Busulfan
Transplantation Conditioning
Myeloablative Agonists
Bone Marrow Transplantation
Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating
Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease
Cyclophosphamide
Transplantation, Homologous
Vidarabine
Graft vs Host Disease
Whole-Body Irradiation
Alkylating Agents
Transplantation, Autologous
Immunosuppressive Agents
Melphalan
Thiotepa
Graft Survival
Hematologic Neoplasms
Drug Monitoring
Leukemia
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive
Spermatogonia
Histocompatibility
Transplantation Chimera
Oogonia
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Combined Modality Therapy
Antilymphocyte Serum
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols
Pharmaceutical Solutions
Leukemia, Myeloid
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Bone marrow transplantation in pediatric patients with therapy-related myelodysplasia and leukemia. (1/594)
Eleven children underwent BMT for therapy-related MDS or leukemia, four from HLA-identical siblings and seven from unrelated donors. Ten of the 11 were conditioned with busulfan and cyclophosphamide as the majority had received prior irradiation to the chest and/or abdomen. All patients engrafted. Regimen-related toxicity was more common when compared to historical controls. Eight patients developed acute GVHD and four of eight who survived 100 days post transplant developed extensive chronic GVHD. Non-relapse related mortality occurred in three patients. Five patients developed recurrent malignancy: one died from recurrence of osteosarcoma, three died of recurrent leukemia or MDS and another developed two subsequent malignancies (duodenal carcinoma and anaplastic astrocytoma). Three survive disease-free at 14+, 22+ and 43+ months for a 2 year actuarial cancer-free survival of 24% (95% confidence interval = 5-53%). Although allogeneic BMT can be curative, regimen-related toxicity is frequent and recurrent malignancy remains the major obstacle. (+info)High dose chemotherapy with busulfan, cyclophosphamide, and etoposide as conditioning regimen for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for patients with acute myeloid leukemia in first complete remission. (2/594)
We explored the combination of busulfan/cyclophosphamide/etoposide as conditioning regimen prior to bone marrow transplantation in 31 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in first complete remission. The preparative regimen consisted of 16 mg/kg busulfan, 30-60 mg/kg VP-16, and 120 mg/kg cyclophosphamide. With a median follow-up of 30.5 months (range, 5-60 months), 25 patients are alive in continuous complete remission. Estimated disease-free survival at 5 years is 80.5%. Death was due to transplant-related toxicity (graft-versus-host disease and cytomegalovirus infection, graft-versus-host disease and pneumonia, sepsis and mucositis, respectively). None of the patients have relapsed. As demonstrated by the results of this analysis, the conditioning regimen busulfan/cyclophosphamide/etoposide is effective and well tolerated in patients with AML in first complete remission. Main nonhematological toxicities were mucositis and hepatotoxicity. The low mortality and relapse rate appears to justify allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for patients with AML in first complete remission who have an HLA-identical donor. Whether this regimen offers a substantial improvement in disease-free and overall survival over presently used regimens warrants further investigation. (+info)Busulphan is active against neuroblastoma and medulloblastoma xenografts in athymic mice at clinically achievable plasma drug concentrations. (3/594)
High-dose busulphan-containing chemotherapy regimens have shown high response rates in children with relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma, Ewing's sarcoma and medulloblastoma. However, the anti-tumour activity of busulfan as a single agent remains to be defined, and this was evaluated in athymic mice bearing advanced stage subcutaneous paediatric solid tumour xenografts. Because busulphan is highly insoluble in water, the use of several vehicles for enteral and parenteral administration was first investigated in terms of pharmacokinetics and toxicity. The highest bioavailability was obtained with busulphan in DMSO administered i.p. When busulphan was suspended in carboxymethylcellulose and given orally or i.p., the bioavailability was poor. Then, in the therapeutic experiments, busulphan in DMSO was administered i.p. on days 0 and 4. At the maximum tolerated total dose (50 mg kg(-1)), busulphan induced a significant tumour growth delay, ranging from 12 to 34 days in the three neuroblastomas evaluated and in one out of three medulloblastomas. At a dose level above the maximum tolerated dose, busulphan induced complete and partial tumour regressions. Busulphan was inactive in a peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET) xenograft. When busulphan pharmacokinetics in mice and humans were considered, the estimated systemic exposure at the therapeutically active dose in mice (113 microg h ml(-1)) was close to the mean total systemic exposure in children receiving high-dose busulphan (102.4 microg h ml(-1)). In conclusion, busulphan displayed a significant anti-tumour activity in neuroblastoma and medulloblastoma xenografts at plasma drug concentrations which can be achieved clinically in children receiving high-dose busulphan-containing regimens. (+info)Autologous transplantation of chemotherapy-purged PBSC collections from high-risk leukemia patients: a pilot study. (4/594)
We have recently demonstrated that the combination of the alkylating agent nitrogen mustard (NM) and etoposide (VP-16) is capable of eliminating, ex vivo, leukemic cells contaminating PBSC collections and this is associated with a significant recovery of primitive and committed hematopoietic progenitor cells. Based on these data a pilot study on autologous transplantation of NM/VP-16 purged PBSC for high-risk leukemic patients was recently initiated. Twelve patients (seven females and five males) with a median age of 46 years (range 18-57) have been treated. Two patients had acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) resistant to conventional induction treatment, four patients had secondary AML in I complete remission (CR), one patient was in II CR after failing a previous autologous BM transplantation, while two additional AML individuals were in I CR achieved after three or more cycles of induction treatment. Two patients with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in I CR and one patient with mantle cell lymphoma and leukemic dissemination were also included. Eight patients showed karyotypic abnormalities associated with a poor clinical outcome. The mobilizing regimens included cytosine arabinoside and mitoxantrone with (n = 6) or without fludarabine (n = 3) followed by subcutaneous administration of G-CSF (5 microg/kg/day until the completion of PBSC collection) and G-CSF alone (n = 3) (15 microg/kg/day). A median of two aphereses (range 1-3) allowed the collection of 7.2 x 10(8) TNC/kg (range 3.4-11.5), 5 x 10(6) CD34+ cells/kg (range 2.1-15.3) and 9.2 x 10(4) CFU-GM/kg (0.3-236). PBSC were treated with a constant dose of 20 microg of VP-16/ml and a median individual-adjusted dose (survival < or = 5% of steady-state BM CFU-GM) of NM of 0.7 microg/ml (range 0.25-1.25). Eleven patients were reinfused after busulfan (16 mg/kg) and Cy (120 mg/kg) conditioning with a median residual dose of 0.3 x 10(4) CFU-GM/kg (0-11.5). The median time to neutrophil engraftment (>0.5 x 10(9)/l) for evaluable patients was 25 days (range 12-59); the median time to platelet transfusion independence (>20 and >50 x 10(9)/l) was 40 days (18-95) and 69 days (29-235), respectively. Hospital discharge occurred at a median of 25 days (18-58) after stem cell reinfusion. Four individuals are alive in CR (n = 3) or with residual nodal disease (n = 1 lymphoma patient) with a follow-up of 32, 26, 3 and 14 months, respectively. Seven patients died due to disease progression or relapse (n = 5) or extrahematological transplant toxicity (n = 2). Our data suggest that pharmacological purging of leukapheresis collections of leukemic patients at high-risk of relapse is feasible and ex vivo treated cells reconstitute autologous hematopoiesis. (+info)Correction of bone marrow failure in dyskeratosis congenita by bone marrow transplantation. (5/594)
Dyskeratosis congenita is recognized by its dermal lesions and constitutional aplastic anemia in some cases. We report successful allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in two siblings with this disease from their sister, and their long term follow-up. We used reduced doses of cyclophosphamide and busulfan for conditioning instead of total body irradiation. Also, we report late adverse effects of transplantation which are not distinguishable from the natural course of disease. (+info)Increased risk of chronic graft-versus-host disease, obstructive bronchiolitis, and alopecia with busulfan versus total body irradiation: long-term results of a randomized trial in allogeneic marrow recipients with leukemia. Nordic Bone Marrow Transplantation Group. (6/594)
Leukemic patients receiving marrow from HLA-identical sibling donors were randomized to treatment with either busulfan 16 mg/kg (n = 88) or total body irradiation ([TBI] n = 79) in addition to cyclophosphamide 120 mg/kg. The patients were observed for a period of 5 to 9 years. Busulfan-treated patients had an increased risk of veno-occlusive disease (VOD) of the liver (12% v 1%, P =.01) and hemorrhagic cystitis (32% v 10%, P =.003). Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was similar in the two groups, but the 7-year cumulative incidence of chronic GVHD was 59% in the busulfan-treated group versus 47% in the TBI group (P =.05). Death from GVHD was more common in the busulfan group (22% v 3%, P <.001). Obstructive bronchiolitis occurred in 26% of the busulfan patients but in only 5% of the TBI patients (P <.01). Complete alopecia developed in 8 busulfan patients and partial alopecia in 17, versus five with partial alopecia in the TBI group (P <.001). Cataracts occurred in 5 busulfan-treated patients and 16 TBI patients (P =.02). The incidence of relapse after 7 years was 29% in both groups. Seven-year transplant-related mortality (TRM) in patients with early disease was 21% in the busulfan group and 12% in the TBI group. In patients with more advanced disease, the corresponding figures were 64% and 22%, respectively (P =.004). Leukemia-free survival (LFS) in patients with early disease was 68% in busulfan-treated patients and 66% in TBI patients. However, 7-year LFS in patients with more advanced disease was 17% in the busulfan group versus 49% in the TBI group (P <.01). In patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in first chronic phase, 7-year LFS was 72% and 83% in the two groups, respectively. (+info)Busulphan level and early mortality in thalassaemia patients after BMT. (7/594)
The aim of the study was to correlate busulphan (BU) levels of thalassaemia patients with outcome of allogeneic transplant. BU levels were measured by gas chromatography mass fragmentography. All patients received a standardised dose of BU 16 mg/kg, and cyclophosphamide 150 or 200 mg/kg. For area-under-the-curve analysis (AUC), blood samples were obtained at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 h after the first and fifth dose for all patients, and additional levels were measured after ninth and/or 13th dose in most patients. Outcome parameters examined included veno-occlusive disease of liver (VOD), idiopathic interstitial pneumonitis, chimerism, and day 90 survival. Twenty consecutive thalassaemia patients who underwent haematopoietic stem cell transplantation were studied. The median age at transplant was 11.2 years (range 3-21 years). Mean BU AUC levels were correlated with age at transplant (r = 0.58, P = 0.007). Nine patients developed VOD and six had mixed chimerism, but these did not correlate with mean BU AUC level. Four patients died before day 50 from VOD and interstitial pneumonitis. Patients with BU AUC levels greater than the median (908 micromol x min/l) had significantly lower probability of survival at day 90 (60%), whereas patients with BU AUC level less than the median all survived beyond day 90. No patient had graft rejection. In conclusion, a high BU AUC level was associated with a higher treatment-related mortality in thalassaemia patients after transplant. (+info)Combination chemotherapy for choroidal melanoma: ex vivo sensitivity to treosulfan with gemcitabine or cytosine arabinoside. (8/594)
Treatment of choroidal melanoma by chemotherapy is usually unsuccessful, with response rates of less than 1% reported for dacarbazine (DTIC)-containing regimens which show 20% or more response rates in skin melanoma. Recently, we reported the activity of several cytotoxic agents against primary choroidal melanoma in an ATP-based tumour chemosensitivity assay (ATP-TCA). In this study, we have used the same method to examine the sensitivity of choroidal melanoma to combinations suggested by our earlier study. Tumour material from 36 enucleated eyes was tested against a battery of single agents and combinations which showed some activity in the previous study. The combination of treosulfan with gemcitabine or cytosine arabinoside showed consistent activity in 70% and 86% of cases, respectively. Paclitaxel was also active, particularly in combination with treosulfan (47%) or mitoxantrone (33%). Addition of paclitaxel to the combination of treosulfan + cytosine analogue added little increased sensitivity. For treosulfan + cytosine arabinoside, further sequence and timing experiments showed that simultaneous administration gave the greatest suppression, with minor loss of inhibition if the cytosine analogue was given 24 h after the treosulfan. Administration of cytosine analogue 24 h before treosulfan produced considerably less inhibition at any concentration. While we have so far been unable to study metastatic tumour from choroidal melanoma patients, the combination of treosulfan with gemcitabine or cytosine arabinoside shows activity ex vivo against primary tumour tissue. Clinical trials are in progress. (+info)Busulfan is a chemotherapy medication used to treat various types of cancer, including chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It is an alkylating agent that works by damaging the DNA of cancer cells, which prevents them from dividing and growing.
The medical definition of Busulfan is:
A white crystalline powder used in chemotherapy to treat various types of cancer. Busulfan works by alkylating and cross-linking DNA, which inhibits DNA replication and transcription, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (programmed cell death) in rapidly dividing cells, including cancer cells. It is administered orally or intravenously and is often used in combination with other chemotherapy agents. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and bone marrow suppression, which can lead to anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and increased susceptibility to infection. Long-term use of busulfan has been associated with pulmonary fibrosis, infertility, and an increased risk of secondary malignancies.
Transplantation conditioning, also known as preparative regimen or immunoablative therapy, refers to the use of various treatments prior to transplantation of cells, tissues or organs. The main goal of transplantation conditioning is to suppress the recipient's immune system, allowing for successful engraftment and minimizing the risk of rejection of the donor tissue.
There are two primary types of transplantation conditioning: myeloablative and non-myeloablative.
1. Myeloablative conditioning is a more intensive regimen that involves the use of high-dose chemotherapy, radiation therapy or both. This approach eliminates not only immune cells but also stem cells in the bone marrow, requiring the recipient to receive a hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) from the donor to reconstitute their blood and immune system.
2. Non-myeloablative conditioning is a less intensive regimen that primarily targets immune cells while sparing the stem cells in the bone marrow. This approach allows for mixed chimerism, where both recipient and donor immune cells coexist, reducing the risk of severe complications associated with myeloablative conditioning.
The choice between these two types of transplantation conditioning depends on various factors, including the type of transplant, patient's age, overall health, and comorbidities. Both approaches carry risks and benefits, and the decision should be made carefully by a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals in consultation with the patient.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Myeloablative Agonists" is not a recognized medical term. Myeloablation is a medical process that involves destroying or damaging the bone marrow, often as part of a preparatory regimen before a stem cell transplant. Agonists are substances that bind to receptors and activate them, causing a response in the body. However, combining these two terms doesn't form a recognized medical concept. If you have any questions about myeloablation or agonists individually, I'd be happy to help clarify those concepts!
Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is a medical procedure in which damaged or destroyed bone marrow is replaced with healthy bone marrow from a donor. Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside bones that produces blood cells. The main types of BMT are autologous, allogeneic, and umbilical cord blood transplantation.
In autologous BMT, the patient's own bone marrow is used for the transplant. This type of BMT is often used in patients with lymphoma or multiple myeloma who have undergone high-dose chemotherapy or radiation therapy to destroy their cancerous bone marrow.
In allogeneic BMT, bone marrow from a genetically matched donor is used for the transplant. This type of BMT is often used in patients with leukemia, lymphoma, or other blood disorders who have failed other treatments.
Umbilical cord blood transplantation involves using stem cells from umbilical cord blood as a source of healthy bone marrow. This type of BMT is often used in children and adults who do not have a matched donor for allogeneic BMT.
The process of BMT typically involves several steps, including harvesting the bone marrow or stem cells from the donor, conditioning the patient's body to receive the new bone marrow or stem cells, transplanting the new bone marrow or stem cells into the patient's body, and monitoring the patient for signs of engraftment and complications.
BMT is a complex and potentially risky procedure that requires careful planning, preparation, and follow-up care. However, it can be a life-saving treatment for many patients with blood disorders or cancer.
Antineoplastic agents, alkylating, are a class of chemotherapeutic drugs that work by alkylating (adding alkyl groups) to DNA, which can lead to the death or dysfunction of cancer cells. These agents can form cross-links between strands of DNA, preventing DNA replication and transcription, ultimately leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (programmed cell death). Examples of alkylating agents include cyclophosphamide, melphalan, and cisplatin. While these drugs are designed to target rapidly dividing cancer cells, they can also affect normal cells that divide quickly, such as those in the bone marrow and digestive tract, leading to side effects like anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and nausea/vomiting.
Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease (VOD), also known as Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome (SOS), is a medical condition characterized by the obstruction or blockage of the small veins (venules) in the liver. This results in the backup of blood in the liver, leading to swelling and damage to the liver cells.
The obstruction is usually caused by the injury and inflammation of the endothelial cells lining the venules, which can be triggered by various factors such as chemotherapy drugs, radiation therapy, bone marrow transplantation, or exposure to certain toxins. The damage to the liver can lead to symptoms such as fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites), enlarged liver, jaundice, and in severe cases, liver failure.
The diagnosis of VOD/SOS is typically made based on a combination of clinical signs, symptoms, and imaging studies, such as ultrasound or CT scan. In some cases, a liver biopsy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment for VOD/SOS is primarily supportive, with the goal of managing symptoms and preventing complications. This may include medications to reduce swelling, improve liver function, and prevent infection. In severe cases, liver transplantation may be considered as a last resort.
Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent, which is a type of chemotherapy medication. It works by interfering with the DNA of cancer cells, preventing them from dividing and growing. This helps to stop the spread of cancer in the body. Cyclophosphamide is used to treat various types of cancer, including lymphoma, leukemia, multiple myeloma, and breast cancer. It can be given orally as a tablet or intravenously as an injection.
Cyclophosphamide can also have immunosuppressive effects, which means it can suppress the activity of the immune system. This makes it useful in treating certain autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. However, this immunosuppression can also increase the risk of infections and other side effects.
Like all chemotherapy medications, cyclophosphamide can cause a range of side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, and increased susceptibility to infections. It is important for patients receiving cyclophosphamide to be closely monitored by their healthcare team to manage these side effects and ensure the medication is working effectively.
Homologous transplantation is a type of transplant surgery where organs or tissues are transferred between two genetically non-identical individuals of the same species. The term "homologous" refers to the similarity in structure and function of the donated organ or tissue to the recipient's own organ or tissue.
For example, a heart transplant from one human to another is an example of homologous transplantation because both organs are hearts and perform the same function. Similarly, a liver transplant, kidney transplant, lung transplant, and other types of organ transplants between individuals of the same species are also considered homologous transplantations.
Homologous transplantation is in contrast to heterologous or xenogeneic transplantation, where organs or tissues are transferred from one species to another, such as a pig heart transplanted into a human. Homologous transplantation is more commonly performed than heterologous transplantation due to the increased risk of rejection and other complications associated with xenogeneic transplants.
Vidarabine is an antiviral medication used to treat herpes simplex infections, particularly severe cases such as herpes encephalitis (inflammation of the brain caused by the herpes simplex virus). It works by interfering with the DNA replication of the virus.
In medical terms, vidarabine is a nucleoside analogue that is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active form, vidarabine triphosphate. This compound inhibits viral DNA polymerase and incorporates into viral DNA, causing termination of viral DNA synthesis.
Vidarabine was previously used as an injectable medication but has largely been replaced by more modern antiviral drugs such as acyclovir due to its greater efficacy and lower toxicity.
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a condition that can occur after an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), where the donated immune cells (graft) recognize the recipient's tissues (host) as foreign and attack them. This results in inflammation and damage to various organs, particularly the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and liver.
Acute GVHD typically occurs within 100 days of transplantation and is characterized by symptoms such as rash, diarrhea, and liver dysfunction. Chronic GVHD, on the other hand, can occur after 100 days or even years post-transplant and may present with a wider range of symptoms, including dry eyes and mouth, skin changes, lung involvement, and issues with mobility and flexibility in joints.
GVHD is a significant complication following allogeneic HSCT and can have a substantial impact on the patient's quality of life and overall prognosis. Preventative measures, such as immunosuppressive therapy, are often taken to reduce the risk of GVHD, but its management remains a challenge in transplant medicine.
Whole-Body Irradiation (WBI) is a medical procedure that involves the exposure of the entire body to a controlled dose of ionizing radiation, typically used in the context of radiation therapy for cancer treatment. The purpose of WBI is to destroy cancer cells or suppress the immune system prior to a bone marrow transplant. It can be delivered using various sources of radiation, such as X-rays, gamma rays, or electrons, and is carefully planned and monitored to minimize harm to healthy tissues while maximizing the therapeutic effect on cancer cells. Potential side effects include nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and an increased risk of infection due to decreased white blood cell counts.
Alkylating agents are a class of chemotherapy drugs that work by alkylating, or adding an alkyl group to, DNA molecules. This process can damage the DNA and prevent cancer cells from dividing and growing. Alkylating agents are often used to treat various types of cancer, including Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and solid tumors. Examples of alkylating agents include cyclophosphamide, melphalan, and chlorambucil. These drugs can have significant side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and an increased risk of infection. They can also cause long-term damage to the heart, lungs, and reproductive system.
Autologous transplantation is a medical procedure where cells, tissues, or organs are removed from a person, stored and then returned back to the same individual at a later time. This is different from allogeneic transplantation where the tissue or organ is obtained from another donor. The term "autologous" is derived from the Greek words "auto" meaning self and "logos" meaning study.
In autologous transplantation, the patient's own cells or tissues are used to replace or repair damaged or diseased ones. This reduces the risk of rejection and eliminates the need for immunosuppressive drugs, which are required in allogeneic transplants to prevent the body from attacking the foreign tissue.
Examples of autologous transplantation include:
* Autologous bone marrow or stem cell transplantation, where stem cells are removed from the patient's blood or bone marrow, stored and then reinfused back into the same individual after high-dose chemotherapy or radiation therapy to treat cancer.
* Autologous skin grafting, where a piece of skin is taken from one part of the body and transplanted to another area on the same person.
* Autologous chondrocyte implantation, where cartilage cells are harvested from the patient's own knee, cultured in a laboratory and then implanted back into the knee to repair damaged cartilage.
Immunosuppressive agents are medications that decrease the activity of the immune system. They are often used to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs and to treat autoimmune diseases, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues. These drugs work by interfering with the immune system's normal responses, which helps to reduce inflammation and damage to tissues. However, because they suppress the immune system, people who take immunosuppressive agents are at increased risk for infections and other complications. Examples of immunosuppressive agents include corticosteroids, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, and sirolimus.
Melphalan is an antineoplastic agent, specifically an alkylating agent. It is used in the treatment of multiple myeloma and other types of cancer. The medical definition of Melphalan is:
A nitrogen mustard derivative that is used as an alkylating agent in the treatment of cancer, particularly multiple myeloma and ovarian cancer. Melphalan works by forming covalent bonds with DNA, resulting in cross-linking of the double helix and inhibition of DNA replication and transcription. This ultimately leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (programmed cell death) in rapidly dividing cells, such as cancer cells.
Melphalan is administered orally or intravenously, and its use is often accompanied by other anticancer therapies, such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Common side effects of Melphalan include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and bone marrow suppression, which can lead to anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia. Other potential side effects include hair loss, mucositis, and secondary malignancies.
It is important to note that Melphalan should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare professional, as it can cause serious adverse reactions if not administered correctly.
Thiotepa is an antineoplastic (cancer-fighting) drug. It belongs to a class of medications called alkylating agents, which work by interfering with the DNA of cancer cells, preventing them from dividing and growing. Thiotepa is used in the treatment of various types of cancers, including breast, ovarian, and bladder cancer.
It may be administered intravenously (into a vein), intravesically (into the bladder), or intrathecally (into the spinal cord). The specific dosage and duration of treatment will depend on the type and stage of cancer being treated, as well as the patient's overall health status.
Like all chemotherapy drugs, thiotepa can have significant side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and a weakened immune system. It is important for patients to discuss these potential risks with their healthcare provider before starting treatment.
Graft survival, in medical terms, refers to the success of a transplanted tissue or organ in continuing to function and integrate with the recipient's body over time. It is the opposite of graft rejection, which occurs when the recipient's immune system recognizes the transplanted tissue as foreign and attacks it, leading to its failure.
Graft survival depends on various factors, including the compatibility between the donor and recipient, the type and location of the graft, the use of immunosuppressive drugs to prevent rejection, and the overall health of the recipient. A successful graft survival implies that the transplanted tissue or organ has been accepted by the recipient's body and is functioning properly, providing the necessary physiological support for the recipient's survival and improved quality of life.
Hematologic neoplasms, also known as hematological malignancies, are a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and accumulation of abnormal blood cells or bone marrow cells. These disorders can originate from the myeloid or lymphoid cell lines, which give rise to various types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Hematologic neoplasms can be broadly classified into three categories:
1. Leukemias: These are cancers that primarily affect the bone marrow and blood-forming tissues. They result in an overproduction of abnormal white blood cells, which interfere with the normal functioning of the blood and immune system. There are several types of leukemia, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
2. Lymphomas: These are cancers that develop from the lymphatic system, which is a part of the immune system responsible for fighting infections. Lymphomas can affect lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and other organs. The two main types of lymphoma are Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).
3. Myelomas: These are cancers that arise from the plasma cells, a type of white blood cell responsible for producing antibodies. Multiple myeloma is the most common type of myeloma, characterized by an excessive proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow, leading to the production of abnormal amounts of monoclonal immunoglobulins (M proteins) and bone destruction.
Hematologic neoplasms can have various symptoms, such as fatigue, weakness, frequent infections, easy bruising or bleeding, weight loss, swollen lymph nodes, and bone pain. The diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, imaging studies, and sometimes bone marrow biopsy. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the disease and may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, stem cell transplantation, or a combination of these approaches.
Drug monitoring, also known as therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), is a medical practice that involves testing blood or other bodily fluids to determine the concentration of a particular medication. This information is used to ensure that the patient is receiving an appropriate dosage and to help guide adjustments in medication therapy. It can be especially important for medications with a narrow therapeutic index, meaning that there is a small range between the effective dose and a toxic dose.
The goal of drug monitoring is to optimize medication effectiveness while minimizing potential side effects. This may involve measuring the concentration of a drug at various times after dosing to determine how quickly it is being metabolized or eliminated from the body, as well as to assess compliance with the prescribed treatment regimen.
Drug monitoring can be performed using a variety of methods, including immunoassays, chromatography, and mass spectrometry. The specific method used will depend on the drug being monitored and the level of sensitivity required. Results from drug monitoring tests are typically interpreted in conjunction with other clinical information, such as the patient's age, weight, renal function, liver function, and overall health status.
Leukemia is a type of cancer that originates from the bone marrow - the soft, inner part of certain bones where new blood cells are made. It is characterized by an abnormal production of white blood cells, known as leukocytes or blasts. These abnormal cells accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of normal blood cells, leading to a decrease in red blood cells (anemia), platelets (thrombocytopenia), and healthy white blood cells (leukopenia).
There are several types of leukemia, classified based on the specific type of white blood cell affected and the speed at which the disease progresses:
1. Acute Leukemias - These types of leukemia progress rapidly, with symptoms developing over a few weeks or months. They involve the rapid growth and accumulation of immature, nonfunctional white blood cells (blasts) in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. The two main categories are:
- Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) - Originates from lymphoid progenitor cells, primarily affecting children but can also occur in adults.
- Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) - Develops from myeloid progenitor cells and is more common in older adults.
2. Chronic Leukemias - These types of leukemia progress slowly, with symptoms developing over a period of months to years. They involve the production of relatively mature, but still abnormal, white blood cells that can accumulate in large numbers in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. The two main categories are:
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) - Affects B-lymphocytes and is more common in older adults.
- Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) - Originates from myeloid progenitor cells, characterized by the presence of a specific genetic abnormality called the Philadelphia chromosome. It can occur at any age but is more common in middle-aged and older adults.
Treatment options for leukemia depend on the type, stage, and individual patient factors. Treatments may include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, stem cell transplantation, or a combination of these approaches.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "sulfonic acids" are not a medical term. They are a type of compound in chemistry, specifically strong organic acids that contain the functional group -SO3H. Sulfonic acids are widely used in industry and research, including the production of detergents, dyes, and pharmaceuticals.
If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, please don't hesitate to ask!
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), BCR-ABL positive is a specific subtype of leukemia that originates in the bone marrow and involves the excessive production of mature granulocytes, a type of white blood cell. It is characterized by the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome, which is formed by a genetic translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, resulting in the formation of the BCR-ABL fusion gene. This gene encodes for an abnormal protein with increased tyrosine kinase activity, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and division. The presence of this genetic abnormality is used to confirm the diagnosis and guide treatment decisions.
Spermatogonia are a type of diploid germ cells found in the seminiferous tubules of the testis. They are the stem cells responsible for sperm production (spermatogenesis) in males. There are two types of spermatogonia: A-dark (Ad) and A-pale (Ap). The Ad spermatogonia function as reserve stem cells, while the Ap spermatogonia serve as the progenitor cells that divide to produce type B spermatogonia. Type B spermatogonia then differentiate into primary spermatocytes, which undergo meiosis to form haploid spermatozoa.
Histocompatibility is the compatibility between tissues or organs from different individuals in terms of their histological (tissue) structure and antigenic properties. The term is most often used in the context of transplantation, where it refers to the degree of match between the human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) and other proteins on the surface of donor and recipient cells.
A high level of histocompatibility reduces the risk of rejection of a transplanted organ or tissue by the recipient's immune system, as their immune cells are less likely to recognize the donated tissue as foreign and mount an attack against it. Conversely, a low level of histocompatibility increases the likelihood of rejection, as the recipient's immune system recognizes the donated tissue as foreign and attacks it.
Histocompatibility testing is therefore an essential part of organ and tissue transplantation, as it helps to identify the best possible match between donor and recipient and reduces the risk of rejection.
A transplantation chimera is a rare medical condition that occurs after an organ or tissue transplant, where the recipient's body accepts and integrates the donor's cells or tissues to such an extent that the two sets of DNA coexist and function together. This phenomenon can lead to the presence of two different genetic profiles in one individual.
In some cases, this may result in the development of donor-derived cells or organs within the recipient's body, which can express the donor's unique genetic traits. Transplantation chimerism is more commonly observed in bone marrow transplants, where the donor's immune cells can repopulate and establish themselves within the recipient's bone marrow and bloodstream.
It is important to note that while transplantation chimerism can be beneficial for the success of the transplant, it may also pose some risks, such as an increased likelihood of developing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), where the donor's immune cells attack the recipient's tissues.
Oogonia are the diploid stem cells that are present in the ovary and give rise to oocytes (haploid cells) through the process of mitosis. These oocytes have the potential to develop into mature eggs or ova during female fetal development and after birth, which is a unique characteristic of human female reproduction. The oogonia are enclosed within primordial follicles that protect and nourish them as they develop into oocytes.
It's worth noting that in contrast to males, who continue to produce sperm throughout their reproductive lives, females are born with a finite number of oocytes already present in their ovaries, which is typically around 1-2 million at birth. Over time, this number decreases due to natural attrition and ovulation, leaving only about 400,000 oocytes by puberty, and declining further with age until menopause when the supply of oocytes is depleted.
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of diverse bone marrow disorders characterized by dysplasia (abnormal development or maturation) of one or more types of blood cells or by ineffective hematopoiesis, resulting in cytopenias (lower than normal levels of one or more types of blood cells). MDS can be classified into various subtypes based on the number and type of cytopenias, the degree of dysplasia, the presence of ring sideroblasts, and cytogenetic abnormalities.
The condition primarily affects older adults, with a median age at diagnosis of around 70 years. MDS can evolve into acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in approximately 30-40% of cases. The pathophysiology of MDS involves genetic mutations and chromosomal abnormalities that lead to impaired differentiation and increased apoptosis of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, ultimately resulting in cytopenias and an increased risk of developing AML.
The diagnosis of MDS typically requires a bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, along with cytogenetic and molecular analyses to identify specific genetic mutations and chromosomal abnormalities. Treatment options for MDS depend on the subtype, severity of cytopenias, and individual patient factors. These may include supportive care measures, such as transfusions and growth factor therapy, or more aggressive treatments, such as chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation.
Combined modality therapy (CMT) is a medical treatment approach that utilizes more than one method or type of therapy simultaneously or in close succession, with the goal of enhancing the overall effectiveness of the treatment. In the context of cancer care, CMT often refers to the combination of two or more primary treatment modalities, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and systemic therapies (chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, etc.).
The rationale behind using combined modality therapy is that each treatment method can target cancer cells in different ways, potentially increasing the likelihood of eliminating all cancer cells and reducing the risk of recurrence. The specific combination and sequence of treatments will depend on various factors, including the type and stage of cancer, patient's overall health, and individual preferences.
For example, a common CMT approach for locally advanced rectal cancer may involve preoperative (neoadjuvant) chemoradiation therapy, followed by surgery to remove the tumor, and then postoperative (adjuvant) chemotherapy. This combined approach allows for the reduction of the tumor size before surgery, increases the likelihood of complete tumor removal, and targets any remaining microscopic cancer cells with systemic chemotherapy.
It is essential to consult with a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals to determine the most appropriate CMT plan for each individual patient, considering both the potential benefits and risks associated with each treatment method.
Antilymphocyte serum (ALS) is a type of immune serum that contains antibodies against human lymphocytes. It is produced by immunizing animals, such as horses or rabbits, with human lymphocytes to stimulate an immune response and the production of anti-lymphocyte antibodies. The resulting serum is then collected and can be used as a therapeutic agent to suppress the activity of the immune system in certain medical conditions.
ALS is primarily used in the treatment of transplant rejection, particularly in organ transplantation, where it helps to prevent the recipient's immune system from attacking and rejecting the transplanted organ. It can also be used in the management of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, to suppress the overactive immune response that contributes to these conditions.
It is important to note that the use of ALS carries a risk of side effects, including allergic reactions, fever, and decreased white blood cell counts. Close monitoring and appropriate management of these potential adverse events are essential during treatment with ALS.
Antineoplastic combined chemotherapy protocols refer to a treatment plan for cancer that involves the use of more than one antineoplastic (chemotherapy) drug given in a specific sequence and schedule. The combination of drugs is used because they may work better together to destroy cancer cells compared to using a single agent alone. This approach can also help to reduce the likelihood of cancer cells becoming resistant to the treatment.
The choice of drugs, dose, duration, and frequency are determined by various factors such as the type and stage of cancer, patient's overall health, and potential side effects. Combination chemotherapy protocols can be used in various settings, including as a primary treatment, adjuvant therapy (given after surgery or radiation to kill any remaining cancer cells), neoadjuvant therapy (given before surgery or radiation to shrink the tumor), or palliative care (to alleviate symptoms and prolong survival).
It is important to note that while combined chemotherapy protocols can be effective in treating certain types of cancer, they can also cause significant side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, and an increased risk of infection. Therefore, patients undergoing such treatment should be closely monitored and managed by a healthcare team experienced in administering chemotherapy.
"Pharmaceutical solutions" is a term that refers to medications or drugs that are formulated in a liquid state, as opposed to solid forms like tablets or capsules. These solutions are typically created by dissolving the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in a solvent, such as water or ethanol, along with other excipients that help stabilize and preserve the solution.
Pharmaceutical solutions can be administered to patients through various routes, including oral, intravenous, subcutaneous, or intramuscular injection, depending on the desired site of action and the specific properties of the drug. Some examples of pharmaceutical solutions include antibiotic infusions, pain medications, and electrolyte replacement drinks.
It's important to note that the term "pharmaceutical solutions" can also refer more broadly to the process of developing and manufacturing drugs, as well as to the industry as a whole. However, in a medical context, it most commonly refers to liquid medications.
Leukemia, myeloid is a type of cancer that originates in the bone marrow, where blood cells are produced. Myeloid leukemia affects the myeloid cells, which include red blood cells, platelets, and most types of white blood cells. In this condition, the bone marrow produces abnormal myeloid cells that do not mature properly and accumulate in the bone marrow and blood. These abnormal cells hinder the production of normal blood cells, leading to various symptoms such as anemia, fatigue, increased risk of infections, and easy bruising or bleeding.
There are several types of myeloid leukemias, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). AML progresses rapidly and requires immediate treatment, while CML tends to progress more slowly. The exact causes of myeloid leukemia are not fully understood, but risk factors include exposure to radiation or certain chemicals, smoking, genetic disorders, and a history of chemotherapy or other cancer treatments.
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a type of cancer that originates in the bone marrow, the soft inner part of certain bones where new blood cells are made. In AML, the immature cells, called blasts, in the bone marrow fail to mature into normal blood cells. Instead, these blasts accumulate and interfere with the production of normal blood cells, leading to a shortage of red blood cells (anemia), platelets (thrombocytopenia), and normal white blood cells (leukopenia).
AML is called "acute" because it can progress quickly and become severe within days or weeks without treatment. It is a type of myeloid leukemia, which means that it affects the myeloid cells in the bone marrow. Myeloid cells are a type of white blood cell that includes monocytes and granulocytes, which help fight infection and defend the body against foreign invaders.
In AML, the blasts can build up in the bone marrow and spread to other parts of the body, including the blood, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and brain. This can cause a variety of symptoms, such as fatigue, fever, frequent infections, easy bruising or bleeding, and weight loss.
AML is typically treated with a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and/or stem cell transplantation. The specific treatment plan will depend on several factors, including the patient's age, overall health, and the type and stage of the leukemia.
Seminiferous tubules are the long, convoluted tubes within the testicles that are responsible for producing sperm in males. They are lined with specialized epithelial cells called Sertoli cells, which provide structural support and nourishment to developing sperm cells. The seminiferous tubules also contain germ cells, which divide and differentiate into spermatozoa (sperm) through the process of spermatogenesis.
The seminiferous tubules are surrounded by a thin layer of smooth muscle called the tunica albuginea, which helps to maintain the structure and integrity of the testicle. The tubules are connected to the rete testis, a network of channels that transport sperm to the epididymis for further maturation and storage before ejaculation.
Damage or dysfunction of the seminiferous tubules can lead to male infertility, as well as other reproductive health issues.
Busulfan
Alkyl sulfonate
Ethane dimethanesulfonate
Chemotherapy
Mannosulfan
Gene therapy
California Institute for Regenerative Medicine
Severe combined immunodeficiency
Bcr-Abl tyrosine-kinase inhibitor
Astyanax altiparanae
Alkylating antineoplastic agent
Aspen Pharmacare
PAX7
Fertility preservation
Dimethylacetamide
Ectrodactyly
Total body irradiation
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Female infertility
Chemotherapy-induced hyperpigmentation
Spermatogonial stem cell
Delcath Systems
Specialty drugs in the United States
Treosulfan
Myelodysplastic syndrome
Teva Pharmaceuticals
Strimvelis
Pulmonary toxicity
ATC code L01
FLAG (chemotherapy)
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Cyclophosphamide9
- Busulfan is used in pediatrics and adults in combination with cyclophosphamide or fludarabine/clofarabine as a conditioning agent prior to bone marrow transplantation, especially in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and other leukemias, lymphomas, and myeloproliferative disorders. (wikipedia.org)
- As an adjunct therapy with cyclophosphamide for conditioning prior to bone marrow transplantation in adults and children >12 kg, intravenous (IV) busulfan (Bulsulfex) is dosed at 0.8 mg/kg every six hours for 16 doses (four days). (wikipedia.org)
- This phase II trial studies the side effect of busulfan, fludarabine phosphate, and post-transplant cyclophosphamide in treating patients with blood cancer undergoing donor stem cell transplant. (mdanderson.org)
- Drugs used in chemotherapy, such as busulfan, fludarabine phosphate and cyclophosphamide work in different ways to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells, by stopping them from dividing, or by stopping them from spreading. (mdanderson.org)
- Busulfan Injection is indicated for use in combination with cyclophosphamide as a conditioning regimen prior to allogeneic hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation for chronic myelogenous leukemia. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)
- Administer Busulfan Injection in combination with cyclophosphamide as a conditioning regimen prior to bone marrow. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)
- This study reviews results of a radiation-free preparative regimen consisting of busulfan and cyclophosphamide in 65 unrelated allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients. (elsevierpure.com)
- Fifty-seven patients received busulfan 16 mg/kg and cyclophosphamide 120 mg/kg, and eight received busulfan at doses between 15 and 17 mg/kg and cyclophosphamide at doses 100-200 mg/kg as preparative regimens. (elsevierpure.com)
- Busulfan/cyclophosphamide is an effective preparative regimen in unrelated bone marrow transplantation permitting adequate engraftment and a low relapse rate. (elsevierpure.com)
Fludarabine5
- Fludarabine + busulfan is a typical example of this use. (wikipedia.org)
- Giving chemotherapy such as busulfan and fludarabine phosphate before a donor stem cell transplant helps stop the growth of cells in the bone marrow, including normal blood-forming cells (stem cells) and cancer cells. (mdanderson.org)
- Fludarabine and Melphalan Compared with Reduced Doses of Busulfan and " by Betül Oran, Kwang Woo Ahn et al. (henryford.com)
- We aimed to compare the two most commonly used RIC regimens, intravenous use of fludarabine with busulfan (FluBu) and fludarabine with melphalan (FluMel), in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). (henryford.com)
- Fludarabine 40 mg/m2 was administered on days -6 to -3, followed by busulfan dosed to achieve a target area under the curve of 20 000 mol/min for the whole course . (bvsalud.org)
Myleran5
- Myleran is supplied in white film coated tablets with 2 mg of busulfan per tablet. (wikipedia.org)
- Myleran (Busulfan) is a prescription oral anticancer medication used to improve the quality of life and relieve cancer symptoms for people with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). (canadapharmacyonline.com)
- The active ingredient in the Myleran tablet is Busulfan. (canadapharmacyonline.com)
- Busulfan (Myleran) should not be used by pregnant women or who may become pregnant. (canadapharmacyonline.com)
- Myleran Busulfan tablets What do busulfan tablets do?BUSULFAN (Myleran(R)) is a type of chemotherapy used for treating chronic myelogenous leukemia. (tcds.com)
Injection8
- BUSULFEX ® (busulfan) Injection is a potent cytotoxic drug that causes profound myelosuppression at the recommended dosage. (nih.gov)
- BUSULFEX ® (busulfan) Injection is intended for intravenous administration. (nih.gov)
- The solubility of busulfan in water is 0.1 g/L and the pH of BUSULFEX diluted to approximately 0.5 mg/mL busulfan in 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP or 5% Dextrose Injection, USP as recommended for infusion reflects the pH of the diluent used and ranges from 3.4 to 3.9. (nih.gov)
- The NDC Packaged Code 0409-1112-01 is assigned to a package of 8 carton in 1 carton / 1 vial, single-dose in 1 carton (0409-1112-10) / 10 ml in 1 vial, single-dose of Busulfan, a human prescription drug labeled by Hospira, Inc.. The product's dosage form is injection, solution and is administered via intravenous form. (ndclist.com)
- Busulfan Injection causes severe and prolonged myelosuppression at the recommended dosage. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)
- Busulfan Injection is contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to any of its components. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)
- The most frequent serious consequence of treatment with Busulfan Injection at the recommended dose and schedule is. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)
- Similar levels of engraftment were achieved even when infusion of BMNCs was delayed up to 20 days after busulfan injection. (ru.nl)
Busulfex4
- Busulfex is supplied as an intravenous solution with 6 mg/ml busulfan. (wikipedia.org)
- Busulfex has proved equally effective as oral busulfan, with presumedly less toxic side effects. (wikipedia.org)
- Each vial of BUSULFEX contains 60 mg (6 mg/mL) of busulfan, the active ingredient, a white crystalline powder with a molecular formula of CH 3 SO 2 O(CH 2 ) 4 OSO 2 CH 3 and a molecular weight of 246 g/mole. (nih.gov)
- 2.Busulfex (busulfan) US prescribing information. (webmd.com)
Doses5
- We evaluated the disposition of busulfan in children between 2 months and 3.6 years of age with lysosomal storage diseases, leukemia, and immunodeficiency disorders receiving oral doses of 1 or 2 mg/kg using a gas chromatographic assay. (johnshopkins.edu)
- As an alternative to TBI, escalating doses of parenteral busulfan were tested for their hematologic toxicity, their ability to promote donor leukocyte engraftment, and the time window for such engraftment. (ru.nl)
- MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hematologic toxicity of busulfan was assessed in C57BL6 mice after single nonmyeloablative doses of intraperitoneal busulfan ranging from 1 to 40 mg/kg by serial complete blood counts monitored up to 40 days. (ru.nl)
- RESULTS: Busulfan doses from 1 to 40 mg/kg produced hematologic toxicity that was most pronounced in the 2nd to 3rd week. (ru.nl)
- The AUC is conventionally calculated using six plasma concentrations (AUC 0-∞ ) drawn after the first of 16 intravenous busulfan doses given as a 2-h infusion every 6 h. (elsevierpure.com)
Tablets2
- Busulfan tablets are also used in combination with other drugs to destroy the bone marrow and cancer cells in preparation for a bone marrow transplant. (medlineplus.gov)
- tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to busulfan, any other medications, or any of the ingredients in busulfan tablets. (medlineplus.gov)
Toxicity2
- Toxicity may include interstitial pulmonary fibrosis ("busulfan lung"), hyperpigmentation, seizures, hepatic (veno-occlusive disease) (VOD) or sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS), emesis, and wasting syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
- Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of Busulfan is essential for management of Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) patients, by optimizing dose, supporting compliance, and minimizing toxicity. (labroots.com)
Busilvex2
- According to the NCI Busilvex®/Busulfan is a synthetic derivative of dimethane-sulfonate with antineoplastic and cytotoxic properties. (oncoletter.ch)
- 1.Busilvex (busulfan) UK summary of product characteristics. (webmd.com)
Intravenous busulfan3
- 3.Nguyen L, Leger F, Lennon S, Puozzo C. Intravenous busulfan in adults prior to haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a population pharmacokinetic study. (webmd.com)
- CIBMTR's definition of RIC was used: a regimen that incorporated an intravenous busulfan total dose ≤ 7.2 mg/kg, or a low-dose melphalan total dose of ≤ 150 mg/m(2). (henryford.com)
- We investigated the pharmacokinetics of busulfan 46 times in 29 pediatric patients receiving intravenous busulfan. (elsevierpure.com)
Myeloablative5
- Busulfan is a chemotherapeutic agent used as a component in a myeloablative preconditioning regimen before hematological stem cell transplantation. (labroots.com)
- Children receive busulfan orally as part of myeloablative therapy before bone marrow transplantation for malignant and nonmalignant conditions. (johnshopkins.edu)
- Busulfan (BU) is a widely used myeloablative and antineoplastic agent in clinical bone marrow transplantation (BMT). (umn.edu)
- Myeloablative fractionated busulfan for allogeneic stem cell transplant in older patients or patients with comorbidities. (bvsalud.org)
- We hypothesized that a fractionated myeloablative busulfan dose delivered over an extended period would reduce nonrelapse mortality (NRM) while retaining antileukemic effects. (bvsalud.org)
Chemotherapy1
- Busulfan may be used in combination with other cancer chemotherapy agents. (tcds.com)
Appeared for intravenous1
- After 2002, a great interest has appeared for intravenous presentations of busulfan. (wikipedia.org)
Infusion3
- Low-dose parenteral busulfan provides an extended window for the infusion of hematopoietic stem cells in murine hosts. (ru.nl)
- The level of donor engraftment attainable after nonmyeloablative busulfan was determined by infusion of 20 million congenic murine bone marrow nucleated cells (BMNC) following 5 to 40 mg/kg of busulfan. (ru.nl)
- CONCLUSION: Nonmyeloablative parenteral busulfan produced transient myelosuppressive effects, clinically relevant levels of engraftment, and an extended time window for HSC infusion in murine hosts. (ru.nl)
Bone4
- Busulfan can cause a severe decrease in the number of blood cells in your bone marrow. (medlineplus.gov)
- The most common adverse effect of busulfan is bone marrow depression which results in altered blood cell counts. (cancerquest.org)
- How the Busulfan testing improved the management of Bone Marrow Transplant Patients? (labroots.com)
- For example, +8 is more common after busulfan than hydroxyurea therapy, and the secondary changes seen after interferon-alpha treatment or bone marrow transplantation are often unusual, seemingly random, and occasionally transient. (lu.se)
Dimethanesulfonate1
- Busulfan is a bifunctional alkylating agent known chemically as 1,4- butanediol, dimethanesulfonate. (nih.gov)
Hydroxyurea1
- The chronic phase varies in duration, depending on the maintenance therapy used: it usually lasts 2-3 years with hydroxyurea (Hydrea) or busulfan therapy, but it may last for longer than 9.5 years in patients who respond well to interferon-alfa therapy. (medscape.com)
Interstitial1
- Busulfan can cause interstitial pneumonitis, as such patients should be monitored for pulmonary issues. (cancerquest.org)
Usually administered2
- IV busulfan is usually administered over two hours. (wikipedia.org)
- Busulfan is usually administered as an oral tablet. (cancerquest.org)
Chronic myeloid2
- Busulfan was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in 1999. (wikipedia.org)
- Busulfan was the mainstay of the chemotherapeutic treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) until it was displaced by the new gold standard, imatinib, though it is still in use to a degree as a result of the drug's relative low cost. (wikipedia.org)
Stem cell trans1
- Busulfan is used as a pretreatment for patients who are undergoing stem cell transplant for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). (ndclist.com)
Tablet2
- Busulfan comes as a tablet to take by mouth once a day. (medlineplus.gov)
- The amount of Busulfan tablet you will receive and how it is given depends on many factors, such as your height and weight, your general health, and the type of cancer or condition being treated. (canadapharmacyonline.com)
Transplantation3
- Individualized, pharmacokinetic (PK)-guided dosing of busulfan improved relapse rates, leukemia-free survival (LFS), and overall survival (OS) following allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT), compared with fixed dosing, in patients with intermediate-risk acute myeloid leukemia who were in complete remission (CR) at the time of transplant. (astct.org)
- Individualized busulfan dosing improves outcomes compared to fixed-dose administration in pre-transplant minimal residual disease-positive acute myeloid leukemia patients with intermediate-risk undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation in CR. (astct.org)
- Optimizing systemic busulfan exposure, the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), improves the outcomes for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). (elsevierpure.com)
Oral3
- Both IV and oral formulations require prophylactic antiemetic agents administered prior to the busulfan dose and scheduled antiemetics administered thereafter. (wikipedia.org)
- Oral bioavailability of busulfan shows a large interindividual variation. (wikipedia.org)
- however, the literature on oral busulfan is relevant. (nih.gov)
Alkylsulfonate1
- Busulfan is an alkylsulfonate. (wikipedia.org)
Concentrations3
- Busulfan achieves concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid approximately equal to those in plasma. (nih.gov)
- The aim of the present study was to develop limited sampling strategies using three or fewer busulfan concentrations to reliably calculate AUC 0-∞ in patients undergoing HSCT. (elsevierpure.com)
- Limited sampling strategies using one, two, or three plasma busulfan concentrations were developed by multiple linear regression that showed excellent agreement with AUC 0-∞ . (elsevierpure.com)
Patients9
- However, clinical studies of busulfan were completed with patients taking phenytoin, so no empiric dose adjustment is necessary if patients are taking phenytoin with busulfan. (wikipedia.org)
- Busulfan should not be taken by women who are pregnant and patients should not become pregnant while using this drug, as it may have harmful affects on the developing fetus. (cancerquest.org)
- The TDM and timely plasma concentration reporting of Busulfan would provide an improvement in the quality-of-care for BMT patients. (labroots.com)
- Identify our purpose to measure Busulfan in BMT patients' samples. (labroots.com)
- When administered for treatment of leukemia in young patients, busulfan could cause damage of the reproductive system as one of its adverse effects, resulting in male sterility. (ginsengnation.com)
- LFS was significantly improved in patients who were MRD positive by flow cytometry prior to transplant, but not those who were MRD negative, after individualized busulfan administration. (astct.org)
- 32 patients (37%) received PK-guided busulfan dosing. (astct.org)
- The study is the first to analyze the role of individualized busulfan administration in a homogeneous population of patients with intermediate-risk AML in CR prior to allo-SCT, write co-corresponding authors Nicolaus Kröger and Evgeny Klyuchnikov and colleagues at the University of Hamburg in Germany. (astct.org)
- A randomized prospective study to evaluate impact of individualized [busulfan] administration on relapses and survival outcomes in larger cohort of patients focusing on MRD studies is warranted," they conclude. (astct.org)
Trough2
- Busulfan therapeutic drug monitoring is completed based on trough (pre-dose) levels with a target six-hour area under the curve (AUC) of between 900 and 1500 micromolxmin. (wikipedia.org)
- The trough level well correlated with actual AUC 0-∞ , suggesting that this time-point is acceptable for busulfan monitoring. (elsevierpure.com)
Acetaminophen3
- Concomitant use of acetaminophen within 72 hours of busulfan use can reduce busulfan clearance (resulting in increased busulfan AUC), as acetaminophen is also metabolized via glutathione and may deplete stores. (wikipedia.org)
- Acetaminophen may slow down how quickly your body gets rid of busulfan. (webmd.com)
- Your doctor may tell you to avoid taking acetaminophen for 72 hours before your busulfan therapy and for a few days after. (webmd.com)
Dose and schedule1
- Your doctor will determine your dose and schedule, and you should take Busulfan as directed. (canadapharmacyonline.com)
Adults1
- Busulfan clearance rate normalized to surface area is twice as high in children (200 ± 100 mL/min/m 2 ) as it is in adults (95 ± 54 mL/min/m 2 ). (johnshopkins.edu)
Exposure2
- To optimize busulfan exposure, dosing was adjusted to achieve an area under the curve (AUC) within ±10% of the target (40, 60, or 89 mg*h/l). (astct.org)
- After a median follow-up of 27 months, 3-year relapses, LFS, and OS were significantly lower after individualized compared with fixed busulfan exposure. (astct.org)
Molecular2
- The molecular recognition of ureido-cyclodextrin with busulfan was investigated. (wikipedia.org)
- The diagram above shows the 3D molecular structure of Busulfan. (cancerquest.org)
Glutathione1
- Busulfan is predominantly metabolized by conjugation with glutathione, both spontaneously and by glutathione S-transferase (GST) catalysis. (nih.gov)
Therapy2
- Seizures and VOD are serious concerns with busulfan therapy and prophylaxis is often utilized to avoid these effects. (wikipedia.org)
- It would be best to counsel women of reproductive age to use effective contraception during treatment and for six months following cessation of Busulfan therapy. (canadapharmacyonline.com)
Alkylating agent1
- Busulfan is a bifunctional alkylating agent in which two labile methanesulfonate groups are attached to opposite ends of a four-carbon alkyl chain. (nih.gov)
Medication1
- Also tell your doctor if you have taken busulfan before, but your cancer did not respond to the medication. (medlineplus.gov)
Severe1
- If you take busulfan with other medications that may cause a low blood count, the side effects of the medications may be more severe. (medlineplus.gov)
Clinical1
- Describe a clinical method to measure Busulfan in plasma by LC-MS/MS. (labroots.com)
Medications2
- Busulfan is in a class of medications called alkylating agents. (medlineplus.gov)
- Many other medications may also interact with busulfan, so be sure to tell your doctor about all the medications you are taking, even those that do not appear on this list. (medlineplus.gov)
Treatment2
- Your doctor will order laboratory tests before, during and after your treatment to check your body's response to busulfan to see if your blood cells are affected by this drug. (medlineplus.gov)
- Your doctor may adjust your dose of busulfan depending on your response to treatment and any side effects that you experience. (medlineplus.gov)
Leukemia1
- Busulfan is a known anti-leukemia agent. (ginsengnation.com)
Days2
- To determine the effects of delayed HSC infusions, BMNCs were infused 1, 10, 15, and 20 days after a single dose of 10 mg/kg of busulfan. (ru.nl)
- Participants received busulfan 80 mg/m2 as outpatients on days -20 and -13 before transplant . (bvsalud.org)
Product Code1
- Yes, Busulfan with product code 0409-1112 is active and included in the NDC Directory. (ndclist.com)
Plasma3
- Irreversible binding to plasma elements, primarily albumin, has been estimated to be 32.4 ± 2.2% which is consistent with the reactive electrophilic properties of busulfan. (nih.gov)
- A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for rapid and accurate quantification of Busulfan in plasma was developed and validated in the Department of Chemistry at Baptist Hospital of Miami. (labroots.com)
- Describe the validation results of the method to measure Busulfan in plasma by LC-MS/MS. (labroots.com)
Cancer2
- RÉSUMÉ Afin d'atteindre les objectifs de santé fixés par le pays pour 2011-2016, une analyse qualitative de l'exposition aux facteurs de risque de cancer au Qatar a été conduite en 2013. (who.int)
- Les risques de cancer les plus élevés pour les Qatariens proviendraient de facteurs associés aux modes de vie, en particulier l'obésité, la sédentarité et le tabagisme. (who.int)