Human echinococcosis in Bulgaria: a comparative epidemiological analysis. (1/159)
The present article describes the importance of human echinococcosis as a public health problem in Bulgaria, outlines the control measures carried out and evaluates comparatively the situation over three periods spanning 46 years (1950-1995). During the first period (1950-62), a total of 6469 new surgically confirmed cases of hydatid disease were recorded in Bulgaria, with an annual incidence of 6.5 per 100,000 population, and the infestation rate in domestic animals and dogs was high. Echinococcosis was endemic throughout the country. The organization of a control campaign, initiated in 1960, led to a considerable improvement in the situation during the second period (1971-82). Morbidity among humans gradually decreased, with an average incidence of 2.0 per 100,000, and the proportion of infected animals also fell. The distribution of echinococcosis was characterized as sporadic or of low endemicity. During the third period (1983-95), owing to administrative irregularities and economic changes, funds for supporting the campaign were reduced and control structures were dismantled. As a result, the incidence rose to 3.3 per 100,000. Echinococcosis again became endemic, in some regions hyperendemic. The findings provide convincing evidence that cessation of control measures or reduction of campaign activity can lead to intensification in the transmission of Echinococcus granulosus and to a resurgence in echinococcosis to previous levels. (+info)Patterns of smoking in Bulgaria. (2/159)
BACKGROUND: Although the rate of smoking-related deaths in Bulgaria is still relatively low, in international terms, it has been rising rapidly. This is likely to become worse in the future as Bulgaria faces growing pressure from transnational tobacco companies. There is, however, little information on patterns of smoking, which is necessary for development of effective policies to tackle tobacco consumption. OBJECTIVE: To describe the pattern of smoking in Bulgaria and its relationship with sociodemographic factors. DESIGN: Multivariate analysis of data on patterns of tobacco consumption from a multi-stage nationwide survey of 1550 adults. SETTING: Bulgaria, in 1997. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Prevalence of current cigarette smoking. RESULTS: 38.4% of men and 16.7% of women smoke. Smoking rates are strongly associated with age, with 58% of men and 30% of women aged 30-39 smoking whereas only 5% of men aged 70 years and older and almost no women of this age smoke. Smoking is more common in cities, among those who are widowed or divorced, or who do not own their home. There is no clear association with household income or, for men, with education, although there is a suggestion that smoking may be more common among more highly educated women. CONCLUSIONS: The observed pattern of smoking indicates the need for a robust policy to tackle smoking in Bulgaria, especially among the young in large cities, informed by a better understanding of why smoking rates vary among different groups. (+info)Health hazards in the production and processing of some fibers, resins, and plastics in Bulgaria. (3/159)
Results of the toxicological studies of working conditions, general and professional morbidity, and complex examinations carried out on workers engaged in the production of polyamides, polyacrylonitrile fibers, polyester fibers and poly (vinyl chloride) resin, urea-formaldehyde glue, glass fibre materials and polyurethane resins are given. An extremely high occupational hazard for workers in the production of poly (vinyl chloride) resin and porous materials from polyurethane resins and urea-formaldehyde glue has been established. Cases of vinyl chloride disease, poisoning from formaldehyde, isocyanates, and styrene were noted. Prophylactic measures were taken in Bulgaria to lessen the occupational hazard in the productions as set forth included limitation of the work day to 6 hr, free food, additional bonus and leave, and annual physical examinations of workers. (+info)Q fever in Bulgaria and Slovakia. (4/159)
As a result of dramatic political and economic changes in the beginning of the 1990s, Q-fever epidemiology in Bulgaria has changed. The number of goats almost tripled; contact between goat owners (and their families) and goats, as well as goats and other animals, increased; consumption of raw goat milk and its products increased; and goats replaced cattle and sheep as the main source of human Coxiella burnetii infections. Hundreds of overt, serologically confirmed human cases of acute Q fever have occurred. Chronic forms of Q fever manifesting as endocarditis were also observed. In contrast, in Slovakia, Q fever does not pose a serious public health problem, and the chronic form of infection has not been found either in follow-ups of a Q-fever epidemic connected with goats imported from Bulgaria and other previous Q-fever outbreaks or in a serologic survey. Serologic diagnosis as well as control and prevention of Q fever are discussed. (+info)Patterns of alcohol consumption in Bulgaria. (5/159)
Alcohol is increasingly being recognized as a major cause of the greater burden of disease and premature death in eastern Europe than in the west. This requires a robust policy response but, in most countries in the region, there is little empirical data on patterns of consumption on which to base such a response. Until now, there has been no information on prevalence of drinking among the Bulgarian population. This paper describes a survey that seeks to address this weakness by describing the pattern of drinking in Bulgaria and its relationship with socio-demographic factors. It uses a multivariate analysis of data on patterns of alcohol consumption from a multi-stage nationwide survey of 1550 adults in Bulgaria, in 1997 which found that overall 50.7% of men and 13.6% of women drink at least weekly. In both sexes, drinking is least common among the elderly and those living in villages. It is also less common among those reporting their financial status as poor. Muslims are less likely to drink than are orthodox Christians. Drinking is most common among those living in cities, with higher education and high incomes. Heavy drinking, defined as 80 g/day or more, is rare among women, but is ascribed to 18.2% of men. Heavy drinking was much more common among men living in Sofia and was less common among those whose financial situation was poor. At the levels of drinking reported, it can be expected that alcohol is making a substantial contribution to the burden of disease and premature mortality in Bulgaria. A coordinated, effective policy response is required. Although some of the legal prerequisites are in place, they are poorly enforced and there is no overall strategy to address this issue. (+info)A founder mutation in the GK1 gene is responsible for galactokinase deficiency in Roma (Gypsies). (6/159)
Galactokinase deficiency is an inborn error in the first step of galactose metabolism. Its major clinical manifestation is the development of cataracts in the first weeks of life. It has also been suggested that carriers of the deficiency are predisposed to presenile cataracts developing at age 20-50 years. Newborn screening data suggest that the gene frequency is very low worldwide but is higher among the Roma in Europe. Since the cloning of the galactokinase gene (GK1) in 1995, only two disease-causing mutations, both confined to single families, have been identified. Here we present the results of a study of six affected Romani families from Bulgaria, where index patients with galactokinase deficiency have been detected by the mass screening. Genetic linkage mapping placed the disease locus on 17q, and haplotype analysis revealed a small conserved region of homozygosity. Using radiation hybrid mapping, we have shown that GK1 is located in this region. The founder Romani mutation identified in this study is a single nucleotide substitution in GK1 resulting in the replacement of the conserved proline residue at amino acid position 28 with threonine (P28T). The P28T carrier rate in this endogamous population is approximately 5%, suggesting that the mutation may be an important cause of early childhood blindness in countries with a sizeable Roma minority. (+info)Birthweight and infant mortality in Bulgaria's transition crisis. (7/159)
Between 1988 and 1991, years of political and economic crisis, Bulgaria reported a 25% increase in infant mortality. From 1991 to 1995, the rate then dropped slightly. Analysis of detailed unpublished vital statistics shows that the reported increase could not have been a result of more complete reporting of early neonatal mortality for very low-weight births. Old reporting practices continue unchanged. Rather, these statistics reveal an increase in the proportion of low-weight births, combined with rising death rates, particularly for low-weight births in the postneonatal period, but also for normal-weight babies. (+info)Primary and combined resistance to four antimicrobial agents in Helicobacter pylori in Sofia, Bulgaria. (8/159)
The aim of this study was to evaluate the primary and combined resistance of Helicobacter pylori against four antimicrobial agents by a screening agar method (SAM) and a modified disk diffusion method (MDDM) alone and in combination. Pre-treatment H. pylori isolates from 192 consecutive H. pylori-positive patients at three hospitals in Sofia were investigated. MDDM was performed with disks containing metronidazole (5 microg), clarithromycin (15 microg) or erythromycin (15 microg), ciprofloxacin (5 microg) and tetracycline (30 microg). Resistance was determined by an inhibitory zone of <16 mm for metronidazole and < or =30 mm for other agents tested. The cut-off concentrations used to define resistance by SAM were: metronidazole >8 mg/L, clarithromycin >2 mg/L, tetracycline >4 mg/L and ciprofloxacin >1 mg/L. Primary resistance rates in H. pylori were: metronidazole 28.6%, clarithromycin 9.7%, metronidazole + clarithromycin 2.8%, ciprofloxacin 3.9%, metronidazole + ciprofloxacin 2.3%, tetracycline 1.9% and metronidazole + tetracycline 1.2%. Among metronidazole-resistant isolates, combined resistance to clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline was present in 11.4% (5 of 44 strains), 8.3% (3 of 36) and 4.9% (2 of 41), respectively. Two strains exhibited triple resistance to macrolides, metronidazole and either ciprofloxacin or tetracycline. Three tetracycline-resistant strains were detected in 1999; however, resistance rates to other agents were relatively stable during the 6 years. Primary H. pylori resistance to metronidazole is moderate and resistance to clarithromycin and to ciprofloxacin is considerable in comparison with results in most other countries. The alarming appearance of strains harbouring combined resistance or multiresistance provides the motivation for continued surveillance of H. pylori at global, national and regional levels. (+info)The exact cause of Balkan nephropathy is not known, but it is believed to be linked to a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including poor nutrition, alcohol consumption, and exposure to certain toxins. The disease is more common in males than females and typically affects people in their 20s to 40s.
Symptoms of Balkan nephropathy can include proteinuria (excess protein in the urine), hematuria (blood in the urine), and kidney failure. Treatment options are limited and may include medications to control hypertension and proteinuria, as well as dialysis or kidney transplantation in advanced cases.
Balkan nephropathy is an important health problem in the regions where it is prevalent, and further research is needed to understand its causes and develop effective prevention and treatment strategies.
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20202
- The Council of Ministers of the Republic of Bulgaria adopted the National Cyber Security Strategy Cyber Resilient Bulgaria 2020 on 13 July 2016. (coe.int)
- Sofia, July 2020 - UNICEF Bulgaria continues to support children impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. (unicef.org)
20226
- For references , please go to https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/water/europes-seas-and-coasts/assessments/state-of-bathing-water/country-reports-2021-bathing-season-1/bulgaria_bathingwater_country-reports_2022 or scan the QR code. (europa.eu)
- Jul 3, 2022 - Rent from people in Sofia, Bulgaria from $20/night. (stradanove.net)
- 1, 2022 - Rent from people in Sofia Center, Sofia, Bulgaria from $26 CAD/night. (stradanove.net)
- May 29, 2022 - Rent from people in Sofia, Bulgaria from $25 CAD/night. (stradanove.net)
- 3 June 2022 - Rent from people in Sofia, Bulgaria from $28 AUD/night. (stradanove.net)
- 3 Apr 2022 - Rent from people in Bulgaria from 1,515/night. (stradanove.net)
Varna1
- This CICAD was approved as an international assessment at a meeting of the Final Review Board, held in Varna, Bulgaria, on 8-11 September 2003. (cdc.gov)
Sofia Bulgaria4
- Turn your Sofia, Bulgaria property into a safe and profitable Airbnb short-term rental with Active Properties. (stradanove.net)
- Private room in Sofia, Bulgaria. (stradanove.net)
- 16. Aug 24, 2021 - Rent from people in Oborishte, Sofia, Bulgaria from $20/night. (stradanove.net)
- 191 . Oct 29, 2021 - Rent from people in Sofia Center, Sofia, Bulgaria from $20/night. (stradanove.net)
Republic of Bulga1
- Republic of Bulgaria. (who.int)
Country2
- The Bulgaria mountains make up a large part of the country, especially the central and southwest regions of the country, and they're a serious attraction for outdoor enthusiasts who want to hike or ski surrounded by undisturbed natural beauty. (destination360.com)
- If you already have a registered account in %%INTERNAL_COUNTRY%% you won't be able to login in Bulgaria. (riedel.com)
Travelers4
- Bulgaria is known to travelers for its historical destinations like Sofia and Plovdiv , as well as its excellent beaches along the Black Sea coast, but the mountains are well worth adding to your itinerary. (destination360.com)
- Recommended for unvaccinated travelers one year old or older going to Bulgaria. (cdc.gov)
- Recommended for unvaccinated travelers younger than 60 years old traveling to Bulgaria. (cdc.gov)
- Unvaccinated travelers 60 years and older may get vaccinated before traveling to Bulgaria. (cdc.gov)
20211
- Nov. 19, 2021 - Rent from people in Sofia Province, Bulgaria from $25 CAD/night. (stradanove.net)
Vaccine1
- Vaccine introduction status in Bulgaria over time. (who.int)
Health1
- UNICEF Bulgaria has delivered personal protective equipment including surgical masks, protective clothing and goggles to the Ministry of Health. (unicef.org)
Options1
- As you can see, there are endless options in Bulgaria for exploring the stunning mountains. (destination360.com)
Countries1
- The index, funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development for twenty years, documents the development of civil society in seventy-one countries around the world, including Bulgaria. (icnl.org)
Partners1
- UNICEF Bulgaria is also working with partners to ensure access to distance learning, including to online education for the most vulnerable children. (unicef.org)
World1
- In the 1980s, Bulgaria was the second-largest wine producer in the world. (stradanove.net)
Free2
- You are free to register again in Bulgaria. (riedel.com)
- Bulgaria is free of dog rabies. (cdc.gov)
Make1
- Kane then had a goal ruled out for offside and had to wait just five minutes to make amends, with Bulgaria the architects of their own downfall. (thefa.com)
Employment2
High1
- Till 2030, more than half of all job openings (including replacements for vacated jobs) in Bulgaria will be for high level qualifications. (europa.eu)
Cultural1
- Meanwhile, Rome and Byzantium competed for political and cultural influence in Bulgaria. (countrystudies.us)
Trip3
- An entire trip to Bulgaria could be spent in these mountains. (destination360.com)
- Whether you want to plan a relaxing hiking vacation or a trip packed with extreme sports, the mountains of Bulgaria will deliver. (destination360.com)
- Find the perfect vacation rental for your trip to Bulgaria. (stradanove.net)
Work1
- Bulgaria remained economically dependent on the Byzantine Empire, and the widespread Bogomil heresy opposed the secular Bulgarian state and its political ambitions as work of the devil. (countrystudies.us)
Region1
- If you would like to stay and shop in Bulgaria, your account must be transferred to this region. (riedel.com)
Children1
- UNICEF in Bulgaria is providing a multidimensional response in support of the most vulnerable children and families and so far during the COVID-19 crisis, the total value of UNICEF support is of $143,755 (BGN 250,996). (unicef.org)
Code1
- The Criminal Code of Bulgaria provides an exhaustive substantive law framework, addressing all offences provided by the Budapest Convention. (coe.int)
Cases2
Large1
- Veliko Tarnovo is in north-central Bulgaria, and it's a large part of why tra. (destination360.com)
Control1
- By 1018 all of Bulgaria was under Byzantine control. (countrystudies.us)
Language1
- This decision opened Bulgaria to Byzantine culture (and territorial ambitions) through the literary language devised for the Slavs by the Orthodox monks Cyril and Methodius. (countrystudies.us)
Industry1
- How does Bulgaria perform in the ICT industry? (nationmaster.com)