Butyric acid. Medical search

A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.

Derivatives of BUTYRIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxypropane structure.

Type species of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM, a gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae. It is used as a source of PROBIOTICS.

Short-chain fatty acids of up to six carbon atoms in length. They are the major end products of microbial fermentation in the ruminant digestive tract and have also been implicated in the causation of neurological diseases in humans.

Derivatives of propionic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxyethane structure.

Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed)

Acetic acid derivatives of the heterocyclic compound indole. (Merck Index, 11th ed)

The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

The blind sac or outpouching area of the LARGE INTESTINE that is below the entrance of the SMALL INTESTINE. It has a worm-like extension, the vermiform APPENDIX.

Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate histamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine or histamine agonists. Classical antihistaminics block the histamine H1 receptors only.

Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic.

Derivatives of BUTYRIC ACID that contain one or more amino groups attached to the aliphatic structure. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include the aminobutryrate structure.

A compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug.

Naphthalene derivatives containing the -CH2CCO2H radical at the 1-position, the 2-position, or both. Compounds are used as plant growth regulators to delay sprouting, exert weed control, thin fruit, etc.

A compound used as a topical insect repellent that may cause irritation to eyes and mucous membranes, but not to the skin.

A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in cavities of humans and other animals. No endospores are formed. Some species are pathogenic and occur in various purulent or gangrenous infections.

A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.

A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.

Benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number one carbon adjacent to the benzyl portion, in contrast to ISOINDOLES which have the nitrogen away from the six-membered ring.

Drugs that inhibit 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE. They are commonly used to reduce the production of DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE.

A genus of motile or nonmotile gram-positive bacteria of the family Clostridiaceae. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. They occur in water, soil, and in the intestinal tract of humans and lower animals.

Substances causing insects to turn away from them or reject them as food.

A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that catalyzes the alpha-decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid to form gamma-aminobutyric acid and carbon dioxide. The enzyme is found in bacteria and in invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in determining GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in normal nervous tissues. The brain enzyme also acts on L-cysteate, L-cysteine sulfinate, and L-aspartate. EC 4.1.1.15.

Oral tissue surrounding and attached to TEETH.

The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982; Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.

Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.

Salts and esters of hydroxybutyric acid.

The first stomach of ruminants. It lies on the left side of the body, occupying the whole of the left side of the abdomen and even stretching across the median plane of the body to the right side. It is capacious, divided into an upper and a lower sac, each of which has a blind sac at its posterior extremity. The rumen is lined by mucous membrane containing no digestive glands, but mucus-secreting glands are present in large numbers. Coarse, partially chewed food is stored and churned in the rumen until the animal finds circumstances convenient for rumination. When this occurs, little balls of food are regurgitated through the esophagus into the mouth, and are subjected to a second more thorough mastication, swallowed, and passed on into other parts of the compound stomach. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed)

Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Any of the hormones produced naturally in plants and active in controlling growth and other functions. There are three primary classes: auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins.

The segment of LARGE INTESTINE between the CECUM and the RECTUM. It includes the ASCENDING COLON; the TRANSVERSE COLON; the DESCENDING COLON; and the SIGMOID COLON.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Carrier of aroma of butter, vinegar, coffee, and other foods.

The insertion of drugs into the rectum, usually for confused or incompetent patients, like children, infants, and the very old or comatose.

Derivatives of formic acids. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are formed with a single carbon carboxy group.

Microbodies which occur in animal and plant cells and in certain fungi and protozoa. They contain peroxidase, catalase, and allied enzymes. (From Singleton and Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2nd ed)

A superfamily of proteins containing the globin fold which is composed of 6-8 alpha helices arranged in a characterstic HEME enclosing structure.

Cell surface proteins which bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and contain an integral membrane chloride channel. Each receptor is assembled as a pentamer from a pool of at least 19 different possible subunits. The receptors belong to a superfamily that share a common CYSTEINE loop.

The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins.

Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

Fractionation of a vaporized sample as a consequence of partition between a mobile gaseous phase and a stationary phase held in a column. Two types are gas-solid chromatography, where the fixed phase is a solid, and gas-liquid, in which the stationary phase is a nonvolatile liquid supported on an inert solid matrix.

The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.

A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Tools or devices for generating products using the synthetic or chemical conversion capacity of a biological system. They can be classical fermentors, cell culture perfusion systems, or enzyme bioreactors. For production of proteins or enzymes, recombinant microorganisms such as bacteria, mammalian cells, or insect or plant cells are usually chosen.

Derivatives of caproic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated six carbon aliphatic structure.

The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Foodstuff used especially for domestic and laboratory animals, or livestock.

An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the ESOPHAGUS and the beginning of the DUODENUM.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.

Sodium butyrate induces apoptosis and accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in human breast carcinoma cells. (1/589)

To investigate the possible relationship between apoptosis and the ubiquitin pathway we examined the patterns of ubiquitinated proteins in the human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cell line following induction of apoptotic death by sodium butyrate. Apoptosis in these cells was associated with internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and proteolytic cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. By dual in situ antiubiquitin immunofluorescence and chromatin DNA staining, we demonstrated that ubiquitin fluorescence was increased specifically in cells that underwent sodium butyrate-mediated apoptosis. The extent of ubiquitin incorporation into protein conjugates was examined in both adherent (not yet apoptotic) and floating (apoptotic) cell populations. We found that apoptotic cells exhibited enhanced intensity of ubiquitin-immunoreactive conjugates, whereas adherent cells did not. In addition, two-dimensional immunoblot analysis of proteins from apoptotic cells identified a set of isomeric ubiquitinated conjugates located at a pI range of 4. 2 - 4.6 and a Mr approximately of 30 kDa. These data indicate that the ubiquitin pathway may play a role in the sodium butyrate-induced apoptotic program in breast carcinoma cells. (+info)

Cancer cell sensitization to fas-mediated apoptosis by sodium butyrate. (2/589)

Cancer cells often resist Fas-mediated apoptosis even when the Fas receptor is expressed at the cell surface. We show here that human and rat colon cancer cells undergo massive apoptosis when they are exposed to soluble Fas ligand in the presence of sodium butyrate, an agent that induces by itself only a low rate of apoptosis. Sodium butyrate potentiates Fas-dependent apoptosis in seven out of eight colon cancer cell lines. Sodium butyrate does not increase Fas receptor cell surface expression and does not modify cell levels of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bcl-xS and Bax. Sodium butyrate also induces tumor cell sensitization to the apoptotic effect of the combination of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma, but it does not modify the level of the FADD/Mort1 adaptator molecule, at the connection between Fas- and TNF-dependent apoptosis pathways. Because the clinical toxicity of butyrate is low, its ability to enhance Fas-signal delivery in cancer cells could be of therapeutic interest. (+info)

Pharmacological activities of TEI-8362, a novel inhibitor of human neutrophil elastase. (3/589)

1. TEI-8362, 4-(N-(3-((3-carboxypropyl)amino)-8-methyl-1-oxo-4-azaisochromen-6- yl)carbamoyl)-4-((phenylmethoxy)carbonylamino)butanoic acid (C26H28N4O9) is a novel inhibitor of human neutrophil elastase (HNE). We evaluated its pharmacological profile in vitro and in vivo. 2. TEI-8362 demonstrated potent inhibition of HNE with a Ki value of 1.38 x 10(-9) M. Its selectivity for HNE among a variety of proteases ranged from 163 fold to 68,000 fold in favour of HNE. 3. The pulmonary haemorrhage that occurred after i.t. instillation of HNE to hamsters was inhibited by either i.t., i.v., or inhalant administration of TEI-8362. 4. Intratracheal administration of lipopolysaccharide induced pulmonary neutrophilia. Twenty-four hours after lipopolysaccharide administration, the additional treatment with formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine resulted in a specific neutrophil-dependent acute lung injury. In this model, lung injury was significantly attenuated by i.t., i.v., or inhalant administration of TEI-8362. 5. These pharmacological actions of TEI-8362 suggest that this drug has therapeutic value in the treatment of destructive lung diseases due to neutrophils. (+info)

Interleukin-2 overexpresses c-myc and down-regulates cytochrome P-450 in rat hepatocytes. (4/589)

The interaction of interleukin-2 (IL-2) with its receptor (IL-2R) decreases cytochrome P-450 (CYP) expression in rat hepatocytes. Because IL-2 increases c-Myc in lymphocytes and because c-myc overexpression represses several genes, we postulated that the IL-2/IL-2R interaction may increase c-Myc and thereby down-regulate CYP in hepatocytes. Cultured rat hepatocytes were exposed for 24 h to IL-2 (350 U/ml) and other agents. IL-2 increased c-myc mRNA and protein but decreased total CYP and the mRNAs and proteins of CYP2C11 and CYP3A. The IL-2-mediated c-myc overexpression and CYP down-regulation were prevented by 1) genistein (a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that blocks the initial transduction of the IL-2R signal), 2) retinoic acid, butyric acid, or dimethyl sulfoxide (three agents that block c-myc transcription), or 3) an antisense c-myc oligonucleotide (which may cause rapid degradation of the c-myc transcript). It is concluded that IL-2 causes the overexpression of c-myc and the down-regulation of CYPs in rat hepatocytes. Block of c-myc overexpression, at three different levels with five different agents, prevents CYP down-regulation, suggesting that c-myc overexpression may directly or indirectly repress CYP in hepatocytes. (+info)

Quantitative analysis of histone H1 degrees protein synthesis in HTC cells. (5/589)

H1 degrees, a member of histone H1 family associated with cell growth arrest and differentiation, is barely expressed in most mammalian cells in culture. Depending on the cell type, serum deprivation or drugs, such as sodium butyrate, significantly increase H1 degrees mRNA level and H1 degrees protein accumulates. However, probably because of a lack of a simple quantitative procedure, little is known about the relationship between H1 degrees mRNA content and its effective translation rate. Using a rat hepatoma cell line and sodium butyrate as a model system, we attempted to evaluate this in different cellular conditions by measuring H1 degrees synthesis with a rapid quantitative procedure we described previously. We found that although the amount of H1 degrees mRNA rapidly increased and then stabilized under sodium butyrate treatment, its transcription was delayed and H1 degrees protein was synthesized in a progressive wave. Butyrate removal from cell culture confirmed that mRNA level and protein synthesis were independently regulated, and provided evidence that sodium butyrate would not directly target the translation apparatus. In contrast, during the S phase of the cell cycle, H1 degrees gene transcription and protein synthesis were concomitantly activated. Taken together these data provide evidence that H1 degrees accumulation results from an increase of its synthesis and that, depending on conditions, a cell exhibits a H1 degrees translation efficiency which may or may not reflect the mRNA level. (+info)

Short-chain fatty acids suppress cholesterol synthesis in rat liver and intestine. (6/589)

We previously showed that plasma cholesterol levels decreased following ingestion of a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) mixture composed of sodium salts of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids simulating cecal fermentation products of sugar-beet fiber (SBF). In the present study, we investigated whether hepatic and small intestinal cholesterol synthesis is involved in the cholesterol-lowering effects of SCFA and SBF. In vitro (expt. 1) and in vivo (expt. 2) cholesterol synthesis rates and the diurnal pattern of SCFA concentrations in portal plasma (expt. 3) were studied in three separate experiments in rats fed diets containing the SCFA mixture, SBF (100 g/kg diet), or the fiber-free control diet. Cholesterol synthesis was measured using 3H2O as a tracer. The in vitro rate of cholesterol synthesis, measured using liver slices, was greater in the SBF group, but not in the SCFA group, than in the fiber-free control group. In contrast, the hepatic cholesterol synthesis rate in vivo was lower in the SCFA group, but not in the SBF group, than in the control group. The mucosal cholesterol synthesis rate for the whole small intestine was <50% of the hepatic rate. The rate in the proximal region was slightly but significantly lower in the SCFA group, and was significantly higher in the SBF group than in the fiber-free group. The rate in the distal small intestines was also significantly greater in the SBF group than in the fiber-free group. Plasma total cholesterol concentrations were lower in the SCFA and SBF groups than in the fiber-free group in both experiments 2 and 3. Diurnal changes in portal SCFA and cholesterol levels were studied in the experiment 3. SCFA concentrations increased rapidly after the start of feeding the SCFA diet, and changes in plasma cholesterol were the reciprocal of those observed in SCFA. These results show that a decrease in hepatic cholesterol synthesis rate mainly contributes to the lowering of plasma cholesterol in rats fed the SCFA mixture diet. Changes in portal SCFA and cholesterol concentrations support this conclusion. In SBF-fed rats, SCFA produced by cecal fermentation are possibly involved in lowering plasma cholesterol levels by negating the counteractive induction of hepatic cholesterol synthesis caused by an increase in bile acid excretion. (+info)

Sodium butyrate enhances STAT 1 expression in PLC/PRF/5 hepatoma cells and augments their responsiveness to interferon-alpha. (7/589)

Although interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) has shown great promise in the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis, the anti-tumour effect of this agent in the therapy of liver cancer is unclear. Recent studies have demonstrated that differentiation-inducing agents could modulate the responsiveness of cancer cells to IFN-alpha by regulating the expression of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) proteins, a group of transcription factors which play important roles in the IFN signalling pathway. We have reported that sodium butyrate is a potent differentiation inducer for human hepatoma cells. In this study, we investigated whether this drug could regulate the expression of STAT proteins and enhance the anti-tumour effect of IFN-alpha in hepatoma cells. We found that sodium butyrate specifically activated STAT1 gene expression and enhanced IFN-alpha-induced phosphorylation and activation of STAT1 proteins. Co-treatment with these two drugs led to G1 growth arrest, accompanied by down-regulation of cyclin D1 and up-regulation of p21WAF-1, and accumulation of hypophosphorylated retinoblastoma protein in hepatoma cells. Additionally, internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, a biological hallmark of apoptosis, was detected in hepatoma cells after continuous incubation with a combination of these two drugs for 72 h. Our results show that sodium butyrate potently enhances the anti-tumour effect of IFN-alpha in vitro and suggest that a rational combination of these two drugs may be useful for the treatment of liver cancer. (+info)

Expression and up-regulation of interleukin-6 in oesophageal carcinoma cells by n-sodium butyrate. (8/589)

Recently, the serum level of interleukin (IL)-6 has been shown to correlate with disease progression and prognosis of cancer patients. However, the available information about the source and the pathophysiological regulation of IL-6 in cancer cells is limited. Thus, in this study, we tried to identify the source and the clinical roles of serum IL-6 in patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and then further to characterize the biological regulation of IL-6 in ESCC cell lines. Sera and tissue specimens from 80 consecutive patients with ESCC were collected between 1993 and 1997. Additionally, three ESCC cell lines were used for in vitro study. The concentration of serum IL-6 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and correlated the survival time with measured IL-6 level. Expressions of IL-6, IL-6R alpha (IL-6 receptor alpha) and gp130 in pathological sections and cell lines were characterized by immunological staining. Detection of IL-6 mRNA was determined by in situ hybridization (ISH) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Up-regulation of IL-6 by n-sodium butyrate (n-BT) was studied in ESCC cell lines. The levels of serum IL-6 in patients with ESCC were significantly higher than those in the healthy controls. Serum levels of IL-6 were also shown to correlate with disease progression and survival. However, sCD8 levels and lymphocyte counts in the peripheral blood were not parallel to the changed pattern of serum IL-6. In pathological sections and ESCC cell lines, message of IL-6 was identified by ISH in cancer cells. Expression of IL-6 mRNA was further confirmed with RT-PCR in ESCC cell lines. Although IL-6 was detected in some ESCC cell lines, IL-6 gene expression and protein production could be induced or enhanced by n-BT treatment in all three cell lines. The serum levels of IL-6 are frequently elevated at diagnosis of ESCC, and are associated with poor prognosis. IL-6 that could be produced by cancer cells is up-regulated by n-BT. (+info)

Erythroleukemia typically affects adults in their 50s and 60s, although it can occur at any age. Symptoms may include fever, night sweats, weight loss, and fatigue. The cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body, including the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes.

Erythroleukemia is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, blood tests, and bone marrow biopsy. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy to kill cancer cells and restore normal blood cell production. In some cases, a bone marrow transplant may be necessary. The prognosis for erythroleukemia is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of about 20%.

Erythroleukemia is classified as an acute leukemia, meaning it progresses rapidly and can lead to life-threatening complications if left untreated. It is important for patients to receive prompt and appropriate treatment to improve their chances of survival and quality of life.

It is one of the fatty acid subgroup called short-chain fatty acids. Butyric acid is a typical carboxylic acid that reacts with ... acids α-Hydroxybutyric acid β-Hydroxybutyric acid γ-Hydroxybutyric acid β-Methylbutyric acid β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid ... Triglycerides of butyric acid compose 3-4% of butter. When butter goes rancid, butyric acid is liberated from the glyceride by ... Isobutyric acid (2-methylpropanoic acid) is an isomer. Salts and esters of butyric acid are known as butyrates or butanoates. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyric_acid

... (1H-indole-3-butanoic acid, IBA) is a white to light-yellow crystalline solid, with the molecular formula ... Ludwig-Müller, J. (2000). "Indole-3-butyric acid in plant growth and development". Plant Growth Regulation. Vol. 32, no. 2-3. ... 1.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Ludwig-Müller, J. (2000). "Indole-3-butyric acid in plant ... "Identification and characterization of Arabidopsis indole-3-butyric acid response mutants defective in novel peroxisomal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indole-3-butyric_acid

... is an organic compound with the structural formula CH3SCH2CH2CH(OH)CO2H. It is a white ... "2-Hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butyric acid". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 28 April 2022. Rey, Patrick; Rossi, Jean-Christophe ... In terms of functional groups, the molecule is a α-hydroxy carboxylic acid and a thioether. The compound is structurally ... related to the amino acid methionine by replacement of the amine with a hydroxy group. The compound is produced commercially in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butyric_acid

PCBM is the common abbreviation for the fullerene derivative [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester. It is being ... phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester single crystals without solvent impurities". Journal of Materials Chemistry C. 1 (36): ... Phenyl-C61-butyric Acid Methyl Ester)". Chemistry of Materials. 26 (7): 2361-2367. doi:10.1021/cm500594u. Björström, Cecilia; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenyl-C61-butyric_acid_methyl_ester

It is an isomer of n-butyric acid. It is classified as a short-chain fatty acid. Deprotonation or esterification gives ... Isobutyric acid, also known as 2-methylpropanoic acid or isobutanoic acid, is a carboxylic acid with structural formula (CH3) ... the action of sodium amalgam on methacrylic acid also gives isobutyric acid. The acid reacts as a typical carboxylic acid: it ... The metabolism of isobutyric acid in plants has been studied. Isobutyric acid, along with several other short-chain fatty acids ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobutyric_acid

Henry Gilman and R. H. Kirby (1941). "Butyric acid, α-methyl-". Organic Syntheses.; Collective Volume, vol. 1, p. 361 Haugan, ... For example, nonylmagnesium bromide reacts with methyl p-chlorobenzoate to give p-nonylbenzoic acid, in the presence of Tris( ... "Unit 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids" (PDF). Chemistry Part II Textbook for class XII. Vol. 2. India: National ... A. Fürstner, A. Leitner, G. Seidel (2004). "4-Nonylbenzoic Acid". Organic Syntheses. 81: 33-42.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grignard_reagent

Butyric acid Kruh, Jacques (1981). "Effects of sodium butyrate, a new pharmacological agent, on cells in culture". Molecular ... Sodium butyrate is a compound with formula Na(C3H7COO). It is the sodium salt of butyric acid. It has various effects on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_butyrate

Clostridium butyricum produce butyric acid. Proteolytic bacteria hydrolyze proteins by producing extracellulat proteinases. ... Acetic acid bacteria like Acetobacter aceti produce acetic acid. Bacteria such as Propionibacterium freudenreichii that produce ... Lactic acid bacteria are bacteria that use carbohydrates to produce lactic acid. The main genera are Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, ... Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) produced by various strains of Bacillus has potential applications as a thickener in the food ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_microbiology

... is the amide of butyric acid. It has the molecular formula C3H7CONH2. It is a white solid that is freely soluble in ... At room temperature, butyramide is a crystalline solid and in contrast to butyric acid, it is devoid of an unpleasant, rancid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyramide

Grindley, John; Bury, Charles R. (1929). "XCVII.-The densities of butyric acid-water mixtures". J. Chem. Soc.: 679-684. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rugeley_Bury

... is soluble in water and many organic solvents. Its odor is similar to butyric acid. Crotonic acid may be obtained ... Crotonic acid converts into butyric acid by hydrogenation or by reduction with zinc and sulfuric acid. Upon treatment with ... This can either be reduced with sodium amalgam to butyric acid, can form with sulfuric acid 2-chlorobutenoic acid, react with ... crotonic acid converts to the acid anhydride: Esterification of crotonic acid using sulfuric acid as a catalyst provides the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotonic_acid

15 February Butyric acid is left in a McDonald's by the ALF, a chemical that leaves a foul smell, and also "McShit, McMurder, ... They also sprayed butyric acid into the building. The activists claimed they targeted the store for its sale of fur. This act ... Foul smelling acid was also sprayed into the store, according to the statement. The ALF also targeted the homes and vehicles of ... A Bradford councillor has two cars covered in acid (paint stripped) and tyres slashed, because of her support for the Ilkley ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Animal_Liberation_Front_actions

Butyric acid R. Twarog, R. S. Wolfe (1963). "Role of Butyrl Phosphate in the Energy Metabolism of Clstridium Tetanmorphum". ... Butyryl phosphate is an intermediate in the fermentation of butyric acid. The glutamate oxidation of butyryl phosphate may ... Acid anhydrides, Phosphate esters, All stub articles, Biochemistry stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyryl_phosphate

or via a Hunsdiecker reaction with butyric acid. Like many other liquid halocarbons, 1-bromopropane finds use as a liquid or ... A laboratory synthesis involves treating propanol with a mixture of hydrobromic and sulfuric acids: CH3CH2CH2OH + HBr → ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-Bromopropane

They can be viewed as derivatives of butyric acid. The carboxylate anion and the esters of hydroxybutyric acids are known as ... 2-hydroxybutyric acid) beta-Hydroxybutyric acid (3-hydroxybutyric acid) gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid (4-hydroxybutyric acid, GHB) ... β-hydroxybutyric acid is relevant to human health as it is a member of a class of products of fatty acid oxidation referred to ... Hydroxybutyric acid is a group of four-carbon organic compounds that have both hydroxyl and carboxylic acid functional groups. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxybutyric_acid

For defense purposes, they secrete the poisonous butyric acid. The larvae live between layers of bracket fungi, genus Polyporus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormolyce_phyllodes

The word "butyl" is derived from butyric acid, a four-carbon carboxylic acid found in rancid butter. The name "butyric acid" ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyl_group

It is usually produced by chlorination of butyric acid. Like related acyl chlorides, butyryl chloride hydrolyzes readily: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyryl_chloride

... γ-amino-butyric acid receptor-associate protein (GABARAP). MAP1LC3B is one of the four genes in the MAP1LC3 subfamily (others ... This domain is rich in hydrophobic amino acids, the mutation of which impairs the ability of LC3 binding with LIR containing ... with Phe 52 and Leu53 aminoacids present in hydrophobic binding interface of LC3 and any mutation of these amino acids prevents ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAP1LC3B

The sour taste of the product is due to lactic acid, which is present at 124-452 mg/kg. Formic, acetic, propionic and butyric ... Cottage cheese made with a food-grade acid must be labelled as "Direct Acid set". Usually, a small amount of low CO2-producing ... A bacterial culture that produces lactic acid (Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis or L. lactis ssp. cremoris strains such as are ... acid contribute to the aroma. In the United States and Canada, cottage cheese is popular in many culinary dishes. It can be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottage_cheese

Sc.) for a thesis entitled "On the metabolism of butyric acid". The couple had two daughters: Helena (1952-1982) and Zuzana (b ... "The release of ammonia from rat brain proteins during acid hydrolysis". Journal of Neurochemistry, 8(1), October 1961, 65-71. ... PMID 13466187 (1955). "Significance of glutamic acid in metabolic processes in the rat brain during physical exercise". Nature ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Vrba

It can be synthesized by reacting ethanol and butyric acid. This is a condensation reaction, meaning water is produced in the ... Butyric acid Butyrates Methyl butyrate Merck Index, 12th Edition, 3822 Schieberle, H.-D. Belitz, W. Grosch, P. (2009). Food ... Ethyl butyrate, also known as ethyl butanoate, or butyric ether, is an ester with the chemical formula CH3CH2CH2COOCH2CH3. It ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_butyrate

The secretion is usually composed of an irritant butyric acid. The osmeterium exists in all stages of the larvae. The pupa is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilio_anactus

... this is then converted to butyric acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase. Butyric acid can be fully metabolized to carbon dioxide and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-Butanol

It is an ester composed of butyric acid and glycerol. Among other things, it is used as an ingredient in making margarine. It ... Tributyrin is a stable and rapidly absorbed prodrug of butyric acid which enhances antiproliferative effects of ... a Stable and Rapidly Absorbed Prodrug of Butyric Acid, Enhances Antiproliferative Effects of Dihydroxycholecalciferol in Human ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributyrin

... but-3-enoic acid). Methacrylic acid, also C 3H 5COOH but branched like isobutene; a.k.a. isobutenoic acid Butyric acid, C 3H ... but-2-enoic acid) isocrotonic acid (cis-2-butenoic or (2Z)-but-2-enoic acid) 3-butenoic acid ( ... Butenoic acid is any of three monocarboxylic acids with an unbranched 4-carbon chain with 3 single bonds and one double bond; ... The gas-phase decarboxylation of but-3-enoic acid and the intermediacy of isocrotonic (cis-but-2-enoic) acid in its ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butenoic_acid

He then worked with Theophile Jules Pelouze on butyric acid derivatives. He became an assistant at the School of Mines in 1846 ... doi:10.1016/s0187-893x(13)73191-4. Wyld, Wilfrid (1923). Raw materials for the manufacture of sulphuric acid and the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Chancel

IUPAC-recommended names also exist; in this system, carboxylic acids have an -oic acid suffix. For example, butyric acid ( ... Acid anhydride Acid chloride Amide Amino acid Ester List of carboxylic acids Dicarboxylic acid Polyhydroxy carboxylic acid (PHC ... Carboxylic acids occur widely. Important examples include the amino acids and fatty acids. Deprotonation of a carboxylic acid ... fatty acids (coatings), maleic acid (polymers), propionic acid (food preservative), terephthalic acid (polymers). Important ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acid

... may protect against colon cancer in humans by producing butyric acid. Parte, A.C. "Anaerostipes". LPSN. " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerostipes

"The Spatial Configuation of Alpha-Amino-Beta-Hydroxy-n-Butyric Acid" (PDF). Journal of Biological Chemistry. 115 (3): 721-729. ... Proteinogenic amino acids, Glucogenic amino acids, Ketogenic amino acids, Essential amino acids, Glycine receptor agonists). ... The amino acid was named threonine because it was similar in structure to threonic acid, a four-carbon monosaccharide with ... Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 589-768. doi:10.17226/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threonine

Semi-hardened cuttings have been most successful in experiments applying the rooting hormone indole-3-butyric acid at 8000 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloxylon_flammeum

Bernard Belleau (1951). "The Reaction of Methylmagnesium Iodide with β-(1-Hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2-naphthyl)-butyric Acid Lactone ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujimoto–Belleau_reaction

"Butyric Acid" - 3:53 "Woman Shoots John" - 4:35 "Consolidated Buries the Mammoth" - 5:47 "Worthy Victim" - 5:19 "Recuperation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_of_Punishment

D-β-Hydroxybutyric acid, along with butyric acid, are the two primary endogenous agonists of hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 ... β-Hydroxybutyric acid, also known as 3-hydroxybutyric acid or BHB, is an organic compound and a beta hydroxy acid with the ... β-Hydroxybutyric acid is a chiral compound with two enantiomers: D-β-hydroxybutyric acid and L-β-hydroxybutyric acid. Its ... Hydroxybutyric acid Ketogenesis Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid (HMB) This reaction is catalyzed by an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Hydroxybutyric_acid

... such phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester, PCBM). Certain organic semiconductors can also present both p-type and n-type (i.e ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_electronics

Together with bacteria, pungent smelling acids are formed, such as propionic acid, butyric acid and acetic acid. Hydrogen ... butyric acid), and vinegary (acetic acid). Due to these gases, a thousand cans of surströmming exploded over a period of six ... These bacteria produce carbon dioxide and a number of compounds that account for the unique odor: pungent (propionic acid), ... The fermentation happens through autolysis and starts from a lactic acid enzyme in the spine of the fish. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surströmming

In 1860, Pasteur's report on bacterial fermentation of butyric acid motivated fellow Frenchman Casimir Davaine to identify a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_medicine

A very important projection comes from the medial septal nucleus, which sends cholinergic, and gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocampus

It is an ester of hydrocortisone (cortisol) with butyric acid and propionic acid. "Hydrocortisone topical Use During Pregnancy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocortisone_buteprate

Crotonyl-coenzyme A is an intermediate in the fermentation of butyric acid, and in the metabolism of lysine and tryptophan. It ... Crotonic acid Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase v t e (Articles without EBI source, Articles without KEGG source, ECHA InfoCard ID ... is important in the metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids. Before a 2007 report by Alber and coworkers, crotonyl-coA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotonyl-CoA

Some common examples of fatty acids: Butyric acid with 4 carbon atoms (contained in butter) Lauric acid with 12 carbon atoms ( ... polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and cholesterol". European Food Safety Authority. ... Palmitic acid with 16 carbon atoms (contained in palm oil and meat) Stearic acid with 18 carbon atoms (also contained in meat ... A saturated fat is a type of fat in which the fatty acid chains have all single bonds. A fat known as a glyceride is made of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_fat

Kim JH, Richardson R (December 2007). "Immediate post-reminder injection of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) agonist midazolam ... of infantile amnesia using animal models has found that the major inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_amnesia

He also detected aspartic acid and gamma-amino butyric acid, but was not confident because of the weak spots. Since amino acids ... "Nonprotein amino acids from spark discharges and their comparison with the murchison meteorite amino acids". Proceedings of the ... He found clear evidence for the production of amino acids in the reaction vessel. He was always afraid that some specks of fly ... He not only succeeded in synthesizing more and more varieties of amino acids, he also produced a wide variety of inorganic and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Miller

The odor of butyric acid, which emanates from the sebaceous follicles of all mammals, works on the tick as a signal that causes ... the odor of butyric acid, which emanates from the sebaceous follicles of all mammals; (2) the temperature of 37°C ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umwelt

... while the development of callus was hindered in prune explants after applying auxin Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) but not IAA. ... 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was superior to 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), ... Peterson, M (2003). "Cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase from cell cultures of the hornwort Anthoceros agrestis". Planta. 217 (1): 96- ... "Lipoic acid-an [sic] unique plant transformation enhancer". In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant. 45 (6): 630-638 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callus_(cell_biology)

... mucic acid, D-lactic acid methyl ester, L-lactic acid, L-histidine, β-hydroxy-D, L-butyric acid, D-malic acid, L-malic acid, ... p-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid, methyl pyruvate, citric acid, bromo-succinic acid, acetoacetic acid or propionic acid. R. lentis ... acetic acid and formic acid. They are unable to utilize D-maltose, D-trehalose, D-cellobiose, gentiobiose, sucrose, D-raffinose ... Most of the strains studied are resistant to ampicillin, kanamycin and nalidixic acid. Strains do not tolerate tetracycline and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizobium_lentis

... the protest groups plotted to get into the National Press Club and tamper with the sprinkler system to release butyric acid, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeploraBall

... the gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) type B receptors, and the vomeronasal type-2 receptors. extracellular calcium-sensing ... Retinoic acid-inducible orphan G protein-coupled receptors (RAIG) RAIG1 (GPRC5A) RAIG2 (GPRC5B) RAIG3 (GPRC5C) RAIG4 (GPRC5D) ... receptor-related InterPro: IPR000068 Calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) GPRC6A (GPRC6A) GABAB receptor (gamma-aminobutyric acid) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_C_GPCR

... such as acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and ethanol. Even under optimal conditions about 60-70% of the original ... Generation and accumulation of soluble acid metabolites causes a sharp drop in the system pH and inhibits the H2 production ... of the initial COD remaining in the wastewater in the form of various volatile organic acids (VFAs) and solvents, ... hydrolyze complex organic polymers to monomers which are further converted to a mixture of lower-molecular-weight organic acids ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_fermentation

The ester formed from 1-pentanol and butyric acid is pentyl butyrate, which smells like apricot. The ester formed from 1- ... pentanol and acetic acid is amyl acetate (also called pentyl acetate), which smells like banana. In 2014, a study was conducted ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-Pentanol

It is a structural analog of butyric acid with a hydroxyl functional group and a methyl substituent located on its beta carbon ... HMB is sold as an over-the-counter dietary supplement in the free acid form, β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid (HMB-FA), and as a ... β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid is a weak acid with a pKa of 4.4. Its refractive index ( n 25°C λ = 589 n m {\displaystyle {\ ... β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid is a monocarboxylic β-hydroxy acid and natural product with the molecular formula C5H10O3. At ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Hydroxy_beta-methylbutyric_acid

... throwing bottles of foul-smelling butyric acid onto vessels at sea, boarding whaling vessels to protest while at sea, and ... "Whaling acid attack terrorist act: Japan". The Sydney Morning Herald. Reuters. February 9, 2007. Archived from the original on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society

... glucuronic acid citric acid oxalic acid Under anaerobic conditions, bacteria will decompose sugars into: lactic acid butyric ... In contrast, fatty acids may react with sodium and potassium ions present in tissue, to produce salts of fatty acids. When the ... The fatty acid content of the triglycerides varies from person to person, but contains oleic acid in the greatest amount, ... This essentially increases the amounts of saturated fatty acids, while decreasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_process_of_decomposition

... to the corticospinal tract or the motor cortex that affects the nervous system's ability to receive gamma amino butyric acid in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachygyria

... or with butyric acid. However, PEPCK levels did not increase in leaves under these conditions. In leaves, 5% CO2 content in the ... PEPCK gene transcription occurs in many species, and the amino acid sequence of PEPCK is distinct for each species. For example ... Transcription of the PEPCK-C gene is stimulated by glucagon, glucocorticoids, retinoic acid, and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate ... The role that PEPCK-C plays in gluconeogenesis may be mediated by the citric acid cycle, the activity of which was found to be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoenolpyruvate_carboxykinase

... *Formula: C14H20O2 ...

https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/inchi/InChI%3D1S/C14H20O2/c1-12

The odour of butyric acid is reminiscent of rancid butter or baby vomit. The flavour of affected wines can be worsened by the ... The origin of butyric acid in winemaking is unclear. It is possibly produced in grapes prior to pressing due to the action of ... The best way to detect butyric acid in wine is as follows. Cover the sample with your hand and swirl the glass to release the ... The origins of butyric acid in wine are unclear. It may be associated with bacterial growth on grapes prior to pressing. The ...

https://aroxa.com/product/wine-butyric-acid/?attribute_pa_capsules-per-pot=6-capsules¤cy=CAD

Biologia is a unique and up to date platform publishing original & fundamental research discoveries related to microbial, plant and animal sciences. Biologia aims at paving ways into productive research by well equipping the field experts with latest trends, news, discoveries, milestones, challenges and community reactions to the concerned field. ...

https://biologia.ae/tag/butyric-acid-and-total-vfa/

I, the releasor, hereby and irrevocably consent to the use , publication, distribution, broadcasting, posting of the release testimony, as defined by the individual , as well as any employee, affiliates, associates, representatives, or agents for any legal reason or purpose, including but not limited to social media, education, sales, marketing, or any other medium in any form that has been or will be invented. I shall not sue Vitajoy , nor bring any action against Vitajoy regarding the release testimony. I here by release Vitajoy from any and all claims and demand arising out of or in connection with any use of the released testimonial, including, without limitation, claims for privacy violations , right of publicity claims, defamation and or any other intellectual property rights. I claim no ownership to the release testimonial and forego any opportunity whether past or present to copyright or trademark the released testimony I have the authority and give consent to the use of the released ...

https://vitajoyusa.com/ingredients/gaba/

107-92-6 / Butyric Acid. Cas No.. 107-92-6. Chemical Name. Butyric Acid. Type. Chemical Intermediates 제품문의 ×. 제품 문의. ...

http://iots.co.kr/product/all/view/107-92-6

... 13,00 lei ...

https://www.magazin-ettafishing.ro/nade-mixuri/1500-top-mix-nada-umeda-ready-economic-acid-n-butyric-1kg.html

BUTYRIC ACID ETHYL ESTER AldrichCPR; CAS Number: 339153-38-7; Linear Formula: C12H16N2O4; find -R434388 MSDS, related peer- ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.cn/CN/en/product/aldrich/r434388

24.Butyric acid is produced by: A. A bacterium B. A fungi C. Both a & b D. A sporozoan by Subject Matter Expert at Safalta for ... 24.Butyric acid is produced by: A. A bacterium B. A fungi C. Both a & b D. A sporozoan ... Option A Butyric acid-producing bacteria are Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium pasteurianum. ...

https://www.safalta.com/doubts/other/6347f4d81b3a900a4869259d

Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA). Increased risk of developmental delay and ASD is associated with prematurity. Reductions in ... Postmortem specimens of the brains of people with ASD demonstrated reductions for gamma-aminobutyric acid-B (GABAB) receptors ...

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/912781-overview

Structural Formula:Product Name:Fmoc-(S)-3-Amino-4-(3,4-difluoro-phenyl)-butyric acidCAS NO.:270063--Highfine Biotech

https://en.highfine.com/products/Unnatural_Amino_Acid/fmoc__s__3_amino_4__3_4_difluoro_phenyl__butyric_acid.html

Global Butyric Acid Market - Industry Trends and Forecast To 2027, Share, Industry Trends and Competitive Landscape ... Global Butyric Acid Market, By Type (Natural Butyric Acid and Synthetic Butyric Acid), Derivatives (Sodium Butyrate, Calcium ... Global butyric acid market is projected to register a CAGR of 8.5% in the forecast period of 2020 to 2027. The new market ... Global Butyric Acid Market - Industry Trends and Forecast To 2027. Report ID: , Publihed: 08-Jan-2020 , No of Pages: 240. ...

https://www.decisivemarketsinsights.com/details/global-butyric-acid-market/32300645

Learn about some of the major benefits of butyric acids for both animals and humans and how they help to maintain a healthy ... Butyric Acids and their benefits to animal health as a feed additive! Butyric acids are short-chain fatty acids you can find in ... Benefits of butyric acids as a feed additive in commercial farming Sodium butyrate which is a salt of butyric acid is a major ... Top 5 Benefits of Butyric Acids * Improves gut health Studies have found that having a regular dose of butyric acids can ...

https://eubiotics.cn/butyric-acids-and-its-benefits-to-animal-health/

... Soups, Sauces, and Gravies ... In 100 g (Grams) of Soup, vegetable, canned, low sodium, condensed there is 0 g of 4:0 butanoic, butyric fatty acid. ... 14:0 tetradecanoic, myristic, common saturated fatty acid 0.002 g 0.002 g ...

https://pinkbird.org/food/en/nutritionCalculator/Soup,%20vegetable,%20canned,%20low%20sodium,%20condensed/06217/4:0%20butanoic,%20butyric%20fatty%20acid/607

In this study, four different levels of Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) concentration (0, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg L-1) and three ... Effects of Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) and rooting media on rooting and survival of air layered wax apple (Syzygium ... Effects of Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) and rooting media on rooting and survival of air la ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/biblio-1364494

Key Questions Answered in the Butyric Acid Derivatives Report. *What is the revenue projections in the Butyric Acid Derivatives ... The report delves into the vendor landscape of the Butyric Acid Derivatives market. The research report on the Butyric Acid ... This analysis helps to gauge growth strategies to be employed by prominent vendors in the Butyric Acid Derivatives market, and ... Which regional segment is likely to hold the leading share in the Butyric Acid Derivatives market over the assessment period? ...

https://dailybn.com/2019/11/butyric-acid-derivatives-market-global-industry-analysis-trends-and-forecast-2027/

... gamma amino butyric acid ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/730033_1

Butyric Acid Market research is essentially helpful for companies operating in the industry. This market is moderate to highly ... The Butyric Acid Market report will help readers to: *A clear understanding of the market and its growth trajectories such as ... The global butyric acid market was valued at US$ 307.2 Million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ 1.6 billion by 2032, ... The Value Of Butyric Acid Market Is Projected To Increase At A CAGR Of 16.6% By 2031. admin ...

https://www.thecloudtribune.com/2022/12/22/the-value-of-butyric-acid-market-is-projected-to-increase-at-a-cagr-of-16-6-by-2031/

Direct determination of the electronic structure of the poly(3-hexylthiophene):phenyl-[6,6]-C61 butyric acid methyl ester blend ... C61 butyric acid methyl ester blend. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...

https://collaborate.princeton.edu/en/publications/direct-determination-of-the-electronic-structure-of-the-poly3-hex/fingerprints/

2 METHYL BUTYRIC ACID. Pleasant, Fruity. 2 METHYL HEPTENONE. Citrus, pear, fruity. ...

https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/odors/search_results.html

DL-3-Hydroxy-n-butyric Acid. 0 out of 5. $0.00. Read more Add to wishlist ...

https://carbomer.com/product/dansyl-a-d-glucopyranoside-polyacrylamide/

IBI1: Master regulator of ß-amino butyric acid-induced priming. Estrella Luna, Yuhua Zhang, Marieke van Hulten, Jordi Gamir, ... BABA (β-aminobutyric acid) induced resistance against grey mould and virus infection in grapevine. Anna Csikász-Krizsics, Anikó ... Is there a role for jasmonic acid in induced resistance against broad mites in pot azalea?. Gil Luypaert, Ellen De Keyser, ... A first approach to the use of hexanoic acid as a resistance inducer against Xanthomonas citri. Eugenio Llorens, Leonor Lapeña ...

https://iobc-wprs.org/product/iobc-wprs-bulletin-vol-89-2013/

BENZOIC ACID. ACIDO BENZOICO. ÁCIDO BUTÍRICO. BUTYRIC ACID. ACIDO BUTIRICO. ÁCIDO CÓLICO. CHOLIC ACID. ACIDO COLICO. ... REPETITIVE SEQUENCES, AMINO ACID. SECUENCIAS REPETITIVAS DE AMINOACIDO. SEQUÊNCIAS REPETITIVAS DISPERSAS. INTERSPERSED ...

https://decs.bvs.br/P/decswebpage2p.htm

Authorities believe that anti-abortion vandals used butyric acid in the attacks. Butyric acid has been linked to 79 incidents ... The acid smells like vomit, is combustible and has been known to cause respiratory problems. No one was injured in the recent ... Three Central Florida abortion clinics opened their doors Monday after vandals poured acid inside the clinics this weekend. ...

https://feminist.org/news/vandalized-florida-clinics-reopen-monday/

We also Provide Trading Suppliers & Manufacture for 56-12-2 4-Aminobutyric acid. ... Synonyms: 4-AMINOBUTANOIC ACID;4-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID;4-AMINO-N-BUTYRIC ACID;ALPHA-AMINOBUTANOIC ACID;AMINOBUTYRIC ACID, 4-; ... It is a gamma-amino acid and a monocarboxylic acid. It derives from a butyric acid. It is a conjugate acid of a gamma- ... Stage #1: linoleic acid; benzydamine In tetrahydrofuran at 40 - 50℃; for 5h;. Stage #2: 4-amino-n-butyric acid In ...

https://www.lookchem.com/casno56-12-2.html

Amino acids are the building blocks for proteins in the body. ... Plasma amino acids is a screening test done on infants that ... looks at the amounts of amino acids in the blood. ... Alpha-amino-N-butyric acid:. *Children: 8 to 37. *Adults: 15 to ... Plasma amino acids is a screening test done on infants that looks at the amounts of amino acids in the blood. Amino acids are ... Amino acids, peptides, and proteins. In: Rifai N, Chiu RWK, Young I, Burnham C-A D, Wittwer CT, eds. Tietz Textbook of ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003361.htm

butyric acid, 2-met. hyl-, ethyl ester, (S)- Ethyl 2-methylbutyr. ate ... Aqueous Base/Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis (25 deg C) [HYDROWIN v1.67]: Total Kb for pH > 8 at 25 deg C : 1.453E-002 L/mol-sec Kb ...

http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4934484.html?rid=50493844-56e0-453f-ac46-8d0622070937&page_num=0

4-(4,6-Dimethyl-2-oxo-2H-pyrimidin-1-yl)-butyric acid hydrochloride. Catalog Number: 034101 ... Benzoic Acids. Boronic Acids. Fluorophenylacetic Acids. Indoles. Ligands for Suzuki Coupling. Pyridinecarboxylic Acids. ... 2-(4-Isopropyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyrimidin-2-ylsulfanyl)-butyric acid. Catalog Number: 034086 ... 6-(2-Hydroxy-ethyl)-3-methyl-5-oxo-5,8-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidine-7-carboxylic acid. Catalog Number: 034176 ...

https://www.matrixscientific.com/pyrimidines.html?p=19

Seek information on butyric acid (butyrate).. Butyrate is a product of gut flora feeding off of resistant starches present in ... Once the epithelial lining of the gut wall is compromised by a reduction in the production of butyric acid in the colon, food ... Is that what you mean by citrate acid. ? Lemons or limes?? Ans: Lemons and Limes contain Citric Acid. But you can also purchase ... I alternate between adding fresh squeezed lemon juice and powdered citric acid. I buy Food Grade Citric Acid in bulk from a ...

https://www.earthclinic.com/cures/diabetes-type-I.html

GABA or Gamma Amino Butyric Acid is a neurotransmitter of the brain. It is considered to be the main inhibitory brain chemical ... Subject: L-Theanine - The relaxing Amino Acid L-Theanine is an amino acid found mostly in tea. Its known for its relaxing ... The borage also known as starflower plant generates seeds enriched with essential fatty acid known as Gamma-linolenic acid. In ... L-Theanine - The Relaxing Amino Acid Darrell Miller 11/8/22 Nighttime Tea - The perfect way to relax and unwind Darrell Miller ...

https://vitanetonline.com/forums/search/relaxing/1

Global butyric acid market is projected to register a CAGR of 8.5% in the forecast period of 2020 to 2027. (decisivemarketsinsights.com)
The global butyric acid market was valued at US$ 307.2 M illion in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ 1.6 billion by 2032, registering a CAGR of 16.6% from 2022 to 2032. (thecloudtribune.com)
Study the key regions holding notable shares in the global Butyric Acid Market growth. (thecloudtribune.com)

The research report provides valuable insights into demand drivers, geographical outlook, and competitive landscape of the Butyric Acid Derivatives market for the forecast period 2019-2027. (dailybn.com)
The analysis thus provided helps market stakeholders with business planning and to gauge scope of expansion in the Butyric Acid Derivatives market over the forecast period. (dailybn.com)
Vital information, facts, and statistical figures provided for the Butyric Acid Derivatives market are based on extensive primary and secondary research. (dailybn.com)
Analysts also reached out to industry experts for their insightful inputs on the Butyric Acid Derivatives market. (dailybn.com)
Further, the report provides a comparative analysis of historical and current trends prevailing in the Butyric Acid Derivatives market. (dailybn.com)
This helps to estimate growth trends in the Butyric Acid Derivatives market over the assessment period. (dailybn.com)
The report delves into the vendor landscape of the Butyric Acid Derivatives market. (dailybn.com)
The research report on the Butyric Acid Derivatives market provides valuable insights on the competitive landscape of the Butyric Acid Derivatives market. (dailybn.com)
The SWOT analysis of key vendors along with a detailed profile of key vendors based on business overview, financial status, and product portfolio helps to gauge competitive dynamics in the Butyric Acid Derivatives market. (dailybn.com)
This analysis helps to gauge growth strategies to be employed by prominent vendors in the Butyric Acid Derivatives market, and scope of collaborations and partnerships between these players. (dailybn.com)
If you are stakeholder in the Butyric Acid Derivatives market, the analysis provided will help you understand growth model. (dailybn.com)
Prominent companies operating in the butyric acid derivatives market are Perstorp Holdings AB, Nutreco N.V., Koninklijke DSM N.V., Kemin Industries Inc., Bioscreen Technologies S.R.L, Innovad, and Palital GmbH & Co. KG. (dailybn.com)
Further, market share projections and changing competitive hierarchy in the Butyric Acid Derivatives market until the end of the forecast period are vital offerings of this report. (dailybn.com)
What is the revenue projections in the Butyric Acid Derivatives market over the forecast period? (dailybn.com)
Which product segment is likely to garner maximum share in the Butyric Acid Derivatives market over the forecast period? (dailybn.com)
Which regional segment is likely to hold the leading share in the Butyric Acid Derivatives market over the assessment period? (dailybn.com)
What are winning strategies adopted by leading players in the Butyric Acid Derivatives market to consolidate their foothold? (dailybn.com)

Sodium butyrate which is a salt of butyric acid is a major feed additive that many farms around the world use. (eubiotics.cn)

Butyric acids are short-chain fatty acids you can find in the gut in both humans and animals. (eubiotics.cn)
This report presents dietary intake estimates for fats and fatty acids from the and cholesterol intakes in order to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2000, for the U.S. reduce one's risk of cardiovascular population. (cdc.gov)
Diets high in saturated fats and Examination Surveys (NHANES) and essential fatty acids from the diet, dietary cholesterol tend to raise blood provide information on the health and and aid in the absorption and transport cholesterol levels and increase a nutritional status of the civilian, of fat-soluble vitamins and carotenoids. (cdc.gov)
Dietary fat is often classified based encouraged to limit the amount of in 1999, the NHANES became a on the predominant types of fatty acids saturated fat and cholesterol in their continuous survey. (cdc.gov)
These categories are saturated, Americans recommends consuming less more years of data are necessary to monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated than 10 percent of calories from provide adequate sample sizes for fatty acids and are based on the number saturated fat and no more than subgroup analyses. (cdc.gov)
The following subgroups were double bond and polyunsaturated fatty cholesterol intake under 300 milligrams oversampled to allow for more precise acids contain two or more double bonds. (cdc.gov)

Although chemically it is an amino acid, GABA is rarely referred to as such in the scientific or medical communities, because the term "amino acid," used without a qualifier, conventionally refers to the alpha amino acids, which GABA is not, nor is it ever incorporated into a protein. (lookchem.com)
Plasma amino acids is a screening test done on infants that looks at the amounts of amino acids in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
Amino acids are the building blocks for proteins in the body. (medlineplus.gov)
There are several types of methods used to determine the individual amino acid levels in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
This test is done to measure the level of amino acids in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
An increased level of a particular amino acid is a sign of an irregularity. (medlineplus.gov)
This shows that there is a problem with the body's ability to break down (metabolize) that amino acid. (medlineplus.gov)
The test may also be used to look for decreased levels of amino acids in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
Increased or decreased levels of amino acids in the blood may occur with fevers, inadequate nutrition, and certain medical conditions. (medlineplus.gov)
High or low amounts of individual plasma amino acids must be considered with other information. (medlineplus.gov)
Screening infants for increased levels of amino acids can help detect problems with metabolism. (medlineplus.gov)
Amino acids, peptides, and proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
Defects in metabolism of amino acids. (medlineplus.gov)
L-Theanine is an amino acid found mostly in tea. (vitanetonline.com)
No evidence for an association between variants at the gamma-amino-n-butyric acid type A receptor beta2 locus and schizophrenia. (cdc.gov)

4-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. (lookchem.com)
Systematic study of association of four GABAergic genes: glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 gene, glutamic acid decarboxylase 2 gene, GABA(B) receptor 1 gene and GABA(A) receptor subunit beta2 gene, with schizophrenia using a universal DNA microarray. (cdc.gov)

The odour of butyric acid is reminiscent of rancid butter or baby vomit. (aroxa.com)
The acid smells like vomit, is combustible and has been known to cause respiratory problems. (feminist.org)

: 0000-0002-4330-953X changes found were hyperglycemia, elevated serum levels of IL-6, cortisol, and valine, increased insulin resistance, decreased glutamic acid plasma levels, and Ricardo de Oliveira Meneses¹ increased IGF-1 levels with a reduction of IGFBP-3. (bvsalud.org)

Due to these facts, it has become popular among both animals and humans to take a regular intake of butyric acids. (eubiotics.cn)
However, these researchers recommend having a daily intake of butyric acids will reduce the chances of having colon cancer. (eubiotics.cn)
Therefore, when you consider this fact, it will show how important it is to have a regular intake of butyric acids. (eubiotics.cn)
acids have no double bonds, whereas, fat intake of less than 10 percent of The survey sample covered all ages. (cdc.gov)

The large-scale Butyric Acid Market report has been dispensed after a thorough study of various key market segments like market size, latest trends, market threats, and key drivers driving the market. (thecloudtribune.com)

Due to these facts, many around the world are taking butyric acid as a supplement regularly. (eubiotics.cn)

A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester. (bvsalud.org)

Butyric Acid Market research is essentially helpful for companies operating in the industry. (thecloudtribune.com)
An international Butyric Acid Market marketing report serves all business purposes and endows with the best market research and analysis performed with advanced tools and techniques. (thecloudtribune.com)
Which region earned the largest share in the Butyric Acid Market and why? (thecloudtribune.com)

According to many studies , butyric acids help prevent colon cancer that occurs in our bodies. (eubiotics.cn)

And it will help you to understand why butyric acid is important for bodily functions for both humans and animals. (eubiotics.cn)
After going through this article, you will now understand how important it is to have butyric acids for both humans and animals. (eubiotics.cn)
4-Aminobutyric acid is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, which has good water solubility and thermal stability. (lookchem.com)

Therefore, you should also start getting an extra dose of butyric acid from supplements or high fiber foods daily. (eubiotics.cn)
Residues were high in endogenous organic acids, between 144 and 298 mM combined acetic, lactic, succinic, and butyric acids. (cdc.gov)

However, we will discuss this later in the article by finding out how butyric acids helps farms as feed additives. (eubiotics.cn)

In this study, four different levels of Indole-3- Butyric Acid (IBA) concentration (0, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg L-1) and three rooting media ( sphagnum moss , vermicompost and garden soil ) were applied after removal of bark ( phloem ) on the shoot to determine the effect on rooting and survivability of the wax apple air layer under field conditions. (bvsalud.org)

Pathway-based association analysis of genome-wide screening data suggest that genes associated with the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor signaling pathway are involved in neuroleptic-induced, treatment-resistant tardive dyskinesia. (cdc.gov)

You will receive a great amount of protection overall by taking butyric acids. (eubiotics.cn)

Studies have found that having a regular dose of butyric acids can greatly improve gut health in both humans and animals. (eubiotics.cn)

Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (gamma-hydroxybutyric aciduria) is a rare neurometabolic disease caused by a deficiency in gamma-aminobutyric degradation, resulting in an increase in gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in biological fluids. (nih.gov)
Metabolic studies demonstrated a high plasma and urine concentration of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. (nih.gov)
After 1 year of treatment with low-doses of vigabatrin of the older patient, a decrease in gamma-hydroxybutyric acid plasma levels and a slow clinical improvement were observed. (nih.gov)

Furthermore, TCDD but not FICZ caused an increase in the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), n-butyric acid, and acetic acid. (nih.gov)

Since his visit to Kluyver's laboratory in Delft, the Netherlands, in 1935, Barker had been seeking to explain an interesting observation that short-chain fatty acids were produced from ethyl alcohol in the presence of an anaerobic bacterium, C. kluyveri. (nih.gov)
He demonstrated that, unlike the synthesis of short-chain fatty acids in bacteria where acetyl CoA is a key intermediate, the synthesis of long-chain fatty acid acids is catalyzed by an enzyme complex in which methylmalonyl CoA is the source of active acetate. (nih.gov)

Amino acids are the building blocks for proteins in the body. (medlineplus.gov)
Amino acids, peptides, and proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
Its derivative, ' acetyl CoA ,' is an essential substance involved not only in making fatty acids, as Earl showed, but also in breaking down fatty acids, carbohydrates, and proteins to generate energy in cells. (nih.gov)

that is, to determine how this intermediate transfers its acetyl part to another form of by the reaction of acetyl phosphate with coenzyme A, might be an intermediate in fatty acid metabolism. (nih.gov)

There are several types of methods used to determine the individual amino acid levels in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
An increased level of a particular amino acid is a sign of an irregularity. (medlineplus.gov)
This shows that there is a problem with the body's ability to break down (metabolize) that amino acid. (medlineplus.gov)

How are Fatty Acids Made? (nih.gov)
When Earl decided to pursue a Ph.D. at Berkeley in 1945, his mentor Barker offered him an opportunity to study metabolic pathways for producing fatty acids in cells. (nih.gov)
Fatty acids are a class of chemical compounds containing a short or long 'hydrocarbon chain' (composed only of hydrogens and carbons) and a 'carboxylate group' (which gives acidic properties to fatty acids) at the end of the chain. (nih.gov)
Fatty acids are major building blocks of fats in the body. (nih.gov)
It was at this stage of development that Earl delved into the study of fatty acid synthesis. (nih.gov)
Applying this method to C. kluyveri , Earl found that extracts of dried cell preparations had the capacity to catalyze all of the reactions involved in fatty acid synthesis. (nih.gov)
By then, most biochemists had accepted the hypothesis that the capacity to make fatty acids is a unique property of specialized cellular systems, or particulate organelles. (nih.gov)
But Earl dispelled this hypothesis once and for all by demonstrating that cell-free enzymes extracted from certain bacteria can catalyze the synthesis of fatty acids in vitro , outside the living body. (nih.gov)
Subsequently, P. Roy Vagelos , Earl's first postdoctoral fellow with an M.D., carried out important studies that further elucidated fatty acid metabolism. (nih.gov)

4. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel mutual prodrugs (hybrid drugs) of all-trans-retinoic acid and histone deacetylase inhibitors with enhanced anticancer activities in breast and prostate cancer cells in vitro. (nih.gov)

18. The role of intracellularly released formaldehyde and butyric acid in the anticancer activity of acyloxyalkyl esters. (nih.gov)

Plasma amino acids is a screening test done on infants that looks at the amounts of amino acids in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
High or low amounts of individual plasma amino acids must be considered with other information. (medlineplus.gov)

15. Liposomes assembled from dimeric retinoic acid phospholipid with improved pharmacokinetic properties. (nih.gov)

This test is done to measure the level of amino acids in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)

6. Combination of all-trans retinoic acid with butyric acid and its prodrugs markedly enhancing differentiation of human acute promyelocytic leukemia NB4 cells. (nih.gov)
14. Granulocytic differentiation of human NB4 promyelocytic leukemia cells induced by all-trans retinoic acid metabolites. (nih.gov)
17. Combating metastasis of breast cancer cells with a carboplatin analogue containing an all-trans retinoic acid ligand. (nih.gov)

Anatomy10

Organisms5

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs32

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Phenomena and Processes7

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Information Science1

Sodium butyrate induces apoptosis and accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in human breast carcinoma cells. (1/589)

Cancer cell sensitization to fas-mediated apoptosis by sodium butyrate. (2/589)

Pharmacological activities of TEI-8362, a novel inhibitor of human neutrophil elastase. (3/589)

Interleukin-2 overexpresses c-myc and down-regulates cytochrome P-450 in rat hepatocytes. (4/589)

Quantitative analysis of histone H1 degrees protein synthesis in HTC cells. (5/589)

Short-chain fatty acids suppress cholesterol synthesis in rat liver and intestine. (6/589)

Sodium butyrate enhances STAT 1 expression in PLC/PRF/5 hepatoma cells and augments their responsiveness to interferon-alpha. (7/589)

Expression and up-regulation of interleukin-6 in oesophageal carcinoma cells by n-sodium butyrate. (8/589)

Butyric Acid

Butyrates

Clostridium butyricum

Fatty Acids, Volatile

Propionates

Phenylbutyrates

Pentanoic Acids

Acetic Acid

Indoleacetic Acids

gamma-Aminobutyric Acid

Cecum

Fermentation

Histamine Antagonists

Carboxylic Acids

Aminobutyrates

Prodrugs

Naphthaleneacetic Acids

DEET

Fusobacterium

Kinetin

Dimethyl Sulfoxide

Indoles

5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors

Clostridium

Insect Repellents

Glutamate Decarboxylase

Gingiva

Plant Roots

Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute

Acetates

Hydroxybutyrates

Rumen

Fatty Acids

Plant Growth Regulators

Colon

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Diacetyl

Administration, Rectal

Formates

Peroxisomes

Globins

Receptors, GABA-A

Dietary Fiber

Feces

Chromatography, Gas

Intestines

Arabidopsis

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Bioreactors

Caproates

Anaerobiosis

Cell Differentiation

Kinetics

Cell Line

Animal Feed

Stomach

Enzyme Inhibitors

Cell Division

Molecular Sequence Data

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Arabidopsis Proteins

Sodium butyrate induces apoptosis and accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in human breast carcinoma cells. (1/589)

Cancer cell sensitization to fas-mediated apoptosis by sodium butyrate. (2/589)

Pharmacological activities of TEI-8362, a novel inhibitor of human neutrophil elastase. (3/589)

Interleukin-2 overexpresses c-myc and down-regulates cytochrome P-450 in rat hepatocytes. (4/589)

Quantitative analysis of histone H1 degrees protein synthesis in HTC cells. (5/589)

Short-chain fatty acids suppress cholesterol synthesis in rat liver and intestine. (6/589)

Sodium butyrate enhances STAT 1 expression in PLC/PRF/5 hepatoma cells and augments their responsiveness to interferon-alpha. (7/589)

Expression and up-regulation of interleukin-6 in oesophageal carcinoma cells by n-sodium butyrate. (8/589)

Butyric acid

Indole-3-butyric acid

2-Hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butyric acid

Phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester

Isobutyric acid

Grignard reagent

Sodium butyrate

Food microbiology

Butyramide

Charles Rugeley Bury

Crotonic acid