The family of true toads belonging to the order Anura. The genera include Bufo, Ansonia, Nectophrynoides, and Atelopus.

Analyses of oviductal pars recta-induced fertilizability of coelomic eggs in Xenopus laevis. (1/166)

The acquisition of fertilizability in coelomic eggs of Xenopus laevis has been shown to be correlated with the physical, biochemical, and ultrastructural alterations of the egg envelope [coelomic envelope (CE)] induced during the passage of eggs through the pars recta portion of the oviduct. However, no direct evidence that the pars recta renders eggs fertilizable has yet been presented. In this study, we show that coelomic eggs are highly fertilizable when they are incubated with continuous shaking for 4 h at 15 degrees C in pars recta extract (PRE) derived from females prestimulated by pregnant mare serum gonadotropin. The PRE from pituitary-stimulated Bufo japonicus was as potent as homologous PRE in rendering Xenopus eggs fertilizable. Incubation of coelomic eggs in PRE for 30 min induced a dramatic increase in the rates of sperm binding to the envelope to a level equivalent to that exhibited by the envelope from uterine eggs (VEs). The CE-to-VE ultrastructural conversion and a 43k-to-41k hydrolysis of the envelope glycoprotein component started 5 min after, and were completed by 15 min after, the start of incubation in PRE and were accompanied by an exposure of a new N-terminal sequence typical to gp41. Thus, the biochemical and ultrastructural conversions and the sperm-binding activity of the envelope induced by PREs, although being prerequisite, were not sufficient to render coelomic eggs fully accessible to fertilizing sperm.  (+info)

Neuromuscular control of prey capture in frogs. (2/166)

While retaining a feeding apparatus that is surprisingly conservative morphologically, frogs as a group exhibit great variability in the biomechanics of tongue protraction during prey capture, which in turn is related to differences in neuromuscular control. In this paper, I address the following three questions. (1) How do frog tongues differ biomechanically? (2) What anatomical and physiological differences are responsible? (3) How is biomechanics related to mechanisms of neuromuscular control? Frog species use three non-exclusive mechanisms to protract their tongues during feeding: (i) mechanical pulling, in which the tongue shortens as its muscles contract during protraction; (ii) inertial elongation, in which the tongue lengthens under inertial and muscular loading; and (iii) hydrostatic elongation, in which the tongue lengthens under constraints imposed by the constant volume of a muscular hydrostat. Major differences among these functional types include (i) the amount and orientation of collagen fibres associated with the tongue muscles and the mechanical properties that this connective tissue confers to the tongue as a whole; and (ii) the transfer of intertia from the opening jaws to the tongue, which probably involves a catch mechanism that increases the acceleration achieved during mouth opening. The mechanisms of tongue protraction differ in the types of neural mechanisms that are used to control tongue movements, particularly in the relative importance of feed-forward versus feedback control, in requirements for precise interjoint coordination, in the size and number of motor units, and in the afferent pathways that are involved in coordinating tongue and jaw movements. Evolution of biomechanics and neuromuscular control of frog tongues provides an example in which neuromuscular control is finely tuned to the biomechanical constraints and opportunities provided by differences in morphological design among species.  (+info)

Genetic variation as a test of natural selection. (3/166)

Allozymic variation encoded by 26 loci was analyzed electrophoretically in 507 specimens representing 12 populations of green toads, Bufo viridis, in Israel and the Vis Adriatic Island. Genetic variation in Bufo viridis is higher than in any vertebrate yet studied. Mean heterozygosity per locus per individual (H) is 0.133 (range, 0.105 to 0.159). H is higher in central populations as compared with isolates, and varies among four major protein classes, being highest in transferases and hydrolases and lowest in oxidoreductases and nonenzymatic proteins. Differential gene frequencies among polymorphisms was tested as an indicator of natural selection. Significant heterogeneity between loci in their apparent inbreeding coefficients Fe=S-2p/P(1-p) was found for all alleles and for each of the four major classes of proteins tested, which may be taken as evidence of selection. Both uniform and diversifying selection are suggested by the low and high Fe values, respectively. The general pattern of high heterozygosity in Bufo viridis is best explained as an adaptive strategy in heterogeneous environments.  (+info)

Differences in the skin peptides of the male and female Australian tree frog Litoria splendida. The discovery of the aquatic male sex pheromone splendipherin, together with phe8 caerulein and a new antibiotic peptide caerin 1.10. (4/166)

The skin secretions of female and male Litoria splendida have been monitored monthly over a three-year period using HPLC and electrospray mass spectrometry. Two minor peptides are present only in the skin secretion of the male. The first of these is the female-attracting aquatic male sex pheromone that we have named splendipherin, a 25 amino acid peptide (GLVSSIGKALGGLLADVVKSKGQPA-OH). This pheromone constitutes about 1% of the total skin peptides during the breeding season (January to March), dropping to about 0.1% during the period June to November. Splendipherin attracts the female in water at a concentration of 10-11-10-9 M, and is species specific. The second peptide is a wide-spectrum antibiotic of the caerin 1 group, a 25 residue peptide (GLLSVLGSVAKHVLPHVVPVIAEKL-NH2) named caerin 1.10. The neuropeptides of L. splendida are also seasonally variable, the change identical for both the female and male. During the period October to March, the sole neuropeptide present in skin secretions is caerulein [pEQDY(SO3)TGWMDF-NH2]; this is active on smooth muscle and is also an analgaesic. During the southern winter (June to September), more than half of the caerulein is hydrolysed to [pEQDYTGWMDF-NH2], a peptide that shows no smooth muscle activity. In place of caerulein, a new peptide, Phe8 caerulein [pEQDY(SO3)TGWFDF-NH2], becomes a major component of the skin secretion. Perhaps this seasonal change is involved in thermoregulation, that is, with the initiation and maintenance of the inactive (hibernation) phase of the animal.  (+info)

Isolation, structural characterization, and bioactivity of a novel neuromedin U analog from the defensive skin secretion of the Australasian tree frog, Litoria caerulea. (5/166)

We report the isolation of a novel bioactive peptide, neuromedin U-23 (NmU-23), from the defensive skin secretion of the Australasian tree frog, Litoria caerulea. The primary structure of the peptide was established by a combination of microsequencing, mass spectroscopy and site-directed antiserum immunoreactivity as SDEEVQVPGGVISNGYFLFRPRN-amide (M(r) 2580.6). A synthetic replicate of frog NmU-23 displaced monoradioiodinated rat NmU-23 from uterine membranes in a dose-dependent fashion indistinguishable from nonisotopically labeled rat NmU-23. In a rat uterine smooth muscle strip preparation, synthetic frog NmU-23 produced dose-dependent contractions identical to porcine NmU-25. However, in a preparation of human urinary bladder muscle strip, the synthetic frog peptide was more potent than porcine NmU-25 in eliciting contraction and produced desensitization of the preparation to the latter peptide. This report demonstrates that the defensive skin secretion of a frog contains a novel peptide exhibiting a high degree of primary structural similarity to the endogenous vertebrate peptide, NmU, and that this frog skin analog displays biological activity in mammalian tissues.  (+info)

Actin-like filaments amd membrane rearrangement in oxyntic cells. (6/166)

The secretory pole of vertebrate oxyntic cells possesses two distinct membrane systems: the apical plasma membrane which presents numerous infoldings, microvilli and processes, and a complex tubulovesicular system located in close proximity to the plasma membrane. These two membrane systems are generally believed to be interconvertible in relation to the functional state of the cell. To determine the role that filaments may play in the interconversion process, the secretory pole of rat and toad oxyntic cells was examined by electron microscopy under conditions designed to demonstrate filamentous structures, i.e., slight cellular swelling and incubation with heavy meromyosin. Filaments 50-80 A in diameter are present in close association with the plasma membrane to which they are connected by regularly spaced bridges. Heavy meroxyosin-treated material reveals "decorated" filaments in topographically corresponding locations. No filaments are seen in association with membranes of the tubulovesicular system. These findings suggest that association with actin-like filaments is a step in the translocation of membranes from the tubulovesicular system to the plasma membrane.  (+info)

Thyroid hormone-dependent metamorphosis in a direct developing frog. (7/166)

The direct developing anuran, Eleutherodactylus coqui, lacks a tadpole, hatching as a tiny frog. We investigated the role of the metamorphic trigger, thyroid hormone (TH), in this unusual ontogeny. Expression patterns of the thyroid hormone receptors, TRalpha and TRbeta, were similar to those of indirect developers. TRbeta mRNA levels increased dramatically around the time of thyroid maturation, when remodeling events reminiscent of metamorphosis occur. Treatment with the goitrogen methimazole inhibited this remodeling, which was reinitiated on cotreatment with TH. Despite their radically altered ontogeny, direct developers still undergo a TH-dependent metamorphosis, which occurs before hatching. We propose a new model for the evolution of anuran direct development.  (+info)

Maculatin 1.1, an anti-microbial peptide from the Australian tree frog, Litoria genimaculata solution structure and biological activity. (8/166)

The dorsal glands of Australian tree frogs from the Litoria species contain a diversity of antibiotic peptides that forms part of the defence system of the animal. Here, the antibiotic activity and structure of maculatin 1.1, a 21 amino acid peptide from Litoria genimaculata, are compared. The activity data on maculatin 1.1 and a series of its analogues imply that the mechanism of action of maculatin 1.1 involves binding to, and subsequent lysis of, the bacterial cell membrane. The structure of maculatin 1.1 was determined using NMR spectroscopy in a trifluoroethanol/water mixture and when incorporated into dodecylphosphocholine micelles. Under both conditions, the peptide adopts a very similar conformation, i.e. a helical structure with a central kink in the vicinity of Pro15. The kink allows the peptide to adopt a well-defined amphipathic conformation along its entire length. The similar structures determined under both solvent conditions imply that structures of membrane-interacting peptides in trifluoroethanol/water mixtures are representative of those adopted in a membrane environment, e.g. when incorporated into micelles. The synthetic Ala15 analogue of maculatin 1.1 has markedly reduced activity and its NMR-derived structure is a well-defined helix, which lacks the central kink and flexibility of the parent molecule. It is concluded that the kink is important for full biological activity of the peptide, probably because it allows maximum amphipathicity of the peptide to facilitate interaction with the membrane. The structure of maculatin 1.1 is compared with a related peptide, caerin 1.1 [Wong, H., Bowie, J.H. and Carver, J.A. (1997) Eur. J. Biochem. 247, 545-557], which has an additional central proline residue and enhanced central flexibility compared with maculatin 1.1. The role of central flexibility within antibiotic peptides in their interaction with bacterial membranes is discussed.  (+info)

Bufonidae is a family of toads, often called the "true toads". Although a widely varied family, Bufonidae includes the ... "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved ...
... is a genus of toads in the family Bufonidae. They are found throughout the Amazon Basin. Amazophrynella was ... "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: ... Bufonidae) from east of the Guiana Shield in Amazonia, Brazil". PeerJ. 8: e9887. doi:10.7717/peerj.9887. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC ... Bufonidae) junior homonym of Amazonella Lundblad, 1931 (Acari:Unionicolidae): proposed replacement by Amazophrynella nom. nov ...
"Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2018. Grismer, L. Lee (2007). "A new ... Bufonidae, Ingerophrynus, Amphibian genera, Amphibians of Asia, Taxa named by Jonathan A. Campbell, Taxa named by Darrel Frost ... species of Ingerophrynus (Anura: Bufonidae) from a lowland rain forest in southern peninsular Malaysia". Journal of Herpetology ...
"Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2019. Frost, D. R.; Grant, T.; Faivovich ... Sclerophrys is a genus of "true toads", family Bufonidae, native to Africa and the southern Arabian Peninsula. Originally, all ...
... is a small genus of true toads, family Bufonidae. The genus is endemic to Northeast India, with one species known from ... "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2018. Chandramouli, S. R. & Amarasinghe, A ... A. Thasun (2016). "Taxonomic reassessment of the arboreal toad genus Pedostibes Günther 1876 (Anura: Bufonidae) and some allied ...
"Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2018. Wells (2007). The Ecology and ... Bufonidae), and reassessment of its taxonomic status" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2355: 56-68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2355.1.3. Vitt, Laurie ... Bufonidae, Monotypic amphibian genera, Frogs of Africa, Amphibians of West Africa). ...
... is a genus of true toads (family Bufonidae). They are found in eastern and southern Democratic Republic of Congo ... "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2018. Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael & ... "Interspecific patterns for egg and clutch sizes of African Bufonidae (Amphibia: Anura)". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 253 (4): 309- ...
"Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: ...
... is a small genus of true toads, family Bufonidae. They are found in Mainland Southeast Asia and the Greater Sundas. ... "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: ... Bufonidae), and the description of a new genus from Southeast Asia" (PDF). PLOS ONE. 11 (1): e0145903. Bibcode:2016PLoSO.. ...
"Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: ...
... , also known as Wolterstorff toads, is a genus of "true toads" (family Bufonidae) native to Nigeria and Cameroon ... "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: ...
... is a genus of true toads, family Bufonidae, from Central and South America. They are distributed from Honduras to ... "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: ... Bufonidae): phylogenetic position and synonymy under the genus Rhaebo". Zootaxa. 3947 (3): 347-366. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3947.3 ...
... is a genus of true toads in the family Bufonidae, sometimes known as tree toads. They are endemic to the ... "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: ...
"Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: ... Bufonidae, Frogs of Africa, Amphibians of Tanzania, Endemic fauna of Tanzania, Amphibians described in 2002). ...
... is a genus of small true toads, family Bufonidae. It is endemic to the Ayacucho and Junín Regions of Peru. The ... Graybeal, Anna & Cannatella, David C. (1995). "A new taxon of Bufonidae from Peru, with descriptions of two new species and a ... "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018. Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael & ...
Bufonidae is a family of toads, often called the "true toads". Although a widely varied family, Bufonidae includes the ... "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved ...
... is a genus of toads in the family Bufonidae. They are found in northern half of Argentina, southern Bolivia, ... "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2018. Frost, Darrel R. (2017). " ...
"Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: ...
ISBN 978-1-907807-42-8. "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. ... Bufonidae stubs, Rhinella, Amphibians described in 2004, Interspecific hybrids, Taxonomy articles created by Polbot). ...
The toads in this genus are included in the family Bufonidae, the true toads. Various subspecies of B. bufo have been ... Frost, Darrel R. (2011-01-31). "Bufonidae". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.5. American Museum ... Tosunoğlua, Murat; Taskavak, Ertan (2001). "A serological investigation of the Bufo bufo (Anura, Bufonidae) populations in ... Bufonidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 62 (1): 71-86. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.09.008. hdl:10261/143470. PMID ...
... , or the Paramo toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae that is endemic to northern Peru. Its ... "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: ...
... is a genus of true toads in the family Bufonidae, from the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Isla de Juventud, Hispaniola, ... Alonso, R.; Crawford, A. J.; Bermingham, E. (2012). "Molecular phylogeny of an endemic radiation of Cuban toads (Bufonidae: ... "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: ... Bufonidae): resurrection of the genus Peltophryne Fitzinger". Copeia. 1981 (2): 273-285. doi:10.2307/1444216. JSTOR 1444216. S ...
"Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: ...
... is a monotypic genus of amphibians in the family Bufonidae. The sole species is Sabahphrynus maculatus, also known ... "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: ... Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Articles with 'species' microformats, Bufonidae, Monotypic ... Bufonidae)". Zoological Science. 24 (11): 1159-1166. doi:10.2108/zsj.24.1159. hdl:2433/85317. Frost, Darrel R. (2016). " ...
The four-digit toad or dwarf toad (Didynamipus sjostedti) is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is found in Bioko ( ... "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022. Channing, Allan & Rödel, Mark- ...
... , also known as Van Dijk's toads, are a small genus of true toads, family Bufonidae. They are native to Southern ... "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: ...
Its relationships within Bufonidae are uncertain; its closest relative might be Epidalea. Three species are recognized in this ... Leptophryne is a small genus of true toads, family Bufonidae, with only two species. The genus is found in Southeast Asia, in ... "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2017. GBIF - Global Biodiversity ...
"Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: ...
Bufonidae)". Journal of Biosciences. 25 (3): 267-273. doi:10.1007/BF02703935. PMID 11022229. S2CID 4014610. David, M.; Kartheek ...
"Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: ... Bufonidae) from the Guiana highlands". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo). 45 (6): 61-67. doi:10.1590/S0031- ...
Vasculature of the parotoid glands of toads (Bufonidae: Bufo). Abstracts of Papers Presentated at the Southeast Regional ...
Bufonidae/fisiologia; Longevidade/fisiologia; Animais; Bufonidae/classificação; Bufonidae/crescimento & desenvolvimento; ... Texto completo: Disponível Coleções: Bases de dados internacionais Base de dados: MEDLINE Assunto principal: Bufonidae / ... Texto completo: Disponível Coleções: Bases de dados internacionais Base de dados: MEDLINE Assunto principal: Bufonidae / ... Longevity and survival curves of Rhinella icterica (Anura, Bufonidae) under laboratory con ...
... PINV15-820art3 (1.192Mb) ... which is consistent with findings for other species of the genus Melanophryniscus and of many species of the Bufonidae family. ...
Descripción de dos renacuajos y una clave para las larvas conocidas del grupo Bufo spinulosus (Anura : Bufonidae) de Perú. In: ... Descripción de dos renacuajos y una clave para las larvas conocidas del grupo Bufo spinulosus (Anura: Bufonidae) de Perú. / ... Descripción de dos renacuajos y una clave para las larvas conocidas del grupo Bufo spinulosus (Anura: Bufonidae) de Perú. ... Description of two tadpoles and a key to the known larvae of the Bufo spinulosus group (Anura: Bufonidae) occurring in Peru. ...
family: Bufonidae. genus: Ansonia. © 2016 Lars Fehlandt (1 of 17). Frogs of Borneo account. ...
15,41, Anexo 1). There are four anuran species-Rhinella spinulosa (Bufonidae); Pleurodema marmoratum (Leptodactylidae); ...
Two New Species of Ansonia from Thailand (Anura: Bufonidae) Masafumi Matsui, Wichase Khonsue, Somsak Panha ...
Family : Bufonidae. Play call. Visit Page. Recording Details. ► Duttaphrynus melanostictus. Asian Toad. Singapore, February ...
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Rev protein is required for nuclear export of late HIV-1 mRNAs. This function is dependent on the mutationally defined Rev activation domain, which also forms a potent nuclear export signal. Transcription factor IIIA (TFIIIA) binds to 5S rRNA transcrip …
We have identified and characterized a new amphibian orphan member of the nuclear receptor superfamily and termed it FOR1 (farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-like Orphan Receptor) because it shares the highest amino acid identity with the mammalian FXR. We also identified a variant of FOR1, called FOR2, whi …
Bufonidae), were collected by local villagers and fishermen. In brief, the viscera was removed and placed in water for at least ...
Anura, Bufonidae), from Uruguay.. Mebs D; Wagner MG; Pogoda W; Maneyro R; Kwet A; Kauert G. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol ...
Family: Bufonidae (true toads). Other common names: reticulated toad. Spanish name: sapo ...
Bufonidae) from the Western Ghats of India". BMC Research Notes. 2: 241. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-2-241.. {{cite journal}}. : CS1 ...
Bufonidae. Ranidae. Chrysops caecutiens Larva. Chrysops relictus Larva. Tipula lateralis Larva. Dicranota bimaculata Larva. ...
Family BUFONIDAE: TRUE TOADS. *American Toad (ph) ______ (LE:33) in central North Carolina Size: 2 to 4.5 inches. Bufo ...
Family : Bufonidae. Genus : Atelopus. Species : simulatus Authority : Ruíz-Carranza and Osorno-Muñoz, 1994 ...
There are four true toad species (Bufonidae family) and eight true frog species (Ranidae family) in North Carolina. The ...
Toads (Bufonidae). American toad (Bufo americanis). Call Description: A long, drawn-out, high-pitched, musical trill lasting up ...
Family: Bufonidae. *Scientific Name: Anaxyrus boreas *Other Names: Bufo boreas, alkali toad, boreal toad, California toad, ...
Among the material, there are representatives of urodeles (Salamandridae), anurans (Alytidae, Pelodytidae, and Bufonidae), ... and Bufonidae), squamate reptiles (with members of the families Agamidae, Lacertidae, Anguidae, Scincidae, Blanidae, ?Erycidae ...
On the rocks: reproductive biology of the endemic toad Xanthophryne (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Western Ghats, India . Journal ...
Bufonidae [B01.050.150.900.090.180.210] * Bufo arenarum [B01.050.150.900.090.180.210.080] * Bufo bufo [B01.050.150.900.090.180. ... Bufonidae Preferred Term Term UI T005745. Date01/01/1999. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (1972). ... Bufonidae Preferred Concept UI. M0003014. Registry Number. txid8382. Related Numbers. txid8383. Scope Note. The family of true ... use BUFONIDAE to search BUFO 1972-80. History Note. 81; was BUFO 1972-80. Date Established. 1972/01/01. Date of Entry. 1999/01/ ...
101a & 102a: why is the family Bufonidae and the order Chiroptera in double-quotes? Usually when I highlight something of this ...
Bufonidae). Zootaxa 4098(1): 73-94. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4098.1.3 Reference page. ...
Photo of the African Green Toad, Bufo boulengeri. This species is found in forested areas, scrubland, dry grassland, semi-deserts and deserts. It inhabits both wetland areas as well as different dry desert types (usually close to oases).
Bufonidae B01.050.150.900.090.180.210.080 Bufo arenarum B01.050.150.900.090.180.210.108 Bufo bufo B01.050.150.900.090.180. ...
From a lost world: an integrative phylogenetic analysis of Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870 (Lissamphibia: Anura: Bufonidae), with the ... Bufonidae) in Borneo. Biology 15, Dübendorf. The Annual Conference of the Swiss Societies of Botany, Mycology and Zoology. ...
  • Diet of Melanophryniscus paraguayensis (Anura: Bufonidae): an Endemic Species to Paraguay. (gov.py)
  • Longevity and survival curves of Rhinella icterica (Anura, Bufonidae) under laboratory conditions. (bvsalud.org)
  • Aguilar, C & Gamarra, R 2004, ' Descripción de dos renacuajos y una clave para las larvas conocidas del grupo Bufo spinulosus (Anura: Bufonidae) de Perú ', Revista Peruana de Biologia , vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 31-36. (edu.pe)
  • Pigment composition of the bright skin in the poison toad Melanophryniscus rubriventris (Anura: Bufonidae) from Argentina. (salamandra-journal.com)
  • An enigmatic record of Incilius porteri (Anura: Bufonidae) from Isla del Tigre, Honduras. (salamandra-journal.com)
  • There are four true toad species (Bufonidae family) and eight true frog species (Ranidae family) in North Carolina. (nih.gov)
  • This work demonstrates the importance of ants, mites, and beetles as food for M. paraguayensis, which is consistent with findings for other species of the genus Melanophryniscus and of many species of the Bufonidae family. (gov.py)
  • 15. 19-Hydroxy-bufalin, a major bufadienolide isolated from the parotoid gland secretions of the Panamanian endemic toad Rhinella centralis (Bufonidae), inhibits the growth of Trypanosoma cruzi. (nih.gov)
  • Malcolm's Ethiopian toad or the Ethiopian mountain toad, Altiphrynoides malcolmi, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae endemic to the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia. (globalspecies.org)
  • There are four true toad species (Bufonidae family) and eight true frog species (Ranidae family) in North Carolina. (nih.gov)
  • A digoxin level should be obtained for patients on digoxin or in whom ingestion of digoxinlike compounds (eg, lily of the valley, oleander, foxglove, Bufonidae toads) is suspected. (medscape.com)