Insulin Disulfide Bridge Peptide Hormone Arginine Vasopressin These keywords were added by ... R. Guillemin, Peptides in the brain: the new endocrinology of the neuron. (Nobel Lecture) Science 202: 390-402 (1978).PubMed ... The development of peptide chemistry in the second half of this century is so closely related to hormone research that it ...
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-75850-8_7
Peptide | chemical compound | Britannica
The class of peptides includes many hormones, antibiotics, and other compounds that participate in the metabolic functions of ... Peptide molecules are composed of two or more ... Peptide, any organic substance of which the molecules are ... protein: Peptides with hormonelike activity. Small peptides have been discovered that, like hormones, act on certain target ... protein: Peptides with hormonelike activity. Small peptides have been discovered that, like hormones, act on certain target ...
https://www.britannica.com/science/peptide
peptide - Everything2.com
A peptide is any of a class of organic molecules that are composed of (and hydrolyze into) amino acids and form the basic ... And finally, many peptides have other uses in a variety of industries. Aspartame is a peptide that has gained fame as an ... Peptides can also be an important cell biology research tool; several types of marker peptides can be created by linking a ... Peptides can act as systemic regulators and as substances for signalling between cells. For instance, peptides called ...
https://everything2.com/title/peptide
Peptide Bond | Encyclopedia.com
... shorter strings of linked amino acids are known as peptides). ... Peptide Bond A peptide bond is a linkage between the building ... Peptide Bond. A peptide bond is a linkage between the building blocks of proteins called amino acids (shorter strings of linked ... The synthesis of proteins involves the formation of many peptide bonds. Cleavage of peptide bonds, involved in digestion of ... peptide bond A chemical bond that links 2 or more amino acids by a reaction between carboxyl and amino groups. According to the ...
https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/chemistry/chemistry-general/peptide-bondNatriuretic Peptide | Encyclopedia.com
atrial n. p. (*ANP*) a peptide produced in the atria of the heart in response to a rise in atrial pressure. ... any of several peptides that stimulate diuresis and vasodilatation. They act on the kidney tubules to promote excretion of ... Others include brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), produced in the central nervous system, and type C natriuretic peptide (CNP).. ... natriuretic peptide Any of several peptide hormones that promote the excretion of sodium ions in the urine (i.e. natriuresis). ...
https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/anatomy-and-physiology/anatomy-and-physiology/natriuretic-peptide
Bioactive Peptide Applications
Bioactive peptides are small protein fragments that promote metabolic health by exerting a positive influence on biological ... Typical opioid peptides have the same N-terminal sequence of Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe, while atypical opioid peptides have varying amino ... Marine-derived bioactive peptides, such as jellyfish collagen peptides, protein hydrolysates from muscles of goby fish and ... Milk-Derived Bioactive Peptides. Milk-derived bioactive peptides also exert multiple therapeutic functions, such as ...
https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Bioactive-Peptide-Applications.aspx
Blood Test: C-Peptide
A C-peptide test can help doctors tell the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It also can help find the cause of ... In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas produces little or no insulin and little or no C-peptide. In type 2 diabetes, C-peptide levels ... In general, high C-peptide levels are associated with increased insulin production, while low C-peptide levels indicate ... C-peptide, on the other hand, has no effect on blood sugar. It is, however, useful as a marker of insulin production, since the ...
http://kidshealth.org/ChildrensHealthNetwork/en/parents/test-cpeptide.html
Protein & Peptide Science Group
... The Protein and Peptide Science Group (PPSG) is one of the RSCs many Interest Groups. The ... MyRSC Protein and Peptide Science Group You will be required to register for MyRSC, then you can sign up to become a member of ... Peptide chemists and biologists, medics, members of the biotechnology, food and pharmaceutical industries. Community. We also ...
http://www.rsc.org/Membership/Networking/InterestGroups/ProteinPeptideScience/index.asp
RhymeZone: peptide definitions
Search for peptide at other dictionaries: OneLook, Oxford, American Heritage, Merriam-Webster, Wikipedia. See peptide used in ... Definitions of peptide: *noun: amide combining the amino group of one amino acid with the carboxyl group of another; usually ...
http://www.rhymezone.com/r/d=peptide
signal-peptide
... weller1 at agri.huji.ac.il weller1 at agri.huji.ac.il Tue Feb 4 10:55:10 EST 1992 *Previous message: Types of ... are they known polymorphisms in the sequence of the signal peptide? thank You for Your answers *Previous message: Types of file ... function and possible polymorphism in signal-peptides? what influence has a polymorphism ? ...
http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/proteins/1992-February/000254.htmlPeptide ELISA
... Tom mdp96tab at my-deja.com Wed Feb 23 12:52:38 EST 2000 *Previous message: Peptide ELISA ... peptide from a 10 mg/ml peptide stock was added to 10 mls of , carbonate-bicarbonate buffer (enough for one plate). 100 ml per ... In article ,87l6cc$jgq$1 at nnrp1.deja.com,, jack_horner at my-deja.com wrote: , From the method I use: , 1. Antigen (peptide/ ... I guess its just a desperate attempt to get peptide to stick down ( and beleive me I was desperate!). Thanks to all for your ...
http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/immuno/2000-February/015557.htmlAngiotensin | peptide | Britannica.com
... a peptide, one form of which, angiotensin II, causes constriction of blood vessels. There are three forms of angiotensin. ... peptide. Peptide. , any organic substance of which the molecules are structurally like those of proteins, but smaller. The ... protein: Peptides with hormonelike activity. One peptide, angiotensin (angiotonin or hypertensin), is formed in the blood from ... Angiotensin, a peptide, one form of which, angiotensin II, causes constriction of blood vessels. ...
https://www.britannica.com/science/angiotensin
Insulin C-peptide - Posts
Find Insulin C-peptide information, treatments for Insulin C-peptide and Insulin C-peptide symptoms. ... MedHelps Insulin C-peptide Center for Information, Symptoms, Resources, Treatments and Tools for Insulin C-peptide. ... I got the results for my blood test, and the Dr said my c-peptide was very low and my A... ... C-peptide, Insulin, Hemoglobin glycated results to confirm - Diabetes Prevention & Pre-Diabetes Community ...
https://www.medhelp.org/tags/show/124493/Insulin-C-peptide?section=subjectsAplicações Bioactive do Peptide
Os peptides Bioactive são os fragmentos pequenos da proteína que promovem a saúde metabólica exercendo uma influência positiva ... Aplicações terapêuticas de Peptides Bioactive Marinho-Derivados. os peptides bioactive Marinho-derivados, tais como peptides do ... Os peptides típicos do opiáceo têm a mesma seqüência do N-terminal de Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe, quando os peptides atípicos do opiáceo ... Propriedades farmacológicas de Peptides Bioactive. O tipo de ácido aminado do n e do C-terminal, o comprimento chain do peptide ...
https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Bioactive-Peptide-Applications-Peptide-membrane interactions: Faraday Discussion
... of how peptides (and proteins) interact with lipid bilayers. This session will address the simplest membrane and peptide ... The behaviour of peptides and proteins within membranes will be considered further in this session. Discussion in the first two ... Chair, Peptide-membrane interactions. Format of the Discussion. Faraday Discussions remain amongst the only conferences to ... Peptide-membrane interactions and biotechnology; enabling next-generation synthetic biology. This session will consider how the ...
https://www.rsc.org/events/detail/37143/peptide-membrane-interactions-faraday-discussionHormonesAmideStructure of peptidesProteinOpioid peptidesProduce peptidesVasoactive IntestiPolypeptideCarboxylic acidSpecific peptideAntibioticBioactiveAnti-microbialAngiotensinOpiateHormoneBondsTumorAmino acids joinedSebumEnzymeType 2 diabetDiabetesProteolyticBacteriaFragmentsMetabolicInsulin productionBiological activityStimulateBacterialDeterminationMarkerBindStructuresPlasteinExperimentalTypicallyCombinationsReaction
- The class of peptides includes many hormones, antibiotics, and other compounds that participate in the metabolic functions of living organisms. (britannica.com)
- Small peptides have been discovered that, like hormones, act on certain target organs. (britannica.com)
- natriuretic peptide Any of several peptide hormones that promote the excretion of sodium ions in the urine (i.e. natriuresis). (encyclopedia.com)
- Many peptides known to be hormones also act as neurotransmitters, and often these are co-released with small-molecule neurotransmitters. (nih.gov)
- The large number of neuropeptide transmitters have been loosely grouped into five categories: the brain/gut peptides, opioid peptides, pituitary peptides, hypothalamic releasing hormones, and a catch-all category containing all other peptides not easily classified. (nih.gov)
- derived from πέσσειν, péssein "to digest") are short chains of amino acid monomers linked by peptide ( amide ) bonds. (wikipedia.org)
- Amino acids that have been incorporated into peptides are termed "residues" due to the release of either a hydrogen ion from the amine end or a hydroxyl ion from the carboxyl end, or both, as a water molecule is released during formation of each amide bond. (wikipedia.org)
- Peptide molecules are composed of two or more amino acids joined through amide formation involving the carboxyl group of each amino acid and the amino group of the next. (britannica.com)
- The chemical bond between the carbon and nitrogen atoms of each amide group is called a peptide bond . (britannica.com)
- These molecule s link to each other by forming a bond (an amide linkage) between the amino group of one peptide to the carboxyl group of another. (everything2.com)
- Biochemists study the structure of peptides to help solve a wide range of problems in cell biology . (everything2.com)
- A peptide is any of a class of organic molecule s that are composed of (and hydrolyze into) amino acid s and form the basic building blocks of protein s. (everything2.com)
- Bioactive peptides are small protein fragments that promote metabolic health by exerting a positive influence on biological responses within the body. (news-medical.net)
- A pure form of proteolytic enzyme is used to hydrolyze the protein to produce short peptide sequences. (news-medical.net)
- Marine-derived bioactive peptides, such as jellyfish collagen peptides, protein hydrolysates from muscles of goby fish and sardines are used for their hypotensive, anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic, and hypocholesterolemic activities. (news-medical.net)
- Incorporation of bioactive peptides into liposomes via cell-free protein synthesis is another way to develop proteoliposomal nanodelivery systems. (news-medical.net)
- The Protein and Peptide Science Group (PPSG) is one of the RSC's many Interest Groups. (rsc.org)
- GFP Peptide - Explores the structure of an oligopeptide, then zooms out to the whole GFP protein, showing how the peptide is oriented within the protein. (curriki.org)
- The first is that peptides allow the creation of peptide antibodies in animals without the need of purifying the protein of interest. (wikipedia.org)
- This involves synthesizing antigenic peptides of sections of the protein of interest. (wikipedia.org)
- For example, opioid peptides are short amino acid sequences with similar pharmacological activity as opium. (news-medical.net)
- Typical opioid peptides have the same N-terminal sequence of Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe, while atypical opioid peptides have varying amino acid sequences at their N-terminal region with conserved tyrosine residue. (news-medical.net)
- Others, such as substance P and the opioid peptides, are involved in the perception of pain (see Chapter 10). (nih.gov)
- Substance P is also a sensory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord , where its release can be inhibited by opioid peptides released from spinal cord interneurons, resulting in the suppression of pain (see Chapter 10). (nih.gov)
- The opioid peptides were discovered in the 1970s during a search for endogenous compounds that mimicked the actions of morphine . (nih.gov)
- The endogenous ligands of the opioid receptors have now been identified as a family of more than 20 opioid peptides that fall into three classes: the endorphins , the enkephalins , and the dynorphins . (nih.gov)
- Opioid peptides are widely distributed throughout the brain and are often co-localized with other small-molecule neurotransmitters such as GABA and 5-HT. (nih.gov)
- Some organisms produce peptides as antibiotics , such as microcins . (wikipedia.org)
- 10 kDa) are effective anti-hypertensive, anti-oxidative agents that find commercial application to produce peptides in bulk than high molecular weight peptides. (news-medical.net)
- Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a test that measures the amount of VIP in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
- A review of literature was performed using MEDLINE, Pubmed, and Cochrane databases in collection of data using MeSH terms including vasoactive intestinal peptide, VIPoma, and WDHA. (hindawi.com)
- Vasoactive intestinal peptide tumor is a rare neoplasm associated with significant morbidity and mortality through secretion of water and electrolytes in the gastrointestinal tract. (hindawi.com)
- A polypeptide is a long, continuous, and unbranched peptide chain. (wikipedia.org)
- some authorities have adopted, as an upper limit on the molecular weight of a polypeptide, 10,000 (that of a peptide composed of about 100 amino acids). (britannica.com)
- According to the number of amino acids linked by such bonds, the resulting peptide is designated dipeptide (2 amino acids), tripeptide (3 amino acids), oligo-peptide (3-10 amino acids), or polypeptide (10 or more amino acids). (encyclopedia.com)
- J.R. Vaughan, Jr., R.L. Osato, Preparation of peptides using mixed carboxylic acid anhydrides. (springer.com)
- A peptide bond forms when the carboxylic acid group (R-C[O]OH) of one amino acid reacts with the amine group (R-NH 2 ) of another. (encyclopedia.com)
- The pharmacologic interaction with immune receptors (p-i) model states that drugs can induce the formation of HLA-drug complexes that can activate T-cell immune responses directly without requiring a specific peptide ligand ( 8 ). (pnas.org)
- Angiotensin -converting enzyme (ACE) is an enzyme that targets a specific peptide bond, forming a chemical signal that increases blood pressure . (encyclopedia.com)
- This is an important breakthrough because peptides are considered to be a possible solution in the fight against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. (empa.ch)
- The research carried out by Empa and the University of Copenhagen could, therefore, be a first step in the successful fight against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, as peptides use a different mechanism from that used by antibiotics and destroy the membrane of bacteria. (empa.ch)
- The type of N- and C-terminal amino acid, the peptide chain length, charge character, and composition of the amino acids determines the biological activity of bioactive peptides. (news-medical.net)
- This sub-field of proteomics involves developing novel bioactive peptides and generation of peptide databases for industries that produce dairy products. (news-medical.net)
- Milk-derived bioactive peptides also exert multiple therapeutic functions, such as immunomodulatory, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and antagonistic activities against toxic agents. (news-medical.net)
- By enhancing the mucoadhesive property of nanoparticles, bioactive peptides can readily reach the blood stream for its intended therapeutic action. (news-medical.net)
- With increasing consumer awareness on the health-promoting effects of nutraceuticals, it is imperative to conduct robust clinical trials to provide enough evidence to show that bioactive peptides are useful functional agents to prevent and treat diseases. (news-medical.net)
- Os peptides Bioactive são os fragmentos pequenos da proteína que promovem a saúde metabólica exercendo uma influência positiva em respostas biológicas dentro do corpo. (news-medical.net)
- O tipo de ácido aminado do n e do C-terminal, o comprimento chain do peptide, o carácter da carga, e a composição dos ácidos aminados determinam a actividade biológica de peptides bioactive. (news-medical.net)
- Este secundário-campo do proteomics envolve desenvolver peptides e a geração bioactive novos de bases de dados do peptide para as indústrias que produzem produtos lácteos. (news-medical.net)
- os peptides bioactive Marinho-derivados, tais como peptides do colagénio das medusa, hydrolysates da proteína dos músculos de peixes do góbio e sardinhas são usados para suas actividades hypotensive, anti-diabéticas, hypolipidemic, e hypocholesterolemic. (news-medical.net)
- os peptides bioactive Leite-derivados igualmente exercem funções terapêuticas múltiplas, tais como actividades immunomodulatory, antioxidantes, antimicrobiais, e antagónicas contra agentes tóxicos. (news-medical.net)
- As proteínas salivares humanas, incluindo o statherin, o histatin 3, o histatin 1, as proteínas proline-ricas e o musin 7 podem gerar peptides bioactive com actividades antimicrobiais, antivirosas, e outras terapêuticas. (news-medical.net)
- As formulações orais do nanoparticle aumentam a disponibilidade biológica de proteínas e de peptides bioactive, e melhoram a conformidade do tratamento a longo prazo. (news-medical.net)
- The anti-microbial activity of the peptide is deployed when the structure of the nanocarrier is altered by external influences. (empa.ch)
- Angiotensin , a peptide , one form of which, angiotensin II, causes constriction of blood vessels . (britannica.com)
- For instance, peptides called enkephalins are natural opiate s created by the brain . (everything2.com)
- The development of peptide chemistry in the second half of this century is so closely related to hormone research that it appears necessary to dedicate a chapter to some historically significant accomplishments in this area. (springer.com)
- The peptides oxytocin and vasopressin , which are both produced by the pituitary gland , act as hormone s. (everything2.com)
- C-peptide, like the hormone insulin, is produced in the pancreas. (kidshealth.org)
- Some or all of the peptide bonds, which connect the consecutive triplets of atoms in the chain regarded as the backbone of the molecule, can be broken by partial or complete hydrolysis of the compound . (britannica.com)
- The bonds between peptides can be broken by enzyme s known as peptidases . (everything2.com)
- For example, cytotoxic peptides such as KLAK are conjugated onto dendrimers (polymeric materials with nanometer-scale dimensions) to enhance intracellular delivery and deep tumor penetration capacity. (news-medical.net)
- The shortest peptides are dipeptides , consisting of 2 amino acids joined by a single peptide bond, followed by tripeptides , tetrapeptides , etc. (wikipedia.org)
- Single-blind case-control studies have demonstrated that marine collagen peptides improve skin elasticity and sebum production in healthy participants. (news-medical.net)
- os estudos Único-cegos do caso-controle demonstraram que os peptides marinhos do colagénio melhoram a elasticidade de pele e a produção do sebum em participantes saudáveis. (news-medical.net)
- Other nonribosomal peptides are most common in unicellular organisms , plants , and fungi and are synthesized by modular enzyme complexes called nonribosomal peptide synthetases . (wikipedia.org)
- In type 2 diabetes, C-peptide levels will typically be normal or high, as the pancreas works harder to overcome insulin resistance (when the tissues become less sensitive to the effects of insulin) by producing more insulin. (kidshealth.org)
- C-Peptide is useful in the evaluation of pancreatic beta cell function (e.g., helping distinguish type 1 from type 2 diabetes mellitus, or monitoring patients who have received islet cell or pancreatic transplants) and for determining the source of insulin in patients with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (e.g., distinguishing insulin-secreting tumors from exogenous insulin administration). (questdiagnostics.com)
- In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas produces little or no insulin and little or no C-peptide. (kidshealth.org)
- A C-peptide test is not ordered to help diagnose diabetes, but when a person has been newly diagnosed with diabetes, it may be ordered by itself or along with an insulin level to help determine how much insulin a person's pancreas is still producing (endogenous insulin). (labcorp.com)
- C-peptide levels may be ordered when a person has been newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes as part of an evaluation of the person's "residual beta cell function. (labcorp.com)
- Um formulário puro da enzima proteolytic é usado para hydrolyze a proteína para produzir seqüências curtos do peptide. (news-medical.net)
- Estas bactérias ou o fermento segregam suas enzimas proteolytic em momento oportuno para liberar peptides das proteínas. (news-medical.net)
- They occur in many organisms and constitute natural weapons against bacteria in the body, being known as antimicrobial peptides. (empa.ch)
- Peptides are already effective against bacteria when working "alone" - but in combination with the carrier structure they are even stronger. (empa.ch)
- In many metabolic disorder s, the body may inadvertently produce toxic peptides that it cannot break down which build up in the system and damage organs. (everything2.com)
- Sometimes a C-peptide test may be used to help evaluate a person diagnosed with metabolic syndrome, a set of risk factors that includes abdominal obesity, increased blood glucose and/or insulin resistance, unhealthy blood lipid levels, and high blood pressure (hypertension). (labcorp.com)
- It is, however, useful as a marker of insulin production, since the pancreas typically releases C-peptide and insulin in about equal amounts. (kidshealth.org)
- In general, high C-peptide levels are associated with increased insulin production, while low C-peptide levels indicate decreased insulin production. (kidshealth.org)
- Since C-peptide and insulin are produced at the same rate, C-peptide is a useful marker of insulin production. (labcorp.com)
- natriuretic peptide n. any of several peptides that stimulate diuresis and vasodilatation. (encyclopedia.com)
- Other peptides are studied because they have or may have value in treating diseases such as cancer , AIDS , and other viral and bacterial diseases. (everything2.com)
- The reason for this lies in their structure, which results in peptides being broken down relatively quickly inside the human body, before they can have an anti-bacterial impact. (empa.ch)
- Initial tests with bacterial cultures have shown that the peptides are completely enclosed by the nanocarriers and thus remain stable. (empa.ch)
- P. Edman, Determination of the amino acid sequence in peptides. (springer.com)
- also: Method for the determination of the amino acid sequence in peptides. (springer.com)
- several types of marker peptides can be created by linking a small peptide to a dye molecule . (everything2.com)
- Here we show that abacavir can bind within the F pocket of the peptide-binding groove of HLA-B*57:01, thereby altering its specificity. (pnas.org)
- The tyrosine residue is an important structural motif that is required for the opioid peptide to bind with its corresponding receptor. (news-medical.net)
- These peptides are so named because they bind to the same postsynaptic receptors activated by opium (see Chapter 10). (nih.gov)
- In general, peptides are linear, although lariat structures have been observed. (wikipedia.org)
- With recent advances in computational modelling, it is now feasible to model membranes that can deliver realistic representations of multi-lipid assemblies and the interactions of peptides with these structures with atomistic detail seems also within reach. (rsc.org)
- Plastein is a protease-induced peptide. (news-medical.net)
- O Plastein é um peptide protease-induzido. (news-medical.net)
- a , b , Comparison of DDA and DIA data for individual peptides under each experimental condition. (nature.com)
- For 1639 combinations of peptide and sample, the log 10 of the fragment-ion area was compared to the log 10 of the MS1 area. (nature.com)
- peptide bond A chemical bond that links 2 or more amino acids by a reaction between carboxyl and amino groups . (encyclopedia.com)