Butanes
Clostridium acetobutylicum
Clostridium beijerinckii
Nitrosamines
Phospholipase D
1-Propanol
Clostridium
Acetone
Biofuels
1-Octanol
Glucuronates
Fermentation
Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Phosphatidic Acids
Cotinine
Metabolic Engineering
Oxygen Radioisotopes
Antisense RNA strategies for metabolic engineering of Clostridium acetobutylicum. (1/403)
We examined the effectiveness of antisense RNA (as RNA) strategies for metabolic engineering of Clostridium acetobutylicum. Strain ATCC 824(pRD4) was developed to produce a 102-nucleotide asRNA with 87% complementarity to the butyrate kinase (BK) gene. Strain ATCC 824(pRD4) exhibited 85 to 90% lower BK and acetate kinase specific activities than the control strain. Strain ATCC 824(pRD4) also exhibited 45 to 50% lower phosphotransbutyrylase (PTB) and phosphotransacetylase specific activities than the control strain. This strain exhibited earlier induction of solventogenesis, which resulted in 50 and 35% higher final concentrations of acetone and butanol, respectively, than the concentrations in the control. Strain ATCC 824(pRD1) was developed to putatively produce a 698-nucleotide asRNA with 96% complementarity to the PTB gene. Strain ATCC 824(pRD1) exhibited 70 and 80% lower PTB and BK activities, respectively, than the control exhibited. It also exhibited 300% higher levels of a lactate dehydrogenase activity than the control exhibited. The growth yields of ATCC 824(pRD1) were 28% less than the growth yields of the control. While the levels of acids were not affected in ATCC 824(pRD1) fermentations, the acetone and butanol concentrations were 96 and 75% lower, respectively, than the concentrations in the control fermentations. The lower level of solvent production by ATCC 824(pRD1) was compensated for by approximately 100-fold higher levels of lactate production. The lack of any significant impact on butyrate formation fluxes by the lower PTB and BK levels suggests that butyrate formation fluxes are not controlled by the levels of the butyrate formation enzymes. (+info)Phospholipid requirement for dimethylnitrosamine demethylation by hamster hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 enzyme system. (2/403)
Extraction with butan-1-ol of freeze-dried microsomal fractions from livers of 3-methyl-cholarthrene-pre-treated hamsters removed about 90% of the total lipid content, but the lipid remaining proved sufficient for the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system to retain about 15-40% of its original catalytic activity for dimethylnitrosamine demethylation. Addition of butan-1-ol-extracted total phospholipid or phosphatidylcholine could not restore any activity, whereas the addition of the synthetic phospholipid dilauroyl phosphatidylcholine was able to restore almost complete activity. Synthetic dipalmitoyl or distearoyl phosphatidylcholine was ineffective in restoring the activity in this reconstituted system. (+info)Probing the role of C-1 ester group in Naja naja phospholipase A2-phospholipid interactions using butanetriol-containing phosphatidylcholine analogues. (3/403)
To understand the role of the ester moiety of the sn-1 acyl chain in phospholipase A2-glycerophospholipid interactions, we introduced an additional methylene residue between the glycerol C1 and C2 carbon atoms of phosphatidylcholines, and then studied the kinetics of hydrolysis and the binding of such butanetriol-containing phospholipids with Naja naja phospholipase A2. Hydrolysis was monitored by using phospholipids containing a NBD-labelled sn-2 acyl chain and binding was ascertained by measuring the protein tryptophan fluorescence. The hydrolysis of butanetriol-containing phospholipids was invariably slower than that of the glycerol-containing phospholipids. In addition, the enzyme binding with the substrate was markedly decreased upon replacing the glycerol residue with the 1,3,4-butanetriol moiety in phosphatidylcholines. These results have been interpreted to suggest that the sn-1 ester group in glycerophospholipids could play an important role in phospholipase A2-phospholipid interactions. (+info)Nuclei contain two differentially regulated pools of diacylglycerol. (4/403)
A number of recent studies have highlighted the presence of a nuclear pool of inositol lipids [1] [2] that is regulated during progression through the cell cycle [1] [3], differentiation [1] [2] and after DNA damage [2], suggesting that a number of different regulatory pathways impinge upon this pool of lipids. It has been suggested that the downstream consequence of the activation of one of these nuclear phosphoinositide (PI) regulatory pathways is the generation of nuclear diacylglycerol (DAG) [1] [3] [4], which is important in the activation of nuclear protein kinase C (PKC) [5] [6] [7]. Activation of PKC in turn appears to regulate the progression of cells through G1 and into S phase [4] and through G2 to mitosis [3] [8] [9] [10] [11]. Although the evidence is enticing, there is as yet no direct demonstration that nuclear PIs can be hydrolysed to generate nuclear DAG. Previous data in murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells have suggested that nuclear phosphoinositidase Cbeta1 (PIC-beta1) activity is important in the generation of nuclear DAG. Here, we demonstrate that the molecular species of nuclear DAG bears little resemblance to the PI pool and is unlikely to be generated directly by hydrolysis of these inositol lipids. Further, we show that there are in fact two distinct subnuclear pools of DAG; one that is highly disaturated and mono-unsaturated (representing more than 90% of the total nuclear DAG) and one that is highly polyunsaturated and is likely to be derived from the hydrolysis of PI. Analysis of these pools, either after differentiation or during cell-cycle progression, suggests that the pools are independently regulated, possibly by the regulation of two different nuclear phospholipase Cs (PLCs). (+info)Lysophosphatidic acid increases intracellular H2O2 by phospholipase D and RhoA in rat-2 fibroblasts. (5/403)
We have investigated the possible roles of phospholipase D (PLD) and RhoA in the production of intracellular H2O2 and actin polymerization in response to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in Rat-2 fibroblasts. LPA increased intracellular H2O2, with a maximal increase at 30 min, which was blocked by the catalase from Aspergillus niger. The LPA-stimulated production of H2O2 was inhibited by 1-butanol or PKC-downregulation, but not by 2-butanol. Purified phosphatidic acid (PA) also increased intracellular H2O2 and the increase was inhibited by the catalase. The role of RhoA was studied by the scrape-loading of C3 transferase into the cells. The C3 toxin, which inhibited stress fiber formation stimulated by LPA, blocked the H2O2 production in response to LPA or PA, but had no inhibitory effect on the activation of PLD by LPA. Exogenous H2O2 increased F-actin content by stress fiber formation. In addition, catalase inhibited actin polymerization activated by LPA, PA, or H2O2, indicated the role of H2O2 in actin polymerization. These results suggest that LPA increased intracellular H2O2 by the activation of PLD and RhoA, and that intracellular H2O2 was required for the LPA-stimulated stress fiber formation. (+info)Butanol is superior to water for performing positron emission tomography activation studies. (6/403)
[15(O)]Butanol has been shown to be superior to [15(O)]water for measuring cerebral blood flow with positron emission tomography. This work demonstrates that it is also superior for performing activation studies. Data were collected under three conditions: a visual confrontation animal-naming task, nonsense figure size discrimination, and a nonvisual darkroom control task. Time-activity curves (TAC) were obtained for regions known to be activated by the confrontation naming task to compare absolute uptake and the different kinetics of the two tracers. Also, t statistic maps were calculated from the data of 10 subjects for both tracers and compared for magnitude of change and size of activated regions. Peak uptake in the whole-brain TAC were similar for the two tracers. For all regions and conditions, the washout rate of [15(O)]butanol was 41% greater than that of [15(O)]water. At a threshold of 0, the [15(O)]water and [15(O)]butanol percent difference (nonnormalized) and t statistic (global normalization) images are nearly identical, indicating that the same property is being measured with both tracers. The [15(O)]butanol parametric images displayed at a threshold of /t/ = 5 look similar to the [15(O)]water parametric maps displayed at a threshold of /t/ = 4, which is consistent with the observation that t statistic values in [15(O)]butanol images are generally greater. The t statistic values were equal when the [15(O)]butanol parametric map was created from any subset of 6 subjects and the [15(O)]water parametric map was created from all 10 subjects. Fewer subjects need to be studied with [15(O)]butanol to reach the same statistical power as an [15(O)]water-based study. (+info)A new approach to empirical intermolecular and conformational potential energy functions. II. Applications to crystal packing, rotational barriers, and conformational analysis. (7/403)
An empirical potential energy function based on the interactions of electrons and nuclei (EPEN) has been tested on molecules other than those used for its parameterization. The results indicate that this energy function is able to predict reliably the lowest energy conformations, the potential energy differences between conformations, rotational barrier heights, and dipole moments for a series of alkanes, amines, alcohols, and carbohydrates. Crystal packing studies on n-hexane, n-octane, methylamine, methanol, and alpha-d-glucose, using this same potential, indicate that it is also reliable for calculating intermolecular interaction energies and low-energy orientations. (+info)Massive acinar cell apoptosis with secondary necrosis, origin of ducts in atrophic lobules and failure to regenerate in cyanohydroxybutene pancreatopathy in rats. (8/403)
Cyanohydroxybutene (CHB), a glycosinolate breakdown product, causes pancreatic injury when given to animals in large amounts. To determine the course of CHB-induced pancreatopathy, rats were given a single subcutaneous dose of CHB and the pancreas weighed and examined by light and electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry at intervals from 2 h to 28 days. The pancreatic lesion was unusual in that there was marked early oedema with limited inflammatory cell infiltration, rapid synchronous onset of acinar cell apoptosis and early advanced atrophy engendering only a limited regenerative response. Acinar cell apoptosis was atypical in that cell fragmentation was limited and phagocytosis delayed, resulting in extensive secondary necrosis. As ducts were unaffected by CHB, the crowded ducts making up the epithelial component of atrophic lobules could be clearly shown to derive from their condensation and proliferation, not the redifferentiation of pre-existing acinar cells, widely held to produce this lesion. Although the basis of CHB selectivity and toxicity for pancreatic acinar cells remains unknown, the potential therapeutic benefit of such an agent in patients with pancreatitis or pancreatic tumours warrants further investigation. (+info)Butanols are a family of alcohols with four carbon atoms and a chemical formula of C4H9OH. They are commonly used as solvents, intermediates in chemical synthesis, and fuel additives. The most common butanol is n-butanol (normal butanol), which has a straight chain of four carbon atoms. Other forms include secondary butanols (such as isobutanol) and tertiary butanols (such as tert-butanol). These compounds have different physical and chemical properties due to the differences in their molecular structure, but they all share the common characteristic of being alcohols with four carbon atoms.
1-Butanol, also known as n-butanol or butyl alcohol, is a primary alcohol with a chemical formula of C4H9OH. It is a colorless liquid that is used as a solvent and in the manufacture of other chemicals. 1-Butanol has a wide range of applications including use as a paint thinner, in the production of rubber, and as a fuel additive. It is also found naturally in some foods and beverages.
In medical terms, 1-butanol may be used as an ingredient in topical medications or as a solvent for various pharmaceutical preparations. However, it is not typically used as a therapeutic agent on its own. Exposure to high levels of 1-butanol can cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract, and prolonged exposure may lead to more serious health effects.
Butanes are a group of flammable, colorless gases that are often used as fuel or in the production of other chemicals. They have the chemical formula C4H10 and are composed of four carbon atoms and ten hydrogen atoms. Butanes are commonly found in natural gas and crude oil, and they can be extracted through a process called distillation.
There are two main types of butane: n-butane and isobutane. N-butane has a straight chain of four carbon atoms, while isobutane has a branched chain with one carbon atom branching off the main chain. Both forms of butane are used as fuel for lighters, stoves, and torches, and they are also used as refrigerants and in the production of aerosols.
Butanes are highly flammable and can be dangerous if not handled properly. They should be stored in a cool, well-ventilated area away from sources of ignition, and they should never be used near an open flame or other source of heat. Ingesting or inhaling butane can be harmful and can cause symptoms such as dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. If you suspect that you have been exposed to butane, it is important to seek medical attention immediately.
'Clostridium acetobutylicum' is a gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in soil and aquatic environments. It is a species of the genus Clostridium, which includes many bacteria capable of producing industrial chemicals through fermentation.
'Clostridium acetobutylicum' is particularly known for its ability to produce acetic acid and butyric acid, as well as solvents such as acetone and butanol, during the process of anaerobic respiration. This makes it a potential candidate for biotechnological applications in the production of biofuels and other industrial chemicals.
However, like many Clostridium species, 'Clostridium acetobutylicum' can also produce toxins and cause infections in humans and animals under certain circumstances. Therefore, it is important to handle this organism with care and follow appropriate safety protocols when working with it in a laboratory setting.
'Clostridium beijerinckii' is a species of gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria found in various environments such as soil, aquatic sediments, and the intestinal tracts of animals. It is named after the Dutch microbiologist Martinus Willem Beijerinck.
This bacterium is capable of fermenting a wide range of organic compounds and producing a variety of metabolic end-products, including butanol, acetone, and ethanol. 'Clostridium beijerinckii' has attracted interest in biotechnology due to its potential for the production of biofuels and industrial chemicals through fermentation processes.
However, it is also known to cause food spoilage and, under certain circumstances, can produce harmful metabolites that may pose a risk to human health. Therefore, proper handling and safety precautions are necessary when working with this bacterium in laboratory or industrial settings.
Nitrosamines are a type of chemical compound that are formed by the reaction between nitrous acid (or any nitrogen oxide) and secondary amines. They are often found in certain types of food, such as cured meats and cheeses, as well as in tobacco products and cosmetics.
Nitrosamines have been classified as probable human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Exposure to high levels of nitrosamines has been linked to an increased risk of cancer, particularly in the digestive tract. They can also cause DNA damage and interfere with the normal functioning of cells.
In the medical field, nitrosamines have been a topic of concern due to their potential presence as contaminants in certain medications. For example, some drugs that contain nitrofurantoin, a medication used to treat urinary tract infections, have been found to contain low levels of nitrosamines. While the risk associated with these low levels is not well understood, efforts are underway to minimize the presence of nitrosamines in medications and other products.
"Pentanols" is not a recognized medical term. However, in chemistry, pentanols refer to a group of alcohols containing five carbon atoms. The general formula for pentanols is C5H12O, and they have various subcategories such as primary, secondary, and tertiary pentanols, depending on the type of hydroxyl (-OH) group attachment to the carbon chain.
In a medical context, alcohols like methanol and ethanol can be toxic and cause various health issues. However, there is no specific medical relevance associated with "pentanols" as a group. If you have any further questions or need information about a specific chemical compound, please let me know!
Phospholipase D is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine and other glycerophospholipids to produce phosphatidic acid and a corresponding alcohol. This reaction plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including signal transduction, membrane trafficking, and lipid metabolism. There are several isoforms of Phospholipase D identified in different tissues and organisms, each with distinct regulatory mechanisms and functions. The enzyme's activity can be modulated by various factors such as calcium ions, protein kinases, and G proteins, making it a critical component in the regulation of cellular homeostasis.
1-Propanol is a primary alcohol with the chemical formula CH3CH2CH2OH. It is also known as n-propanol or propan-1-ol. It is a colorless, flammable liquid that is used as a solvent and in the production of other chemicals. 1-Propanol has a wide range of applications including as a disinfectant, an intermediate in the synthesis of other chemicals, and as a component in various industrial and consumer products such as cosmetics, cleaning agents, and pharmaceuticals. It is also used as a fuel additive to increase the octane rating of gasoline.
'Clostridium' is a genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria that are widely distributed in nature, including in soil, water, and the gastrointestinal tracts of animals and humans. Many species of Clostridium are anaerobic, meaning they can grow and reproduce in environments with little or no oxygen. Some species of Clostridium are capable of producing toxins that can cause serious and sometimes life-threatening illnesses in humans and animals.
Some notable species of Clostridium include:
* Clostridium tetani, which causes tetanus (also known as lockjaw)
* Clostridium botulinum, which produces botulinum toxin, the most potent neurotoxin known and the cause of botulism
* Clostridium difficile, which can cause severe diarrhea and colitis, particularly in people who have recently taken antibiotics
* Clostridium perfringens, which can cause food poisoning and gas gangrene.
It is important to note that not all species of Clostridium are harmful, and some are even beneficial, such as those used in the production of certain fermented foods like sauerkraut and natto. However, due to their ability to produce toxins and cause illness, it is important to handle and dispose of materials contaminated with Clostridium species carefully, especially in healthcare settings.
Acetone is a colorless, volatile, and flammable liquid organic compound with the chemical formula (CH3)2CO. It is the simplest and smallest ketone, and its molecules consist of a carbonyl group linked to two methyl groups. Acetone occurs naturally in the human body and is produced as a byproduct of normal metabolic processes, particularly during fat burning.
In clinical settings, acetone can be measured in breath or blood to assess metabolic status, such as in cases of diabetic ketoacidosis, where an excess production of acetone and other ketones occurs due to insulin deficiency and high levels of fatty acid breakdown. High concentrations of acetone can lead to a sweet, fruity odor on the breath, often described as "fruity acetone" or "acetone breath."
Biofuels are defined as fuels derived from organic materials such as plants, algae, and animal waste. These fuels can be produced through various processes, including fermentation, esterification, and transesterification. The most common types of biofuels include biodiesel, ethanol, and biogas.
Biodiesel is a type of fuel that is produced from vegetable oils or animal fats through a process called transesterification. It can be used in diesel engines with little or no modification and can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional fossil fuels.
Ethanol is a type of alcohol that is produced through the fermentation of sugars found in crops such as corn, sugarcane, and switchgrass. It is typically blended with gasoline to create a fuel known as E85, which contains 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.
Biogas is a type of fuel that is produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic materials such as food waste, sewage sludge, and agricultural waste. It is composed primarily of methane and carbon dioxide and can be used to generate electricity or heat.
Overall, biofuels offer a renewable and more sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuels, helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and decrease dependence on non-renewable resources.
Hexanols are a class of organic compounds that contain a hexanol functional group, which is a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a linear or branched carbon chain containing six carbon atoms. They can be either primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohols depending on the position of the hydroxyl group in relation to the carbon chain. Hexanols are used in various applications such as in the production of flavors, fragrances, and industrial chemicals.
1-Octanol is a fatty alcohol with the chemical formula C8H17OH. It is a colorless oily liquid that is slightly soluble in water and miscible with most organic solvents. 1-Octanol is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of other chemicals, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and fragrances.
In medical terminology, 1-octanol may be used as a reference standard for measuring the partition coefficient of drugs between octanol and water, which can help predict their distribution and elimination in the body. This value is known as the octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) and is an important parameter in pharmacokinetics and drug design.
Glucuronates are not a medical term per se, but they refer to salts or esters of glucuronic acid, a organic compound that is a derivative of glucose. In the context of medical and biological sciences, glucuronidation is a common detoxification process in which glucuronic acid is conjugated to a wide variety of molecules, including drugs, hormones, and environmental toxins, to make them more water-soluble and facilitate their excretion from the body through urine or bile.
The process of glucuronidation is catalyzed by enzymes called UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), which are found in various tissues, including the liver, intestines, and kidneys. The resulting glucuronides can be excreted directly or further metabolized before excretion.
Therefore, "glucuronates" can refer to the chemical compounds that result from this process of conjugation with glucuronic acid, as well as the therapeutic potential of enhancing or inhibiting glucuronidation for various clinical applications.
Fermentation is a metabolic process in which an organism converts carbohydrates into alcohol or organic acids using enzymes. In the absence of oxygen, certain bacteria, yeasts, and fungi convert sugars into carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and various end products, such as alcohol, lactic acid, or acetic acid. This process is commonly used in food production, such as in making bread, wine, and beer, as well as in industrial applications for the production of biofuels and chemicals.
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is a group of enzymes responsible for catalyzing the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes or ketones, and reducing equivalents such as NAD+ to NADH. In humans, ADH plays a crucial role in the metabolism of ethanol, converting it into acetaldehyde, which is then further metabolized by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) into acetate. This process helps to detoxify and eliminate ethanol from the body. Additionally, ADH enzymes are also involved in the metabolism of other alcohols, such as methanol and ethylene glycol, which can be toxic if allowed to accumulate in the body.
Phosphatidic acids (PAs) are a type of phospholipid that are essential components of cell membranes. They are composed of a glycerol backbone linked to two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group. The phosphate group is esterified to another molecule, usually either serine, inositol, or choline, forming different types of phosphatidic acids.
PAs are particularly important as they serve as key regulators of many cellular processes, including signal transduction, membrane trafficking, and autophagy. They can act as signaling molecules by binding to and activating specific proteins, such as the enzyme phospholipase D, which generates second messengers involved in various signaling pathways.
PAs are also important intermediates in the synthesis of other phospholipids, such as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylinositol. They are produced by the enzyme diacylglycerol kinase (DGK), which adds a phosphate group to diacylglycerol (DAG) to form PA.
Abnormal levels of PAs have been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders. Therefore, understanding the regulation and function of PAs is an active area of research with potential therapeutic implications.
Cotinine is the major metabolite of nicotine, which is formed in the body after exposure to tobacco smoke or other sources of nicotine. It is often used as a biomarker for nicotine exposure and can be measured in various biological samples such as blood, urine, saliva, and hair. Cotinine has a longer half-life than nicotine, making it a more reliable indicator of long-term exposure to tobacco smoke or nicotine products.
Metabolic engineering is a branch of biotechnology that involves the modification and manipulation of metabolic pathways in organisms to enhance their production of specific metabolites or to alter their flow of energy and carbon. This field combines principles from genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, and chemical engineering to design and construct novel metabolic pathways or modify existing ones with the goal of optimizing the production of valuable compounds or improving the properties of organisms for various applications.
Examples of metabolic engineering include the modification of microorganisms to produce biofuels, pharmaceuticals, or industrial chemicals; the enhancement of crop yields and nutritional value in agriculture; and the development of novel bioremediation strategies for environmental pollution control. The ultimate goal of metabolic engineering is to create organisms that can efficiently and sustainably produce valuable products while minimizing waste and reducing the impact on the environment.
Oxygen radioisotopes are unstable isotopes of the element oxygen that emit radiation as they decay to a more stable form. These isotopes can be used in medical imaging and treatment, such as positron emission tomography (PET) scans. Common oxygen radioisotopes used in medicine include oxygen-15 and oxygen-18. Oxygen-15 has a very short half-life of about 2 minutes, while oxygen-18 has a longer half-life of about 2 hours. These isotopes can be incorporated into molecules such as water or carbon dioxide, which can then be used to study blood flow, metabolism and other physiological processes in the body.
Carcinogens are agents (substances or mixtures of substances) that can cause cancer. They may be naturally occurring or man-made. Carcinogens can increase the risk of cancer by altering cellular DNA, disrupting cellular function, or promoting cell growth. Examples of carcinogens include certain chemicals found in tobacco smoke, asbestos, UV radiation from the sun, and some viruses.
It's important to note that not all exposures to carcinogens will result in cancer, and the risk typically depends on factors such as the level and duration of exposure, individual genetic susceptibility, and lifestyle choices. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies carcinogens into different groups based on the strength of evidence linking them to cancer:
Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans
Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans
Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans
Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans
Group 4: Probably not carcinogenic to humans
This information is based on medical research and may be subject to change as new studies become available. Always consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.
Butanol
1-Butanol
Butanol fuel
2-Butanol
Kauri-butanol value
2-Methyl-1-butanol
2-Ethyl-1-butanol
Acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation
3-Methyl-2-butanol
3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol
2,2-Dimethyl-1-butanol
Isobutanol
Environmental Health Criteria (WHO)
Timeline of alcohol fuel
Biofuel in the United States
Tert-Butyl alcohol
Clostridium acetobutylicum
Comparison of psychoactive alcohols in alcoholic drinks
Condensed tannin
Alcohol fuel
Perstraction
Second-generation biofuels
Cocoa necrosis virus
List of long species names
Sustainable biofuel
Alternative fuel
Butyryl-CoA
Levopropoxyphene
Condensation particle counter
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Butanol - Wikipedia
NSF t-Butanol
D304 Standard Specification for n-Butyl Alcohol (Butanol)
1-Butanol - n-Butanol, Butyl alcohol
NNAL (4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol) Factsheet | National Biomonitoring Program | CDC
4-(Tetrahydro-2-furanyloxy)-1-butanol | C8H16O3 | ChemSpider
3-Methyl-2-butanol C5H12O - Detectors & Protection Equipment - Dräger VOICE
N-Butanol | IMCD
n-Butanol or isobutanol as a value-added fuel additive to inhibit microbial degradation of stored gasoline... | ORNL
en
Spectroscopic and Dielcometric Study of the Kinetics of Alcoholysis of Trichloroacetyl Chloride with Butanol | SpringerLink
tert-Butanol | Linac Coherent Light Source
Butanol Biofuel Producing Bacteria Discovered in Animal Poop | The Mary Sue
Engineering E. coli to synthesize butanol | Biochemical Society Transactions | Portland Press
4-{[1-(5-Chloro-2-thienyl)ethyl]amino}-2-butanol | C10H16ClNOS | ChemSpider
tert-Butanol | (CH3)3COH | CID 6386 - PubChem
3.0 N HCl in n-Butanol - Regis Technologies
NREL study probes emissions impact of butanol-gasoline blends in light-duty vehicles - Green Car Congress
Experimental investigation on CRDI engine using butanol-biodiesel-diesel blends as fuel - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
METHOXY BUTANOL Resistant Orings, Xrings, Gaskets, Rubber products
1-(2-Furyl)-1-butanol supplier - CAS 4208-62-2 - EC-000.1529
4-(Isopropylamino)butanol 42042-71-7 | Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.(APAC)
N-butanol extracts of Morinda citrifolia suppress advanced glycation end products (AGE)-induced inflammatory reactions in...
Butanol Ingredient & Chemical Distributor | Redox
Characteristics of Exhaust Emissions of a Diesel Generator Fueled with Water-Containing Butanol and Waste-Edible-Oil-Biodiesel...
N-Butanol Industry Size to Reach $28,585.84 Mn in 2055
The significance of proline and glutamate on butanol chaotropic stress in Bacillus subtilis 168 | Biotechnology for Biofuels...
butanol
Alcohols; saturated monohydric, butanols excluding item no. 2905.13 exports to Chile |2021
Fuel spray and combustion characteristics of butanol blends i..|INIS
Tert-butanol17
- These are n-butanol, 2 stereoisomers of sec-butanol, isobutanol and tert-butanol. (wikipedia.org)
- The branched isomer with the alcohol at a terminal carbon is isobutanol or 2-methyl-1-propanol, and the branched isomer with the alcohol at the internal carbon is tert-butanol or 2-methyl-2-propanol. (wikipedia.org)
- n-butanol and isobutanol have limited solubility, sec-butanol has substantially greater solubility, while tert-butanol is miscible with water. (wikipedia.org)
- for example, alkali metal salts of tert-butanol are tert-butoxides. (wikipedia.org)
- tert-butanol is derived from isobutane as a co-product of propylene oxide production. (wikipedia.org)
- Tert-butanol (TBA, IUPAC: 2-methyl-2-propanol), also known as tertiary butanol or neobutanol, is the simplest tertiary alcohol and one of the four isomers of butanol. (industrialchemgroup.com)
- The melting point of tert-butanol is just over 25°C, so it may be solid at room temperature. (industrialchemgroup.com)
- These properties make tert-butanol a useful solvent and additive, one of the most versatile petrochemicals. (industrialchemgroup.com)
- Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia-Ukraine War Influence, the global market for Tert-Butanol estimated at US$ XX.X million in the year 2022, is projected to reach a revised size of US$ XX.X million by 2028, growing at a CAGR of % during the forecast period 2022-2028. (grandresearchstore.com)
- The USA market for Tert-Butanol is estimated to increase from US$ XX.X million in 2022 to reach US$ XX.X million by 2028, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2023 through 2028. (grandresearchstore.com)
- The global Tert-Butanol market size is projected to reach US$ XX million by 2028, from US$ XX million in 2021, at a CAGR of XX% during 2022-2028. (grandresearchstore.com)
- With industry-standard accuracy in analysis and high data integrity, the report makes a brilliant attempt to unveil key opportunities available in the global Tert-Butanol market to help players in achieving a strong market position. (grandresearchstore.com)
- Buyers of the report can access verified and reliable market forecasts, including those for the overall size of the global Tert-Butanol market in terms of revenue. (grandresearchstore.com)
- On the whole, the report proves to be an effective tool that players can use to gain a competitive edge over their competitors and ensure lasting success in the global Tert-Butanol market. (grandresearchstore.com)
- The analysts who have authored the report took a unique and industry-best research and analysis approach for an in-depth study of the global Tert-Butanol market. (grandresearchstore.com)
- Tert-Butanol market is split by Type and by Application. (grandresearchstore.com)
- Butanol has a four carbon structure and depending on the position of the hydroxyl (OH) group on the carbon chain, four different isomers are defined: n-butanol (1-butanol), sec-butanol, isobutanol (2-methyl-1-propanol), and tert-butanol. (sage-tips.com)
Ethanol11
- 2-methyl-2-butanol is a central nervous system depressant with a similar effect upon ingestion to ethanol. (wikipedia.org)
- Butanol at 85 percent concentration can be used in cars designed for gasoline (petrol) without any change to the engine (unlike 85% ethanol), and it contains more energy for a given volume than ethanol and almost as much as gasoline, and a vehicle using butanol would return fuel consumption more comparable to gasoline than ethanol. (wikipedia.org)
- Like Ethanol, Butanol is a biomas-based renewable fuel that can be produced by alcoholic fermentation of sugar beet, sugar can, corn, wheat (bio-Butanol), although petro-Butanol also exists, i.e. (bfh.ch)
- Butanol, a four-carbon alcohol, is a candidate alternative fuel, with properties closer to gasoline than Ethanol. (bfh.ch)
- The biorefineries producing cellulosic ethanol from wood or agricultural residues can be retrofitted to enable the production of butanol, which is actually practiced in US. (bfh.ch)
- The fact that it produces butanol also intrigues researchers, since butanol has greater energy density than other biofuels like ethanol. (themarysue.com)
- Butanol has been naturally produced via acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation by many Clostridium species, which are not very user-friendly bacteria. (portlandpress.com)
- and an i-butanol (12 vol%)/ethanol (7 vol%) mixture. (greencarcongress.com)
- The 12% i-butanol/7% ethanol blend was designed to produce no increase in gasoline vapor pressure. (greencarcongress.com)
- Tertiary butanol is a camphor-flavored liquid that is easily soluble in water, ethanol and ether. (industrialchemgroup.com)
- One canonical example of such processes is acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum, during which cells convert carbon sources to organic acids that are later reassimilated to produce solvents as a strategy for cellular survival. (illinois.edu)
Alcohols3
- The oxygen content of Butanol has similar advantages, like with other alcohols: tendency of less CO & HC, but possibility of increasing NO x (depending on engine parameters setting). (bfh.ch)
- Results of a study led by a team from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory on the impact of butanol-gasoline blends on light-duty vehicle emissions suggest that widespread deployment of n-butanol or i-butanol in the gasoline pool could result in changes to the estimated emissions of alcohols and carbonyls in the emissions inventory. (greencarcongress.com)
- However, we were studying butanol and other higher aliphatic alcohols with lipoidic properties, and we decided to test butanol for its antihemorrhagic activity, hoping that it might counteract the undesirable hemorrhagiparous effect of glycerol. (racehorseherbal.net)
Solvent8
- Butanol is primarily used as a solvent and as an intermediate in chemical synthesis, and may be used as a fuel. (wikipedia.org)
- Butanol is used as a solvent for a wide variety of chemical and textile processes, in organic synthesis, and as a chemical intermediate. (wikipedia.org)
- A.B.E. process Algal fuel Butanol fuel Solvent Merck Index, 12th Edition, 1575. (wikipedia.org)
- Butanol is an intensively used industrial solvent and an attractive alternative biofuel, but the bioproduction suffers from its high toxicity. (biomedcentral.com)
- n -Butanol (referred to as butanol hereafter) has been intensively used as an important organic solvent (used interchangeably with solvent hereafter) in chemical industries, and recently becomes an attractive renewable alternative biofuel over traditional biofuels due to its higher energy content and greater physical and chemical properties. (biomedcentral.com)
- Despite superior butanol tolerance of B. subtilis , organic solvent tolerance mechanisms have been mostly studied in Gram-negative bacteria, while relatively less information has been described in either B. subtilis or Gram-positive bacteria [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- The aqueous acrylic acid solution is purified via light solvent extraction to ester-grade acrylic acid to be combined with n-butanol in a esterification reactor to generate a crude ester stream that is further purified to yield high-purity butyl acrylate. (intratec.us)
- The shop owners added a manufacturer recommended neutralizer to the drycleaning machine using butylal that helps prevent hydrolysis of the solvent and release of formaldehyde and butanol. (cdc.gov)
Fermentation2
- Butanol can also be produced by fermentation of biomass by bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
- Prior to the 1950s, Clostridium acetobutylicum was used in industrial fermentation to produce n-butanol. (wikipedia.org)
Blends7
- n-butanol blends are currently under review. (ornl.gov)
- 2-3% (w/v). We determined that n-butanol partitions into the aqueous phase of a model gasoline/water system reaching concentrations of 42 g/L and up to 48 g/L from gasoline blends at 10% and 24% (v/v), respectively. (ornl.gov)
- The project focuses on the application of butanol-blends in Diesel engines only. (bfh.ch)
- Characteristics of diesel particles fueled by hydrated-butanol blends were studied. (aaqr.org)
- Fuel spray and combustion characteristics of butanol blends i. (iaea.org)
- Abstract: The processes of spray penetrations, flame propagation and soot formation and oxidation fueling n-butanol/biodiesel/diesel blends were experimentally investigated in a constant volume combustion chamber with an optical access. (iaea.org)
- With a lower ambient temperature, the auto-ignition delay becomes longer with increasing of n-butanol volume in blends. (iaea.org)
Isomers of butanol1
- What are the isomers of butanol? (sage-tips.com)
Alcohol10
- The unmodified term butanol usually refers to the straight chain isomer with the alcohol functional group at the terminal carbon, which is also known as n-butanol or 1-butanol. (wikipedia.org)
- The straight chain isomer with the alcohol at an internal carbon is sec-butanol or 2-butanol. (wikipedia.org)
- 1.1 This specification covers n-butyl alcohol (butanol). (astm.org)
- Butanol, a four-carbon alcohol, is considered in the last years as an interesting alternative fuel, both for Diesel and for Gasoline application. (bfh.ch)
- N-Butanol, a versatile alcohol compound, finds extensive applications in various sectors such as paints and coatings, automotive, chemical intermediates, and pharmaceuticals. (reportsanddata.com)
- Thus, this study aimed to elucidate butanol stress responses that may involve in unique tolerance of B. subtilis 168 to butanol and other alcohol biocommodities. (biomedcentral.com)
- These findings serve as a practical knowledge to enhance B. subtilis 168 butanol tolerance, and demonstrate means to engineer the bacterial host to promote higher butanol/alcohol tolerance of B. subtilis 168 for the production of butanol and other alcohol biocommodities. (biomedcentral.com)
- There are three other structural isomers of 1-butanol: 2-butanol (sec-butyl alcohol), 2-methyl-1-propanol (isobutyl alcohol), and 2-methyl-2-propanol (tert-butyl alcohol). (sage-tips.com)
- 1-butanol is a primary alcohol. (sage-tips.com)
- 1 Butanol is an alcohol having the chemical formula C4H9OH. (sage-tips.com)
Isobutanol3
- Biologically produced butanol is called biobutanol, which may be n-butanol or isobutanol. (wikipedia.org)
- Butanol (n-butanol or isobutanol) is a potential biofuel (butanol fuel). (wikipedia.org)
- n-Butanol or isobutanol as a value-added fuel additive to inhibit microbial degradation of stored gasoline. (ornl.gov)
Formaldehyde5
- i-butanol delivered a 29% reduction in CO from E16 and a 60% increase in formaldehyde emissions, compared to certification gasoline. (greencarcongress.com)
- Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and butyraldehyde were the most significant carbonyls from the n-butanol blend, while formaldehyde, acetone, and 2-methylpropanal were the most significant from the i-butanol blend. (greencarcongress.com)
- SolvonK4 contains primarily butylal and small amounts of n-butanol and formaldehyde. (cdc.gov)
- In the SolvonK4 shop, we documented inhalation and dermal exposures to butylal (no OELs exist and the long-term human health effects of SolvonK4 are unknown), and found low concentrations of formaldehyde and butanol. (cdc.gov)
- We collected personal and area air samples for the drycleaning solvents, as well as for formaldehyde and butanol, which are potential hydrolysis byproducts of butylal. (cdc.gov)
Reduce soot emissions3
- Butanol can also be added to diesel fuel to reduce soot emissions. (wikipedia.org)
- n-Butanol additive can reduce soot emissions at the near-wall regions. (iaea.org)
- Compared with the base fuel of B0S20D80, n-butanol additive with 5% or 10% in volume can reduce soot emissions at the near-wall regions. (iaea.org)
Produced from fossil fuels1
- Butanol produced from fossil fuels. (bfh.ch)
20231
- New York, 18 Sep, 2023 - The global n-butanol market size was USD 28,585.84 Million in 2055 and register a steady revenue CAGR of 4.43% over the forecast period, according to the latest report by Reports and Data. (reportsanddata.com)
Clostridium2
- Therefore, to improve butanol titers and yield, various butanol synthesis pathways have been engineered in Escherichia coli , a much more robust and convenient host than Clostridium species. (portlandpress.com)
- Due to fossil resource shortage, butanol has been increasingly produced generally by a conventional process using anaerobic bacteria of the genus Clostridium [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Propylene4
- The most common process starts with propene (propylene), which is put through a hydroformylation reaction to form butanal, which is then reduced with hydrogen to 1-butanol and/or 2-butanol. (wikipedia.org)
- This report presents an up-to-date, detailed cost analysis of n-Butyl Acrylate production from chemical grade propylene and n-butanol. (intratec.us)
- This study concerns the production of n-Butyl Acrylate, starting from propylene and n-butanol. (intratec.us)
- Chemical grade propylene is oxidized to acrolein and then to acrylic acid, which is then fed to an esterification reaction, along with n-butanol to generate Butyl Acrylate. (intratec.us)
Methoxy4
- Methoxy butanol, also known as methyl ethyl ketone, is a clear liquid with a mild, sweet smell. (marcorubber.com)
- When rubber is exposed to methoxy butanol, it can cause swelling, softening, and discoloration. (marcorubber.com)
- Additionally, prolonged exposure to methoxy butanol can cause rubber to become brittle and to lose its strength and elasticity. (marcorubber.com)
- View some of our other material compatibility ratings with METHOXY BUTANOL. (marcorubber.com)
Emissions2
- In the research project DiBut (with support of BfE and BAFU) addition of Butanol to Diesel fuel is investigated from the points of view of engine combustion, of influences on exhaust aftertreatment systems and of non-legislated emissions of cars in transient operation. (bfh.ch)
- The global n-butanol market is experiencing a significant trend towards bio-based N-Butanol and other renewable chemicals, which is rising due to increasing concern for environmental sustainability and need to reduce carbon emissions in the chemical industry. (reportsanddata.com)
Esterification1
- Butyl acrylate is produced by the esterification of n-butanol with acrylic acid and is used as a key raw material in the production of polymers and resins. (reportsanddata.com)
Acetate1
- 2-Butanol Acetate Report by Material, Application, and Geography - Global Forecast to 2021 is a professional and in-depth research report on the world's major regional market conditions, focusing on the main regions (North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific) and the main countries (United States, Germany, united Kingdom, Japan, South Korea and China). (researchbeam.com)
Biosynthesis4
- This review mainly focuses on the biosynthesis of n-butanol in engineered E. coli with an emphasis on efficient enzymes for butanol production in E. coli , butanol competing pathways, and genome engineering of E. coli for butanol production. (portlandpress.com)
- In addition, the use of alternate strategies for butanol biosynthesis/enhancement, alternate substrates for the low cost of butanol production, and genetic improvement for butanol tolerance in E. coli have also been discussed. (portlandpress.com)
- Disruption of the particular genes in proline biosynthesis pathways clarified the essential role of the anabolic ProB-ProA-ProI system over the osmoadaptive ProH-ProA-ProJ system for cellular protection in response to butanol exposure. (biomedcentral.com)
- Molecular modifications to increase gene dosage for proline biosynthesis as well as for glutamate acquisition enhanced butanol tolerance of B. subtilis 168 up to 1.8% (vol/vol) under the conditions tested. (biomedcentral.com)
Fossil4
- Since the 1950s, most butanol in the United States is produced commercially from fossil fuels. (wikipedia.org)
- The experimental results reveal that water-containing and -free butanol-added WEO-biodiesel yielded 21.7-56.3% less PM, 28.7-63.8% less PM-EC, 11.8-48.7% less PM-OC, 23.5-59.2% less total-PAHs, and 37.0-55.3% less total-BaP eq than fossil diesel (D100). (aaqr.org)
- Bio-based N-Butanol is derived from renewable sources, such as biomass, corn, and sugarcane, unlike traditional petrochemical-based N-Butanol, which is derived from fossil fuels. (reportsanddata.com)
- Bio-based N-Butanol is considered to be a more sustainable and environment-friendly alternative to petrochemical-based N-Butanol due to their lower carbon footprint, reduced dependency on fossil fuels, and lower environmental impact. (reportsanddata.com)
Additive1
- Compared with lower ambient temperatures, n-butanol additive presents larger soot reduction ability at higher ambient temperatures. (iaea.org)
Formula3
- 2-Butanol, or sec-butanol, is an organic compound with formula CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3. (sage-tips.com)
- What is the structural formula for 1 butanol? (sage-tips.com)
- What is the formula mass of butanol C4H9OH? (sage-tips.com)
Carbon2
- Under most circumstances, butanol is quickly metabolized to carbon dioxide. (wikipedia.org)
- The kinetics of alcoholysis of trichloroacetyl chloride with butanol in carbon tetrachloride were studied by dielcometry and IR spectroscopy. (springer.com)
Diesel4
- Butanol can also be blended to the Diesel fuel. (bfh.ch)
- The good miscibility (also with Diesel fuel), lower hygroscopicity and lower corrosivity make Butanol an interesting alternative. (bfh.ch)
- B0S20D80 (0% n-butanol, 20% soybean biodiesel, and 80% diesel in volume) was prepared as the base fuel. (iaea.org)
- n-Butanol was added into the base fuel by volumetric percent of 5% and 10%, denoted as B5S15D80 (5% n-butanol/15% soybean biodiesel/80% diesel) and B10S10D80 (10% n-butanol/10% soybean biodiesel/80% diesel). (iaea.org)
99.51
- The boiling point of 2 butanol is 99.5 °C, and the melting point is -114.7 °C. (sage-tips.com)
C4H9OH1
- Inelastic Neutron Scattering spectrum of 1-Butanol crystalline, C4H9OH, measured on the TOSCA instrument. (stfc.ac.uk)
Exposure3
- Detection of intracellular proline and glutamate accumulation, as well as glutamate transient conversion during butanol exposure confirmed their necessity, especially proline, for cellular butanol tolerance. (biomedcentral.com)
- This work revealed the important role of proline as an effective compatible solute that is required to protect cells against butanol chaotropic effect and to maintain cellular functions in B. subtilis 168 during butanol exposure. (biomedcentral.com)
- Concentrations of the high-flashpoint hydrocarbon mixture and butanol in air were well below occupational exposure limits. (cdc.gov)
Molecular2
- Using comparative proteomics approach and molecular analysis of butanol-challenged B. subtilis 168, 108 butanol-responsive proteins were revealed, and classified into seven groups according to their biological functions. (biomedcentral.com)
- What is the molecular weight of butanol? (sage-tips.com)
Acrylic acid1
- A major application for butanol is as a reactant with acrylic acid to produce butyl acrylate, a primary ingredient of water based acrylic paint. (wikipedia.org)
Toxicity1
- Butanol exhibits a low order of toxicity in single dose experiments with laboratory animals and is considered safe enough for use in cosmetics. (wikipedia.org)
Acrylate1
- The butyl acrylate segment is expected to register steadily fast revenue growth rate in the global n-butanol market during the forecast period. (reportsanddata.com)
Microorganisms1
- Photoautotrophic microorganisms, like cyanobacteria, can be engineered to produce 1-butanol indirectly from CO2 and water. (wikipedia.org)
Metabolic2
- 3N HCl in n-Butanol is required for newborn screening for metabolic disorders. (registech.com)
- Nevertheless, the accumulation of intracellular proline against butanol stress required a metabolic conversion of glutamate through the specific biosynthetic ProB-ProA-ProI route. (biomedcentral.com)
Liquid2
- n-Butanol is a clear, mobile, neutral liquid with a characteristic odour. (airedale-group.com)
- At room temperature and pressure, 1 butanol is a colorless liquid. (sage-tips.com)
Bacteria1
- This isn't the first bacteria discovered that can produce butanol, nor the first biological process to be tapped for making fuel. (themarysue.com)
Renewable4
- In addition, increasing investments in Research & Development (R&D) and construction of new production facilities, is in turn, rising production of bio-based N-Butanol and other renewable chemicals. (reportsanddata.com)
- Moreover, shift toward bio-based N-Butanol and other renewable chemicals is increasing due to rising need to reduce the reliance on non-renewable resources and volatility of the petrochemical industry. (reportsanddata.com)
- The production of bio-based N-Butanol is expected to become increasingly competitive with petrochemical-based N-Butanol as the costs of production decrease and technology for producing renewable chemicals advances. (reportsanddata.com)
- Overall, the trend towards bio-based N-Butanol and other renewable chemicals is a significant development in the global n-butanol market, reflecting the increasing importance of sustainability and circular and sustainable economy and rising demand for environment-friendly products. (reportsanddata.com)
Forecast1
- The pharmaceutical grade segment is expected to account for largest revenue share in the global n-butanol market during the forecast period. (reportsanddata.com)
Reduction2
Oxygen1
- However, this strain, called TU-103 , has the unique property of being able to produce butanol in the presence of oxygen. (themarysue.com)
Tolerance1
- Among the native butanol producers and heterologous butanol-producing hosts, Bacillus subtilis 168 exhibited relatively higher butanol tolerance. (biomedcentral.com)
Production1
- In addition, pharmaceutical grade n-butanol is used in the production of Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT), which is commonly used as a food preservative. (reportsanddata.com)
Reduces1
- The ambient temperatures at the time of fuel injection were set to 800 K, 900 K, 1000 K, and 1200 K. Results indicate that the penetration length reduces with the increase of n-butanol volumes in blending fuels and ambient temperatures. (iaea.org)
Chemicals1
- 16 ECETOC JACC No. 41 n-Butanol (CAS No. 71-36-3), European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals, Brussels, December 2003, pages 3-4. (wikipedia.org)