Burundi
Fumigation
Phthiraptera
Africa, Eastern
Obstetric Nursing
Replicated evolution of trophic specializations in an endemic cichlid fish lineage from Lake Tanganyika. (1/50)
The current phylogenetic hypothesis for the endemic Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes of the tribe Eretmodini is based solely on morphology and suggests that more complex trophic morphologies derived only once from a less specialized ancestral condition. A molecular phylogeny of eretmodine cichlids based on partial mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b and control-region sequences was used to reconstruct the evolutionary sequence of trophic adaptations and to test alternative models of morphological divergence. The six mitochondrial lineages found disagree with the current taxonomy and the morphology-based phylogeny. Mitochondrial lineages with similar trophic morphologies are not grouped monophyletically but are typically more closely related to lineages with different trophic phenotypes currently assigned to other genera. Our results indicate multiple independent origins of similar trophic specializations in these cichlids. A pattern of repeated divergent morphological evolution becomes apparent when the phylogeography of the mitochondrial haplotypes is analyzed in the context of the geological and paleoclimatological history of Lake Tanganyika. In more than one instance within Lake Tanganyika, similar morphological divergence of dentitional traits occurred in sympatric species pairs. Possibly, resource-based divergent selective regimes led to resource partitioning and brought about similar trophic morphologies independently and repeatedly. (+info)Dry supplementary feeding programmes: an effective short-term strategy in food crisis situations. (2/50)
Malnutrition is frequently a predominant problem in disasters, and supplementary feeding programmes (SFPs) are often set up in food emergencies. This review analyses the effectiveness of such programmes in crisis situations in Liberia, Burundi and Goma (Congo), concluding that it is feasible to enrol large numbers of children in SFPs and achieve proportions of recovery above 75% if these programmes are implemented as a short-term measure in emergency situations. However, satisfactory SFP results do not necessarily indicate improved nutritional status of the whole population. (+info)A comparative analysis of the cost-effectiveness of treatment based on parasitological and symptomatic screening for Schistosoma mansoni in Burundi. (3/50)
OBJECTIVES: To assess the cost-effectiveness of three alternative screening strategies in delivering treatment to patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of S. mansoni, using data collected from 17 PHCCs in the Rusizi Plain, Burundi. The three strategies were: (1) screening all symptomatic patients using a Kato-Katz smear and treating only the ones found positive; (2) treating all symptomatic patients or (3) treating only those presenting with symptoms of severe diarrhoea (blood in stool). METHODS: The database consisted of 41 051 visits of symptomatic patients to the 17 PHCCs during 1990. Effectiveness was measured as the number of infected patients treated (gold standard: 25-mg Kato-Katz smear). Cost-effectiveness ratios (CERs) (cost in US$ per infected patient treated) were used to compare the control strategies. Sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the effect of drug price and prevalence of infection on the CERs. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of S. mansoni infection was 9.5% (95% CI = 9.1%, 9.9%). Treating only those with severe symptoms of infection would have left 92% of infected patients untreated. Performing a Kato-Katz smear to confirm the diagnosis was more cost-effective than treating all symptomatic patients on a presumptive basis, with CERs of 4.2 US$ and 12.43 US$ per infected person treated, respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed that, for a cost of 0.99 US$ per dose of praziquantel, the Kato-Katz option remained the most cost-effective approach for prevalences under 76%. For a drug price of 0.21 US$ per dose, both strategies would have become equivalent. The latter value varied extensively per PHCC (range 0.17 US$ to 0.51 US$), due to the different prevalences of infection (range 0.5% to 34.3%). CONCLUSION: We found that using severe diarrhoea as an indicator for infection was not appropriate, and that screening symptomatic patients with the Kato-Katz method remained the most cost-effective approach in the given setting. The CER of treating all symptomatic patients on a presumptive basis depended very much on the drug price and the endemic level. (+info)Specificity of circulating antigen detection for schistosomiasis mansoni in Senegal and Burundi. (4/50)
The specificity of schistosome circulating antigen detection was determined in negative individuals from two S. mansoni- endemic countries, Senegal and Burundi, and compared with results from Dutch control individuals. A nearly absolute specificity was achieved for circulating anodic antigen (CAA) detection in serum, irrespective of the target population or sample pretreatment method. Circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) detection in serum and urine resulted in a lower specificity than serum CAA detection. Apparent large differences in specificity of CCA detection between countries were mainly due to pretreatment methods. Apparently, the alkaline/heating pretreatment method is not as effective as trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-pretreatment in removing (certain) interfering components, which may vary between populations. In view of the development of the urine CCA assay into a noninvasive screening test, a slightly lower specificity may still be acceptable. For precise epidemiological analyses the highly specific serum CAA assay remains the method of choice. (+info)Untruths and consequences: the false hypothesis linking CHAT type 1 polio vaccination to the origin of human immunodeficiency virus. (5/50)
A book published in 1999 hypothesized that the scientists who worked with the CHAT type 1 attenuated polio strain tested in the former Belgian Congo in the late 1950s had covertly prepared the vaccine in chimpanzee kidney cells contaminated with a simian immunodeficiency virus, which evolved into HIV-1 group M. This paper summarizes the results of the investigation conducted by the author to determine the legitimacy of the accusation. Testimony by eyewitnesses, documents of the time, epidemiological analysis, and ancillary phylogenetic, virologic and PCR data all concur to reject the hypothesis as false and without factual foundation. (+info)Postscript relating to new allegations made by Edward Hooper at The Royal Society Discussion Meeting on 11 September 2000. (6/50)
At The Royal Society Discussion Meeting, Origins of HIV and the AIDS epidemic, which this issue records, Edward Hooper added two new 'smoking guns' to the accusations published previously in The river. These were proposed as conclusive evidence for the hypothesis that simian immunodeficiency virus-contaminated CHAT polio vaccine caused the HIV-1 group M epidemic. We have investigated the facts in relation to these 'smoking guns'. (+info)The earliest cases of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M in Congo-Kinshasa, Rwanda and Burundi and the origin of acquired immune deficiency syndrome. (7/50)
The early cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in the 1960s and 1970s in Congo-Kinshasa (Zaire), Rwanda and Burundi are reviewed. These countries appear to be the source of the HIV-1 group M epidemic, which then spread outwards to neighbouring Tanzania and Uganda in the east, and Congo-Brazzaville in the west. Further spread to Haiti and onwards to the USA can be explained by the hundreds of single men from Haiti who participated in the UNESCO educational programme in the Congo between 1960 and 1975. (+info)An outbreak of measles in Tanzanian refugee camps. (8/50)
From March 2000 to May 2001, four camps in Kibondo District, Tanzania, hosting refugees from Burundi reported 1062 cases of measles, a highly infectious and potentially lethal disease. Of 1062 case-patients, 225 (21%) were <9 months old, 286 (27%) were 9 months to 5 years, 324 (31%) were 6-15 years, and 227 (21%) were >/=16 years old. No deaths were reported. Although, in accordance with Sphere Project guidelines for humanitarian emergencies, camp policy was to vaccinate all new arrivals aged 6 months to 15 years against measles, 152 (72%) of 210 newly arrived refugees in this age group were unvaccinated; 143 (94%) of the 152 had lived in the camp >/=1 month before rash onset. This investigation supports Sphere Project recommendations for wide age group vaccination and suggests that in some circumstances vaccination of refugees >15 years old may be beneficial. (+info)Causes: Maternal deaths can occur due to various reasons such as hemorrhage, infection, high blood pressure, and complications during delivery. These causes can be further categorized into direct and indirect causes. Direct causes include those that are directly related to the pregnancy or childbirth, such as hemorrhage or infection, while indirect causes are those that are not directly related to the pregnancy but are exacerbated by it, such as heart disease or cancer.
Statistics: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 830 women die every day due to preventable complications during pregnancy and childbirth. In developed countries, maternal mortality rates are typically low, while in developing countries, they are much higher. The WHO estimates that 99% of all maternal deaths occur in these developing countries.
Significance: Maternal death is a significant public health issue as it not only results in the loss of a woman's life but also has a profound impact on her family and community. It is a key indicator of access to healthcare and reflects the level of investment in women's health and well-being. Reducing maternal mortality is essential for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and ensuring that all women have access to quality healthcare.
Interventions: To reduce maternal mortality, various interventions can be implemented, such as improving access to family planning, increasing the use of skilled healthcare providers during pregnancy and childbirth, investing in emergency obstetric care, and addressing social and economic determinants of health. Additionally, addressing gender inequality and empowering women to make decisions about their own health can also contribute to reducing maternal mortality.
Burundi
BeTV (Burundi)
Burundi genocide
Burundi Airlines
Burundi Bwacu
Mutambara, Burundi
FinBank Burundi
Air Burundi
Buta, Burundi
Burundi Black
Gisozi, Burundi
Burundi Tribune
Xaveri Burundi
Makamba, Burundi
Senate (Burundi)
Bamba, Burundi
Ngozi, Burundi
Interbank Burundi
Ruhwa, Burundi
Titi, Burundi
Education in Burundi
École Belge Burundi
Time in Burundi
1983 in Burundi
Collines of Burundi
Energy in Burundi
Burundi-China relations
Flag of Burundi
Tourism in Burundi
Outline of Burundi
Burundi - Integrated Community Development Project
Epidemic Cholera -- Burundi and Zimbabwe, 1992-1993
Computer and Peripheral
Category:Women of Burundi by occupation - Wikimedia Commons
What dissident's jailbreak means for a tense Burundi
Burundi IPT
Burundi - Traveler view | Travelers' Health | CDC
Chutes de la Karera | Burundi, Africa | Attractions - Lonely Planet
Mamia ya raia wa Burundi wafukuzwa Rwanda
441219 BURUNDI 2022 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT - United States Department of State
Burundi government harassing independent broadcasters - Committee to Protect Journalists
Property in Burundi | Burundian Real Estate Investment
Discover the climate and geography of Burundi
Tanzania Backs African Union Deployment To Burundi, Urges Cooperation As Violence Intensifies
Burundi: Visits Abroad: 6 Nov 2018: Hansard Written Answers - TheyWorkForYou
Border between Rwanda and Burundi remains shut | Africanews
Burundi: To Protect The People - "Self-Defense In Solidarity": Overcoming The Ethnic Divisions?
One year after coup attempt, journalists still gagged in Burundi | RSF
UNdata | country profile | Burundi
Burundi and World Meeting Planner with comparative time table
Desktop Operating System Market Share Burundi | Statcounter Global Stats
Browsing by Subject "Burundi"
Burundi - Latest News from MediaStorm
8 facts about Burundi's malaria epidemic | Burundi | World Vision International
EAC ministers in emergency summit on Burundi - The East African
American Film Showcase: Building Bridges in Burundi | International Documentary Association
Bujumbura3
- Journalists and police look at weapons seized during an operation in the Musaga neighborhood of Bujumbura, Burundi, on Sunday, Jan. 10, 2015. (ibtimes.com)
- Areas of active cholera transmission are localized the divisions of Cibitoke (last case reported in the past 3 months), Bubanza (last case reported in the past 3 months), Bujumbura Rural (last case reported in the past 3 months) and Bujumbura Mairie (last case reported in the past 3 months) in Burundi. (cdc.gov)
- Foreign ministers from the region are arriving in the Burundi capital, Bujumbura, to hold an emergency summit over the political crisis in the country. (co.ke)
Pierre Nkurunziza4
- New York, August 3, 2011-The government of Burundi President Pierre Nkurunziza is attempting to silence critical press coverage of his administration with incessant judicial harassment of two of the country's leading independent broadcasters, the Committee to Protect Journalists said today. (cpj.org)
- The crisis in Burundi began in April when President Pierre Nkurunziza, a former Hutu rebel, said he would run for a third term. (ibtimes.com)
- The day that election campaigning in Burundi began late last month, images circulated online of crowded political rallies with President Pierre Nkurunziza in attendance. (seattletimes.com)
- Burundi has been gripped by unrest since the President Pierre Nkurunziza announced he was running for a third term, which the opposition, civil society and even sections of his own party said violated the constitution. (ifj.org)
Africa2
- Burundi is a land-locked country in the heart of Africa, a little south of the equator, on the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika. (worldtravelguide.net)
- The WHO Africa regional chief, Matshidiso Moeti, described Mulombo as an "extremely competent person" and said the WHO was communicating with Burundi "to clarify and understand the reasoning for the decision they have taken. (seattletimes.com)
20171
- In 2017 alone, 6.4 million cases of malaria have been recorded in Burundi. (wvi.org)
Rwanda8
- Tanzania and Burundi are both members of the East African Community, a regional intergovernmental organization that also includes Uganda, Kenya and Rwanda. (ibtimes.com)
- The only exception is Burundi that has not reciprocated the gesture and is keeping the border with Rwanda closed. (africanews.com)
- Burundi demands that the alleged suspects, currently living in exile in Rwanda, be handed over before normal relations are resumed. (africanews.com)
- In April 1994, resumption of a longstanding conflict between the Hutus and Tutsis -- the two major ethnic groups in the central African countries of Burundi and Zaire -- resulted in civil war and mass genocide in Rwanda. (cdc.gov)
- An estimated 63,000 (primarily Tutsi) refugees subsequently moved from Rwanda into northern Burundi, and 500,000 refugees fled to Tanzania ( Figure_1 ). (cdc.gov)
- In early July 1994, as armed strife subsided, many Tutsis returned home to Rwanda, and an estimated 1 million Rwandan Hutus fled to Zaire, and 170,000 fled to Burundi. (cdc.gov)
- Kenya's Amina Mohammed arrived on Wednesday morning while her counterparts from Uganda, Rwanda and Tanzania are also reportedly in the country or en-route. (co.ke)
- KIGALI, Rwanda (AP) - Burundi is kicking out the World Health Organization's top official in the country just days before the presidential election and after the WHO raised concerns about crowded political rallies. (seattletimes.com)
Malaria5
- CDC recommends that travelers going to Burundi take prescription medicine to prevent malaria. (cdc.gov)
- Malaria information for Burundi. (cdc.gov)
- Clinical case definitions for major causes of morbidity (bloody diarrhea, nonbloody diarrhea, cholera, malaria, acute respiratory infections {ARIs}, measles, meningitis, trauma, and other conditions) had been developed previously by the Ministry of Health in Burundi (1). (cdc.gov)
- Since 2015, more than 19.7 million cases of malaria have been recorded in Burundi. (wvi.org)
- In the east and north of Burundi, where the malaria epidemic is most severe, people are getting malaria multiple times a year. (wvi.org)
Tanzania2
- Tanzanian Foreign Minister Augustine Mahiga (left) and Richard Sezibera, secretary-general of the East African Community, speak during a meeting on the Burundi crisis in Arusha, Tanzania, on Jan. 6, 2016. (ibtimes.com)
- Tanzania has become the first member of the East African Community to openly endorse the deployment of African Union peacekeeping troops to strife-torn Burundi. (ibtimes.com)
Adolescents2
- 1) As of November 2002, there were approximately 380,000 IDPs living in camps for IDPs and an unknown number of men, women, adolescents and children who are otherwise dispersed in Burundi. (fmreview.org)
- The vaccine scheduler table summarizes the current vaccination schedule for young children, adolescents, and adults in Burundi. (who.int)
Authorities3
- In a move seen as an attempt to frustrate RPA's legal defense, authorities jailed the radio station's lawyer, François Nyamoya , on July 29, on spurious charges of witness tampering in a case in which he had successfully defended a suspect in the 2001 murder of World Health Organization Burundi Representative Kassy Manlan, according to local journalists. (cpj.org)
- Burundi authorities have consistently harassed both RPA and Radio Isanganiro this year over their coverage. (cpj.org)
- According to the Burundian authorities the only obstacle remaining is the issue surrounding the alleged perpetrators of the attempted coup in Burundi in 2015. (africanews.com)
Crisis2
- 2.6 million people in Burundi will not have enough food to eat by the end of the year, says the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification - a global body predicting food crisis. (wvi.org)
- The union's President, Alexandre Niyungeko, sent a video message to the conference, explaining the struggling of press freedom and journalists in Burundi at the beginning of the political crisis in Burundi which followed the announcement of President Nkurunziza's run for a third term. (ifj.org)
Coronavirus1
- Burundi has 27 confirmed cases of the coronavirus, but some citizens and others have raised concerns that more exist. (seattletimes.com)
CAMBODIA1
- International Bridges to Justice (IBJ) is again seeking aspiring journalists, photographers or filmmakers who can document the work of legal aid lawyers in Burundi, Cambodia, China, India or Zimbabwe. (mediastorm.com)
Vaccination1
- Since children are more likely to be bitten or scratched by a dog or other animals, consider rabies vaccination for children traveling to Burundi. (cdc.gov)
Humanitarian2
- Both leaders expressed deep concern at the political, security and humanitarian situation prevailing in Burundi and at its consequences for regional security and stability. (ibtimes.com)
- Both rebel forces and extremists within the Burundi military are implicated in attacks against civilians and humanitarian aid organisations. (fmreview.org)
Journalists3
- Burundi journalists march on World Press Freedom Day. (cpj.org)
- Prosecutors accused Mitabaro of insulting the judiciary by airing comments by the imprisoned Burundi Bar Association President Isidore Rufyikiri suggesting the executive controlled the courts, according to local journalists. (cpj.org)
- During a previous July 18 interrogation, state prosecutors had accused him of broadcasting information "likely to incite civil disobedience" in connection with programs featuring opposition parties Front for Democracy in Burundi and Alliance of Democrats for Change, according to local journalists. (cpj.org)
Participants2
- Planning an online chat, conference call or videoconference with participants in Burundi and around the globe can be difficult, especially when you need to find a time in the day when everyone is in their business hours! (worldtimeserver.com)
- Select up to eight locations (including Burundi) where participants for your meeting or conference call are located. (worldtimeserver.com)
Situation5
- In a May 2011 report , the United Nations Independent Expert on the human rights situation in Burundi, Fatsah Ouguergouz, expressed serious concerns about "the lack of independence of the judiciary" in Burundi. (cpj.org)
- The situation of the regrouped best illustrates the challenges in Burundi of determining when displacement ends. (fmreview.org)
- Archbishop Timothy P. Broglio writes to Secretary of State Pompeo about the situation in Burundi. (usccb.org)
- Le Profil de Santé du Burundi présente un aperçu de la situation et des tendances des problèmes de santé prioritaires, ainsi que le profil du système de santé, y compris une description des cadres institutionnels, des tendances de la réponse nationale, et des principaux problèmes et défis. (who.int)
- Son objet est de promouvoir la prise de décisions fondées sur des bases factuelles dans le domaine de la santé, en recourant à une analyse approfondie et rigoureuse de la dynamique de la situation sanitaire et du système de santé du pays. (who.int)
Camps2
- In May 1994, morbidity surveillance was initiated by using health-unit data collected by NGOs in seven refugee camps in northern Burundi. (cdc.gov)
- Broadly, three categories of IDPs, with some movement between the categories, are referred to in Burundi: the displaced in IDP camps, the regrouped in regroupment or former regroupment camps (camps established when the military removed the local population to facilitate their military operations) and the dispersed who do not live in camps but in the forests and marshes or with relatives or friends. (fmreview.org)
Kenya1
- NAIROBI, Kenya (AP) - An official in Burundi says the bodies of 13 gold miners have been recovered from two pits in which they were trapped by flood water. (nbc4i.com)
Country2
- Burundi also became the first country to leave the International Criminal Court after ICC judges authorized an investigation into allegations of state-sponsored crimes including murder, rape and torture. (seattletimes.com)
- There are many obstacles preventing the development of Burundi, and small projects like that of JRS will not change the course of the country. (jrsusa.org)
Civilians1
- The African Union announced its plan in December to send a 5,000-strong peacekeeping force imto Burundi to curb intensifying violence and protect civilians, following renewed violence in the small East African nation. (ibtimes.com)
Conflict2
- Since the early 1970s, conflict in Burundi has caused more than 200,000 Burundians to lose their lives, many to flee abroad and many more to be displaced, some temporarily and some more long term. (fmreview.org)
- Regional instability and conflict also complicate prospects for peace in Burundi. (fmreview.org)
Prevention3
- The chairperson of the commission and the Tanzanian minister of foreign affairs - bearing in mind the importance of ending acts of violence and human rights violations - urged the government of Burundi to fully cooperate with the AU towards the early deployment of Maprobu," the African Union said in a statement Friday, referring to the official acronym for the African Prevention and Protection Mission in Burundi force. (ibtimes.com)
- Our model indicates that the prevention of one case of dehydration results in savings of Int$16.81, accounting for approximately 11 times of the primary treatment cost of one case of diarrhea in the community -based management program for diarrhea in Burundi . (bvsalud.org)
- Evidence from this study provides useful information to support health interventions aimed at prevention of diarrhea and dehydration related to diarrhea in Burundi . (bvsalud.org)
Health1
- Be aware of current health issues in Burundi. (cdc.gov)
Press5
- Nzobonariba said sending forces without the government's consent would be viewed as an attack on Burundi, the Associated Press reported. (ibtimes.com)
- According to press accounts, they stated that 'self-defense' would henceforth be a permanent part of national defense and would be extended to the rest of Burundi. (hrw.org)
- A foreign ministry letter seen by The Associated Press says the WHO representative to Burundi, Walter Kazadi Mulombo, has been declared persona non grata and must leave the East African nation by Friday. (seattletimes.com)
- Once again, the IFJ is urging for press freedom and safety of media workers to be fully respected and ensured in Burundi. (ifj.org)
- The IFJ has been strongly advocating for press freedom in Burundi. (ifj.org)
Years3
- Recommended for unvaccinated travelers younger than 60 years old traveling to Burundi. (cdc.gov)
- Unvaccinated travelers 60 years and older may get vaccinated before traveling to Burundi. (cdc.gov)
- In 2016, diarrhea killed around 7 children aged under 5 years per 1000 live births in Burundi . (bvsalud.org)
People2
- This world meeting planner allows you to choose the date for your meeting and the locations (including Burundi) of the people attending. (worldtimeserver.com)
- World Vision has provided 58,000 mosquito nets to families in World Vision Burundi project areas and sprayed the homes of 1.1 million people. (wvi.org)
News1
- They include Radio Inzamba 's news bulletin and the "Humura-Burundi" broadcast. (rsf.org)
Countries1
- Countries with high illiteracy rates are invariably mired in poverty, and Burundi is no different. (jrsusa.org)
Send1
- We stand up by our union in Burundi and send our sincere condolences following this outrageous killing,' said IFJ President, Jim Boumelha. (ifj.org)
Person1
- We fear that if he is sent back to Burundi, he will be a dead person,' added Niyungeko. (ifj.org)
Factors1
- The objective of this study was to estimate the economic burden associated with diarrhea in Burundi and to examine factors affecting the cost to provide economic evidence useful for the policymaking about clinical management of diarrhea . (bvsalud.org)
Major2
- Burundi has two rainy seasons - the major one from February to May, with a minor rainy season between September and November, and two dry seasons: the long dry season from June to August and the shorter dry season between December and January. (worldtravelguide.net)
- The practice of early marriages often poses a major obstacle to women attending school in Burundi. (jrsusa.org)
Community1
- While the primary focus of the Jesuit Refugee Service is the promotion of formal education, ignoring early-school-leaver women in Burundi not only negatively effects the individuals concerned, community development is also hindered. (jrsusa.org)
Women1
- Investments in education, especially of women, would put Burundi firmly on the path towards sustainable development. (jrsusa.org)
Concerns1
- Archbishop Broglio conveys to Secretary Pompeo a letter from the Catholic Bishops' Conference of Burundi in which the Bishops express appreciation for progress as well as raise concerns. (usccb.org)
Education1
- Parental education and child mortality in Burundi. (bvsalud.org)
Year1
- Recommended for unvaccinated travelers one year old or older going to Burundi. (cdc.gov)