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Analyses of oviductal pars recta-induced fertilizability of coelomic eggs in Xenopus laevis. (1/166)
The acquisition of fertilizability in coelomic eggs of Xenopus laevis has been shown to be correlated with the physical, biochemical, and ultrastructural alterations of the egg envelope [coelomic envelope (CE)] induced during the passage of eggs through the pars recta portion of the oviduct. However, no direct evidence that the pars recta renders eggs fertilizable has yet been presented. In this study, we show that coelomic eggs are highly fertilizable when they are incubated with continuous shaking for 4 h at 15 degrees C in pars recta extract (PRE) derived from females prestimulated by pregnant mare serum gonadotropin. The PRE from pituitary-stimulated Bufo japonicus was as potent as homologous PRE in rendering Xenopus eggs fertilizable. Incubation of coelomic eggs in PRE for 30 min induced a dramatic increase in the rates of sperm binding to the envelope to a level equivalent to that exhibited by the envelope from uterine eggs (VEs). The CE-to-VE ultrastructural conversion and a 43k-to-41k hydrolysis of the envelope glycoprotein component started 5 min after, and were completed by 15 min after, the start of incubation in PRE and were accompanied by an exposure of a new N-terminal sequence typical to gp41. Thus, the biochemical and ultrastructural conversions and the sperm-binding activity of the envelope induced by PREs, although being prerequisite, were not sufficient to render coelomic eggs fully accessible to fertilizing sperm. (+info)Neuromuscular control of prey capture in frogs. (2/166)
While retaining a feeding apparatus that is surprisingly conservative morphologically, frogs as a group exhibit great variability in the biomechanics of tongue protraction during prey capture, which in turn is related to differences in neuromuscular control. In this paper, I address the following three questions. (1) How do frog tongues differ biomechanically? (2) What anatomical and physiological differences are responsible? (3) How is biomechanics related to mechanisms of neuromuscular control? Frog species use three non-exclusive mechanisms to protract their tongues during feeding: (i) mechanical pulling, in which the tongue shortens as its muscles contract during protraction; (ii) inertial elongation, in which the tongue lengthens under inertial and muscular loading; and (iii) hydrostatic elongation, in which the tongue lengthens under constraints imposed by the constant volume of a muscular hydrostat. Major differences among these functional types include (i) the amount and orientation of collagen fibres associated with the tongue muscles and the mechanical properties that this connective tissue confers to the tongue as a whole; and (ii) the transfer of intertia from the opening jaws to the tongue, which probably involves a catch mechanism that increases the acceleration achieved during mouth opening. The mechanisms of tongue protraction differ in the types of neural mechanisms that are used to control tongue movements, particularly in the relative importance of feed-forward versus feedback control, in requirements for precise interjoint coordination, in the size and number of motor units, and in the afferent pathways that are involved in coordinating tongue and jaw movements. Evolution of biomechanics and neuromuscular control of frog tongues provides an example in which neuromuscular control is finely tuned to the biomechanical constraints and opportunities provided by differences in morphological design among species. (+info)Genetic variation as a test of natural selection. (3/166)
Allozymic variation encoded by 26 loci was analyzed electrophoretically in 507 specimens representing 12 populations of green toads, Bufo viridis, in Israel and the Vis Adriatic Island. Genetic variation in Bufo viridis is higher than in any vertebrate yet studied. Mean heterozygosity per locus per individual (H) is 0.133 (range, 0.105 to 0.159). H is higher in central populations as compared with isolates, and varies among four major protein classes, being highest in transferases and hydrolases and lowest in oxidoreductases and nonenzymatic proteins. Differential gene frequencies among polymorphisms was tested as an indicator of natural selection. Significant heterogeneity between loci in their apparent inbreeding coefficients Fe=S-2p/P(1-p) was found for all alleles and for each of the four major classes of proteins tested, which may be taken as evidence of selection. Both uniform and diversifying selection are suggested by the low and high Fe values, respectively. The general pattern of high heterozygosity in Bufo viridis is best explained as an adaptive strategy in heterogeneous environments. (+info)Differences in the skin peptides of the male and female Australian tree frog Litoria splendida. The discovery of the aquatic male sex pheromone splendipherin, together with phe8 caerulein and a new antibiotic peptide caerin 1.10. (4/166)
The skin secretions of female and male Litoria splendida have been monitored monthly over a three-year period using HPLC and electrospray mass spectrometry. Two minor peptides are present only in the skin secretion of the male. The first of these is the female-attracting aquatic male sex pheromone that we have named splendipherin, a 25 amino acid peptide (GLVSSIGKALGGLLADVVKSKGQPA-OH). This pheromone constitutes about 1% of the total skin peptides during the breeding season (January to March), dropping to about 0.1% during the period June to November. Splendipherin attracts the female in water at a concentration of 10-11-10-9 M, and is species specific. The second peptide is a wide-spectrum antibiotic of the caerin 1 group, a 25 residue peptide (GLLSVLGSVAKHVLPHVVPVIAEKL-NH2) named caerin 1.10. The neuropeptides of L. splendida are also seasonally variable, the change identical for both the female and male. During the period October to March, the sole neuropeptide present in skin secretions is caerulein [pEQDY(SO3)TGWMDF-NH2]; this is active on smooth muscle and is also an analgaesic. During the southern winter (June to September), more than half of the caerulein is hydrolysed to [pEQDYTGWMDF-NH2], a peptide that shows no smooth muscle activity. In place of caerulein, a new peptide, Phe8 caerulein [pEQDY(SO3)TGWFDF-NH2], becomes a major component of the skin secretion. Perhaps this seasonal change is involved in thermoregulation, that is, with the initiation and maintenance of the inactive (hibernation) phase of the animal. (+info)Isolation, structural characterization, and bioactivity of a novel neuromedin U analog from the defensive skin secretion of the Australasian tree frog, Litoria caerulea. (5/166)
We report the isolation of a novel bioactive peptide, neuromedin U-23 (NmU-23), from the defensive skin secretion of the Australasian tree frog, Litoria caerulea. The primary structure of the peptide was established by a combination of microsequencing, mass spectroscopy and site-directed antiserum immunoreactivity as SDEEVQVPGGVISNGYFLFRPRN-amide (M(r) 2580.6). A synthetic replicate of frog NmU-23 displaced monoradioiodinated rat NmU-23 from uterine membranes in a dose-dependent fashion indistinguishable from nonisotopically labeled rat NmU-23. In a rat uterine smooth muscle strip preparation, synthetic frog NmU-23 produced dose-dependent contractions identical to porcine NmU-25. However, in a preparation of human urinary bladder muscle strip, the synthetic frog peptide was more potent than porcine NmU-25 in eliciting contraction and produced desensitization of the preparation to the latter peptide. This report demonstrates that the defensive skin secretion of a frog contains a novel peptide exhibiting a high degree of primary structural similarity to the endogenous vertebrate peptide, NmU, and that this frog skin analog displays biological activity in mammalian tissues. (+info)Actin-like filaments amd membrane rearrangement in oxyntic cells. (6/166)
The secretory pole of vertebrate oxyntic cells possesses two distinct membrane systems: the apical plasma membrane which presents numerous infoldings, microvilli and processes, and a complex tubulovesicular system located in close proximity to the plasma membrane. These two membrane systems are generally believed to be interconvertible in relation to the functional state of the cell. To determine the role that filaments may play in the interconversion process, the secretory pole of rat and toad oxyntic cells was examined by electron microscopy under conditions designed to demonstrate filamentous structures, i.e., slight cellular swelling and incubation with heavy meromyosin. Filaments 50-80 A in diameter are present in close association with the plasma membrane to which they are connected by regularly spaced bridges. Heavy meroxyosin-treated material reveals "decorated" filaments in topographically corresponding locations. No filaments are seen in association with membranes of the tubulovesicular system. These findings suggest that association with actin-like filaments is a step in the translocation of membranes from the tubulovesicular system to the plasma membrane. (+info)Thyroid hormone-dependent metamorphosis in a direct developing frog. (7/166)
The direct developing anuran, Eleutherodactylus coqui, lacks a tadpole, hatching as a tiny frog. We investigated the role of the metamorphic trigger, thyroid hormone (TH), in this unusual ontogeny. Expression patterns of the thyroid hormone receptors, TRalpha and TRbeta, were similar to those of indirect developers. TRbeta mRNA levels increased dramatically around the time of thyroid maturation, when remodeling events reminiscent of metamorphosis occur. Treatment with the goitrogen methimazole inhibited this remodeling, which was reinitiated on cotreatment with TH. Despite their radically altered ontogeny, direct developers still undergo a TH-dependent metamorphosis, which occurs before hatching. We propose a new model for the evolution of anuran direct development. (+info)Maculatin 1.1, an anti-microbial peptide from the Australian tree frog, Litoria genimaculata solution structure and biological activity. (8/166)
The dorsal glands of Australian tree frogs from the Litoria species contain a diversity of antibiotic peptides that forms part of the defence system of the animal. Here, the antibiotic activity and structure of maculatin 1.1, a 21 amino acid peptide from Litoria genimaculata, are compared. The activity data on maculatin 1.1 and a series of its analogues imply that the mechanism of action of maculatin 1.1 involves binding to, and subsequent lysis of, the bacterial cell membrane. The structure of maculatin 1.1 was determined using NMR spectroscopy in a trifluoroethanol/water mixture and when incorporated into dodecylphosphocholine micelles. Under both conditions, the peptide adopts a very similar conformation, i.e. a helical structure with a central kink in the vicinity of Pro15. The kink allows the peptide to adopt a well-defined amphipathic conformation along its entire length. The similar structures determined under both solvent conditions imply that structures of membrane-interacting peptides in trifluoroethanol/water mixtures are representative of those adopted in a membrane environment, e.g. when incorporated into micelles. The synthetic Ala15 analogue of maculatin 1.1 has markedly reduced activity and its NMR-derived structure is a well-defined helix, which lacks the central kink and flexibility of the parent molecule. It is concluded that the kink is important for full biological activity of the peptide, probably because it allows maximum amphipathicity of the peptide to facilitate interaction with the membrane. The structure of maculatin 1.1 is compared with a related peptide, caerin 1.1 [Wong, H., Bowie, J.H. and Carver, J.A. (1997) Eur. J. Biochem. 247, 545-557], which has an additional central proline residue and enhanced central flexibility compared with maculatin 1.1. The role of central flexibility within antibiotic peptides in their interaction with bacterial membranes is discussed. (+info)
A new species of the rhinella margaritifera species group (Anura, bufonidae) from the Montane forest of the selva central, Peru...
A new earless species of Poyntonophrynus (Anura, Bufonidae) from the Serra da Neve Inselberg, Namibe Province, Angola
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Variability of microsatellites BM224 and Bcal7 in populations of green toads (Bufo viridis complex) differing by nuclear DNA...
Analysis and Prediction of some Histone-derived Antimicrobial Peptides from Toads Duttaphrynus melanostictus and Phyrinoidis...
Multilocus Species Tree Analyses Resolve the Radiation of the Widespread Bufo Bufo Species Group (Anura, Bufonidae) - PubMed
Behavioral fever drives epigenetic modulation of the immune response in fish<...
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Bufonidae is a family of toads, often called the "true toads". Although a widely varied family, Bufonidae includes the ... "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved ...
Ingerophrynus
"Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2018. Grismer, L. Lee (2007). "A new ... species of Ingerophrynus (Anura: Bufonidae) from a lowland rain forest in southern peninsular Malaysia". Journal of Herpetology ...
Nimbaphrynoides
"Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2018. Wells (2007). The Ecology and ... Bufonidae), and reassessment of its taxonomic status" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2355: 56-68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2355.1.3. Vitt, Laurie ...
Mertensophryne
... is a genus of true toads (family Bufonidae). They are found in eastern and southern Democratic Republic of Congo ... "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2018. Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael & ... "Interspecific patterns for egg and clutch sizes of African Bufonidae (Amphibia: Anura)". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 253 (4): 309- ...
Phrynoidis
... is a small genus of true toads, family Bufonidae. They are found in Mainland Southeast Asia and the Greater Sundas. ... "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: ... Bufonidae), and the description of a new genus from Southeast Asia" (PDF). PLoS ONE. 11 (1): e0145903. doi:10.1371/journal.pone ...
Altiphrynoides
"Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: ...
Wolterstorffina
... , also known as Wolterstorff toads, is a genus of "true toads" (family Bufonidae) native to Nigeria and Cameroon ... "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: ...
Truebella
... is a genus of small true toads, family Bufonidae. It is endemic to the Ayacucho and Junín Regions of Peru. The ... Graybeal, Anna & Cannatella, David C. (1995). "A new taxon of Bufonidae from Peru, with descriptions of two new species and a ... "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018. Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael & ...
Rhinella pombali
ISBN 978-1-907807-42-8. "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. ...
Common toad
The toads in this genus are included in the family Bufonidae, the true toads. Various subspecies of B. bufo have been ... Frost, Darrel R. (2011-01-31). "Bufonidae". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.5. American Museum ... Tosunoğlua, Murat; Taskavak, Ertan (2001). "A serological investigation of the Bufo bufo (Anura, Bufonidae) populations in ... Bufonidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 62 (1): 71-86. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.09.008. hdl:10261/143470. PMID ...
Vandijkophrynus
... , also known as Van Dijk's toads, are a small genus of true toads, family Bufonidae. They are native to Southern ... "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: ...
Duttaphrynus melanostictus
Bufonidae)". Journal of Biosciences. 25 (3): 267-273. doi:10.1007/BF02703935. PMID 11022229. S2CID 4014610. R., Arnaud (2014-04 ...
Oreophrynella
"Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: ... Bufonidae) from the Guiana highlands". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo). 45 (6): 61-67. doi:10.1590/S0031- ...
Incilius
... is genus of toads in the true toad family, Bufonidae. They are sometimes known as the Central American toads or Middle ... "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: ... 2011). "A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, ... Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data". Zootaxa. 3138: 1-34. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3138.1.1 ...
Sclerophrys fuliginata
... is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. The specific name fuliginata is Latin for "sooty", in ... Poynton, John C. & Broadley, Donald G. (1988). "Amphibia Zambesiaca 4. Bufonidae". Annals of the Natal Museum. 29 (2): 447-490 ...
Ghatophryne
"Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: ... Bufonidae) from the Western Ghats of India". BMC Research Notes. 2: 241. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-2-241. PMC 2797014. PMID ...
Nannophryne
"Bufonidae Gray, 1825". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Frost, D. R.; Grant, T.; Faivovich, J. N.; Bain, R. H.; Haas, A ... Nannophryne is a small genus of true toads, family Bufonidae, from South America. They are found in central Andean Peru south ... "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: ...
Conglomérat de Cernay
Oldest Bufonidae (Amphibia, Anura) from the Old World: a bufonid from the Paleocene of France. Journal of Vertebrate ... Bufonidae indet. Neobatrachia indet. List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France Thanetian formations Tuffeau de St ...
Ansonia (frog)
Grismer, L Lee (2006). "A new species of Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870 (Anura: Bufonidae) from a lowland rainforest in Southern ... Description "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, ... Bufonidae)" (PDF). Zoological Science. 22 (7): 809-814. doi:10.2108/zsj.22.809. hdl:2433/65038. PMID 16082171. S2CID 37362242. ...
Sclerophrys asmarae
... , also known as the Asmara toad (ኣስመራ ጋዝዕ), is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is named after ... Bufonidae)". Monitore Zoologico Italiano. Supplemento. 20 (1): 211-267. doi:10.1080/03749444.1985.10736699.. ...
American toad
Review: The Amphibian Tree of Life, by Frost, D.R. et al., Amphibiatree "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian ...
Amphibian
Members of the family Bufonidae are known as the "true toads". Frogs range in size from the 30-centimetre (12 in) Goliath frog ... Cannatella, David; Graybeal, Anna (2008). "Bufonidae, True Toads". Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved December 1, 2012. "Frog ...
Cuban small-eared toad
CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) S. Blair Hedges (2015). "West Indies: Bufonidae". Caribherp: Amphibians and reptiles of ... is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae that is endemic to Cuba including Isla de Juventud. Species description of ...
Frog
From a classification perspective, all members of the order Anura are frogs, but only members of the family Bufonidae are ... Walking and running Frogs in the families Bufonidae, Rhinophrynidae, and Microhylidae have short back legs and tend to walk ... and Bufonidae (621 spp.) are the richest in species. The Anura include all modern frogs and any fossil species that fit within ... is in the toad family Bufonidae and has a smooth skin. The origin of the order name Anura-and its original spelling Anoures-is ...
Wei-Assipu-tepui
Señaris, J.C., C. DoNascimiento & O. Villarreal (2005). A new species of the genus Oreophrynella (Anura; Bufonidae) from the ...
Oreophrynella weiassipuensis
... is a species of toads in the family Bufonidae. It is only known from Wei-Assipu-tepui, a tepui on ... Bufonidae) from the Guiana highlands". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo). 45 (6): 61-67. doi:10.1590/S0031- ...
Amazophrynella
... is a genus of toads in the family Bufonidae. They are found throughout the Amazon Basin. Amazophrynella was ... CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web ... Bufonidae) from east of the Guiana Shield in Amazonia, Brazil". PeerJ. 8: e9887. doi:10.7717/peerj.9887. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC ... Bufonidae) junior homonym of Amazonella Lundblad, 1931 (Acari:Unionicolidae): proposed replacement by Amazophrynella nom. nov ...
Sclerophrys
... is a genus of "true toads", family Bufonidae, native to Africa and the southern Arabian Peninsula. Originally, all ... CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. 2019. Retrieved 17 March ...
Bufoides
... is a small genus of true toads, family Bufonidae. The genus is endemic to Northeast India, with one species known from ... CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. 2018. Retrieved 8 March ... Bufonidae) and some allied oriental bufonid genera". Herpetologica. 72 (2): 137-147. doi:10.1655/herpetologica-d-15-00053. ...
Nectophryne
CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web ...
Bufonidae
... True Toads. David Cannatella and Anna Graybeal Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window ... Page: Tree of Life Bufonidae. True Toads. Authored by David Cannatella and Anna Graybeal. The TEXT of this page is licensed ... Putative synapomorphies of Bufonidae are the presence of Bidders organ (Duellman and Trueb, 1986); a unique pattern of ... A new taxon of Bufonidae from Peru, with descriptions of two new species and a review of the phylogenetic status of ...
Category:Bufonidae - Wikimedia Commons
Bufonidae
Today, the Sonoran Desert Toad just barely makes it into the extreme southwestern tip of New Mexicos bootheel on the east, where the Yaqui River drainage enters New Mexico, but inhabits most of the southern half of Arizona. The only fossil New Mexican record for the area is relatively close to the eastern limits, at U-Bar Cave. A large permanent spring is within several miles of the cave today and Pleistocene Playas Lake occurred to the northwest, both likely presenting suitable habitat.. Fig. 1. Incilius alvarius. Photograph courtesy of Jeff Servoss and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.. This is a very large toad, as can be seen in Fig. 2, where a partial tibiofibula is compared to the same element tentatively identified as that of Anaxyrus woodhousii.. ...
AnAge Browser: Bufonidae
Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the Asiatic toad Bufo gargarizans (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae...
The Asiatic toad Bufo gargarizansbelongs to Bufonidae. This species is known from the Russian Far East, central, northern and ... Bufo gargarizans Bufonidae Complete mitochondrial genome Protein-coding genes This is a preview of subscription content, log in ... The Asiatic toad Bufo gargarizans belongs to Bufonidae. This species is known from the Russian Far East, central, northern and ... Dong B, Yang B (2016) The complete mitochondrial genome of the Bufo stejnegeri (Anura: Bufonidae). Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp ...
Diet of Physalaemus cf. cicada (Leptodactylidae) and Bufo granulosus (Bufonidae) in a semideciduous forest
Dieta de Physalaemus cf. cicada (Leptodactylidae) e Bufo granulosus (Bufonidae) em uma floresta semidecídua ... In a male, part of a spawn was found, apparently from Bufonidae. Sand grains were present in six of the analysed individuals ( ... Some authors propose that species of Bufonidae presented similar diets, using specially ants, beetles, and other prey (Parmelee ... of the Bufonidae, Microhylidae and Dendrobatidae families and characterized by the preference of some arthropods, often ...
Systematics of the Bufo coccifer Complex (Anura: Bufonidae) of Mesoamerica
Comparative cytogenetics of nine populations of the Rhinella genus (Anura, Bufonidae) with a highlight on their conservative...
A NEW TOAD GENUS OF BUFONIDAE──Torrentophryne FROM TRANSHIMALAYA MOUNTAIN OF YUNNAN OF CHINA WITH ITS BIOLOGY--《ZOOLOGICAL...
... which obviously confirmed thatthose tadpoles belong to Bufonidae (Datong Yang, 1991).Among them, the tadpoles from Taiping, ... we collected some adults of Bufonidae in forest stream of Pianma,Lushui in western Yunnan as Bufo burmanus(Yang Datong et al., ... in 1973,we collected some adults of Bufonidae in forest stream of Pianma,Lushui in western Yunnan as Bufo burmanus(Yang Datong ... A NEW TOAD GENUS OF BUFONIDAE──Torrentophryne FROM TRANSHIMALAYA MOUNTAIN OF YUNNAN OF CHINA WITH ITS BIOLOGY. ...
Multilocus Species Tree Analyses Resolve the Radiation of the Widespread Bufo Bufo Species Group (Anura, Bufonidae) - PubMed
Multilocus Species Tree Analyses Resolve the Radiation of the Widespread Bufo Bufo Species Group (Anura, Bufonidae) E Recuero 1 ... Multilocus Species Tree Analyses Resolve the Radiation of the Widespread Bufo Bufo Species Group (Anura, Bufonidae) E Recuero ... In this study, we applied these methods to resolve the radiation of toads in the Bufo bufo (Anura, Bufonidae) species group, ...
Phylogenetic relationships of Ansonia from Southeast Asia inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences: Systematic and...
A new species of the Rhinella margaritifera species group (Anura, Bufonidae) from the montane forest of the Selva Central, Peru
We describe a new species of the bufonid toad genus Rhinella from transition montane forest of the buffer zones of the Yanachaga-Chemillén National Park and the Pui Pui Protected Forest (eastern slopes of Andes, Selva Central, Peru). The new species belongs to the Rhinella margaritifera species group (confirmed by mtDNA data) and differs from all its members by the absence of tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus. It is characterized by medium size (SVL 57.5-65.5 mm, n = 5), moderately developed cranial crests, absence of neural crest of vertebrae, absence of bone protrusion at angle of jaw, presence of lateral rows of enlarged tubercles, and absence of subgular vocal sac and vocal slits in males. In addition, based on the molecular phylogenetic analyses of selected Rhinella species we propose the monophylum containing R. chavin, R. festae, R. macrorhina, R. manu, R. nesiotes, R. rostrata, and R. yanachaga as a new species group under the name Rhinella festae species group.
Toad -Bufonidae-, Phuket, Thailand, Asia (Print #12506573). Cards
Bufonidae-, Phuket, Thailand, Asia ♥ Photographic Prints, Jigsaw Puzzles, Framed Photos, Poster Prints, Cards, Other Photo ... Amphibia Amphibian Animal Animal Wildlife Animals In The Wild Anura Asian Batrachian Bufonidae Color Image Focus On Foreground ... Photographic Print of Toad -Bufonidae-, Phuket, Thailand, Asia. Suggested , Amphibia , Amphibian , Anura , Batrachian , ... Photographic Print of Toad -Bufonidae-, Phuket, Thailand, Asia. © This content is subject to copyright. ...
A new earless species of Poyntonophrynus (Anura, Bufonidae) from the Serra da Neve Inselberg, Namibe Province, Angola
... a condition common in the family Bufonidae, but so far not known for Poyntonophrynus. The description of this new species from ... African pygmy toads of the genus Poyntonophrynus Frost et al., 2006, are a group of true toads (family Bufonidae) that are ... Grandison AGC (1978) The occurrence of Nectophrynoides (Anura: Bufonidae) in Ethiopia. A new concept of the genus with a ... Graybeal A, Cannatella DC (1995) A new taxon of Bufonidae from Peru, with descriptions of two new species and a review of the ...
Fish/Amphibian Index
Distribution Record of Leptophryne borbonica (Tschudi, 1838) (Anura: Bufonidae) from Malang, East Java: Description,...
Bufonidae) from Malang, East Java: Description, Microhabitat, and Possible Threats ... Distribution Record of Leptophryne borbonica (Tschudi, 1838) (Anura: Bufonidae) from Malang, East Java: Description, ... Bufonidae) and the description of a new species from Java, Indonesia, Zootaxa, 4450(4), 427-44. ...
Wyoming toad - Wikipedia
5-MeO-DMT - Wikipedia
IDAAD - Abstract
Amphibians - Devils Tower National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)
Thermal parameters changes in males of Rhinella arenarum (Anura:Bufonidae) related to reproductive periods
EUR-Lex - 31992L0043 - EN - EUR-Lex
Padomes Direktīva 92/43/EEK. (1992. gada 21. maijs). par dabisko dzīvotņu, savvaļas faunas un floras aizsardzību. EIROPAS KOPIENU PADOME,. ņemot vērā Eiropas Ekonomikas kopienas dibināšanas līgumu un jo īpaši tā 130.s pantu,. ņemot vērā Komisijas priekšlikumu [1],. ņemot vērā Eiropas Parlamenta atzinumu [2],. ņemot vērā Ekonomikas un sociālo lietu komitejas atzinumu [3],. tā kā vides kvalitātes saglabāšana, aizsardzība un uzlabošana, kas iekļauj dabisko dzīvotņu un savvaļas faunas un floras aizsardzību, ir vispārīgs Kopienas pamatmērķis, kā norādīts Līguma 130.r pantā;. tā kā Eiropas Kopienas vides politikā un rīcības programmā (1987. līdz 1992. gads) [4] paredzēti pasākumi attiecībā uz dabas un tās resursu aizsardzību;. tā kā šīs direktīvas galvenais mērķis ir veicināt bioloģiskās daudzveidības saglabāšanu, ņemot vērā ekonomiskās, sociālās, kultūras un reģionālās prasības, šī direktīva palīdz sasniegt ...
Category:Pseudepidalea latastii - Wikimedia Commons
EUR-Lex - 31992L0043 - EN - EUR-Lex
Tarybos Direktyva 92/43/EEB. 1992 m. gegužės 21 d.. dėl natūralių buveinių ir laukinės faunos bei floros apsaugos. EUROPOS BENDRIJŲ TARYBA,. atsižvelgdama į Europos ekonominės bendrijos steigimo sutartį, ypač į jos 130s straipsnį,. atsižvelgdama į Komisijos pasiūlymą [1],. atsižvelgdama į Europos Parlamento nuomonę [2],. atsižvelgdama į Ekonomikos ir socialinių reikalų komiteto nuomonę [3],. kadangi aplinkos kokybės išsaugojimas, apsauga ir gerinimas, įskaitant natūralių buveinių ir laukinės faunos bei floros apsaugą, yra svarbiausias Bendrijos bendras tikslas, kaip nurodyta Sutarties 130r straipsnyje;. kadangi Europos bendrijos aplinkosaugos politikos ir veiksmų programa (1987-1992) [4] numato gamtos ir gamtinių išteklių apsaugos priemones;. kadangi šios direktyvos tikslas - skatinti biologinės įvairovės palaikymą, atsižvelgiant į ekonominius, socialinius, kultūrinius ir regioninius reikalavimus, todėl ši direktyva prisideda prie bendro ...
Biochemical and Biological Profile of Parotoid Secretion of the Amazonian Rhinella marina (Anura: Bufonidae) - BSI
toad facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about toad
toad / tōd/ • n. 1. a tailless amphibian (Bufonidae and other families, order Anura) with a short stout body and short legs, ... Sometimes the term toad is restricted to the so-called true toads, members of the family Bufonidae. These are characterized by ... Length: 2-25cm (1-10in). Order Anura; family Bufonidae. See also tadpole. ...
Epidemic disease decimates amphibian abundance, species diversity, and evolutionary history in the highlands of central Panama ...
Alphabetical Browse | Britannica
Two new species of Pelophryne (Anura: Bufonidae) from Gunung Murud, Sarawak (northwestern Borneo). - UNIMAS Institutional...
Anura15
- Dong B, Yang B (2016) The complete mitochondrial genome of the Bufo stejnegeri (Anura: Bufonidae). (springer.com)
- In this study, we applied these methods to resolve the radiation of toads in the Bufo bufo (Anura, Bufonidae) species group, ranging from the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa to Siberia, based on sequences from two mitochondrial and four nuclear DNA regions (3490 base pairs). (nih.gov)
- Anura: Bufonidae). (cefas.co.uk)
- Two new species of Pelophryne (Anura: Bufonidae) from Gunung Murud, Sarawak (northwestern Borneo). (unimas.my)
- Llamadas de anuncio y liberación de Bufo florentinoi (Anura: Bufonidae): un endémico de la Ciénaga de Zapata, Cuba. (iucnredlist.org)
- Especie nueva de sapo del género Bufo (Anura Bufonidae) de la Península de Zapata, Cuba. (iucnredlist.org)
- Food habits of Rhinella proboscidea (Anura: Bufonidae) in terra frme forests of central Amazonia. (usp.br)
- Rediscovery of the Liberian Nimba toad, Nimbaphrynoides liberiensis (Xavier, 1978) (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae), and reassessment of its taxonomic status" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
- Advertisement calls of Cuban toads of the genus Bufo (Anura, Bufonidae). (amphibiaweb.org)
- Descripción de las larvas de Bufo taladai (Anura: Bufonidae). (amphibiaweb.org)
- A true toad is any member of the family Bufonidae , in the order Anura (frogs and toads). (wikipedia.org)
- Anfibioen barruko Bufonidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan. (wikipedia.org)
- 2012). An extraordinary new species of Melanophryniscus (Anura, Bufonidae) from southeastern Brazil. (amnh.org)
- Reproductive activity and advertisement calls of the Asian common toad Duttaphrynus melanostictus ( Amphibia , Anura, Bufonidae) from Bach Ma National Park, Vietnam. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Morphological and genetic differentiation of Bufo toads: Two cryptic species in Western Europe (Anura, Bufonidae). (howard.edu)
Bufo5
- Ford and Cannatella (1993) defined Bufonidae as the node-based name for the most recent common ancestor of living bufonids ( Bufo , Frostius , etc., as listed in Frost [1985]), and all its descendants. (tolweb.org)
- The Asiatic toad Bufo gargarizans belongs to Bufonidae. (springer.com)
- in 1973,we collected some adults of Bufonidae in forest stream of Pianma,Lushui in western Yunnan as Bufo burmanus(Yang Datong et al. (cnki.com.cn)
- Bufo és un gènere d' amfibis de la família Bufonidae que conté al voltant de 150 espècies . (wikipedia.org)
- Perekonda Bufo kuuluvad kärnkonnad loetakse sugukonda Bufonidae , kärnkonlased [4] . (wikipedia.org)
Rhinella2
- Liver Histopathology in the Cane Toad, Rhinella marina (Amphibia: Bufonidae), Induced by Ortleppascaris sp. (allenpress.com)
- Rhinella atacamensis y R. arunco son dos especies hermanas que en conjunto habitan entre los 25 y 38° S a lo largo de Chile. (conicyt.cl)
Toads4
- Sometimes the term toad is restricted to the so-called true toads, members of the family Bufonidae. (encyclopedia.com)
- As you'll know if you've read the previous articles in the toads series, it seems that most basal divergences within crown-Bufonidae happened in South America. (scienceblogs.com)
- These toads belong to the family Bufonidae. (teachersnetwork.org)
- Atelopus patazensis is a species of toads in the family Bufonidae. (wikipedia.org)
Toad3
- Although a widely varied family, Bufonidae includes the stereotypical toad: dry warty skin and shortened forelimbs and hindlimbs. (wikipedia.org)
- Two species are members of the true toad family Bufonidae. (massaudubon.org)
- A member of the true toad family Bufonidae, this common species is brown with large warts and has a white belly with black dots. (massaudubon.org)
Family3
- The distribution of living members of the family Bufonidae is indicated in red. (tolweb.org)
- The most striking character that differentiates the newly described species from its congeners is the lack of a tympanic middle ear, a condition common in the family Bufonidae , but so far not known for Poyntonophrynus . (pensoft.net)
- The family Bufonidae contains about 500 species among 38 genera. (wikipedia.org)
Atelopus1
- una especie en Peligro Crítico, la misma que fue vista por última vez en 1989, cuando se produjeron declives catastróficos de Atelopus. (blogspot.ca)
Synapomorphies1
- 2006), but other characters exist that seem to be synapomorphies of Bufonidae as a whole. (scienceblogs.com)
20161
- tuvo lugar en una nueva localidad, Junín, 1250-1480 msnm, Provincia de Imbabura, Ecuador, entre el 28-31 de marzo de 2016. (blogspot.ca)
Peru1
- 1995. A new taxon of Bufonidae from Peru, with descriptions of two new species and a review of the phylogenetic status of supraspecific bufonid taxa. (tolweb.org)
Taxa1
- Barring the close relationship of any of these taxa to Bufonidae, the absence of teeth is tentatively considered a synapomorphy of Bufonidae. (tolweb.org)