Buffers. Medical search

A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer.

An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A dipolar ionic buffer.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. Osmolality is expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

A highly-sensitive (in the picomolar range, which is 10,000-fold more sensitive than conventional electrophoresis) and efficient technique that allows separation of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and CARBOHYDRATES. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The chemical and physical integrity of a pharmaceutical product.

Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.

A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Substances used for the detection, identification, analysis, etc. of chemical, biological, or pathologic processes or conditions. Indicators are substances that change in physical appearance, e.g., color, at or approaching the endpoint of a chemical titration, e.g., on the passage between acidity and alkalinity. Reagents are substances used for the detection or determination of another substance by chemical or microscopical means, especially analysis. Types of reagents are precipitants, solvents, oxidizers, reducers, fluxes, and colorimetric reagents. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p301, p499)

Determination of the spectra of ultraviolet absorption by specific molecules in gases or liquids, for example Cl2, SO2, NO2, CS2, ozone, mercury vapor, and various unsaturated compounds. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Chemicals that bind to and remove ions from solutions. Many chelating agents function through the formation of COORDINATION COMPLEXES with METALS.

A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

A process of selective diffusion through a membrane. It is usually used to separate low-molecular-weight solutes which diffuse through the membrane from the colloidal and high-molecular-weight solutes which do not. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

The homogeneous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), from which the dissolved substances can be recovered by physical processes. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Organic esters or salts of sulfonic acid derivatives containing an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical.

The balance between acids and bases in the BODY FLUIDS. The pH (HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION) of the arterial BLOOD provides an index for the total body acid-base balance.

The study of chemical changes resulting from electrical action and electrical activity resulting from chemical changes.

Treatment process involving the injection of fluid into an organ or tissue.

The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.

Inorganic or organic salts and esters of boric acid.

A calcium-binding protein that mediates calcium HOMEOSTASIS in KIDNEYS, BRAIN, and other tissues. It is found in well-defined populations of NEURONS and is involved in CALCIUM SIGNALING and NEURONAL PLASTICITY. It is regulated in some tissues by VITAMIN D.

Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.

Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

Electric conductors through which electric currents enter or leave a medium, whether it be an electrolytic solution, solid, molten mass, gas, or vacuum.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

The adhesion of gases, liquids, or dissolved solids onto a surface. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses onto surfaces as well. ABSORPTION into the substance may follow but not necessarily.

Chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). An extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space. Diffusion, especially FACILITATED DIFFUSION, is a major mechanism of BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT.

Inorganic compounds that contain potassium as an integral part of the molecule.

A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A series of steps taken in order to conduct research.

Serum albumin from cows, commonly used in in vitro biological studies. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

Compounds in which a methyl group is attached to the cyano moiety.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.

A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Chemistry dealing with the composition and preparation of agents having PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS or diagnostic use.

The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

Determination, by measurement or comparison with a standard, of the correct value of each scale reading on a meter or other measuring instrument; or determination of the settings of a control device that correspond to particular values of voltage, current, frequency or other output.

A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids.

The deductive study of shape, quantity, and dependence. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.

Substances produced from the reaction between acids and bases; compounds consisting of a metal (positive) and nonmetal (negative) radical. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Disruption of the non-covalent bonds and/or disulfide bonds responsible for maintaining the three-dimensional shape and activity of the native protein.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

Liquids that dissolve other substances (solutes), generally solids, without any change in chemical composition, as, water containing sugar. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Separation of particles according to density by employing a gradient of varying densities. At equilibrium each particle settles in the gradient at a point equal to its density. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A reagent commonly used in biochemical studies as a protective agent to prevent the oxidation of SH (thiol) groups and for reducing disulphides to dithiols.

A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.

Techniques used to separate mixtures of substances based on differences in the relative affinities of the substances for mobile and stationary phases. A mobile phase (fluid or gas) passes through a column containing a stationary phase of porous solid or liquid coated on a solid support. Usage is both analytical for small amounts and preparative for bulk amounts.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Calcium-binding proteins that are found in DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES, INTESTINES, BRAIN, and other tissues where they bind, buffer and transport cytoplasmic calcium. Calbindins possess a variable number of EF-HAND MOTIFS which contain calcium-binding sites. Some isoforms are regulated by VITAMIN D.

Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms with a valence of plus 2, which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

Concentration or quantity that is derived from the smallest measure that can be detected with reasonable certainty for a given analytical procedure.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.

Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.

A hybrid separation technique combining both chromatographic and electrophoretic separation principles. While the method was invented to separate neutral species, it can also be applied to charged molecules such as small peptides.

Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.

Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., BIOPOLYMERS; PLASTICS).

The formation of a solid in a solution as a result of a chemical reaction or the aggregation of soluble substances into complexes large enough to fall out of solution.

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

Liquids transforming into solids by the removal of heat.

An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as CATIONS; those with a negative charge are ANIONS.

A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

A calbindin protein found in many mammalian tissues, including the UTERUS, PLACENTA, BONE, PITUITARY GLAND, and KIDNEYS. In intestinal ENTEROCYTES it mediates intracellular calcium transport from apical to basolateral membranes via calcium binding at two EF-HAND MOTIFS. Expression is regulated in some tissues by VITAMIN D.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.

Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis.

Salts that melt below 100 C. Their low VOLATILIZATION can be an advantage over volatile organic solvents.

Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

Insulin-like growth factors I and II are unable to form and maintain their native disulfides under in vivo redox conditions. (1/2760)

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I does not quantitatively form its three native disulfide bonds in the presence of 10 mM reduced and 1 mM oxidized glutathione in vitro [Hober, S. et al. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 1749-1756]. In this paper, we show (i) that both IGF-I and IGF-II are unable to form and maintain their native disulfide bonds at redox conditions that are similar to the situation in the secretory vesicles in vivo and (ii) that the presence of protein disulfide isomerase does not overcome this problem. The results indicate that the previously described thermodynamic disulfide exchange folding problem of IGF-I in vitro is also present in vivo. Speculatively, we suggest that the thermodynamic disulfide exchange properties of IGF-I and II are biologically significant for inactivation of the unbound growth factors by disulfide exchange reactions to generate variants destined for rapid clearance. (+info)

Influence of a new antiulcer agent, ammonium 7-oxobicyclo (2, 2, 1) hept-5-ene-3-carbamoyl-2-carboxylate (KF-392) on gastric lesions and gastric mucosal barrier in rats. (2/2760)

Antiulcer effects of KF-392 were studied in several experimental gastric ulcer models in rats. It was found that KF-392 given orally at 1.0 to 5.0 mg/kg had a marked suppression on the developments of Shay ulcer as well as the aspirin-, stress-, and reserpine-induced gastric lesions. The influence of KF-392 on gastric mucosal barrier was also studied. A back diffusion of H+ into the gastric mucosa and a fall of transmucosal potential difference were induced with KF-392 given orally at the above mentioned doses. KF-392 given s.c. at 5.0 mg/kg showed no inhibition of Shay ulcer and no induction of back diffusion of H+ into the gastric mucosa. (+info)

Diffusion barriers limit the effect of mobile calcium buffers on exocytosis of large dense cored vesicles. (3/2760)

Fast exocytosis in melanotropic cells, activated by calcium entry through voltage-gated calcium channels, is very sensitive to mobile calcium buffers (complete block at 800 microM ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N'N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA)). This indicates that calcium diffuses a substantial distance from the channel to the vesicle. Surprisingly, 1, 2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA), having a similar KD for calcium as EGTA but a approximately 100 times faster binding rate, blocked exocytosis only twice as effectively as EGTA. Using computer simulations, we demonstrate that this result cannot be explained by free diffusion and buffer binding rates. We hypothesized that local saturation of calcium buffers is involved. A diffusion barrier for both calcium and buffer molecules, located 50-300 nm from the membrane and reducing diffusion 1000 to 10,000 times, generated similar calcium concentrations for specific concentrations of EGTA and BAPTA. With such barriers, calcium rise phase kinetics upon short step depolarizations (2-20 ms) were faster for EGTA than for BAPTA, implying that short depolarizations should allow exocytosis with 50 microM EGTA but not with 25 microM BAPTA. This prediction was confirmed experimentally with capacitance measurements. Coupling exocytosis to calcium dynamics in the model, we found that a barrier with a approximately 3000 times reduced diffusion at approximately 130 nm beneath the membrane best explains the experimentally observed effects of EGTA and BAPTA on block and kinetics of release. (+info)

Ferroxidase activity of ferritin: effects of pH, buffer and Fe(II) and Fe(III) concentrations on Fe(II) autoxidation and ferroxidation. (4/2760)

It is widely accepted that iron deposition in the iron storage protein ferritin in vitro involves Fe(II) oxidation, and that ferritin facilitates this oxidation at a ferroxidase site on the protein. However, these views have recently been questioned, with the protein ferroxidase activity instead being attributed to autoxidation from the buffer alone. Ligand exchange between another protein with ferroxidase activity and ferritin has been proposed as an alternative mechanism for iron incorporation into ferritin. In the present work, a pH stat apparatus is used to eliminate the influence of buffers on iron(II) oxidation. Here we show that the recent experiments questioning the ferroxidase activity of ferritin were flawed by inadequate pH control, that buffers actually retard rather than facilitate iron(II) oxidation, and that horse spleen ferritin has ferroxidase activity when measured under proper experimental conditions. Furthermore, high pH (7.0), a high Fe(II) concentration and the presence of Fe(III) all favour Fe(II) autoxidation in the presence or absence of ferritin. (+info)

A novel role for carbonic anhydrase: cytoplasmic pH gradient dissipation in mouse small intestinal enterocytes. (5/2760)

1. The spatial and temporal distribution of intracellular H+ ions in response to activation of a proton-coupled dipeptide transporter localized at the apical pole of mouse small intestinal isolated enterocytes was investigated using intracellular carboxy-SNARF-1 fluorescence in combination with whole-cell microspectrofluorimetry or confocal microscopy. 2. In Hepes-buffered Tyrode solution, application of the dipeptide Phe-Ala (10 mM) to a single enterocyte reduced pHi locally in the apical submembranous space. After a short delay (8 s), a fall of pHi occurred more slowly at the basal pole. 3. In the presence of CO2/HCO3--buffered Tyrode solution, the apical and basal rates of acidification were not significantly different and the time delay was reduced to 1 s or less. 4. Following application of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide (100 microM) in the presence of CO2/HCO3- buffer, addition of Phe-Ala once again produced a localized apical acidification that took 5 s to reach the basal pole. Basal acidification was slower than at the apical pole. 5. We conclude that acid influx due to proton-coupled dipeptide transport can lead to intracellular pH gradients and that intracellular carbonic anhydrase activity, by facilitating cytoplasmic H+ mobility, limits their magnitude and duration. (+info)

Nonsaturable entry of neuropeptide Y into brain. (6/2760)

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is found and is active both in the periphery and brain, but its crossing of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in either direction has not been measured. We used multiple time-regression analysis to determine that radioactively labeled NPY injected intravenously entered the brain much faster than albumin, with an influx constant of 2.0 x 10(-4) ml. g. -1. min-1. However, this rate of entry was not significantly changed by injection of 10 microgram/mouse of excess NPY, by leptin, or by food deprivation. HPLC showed that most of the NPY entering the brain was intact, and capillary depletion with and without washout showed that the NPY did not remain bound to endothelial cells or associated with vascular elements. Perfusion in a blood-free solution eliminated binding to serum proteins as an explanation for the lack of saturation. Efflux of labeled NPY from the brain occurred at the same rate as albumin, reflecting the normal rate of reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid. Thus NPY can readily enter the brain from blood by diffusion across the BBB. (+info)

A novel strategy for the preparation of liposomes: rapid solvent exchange. (7/2760)

During the preparation of multi-component model membranes, a primary consideration is that compositional homogeneity should prevail throughout the suspension. Some conventional sample preparation methods pass the lipid mixture through an intermediary, solvent-free state. This is an ordered, solid state and may favor the demixing of membrane components. A new preparative method has been developed which is specifically designed to avoid this intermediary state. This novel strategy is called rapid solvent exchange (RSE) and entails the direct transfer of lipid mixtures between organic solvent and aqueous buffer. RSE liposomes require no more than a minute to prepare and manifest considerable entrapment volumes with a high fraction of external surface area. In phospholipid/cholesterol mixtures of high cholesterol content, suspensions prepared by more conventional methods reveal evidence of artifactual demixing, whereas samples prepared by rapid solvent exchange do not. The principles which may lead to artifactual demixing during conventional sample preparation are discussed. (+info)

Effect of buffer conditions on the position of tRNA on the 70 S ribosome as visualized by cryoelectron microscopy. (8/2760)

The effect of buffer conditions on the binding position of tRNA on the Escherichia coli 70 S ribosome have been studied by means of three-dimensional (3D) cryoelectron microscopy. Either deacylated tRNAfMet or fMet-tRNAfMet were bound to the 70 S ribosomes, which were programmed with a 46-nucleotide mRNA having AUG codon in the middle, under two different buffer conditions (conventional buffer: containing Tris and higher Mg2+ concentration [10-15 mM]; and polyamine buffer: containing Hepes, lower Mg2+ concentration [6 mM], and polyamines). Difference maps, obtained by subtracting 3D maps of naked control ribosome in the corresponding buffer from the 3D maps of tRNA.ribosome complexes, reveal the distinct locations of tRNA on the ribosome. The position of deacylated tRNAfMet depends on the buffer condition used, whereas that of fMet-tRNAfMet remains the same in both buffer conditions. The acylated tRNA binds in the classical P site, whereas deacylated tRNA binds mostly in an intermediate P/E position under the conventional buffer condition and mostly in the position corresponding to the classical P site, i. e. in the P/P state, under the polyamine buffer conditions. (+info)

The text buffer data can be read and written, and bitwise operations can be applied. A part of text buffer memory above the ... Text buffer[edit]. Each screen character is actually represented by two bytes aligned as a 16-bit word accessible by the CPU in ... The VGA text buffer is located at physical memory address 0xB8000. Since this is usually used by 16-bit x86 processes operating ... Text mode output signal is essentially the same as in graphic modes, but its source is text buffer and character generator, not ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGA-compatible_text_mode

Buffer solutions[edit]. Buffer solutions are used to correct acidosis or alkalosis. Lactated Ringer's solution also has some ... A solution more specifically used for buffering purpose is intravenous sodium bicarbonate. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous

Stack buffer overflow is a type of the more general programming malfunction known as buffer overflow (or buffer overrun). ... which is usually a fixed-length buffer. Stack buffer overflow bugs are caused when a program writes more data to a buffer ... which is usually a fixed-length buffer. Stack buffer overflow bugs are caused when a program writes more data to a buffer ... Overfilling a buffer allocated on the stack is more likely to influence program execution than overfilling a buffer on the heap ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_protection

Buffer overruns[edit]. Older Linux distributions were relatively sensitive to buffer overrun attacks: if the program did not ... care about the size of the buffer itself, the kernel provided only limited protection, allowing an attacker to execute ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_computer_viruses

... borate buffered tris-hydroxymethylaminomethonium)[17][18][19] or the newer SB buffer or BBS buffer (borate buffered saline) in ... pH buffer. Borate ions (commonly supplied as boric acid) are used in biochemical and chemical laboratories to make buffers, e.g ... Swimming pool buffering agent to control pH. *Neutron absorber, used in nuclear reactors and spent fuel pools to control ... It is used to make buffer solutions in biochemistry, as a fire retardant, as an anti-fungal compound, in the manufacture of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_borate

These benefits are present even if the buffered data are written to the buffer once and read from the buffer once. ... Buffer vs. cache[edit]. The semantics of a "buffer" and a "cache" are not totally different; even so, there are fundamental ... Translation lookaside buffer[edit]. Main article: Translation lookaside buffer. A memory management unit (MMU) that fetches ... Also, a whole buffer of data is usually transferred sequentially (for example to hard disk), so buffering itself sometimes ...

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_memory

... protection[edit]. Main article: Buffer overflow protection. Buffer overflow protection is used to detect the ... or buffer overrun, is an anomaly where a program, while writing data to a buffer, overruns the buffer's boundary and overwrites ... A buffer overflow occurs when data written to a buffer also corrupts data values in memory addresses adjacent to the ... Buffer overflows must thus be avoided by maintaining a high degree of correctness in code which performs buffer management. It ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_smash

Green-roof water buffering[edit]. Water run-off and flash floods have become a problem especially in areas where there is a ... By buffering rainfall, such as by fitting green roofs, floods can be reduced or avoided: the rain is absorbed into the soil/ ... If well planned and fitted, the mass of the soil or growth medium can provide a good heat buffer for the building - storing the ... Sudden cold spells are also buffered from the building. One predicted problem with large green roofs is that fire may be able ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built-up_roof

Cisco AQM: Dynamic buffer limiting[edit]. Cisco Systems (Engine IV and V) has the capability to classify flows as aggressive ( ... One solution is to use random early detection (RED) on the network equipment's port queue buffer.[11][12] On network equipment ... All flows that experience port queue buffer tail-drop begin a TCP retrain at the same moment - this is called TCP global ... Active queue management (AQM) is the reorder or drop of network packets inside a transmit buffer that is associated with a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_congestion-avoidance

Episodisk buffer[rediger , rediger kilde]. Arbeidshukommelsens siste komponent ble lagt til av Baddeley i 2000. Den episodiske ... Man antar at deler av informasjonen i den episodiske buffer går videre til å lagres i langtidshukommelsen (Matlin, 2009). Den ... Baddeley, A. D. (2000). The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(11). pp. 417- ... episodiske buffer er en relativt ny komponent, og det er gjennomført begrenset forskning rundt den. Den er dermed fremdeles ...

https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeidshukommelsen

Buffer. Esters are prone to producing allergic reactions, which may necessitate the use of an amide. The names of each locally ... A number of methods can be used to decrease this pain, including buffering of the solution with bicarbonate and warming.[28] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_anesthetic

Vegetative practices: buffers; channels; green roofs; wetlands; functional art;[further explanation needed] stormwater wetland ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_management_practice_for_water_pollution

"Buffers". A buffer's size cannot be larger than some maximum, which is defined by the largest buffer position representable by ... This is because Emacs tracks buffer positions using that data type. For typical 64-bit machines, this maximum buffer size is 2 ... Buffer sizes are also limited by the amount of memory in the system. "The JED Editor" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) ... The search covers all loaded buffers. kwrite-devel, Large Files open slowly due to futile Syntax-Highlighting The Kate Handbook ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_text_editors

Buffers; Bugs; Bulldogs; Centre Street Boys; Chesapeakes; Crockets; Darts; Deathfetchers; Dogs; Dog-Towners; Flayers; Fly-By- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Haggerty

Buffer zone. 2,824.9 ha. Villa Tugendhat is a historical building in the wealthy neighbourhood of Černá Pole in Brno, Czech ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Tugendhat

Buffer zone. 559.7 ha (1,383 acres). Coordinates. 26°12′31″N 127°40′58″E / 26.20861°N 127.68278°E / 26.20861; 127.68278 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gusuku_Sites_and_Related_Properties_of_the_Kingdom_of_Ryukyu

Regardless of the type of buffer there is general consensus among practitioners that a minimum 35" buffer on either side of a ... Buffer strip effectiveness. Buffer Type Width (M) % Sediment Reduction % Nitrogen Reduction % Phosphorus Reduction Grass 4.6 61 ... Thicker and forested buffer strips provide the best return on value for stream protection and nutrient removal. They have an ... Grass and shrub buffers are still beneficial to the health of the watershed and conserving nutrients and soil on surrounding ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocacy_River

Buffer zone. 201.58 ha (498.1 acres). Coordinates. 37°26′6″N 21°53′49″E / 37.43500°N 21.89694°E / 37.43500; 21.89694 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassae

Buffer zone. 766.7 ha. Miraflores Skyline.. The Historic Centre, made up of the districts of Lima and Rímac, was declared a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima,_Peru

Buffer zone. 20.063 ha (0.07746 sq mi). Coordinates. 40°20′38″N 1°06′26″W / 40.34389°N 1.10722°W / 40.34389; -1.10722. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudéjar_Architecture_of_Aragon

Buffer zone. 19.16 ha. Coordinates. 42°54′27″N 43°0′39″E / 42.90750°N 43.01083°E / 42.90750; 43.01083. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svaneti

energy buffers. "household waste 8..11 MJ/kg" Lu, Gui-e; Chang, Wen-ping; Jiang, Jin-yong; Du, Shi-guo (May 2011). "Study on ... "energy buffers". Home.hccnet.nl. Retrieved 2010-05-07. Anne Wignall and Terry Wales. Chemistry 12 Workbook, page 138 Archived ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density

"Biological Buffers". Sigma-Aldrich. "Movento". Crop Science. "US EPA, Pesticide Produce Label, ULTOR, 05/06/2011" (PDF). EPA. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirotetramat

over buffers). October 26 Electric operation of the Waldenburgerbahn in Switzerland begins using 1500 V DC and completely new ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_in_rail_transport

MOPSO is a zwitterionic organic chemical buffering agent; one of Good's buffers. MOPSO and MOPS (3-morpholinopropanesulfonic ... It has a pKa of 6.9 with ΔpKa/°C of -0.015 and a solubility in water at 0°C of 0.75 M. MOPSO has been used as a buffer ... "Biological Buffers". Sigma-Aldrich. "MOPSO sodium salt" (PDF). Sigma-Aldrich.. ... electrophoresis on rehydratable polyacrylamide gels Buffered charcoal yeast extract agar Fixing cells in urine in a buffered ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Hydroxy-3-morpholinopropanesulfonic_acid

Buffers Alley •HWH Bunclody •Askamore •Ballygarrett •Blackwater •Monageer-Boolavogue •Oylegate Glenbrien •Gusserane O'Rahillys ... Buffers Alley (1965-2013) 40 years: Adamstown (1971-2011) 36 years: Shamrocks (1960-1996) 33 years: Oylegate-Glenbrien (1959- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wexford_Intermediate_Hurling_Championship

"energy buffers". Home.hccnet.nl. Archived from the original on 2010-11-26. Retrieved 2010-11-30. "Message from the Chair , ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flywheel

... is one of Good's buffers with a pH in the physiological range. Its pKa at 20°C is 7.10, making ... "Good's buffers". Protocols Online. 11 Apr 2010. v t e v t e. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholamine_chloride_hydrochloride

... multiple buffers; shell modes; directory editor (dired); mail; rmail; ispell; and much, much more. Variants: "jed" is the name ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JED_(text_editor)

4. Dissociation of buffer least influenced by buffer concentration, temperature and ionic composition. ... 1. the buffering capacity in the desired pH range with the ability to maintain constant pH during fixation. ... 1. Good buffering capacity at higher pH required for some tissues and some cytochemical procedures. ... 1. Not suitable as buffer during primary fixation with osmium tetroxide due to considerable extraction of tissue components. ...

http://www.ou.edu/research/electron/bmz5364/buffers.html

list-buffers. ). To display a list of existing buffers, type C-x C-b. . This pops up a buffer menu in a buffer named *Buffer ... Next: Misc Buffer, Previous: Select Buffer, Up: Buffers 19.2 Listing Existing Buffers. C-x C-b. List the existing buffers (. ... Buffer List*. buffer and the commands available there. . .. in the first field of a line indicates that the buffer is ... list-buffers. omits buffers whose names begin with a space, unless they visit files: such buffers are used internally by Emacs ...

https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/List-Buffers.html

buffers that are instantiated in the design.. This option must be assigned to an individual CASCADE. buffer or a design entity ... Ignore CASCADE Buffers logic option. A logic option that ignores CASCADE. ...

https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/programmable/quartushelp/current/logicops/logicops/def_ignore_cascade.htm

... see screenshots and learn more about Buffers. Download Buffers and enjoy it on your iPhone, iPad and iPod touch. ... Buffers is a scientific tool for designing buffer solutions for pH control. Buffers is useful both as a handy reference of ... To use Buffers, just choose a buffering agent and target pH along with the desired solution volume, temperature and buffer ... Akkyra Systems Web SiteBuffers Support. Whats New in Version 1.5.0 - Updated for iOS 8. - Improved accuracy for some buffers. ...

https://itunes.apple.com/mk/app/buffers/id306089755?mt=8

OpenCL Buffers and Complete ExamplesPerhaad Mistry & Dana Schaa,Northeastern University Computer ArchitectureResearch Lab, with ... 4. Creating OpenCL Buffers,br /,Data used by OpenCL devices is stored in a "buffer" on the device,br /,An OpenCL buffer object ... 3. Topics,br /,Using OpenCL buffers,br /,Declaring buffers,br /,Enqueue reading and writing of buffers,br /,Simple but complete ... Step1: Create Buffers,br /,Create buffers on device,br /,Input data is read-only,br /,Output data is write-only,br /,Transfer ...

https://www.slideshare.net/FT232BM/lec05-buffers-basicexamples

... buffers extension is part of the WebGL API and enables a fragment shader to write to several textures, which is useful for ... ext.MAX_DRAW_BUFFERS_WEBGL. A GLint. indicating the maximum number of draw buffers.. Methods. This extension exposes one new ... WEBGL_draw_buffers. The definition of WEBGL_draw_buffers in that specification.. Recommendation. Initial definition.. ... specifying a color buffer.. ext.DRAW_BUFFER0_WEBGL. ext.DRAW_BUFFER1_WEBGL. ext.DRAW_BUFFER2_WEBGL. ext.DRAW_BUFFER3_WEBGL. ext ...

https://developer.mozilla.org/fr/docs/Web/API/WEBGL_draw_buffers

... node-local burst buffer and remote shared burst buffer. In the node-local burst buffer architecture, burst buffer storage is ... Representative burst buffer architectures[edit]. There are two representative burst buffer architectures in the high- ... In addition, buffering data in burst buffer also gives applications plenty of opportunities to reshape the data traffic to the ... Supercomputers deployed with burst buffer[edit]. Due to its importance, burst buffer has been widely deployed on the leadership ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burst_buffer

Buffer overflow protection[edit]. Main article: Buffer overflow protection. Buffer overflow protection is used to detect the ... or buffer overrun, is an anomaly where a program, while writing data to a buffer, overruns the buffers boundary and overwrites ... A buffer overflow occurs when data written to a buffer also corrupts data values in memory addresses adjacent to the ... Buffer overflows must thus be avoided by maintaining a high degree of correctness in code which performs buffer management. It ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer_overrun

... Praveen Kumar N Fri, 08 Sep 2006 07:31:24 -0700 ... postgresql shared buffers. Praveen Kumar N wrote: Following is the output of query i have executed. Looks like Alvaro guessed ...

https://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg81447.html

The tutorials dont assume that you know anything about protocol buffers, but do assume that you are comfortable writing code ... Each tutorial in this section shows you how to implement a simple application using protocol buffers in your favourite language ... introducing you to the languages protocol buffer API as well as showing you the basics of creating and using .proto files. The ...

https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/docs/tutorials?hl=zh-CN

Protocol buffer parsers must be able to parse repeated fields that were compiled as packed. as if they were not packed, and ... As you know, a protocol buffer message is a series of key-value pairs. The binary version of a message just uses the fields ... You dont need to understand this to use protocol buffers in your applications, but it can be very useful to know how different ... As you saw in the previous section, all the protocol buffer types associated with wire type 0 are encoded as varints. However, ...

https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/docs/encoding?hl=id

... buffers buffers ON (pools.pool_id = buffers.pool_id) WHERE buffers.is_free = 0 ... Returns information about memory buffers belonging to a specific memory pool that are used as part of a full-text crawl or a ... SELECT SUM(pools.buffer_size) FROM sys.dm_fts_memory_pools pools JOIN sys.dm_fts_memory_ ... The following example returns the average percentage of memory that is being used for all active full-text memory buffers. ...

https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/ms180044

struct iio_buffer * iio_buffer_get. (struct iio_buffer * buffer)¶. Grab a reference to the buffer ... struct iio_buffer * buffer. The buffer to release the reference for, may be NULL. void iio_device_attach_buffer. (struct iio_ ... The device the buffer should be attached to. struct iio_buffer * buffer. The buffer to attach to the device. Description ... iio_buffer_set_attrs. (struct iio_buffer * buffer, const struct attribute ** attrs)¶. Set buffer specific attributes ...

https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/driver-api/iio/buffers.html

Our clock buffer family consists of TCXO fanout buffers, crystal or reference input fanout buffers, zero-delay buffers and PCIe ... We offer one of the most extensive arrays of clock buffers in the industry. Ranging from 2 to 22 outputs, they support ...

https://www.microchip.com/design-centers/clock-and-timing/buffers

You write to the depth buffer using gl_FragDepth. So do that.. You attach the depth buffer to the GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, set the ... So the question is - how can i put my float point depth values to depth buffer (GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT render buffer). Am I right ... combining Z-buffers. Hi, All. The thing i want to do is a combination of conventional rendering (say render something into ... Though really, itd probably be quicker to just upload your values directly to the depth buffer with glTexSubImage2D. Though it ...

https://www.opengl.org/discussion_boards/printthread.php?t=179579&pp=10&page=1

... buffer-base-buffer. &optional buffer. This function returns the base buffer of buffer. , which defaults to the current buffer. ... whose base buffer is base-buffer. . The argument base-buffer. may be a live buffer or the name (a string) of an existing buffer ... the indirect buffers state is set to the default state for new buffers. If base-buffer. is an indirect buffer, its base buffer ... Buffers 27.11 Indirect Buffers. An indirect buffer. shares the text of some other buffer, which is called the base buffer. of ...

http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/elisp/Indirect-Buffers.html

Buffers definition, an apparatus at the end of a railroad car, railroad track, etc., for absorbing shock during coupling, ... buffers. in Science. buffer. [bŭf′ər]. *Chemistry A substance that prevents change in the acidity of a solution when an acid or ... buffers. in Culture. buffer. In chemistry, the components of a solution that can neutralize either an acid or a base and thus ... Buffers are used to make solutions of known pH, especially for instrument calibration purposes. Natural buffers also exist in ...

https://www.dictionary.com/browse/buffers

Tier 1 argument buffers must be immutable; the GPU cannot modify the contents of an argument buffer. Tier 1 argument buffers ... Regular buffers may contain unions, but argument buffers may not.. The following example shows an argument buffer structure ... Buffers. property set to YES. . Query the max. Argument. Buffer. Sampler. Count. to determine the exact maximum number of ... Encoding Argument Buffers on the GPU. Use a compute pass to encode an argument buffer and access its arguments in a subsequent ...

https://developer.apple.com/documentation/metal/buffers/about_argument_buffers?language=objc

Buffer. A command buffer containing reusable commands, encoded either on the CPU or GPU. ... Buffer. Execution. Range. A range of commands in an indirect command buffer. ... Creating an Indirect Command Buffer. Configure a descriptor to specify the properties of an indirect command buffer. ... Indirect Command Buffers. Recoup encoding time by reusing commands, or create a GPU-driven rendering pipeline by generating ...

https://developer.apple.com/documentation/metal/indirect_command_buffers?preferredLanguage=occ

Configurable SLRU buffers for MultiXact members and offsets.. From tests it is clear that high and low values for these buffers ... define NUM_MXACTOFFSET_BUFFERS 32. +#define NUM_MXACTMEMBER_BUFFERS 64. And, looking back to incidents in summer and fall 2020 ... Re: MultiXact\SLRU buffers configuration. From:. Andrey Borodin ,x4mmm(at)yandex-team(dot)ru,. ... For consistency Ive returned patch with SLRU buffer configs to patchset (other patches are intact). But Im mostly concerned ...

https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/[email protected]

For example, a 10Gb/s router linecard needs approximately 250ms × 10Gb/s = 2.5Gbits of buffers; and the amount of buffering ... All Internet routers contain buffers to hold packets during times of congestion. Today, the size of the buffers is determined ... A widely used rule-of-thumb states that each link needs a buffer of size B = RT T × C, where RT T is the average round-trip ... Such large buffers are challenging for router manufacturers, who must use large, slow, off-chip DRAMs. And queueing delays can ...

https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.105.5116&rank=16

Is is possible to turn off I/O buffering in a PicoLisp program? e.g In Perl one can do something like this.... #!/usr/bin/perl ... I/O buffering. Lindsay John Lawrence Tue, 17 Jan 2017 17:35:18 -0800 ... 1; # Turn off I/O buffering while (,STDIN,) { s/-/_/g; # Replace dashes with underscores print $_; } Id like to do something ...

https://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg06756.html

... To retrieve buffered data from the keyboard, you must first set the buffer size (see Device Properties ... See Buffered and Immediate Data.). Each element in the DIDEVICEOBJECTDATA array represents a change in state for a single key- ... This array can have up to the same number of elements as the buffer size. You do not have to retrieve the entire contents of ... the buffer with a single call. You can have just one element in the array and retrieve events one at a time until the buffer is ...

https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ee416238

You may adjust the Cost of Living Multiplier and Experience Factor to model what a new Buffer base pay might look like. (Some ... The Buffer Benchmark is calculated using the Market Rate, Role Multiplier, and Cost of Living Multiplier. ... The frameworks or matrices of each Buffer team are captured in the Framework/Matrix tabs. ... This sandbox was designed for you to model what salaries might look like in Buffer. ...

https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/u/2/d/1mUsfifogZAXjgFMXErYHgxRBH9VRnFn1sMoDoQXn2Mg/edit?usp=sharing

... get-buffer crs-hated-buffers) (mapcar (lambda (this-buffer) (if (string-match ^ (buffer-name this-buffer)) this-buffer)) ( ... switch-to-buffer (if (, n 0) (nth (+ (length my-buffer-list) n) my-buffer-list) (bury-buffer) (nth n my-buffer-list))))) ( ... Buffer) crs-hated-buffers)) (defun crs-hated-buffers () List of buffers I never want to see, converted from names to buffers ... Re: buffers, Alan Mackenzie, 2003/01/25. *Re: buffers, Kester Clegg ,= *Re: buffers, John Paul Wallington, 2003/01/27. *Re: ...

http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/help-gnu-emacs/2003-01/msg00785.html

The buffer size question discussed in 2012 on the nanog list and is reproduced. Buffer requirements for long RTT networks is ... Buffer queue depth monitoring cannot be done directly with SNMP MIB-II polling of the current occupancy of the buffer. Even if ... Max buffer queue depth requires that all packet memory can be put into a single queue. QoS schemes divide buffer resources ... Packet pacing can improve buffer effectiveness by making TCP less bursty. Packet buffers and switch performance have shown ...

https://people.ucsc.edu/~warner/buffer.html

Protocol Buffers Reference*Protocol Buffers Version 2 Language Specification. *Protocol Buffers Version 3 Language ... A protocol buffer option, which can be attached to a message, field, enumeration, etc. ...

https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/docs/reference/google.protobuf

Get the best deals on High Speed Buffers when you shop the largest online selection at eBay.com. Free shipping on many items , ... Mongoose MP 1600 High Speed Electric Floor Buffer. We plugged in the buffer and powered it on. The buffer ran smooth and ... WEN Buffer Polisher Car Small Waxer High Speed Auto Orbital Handheld Palm 6". No problem. What else could you ask for?. Why put ... Car Small Buffer Polisher Waxer High Speed Auto Orbital Hand Held Palm 6" 110V .. Why put your trust in those other waxers?. ...

https://www.ebay.com/b/High-Speed-Buffers/bn_7024845218

SecurityFocus is designed to facilitate discussion on computer security related topics, create computer security awareness, and to provide the Internet's largest and most comprehensive database of computer security knowledge and resources to the public. It also hosts the BUGTRAQ mailing list.

https://www.securityfocus.com/bid/60229

Swoole\Buffer::expand - Расширяет размер буфера памяти. *Swoole\Buffer::read - Читает данные из буфера памяти на основе ... Swoole\Buffer::__toString - Получает строковое значение буфера памяти. *Swoole\Buffer::write - Записывает данные в буфер памяти ... Swoole\Buffer::substr - Считывает данные из буфера памяти на основе смещения и длины. Или удаляет данные из буфера памяти ... Swoole\Buffer::append - Добавляет строку или двоичные данные в конец буфера памяти и возвращает новый размер выделенной памяти ...

https://www.php.net/manual/ru/class.swoole-buffer.php

Our clock buffer family consists of TCXO fanout buffers, crystal or reference input fanout buffers, zero-delay buffers and PCIe ® buffers. (microchip.com)

this is the list of buffers we never want to see (defvar crs-hated-buffers '('KILL' '*Compile-Log*' '*scratch*')) (setq iswitchb-buffer-ignore (append '('^ ' '*Buffer') crs-hated-buffers)) (defun crs-hated-buffers () 'List of buffers I never want to see, converted from names to buffers. (gnu.org)
return the selected sub-list of buffers. (mail-archive.com)

Well-behaved cation interactions: If the buffers form complexes with cationic ligands, the complexes formed should remain soluble. (wikipedia.org)

Our clock buffers provide ultra-low additive jitter and low skew clock distribution. (silabs.com)

In the node-local burst buffer architecture, burst buffer storage is located on the individual compute node, so the aggregate burst buffer bandwidth grows linearly with the compute node count. (wikipedia.org)
and the amount of buffering grows linearly with the line-rate. (psu.edu)

Membrane impermeability: Ideally, a buffer will not readily pass through cell membranes, this will also reduce the accumulation of buffer compound within cells. (wikipedia.org)
Therefore, Good buffers will not pass through cell membranes. (ehow.co.uk)

We evaluate a memory system design that can be both cost-effective as well as provide better performance, particularly for scientific workloads: a single level of (on-chip) cache backed up only by Jouppi's stream buffers [10] and a main memory. (psu.edu)
We present two techniques to enhance the effectiveness of Jouppi's original stream buffers: filtering schemes to reduce their memory bandwidth requirement and a scheme that enables stream buffers to prefetch data being accessed in large strides. (psu.edu)
Our results show that, for the majority of our benchmarks, stream buffers can attain hit rates that are comparable to typical hit rates of secondary caches. (psu.edu)

Regulations targeting the creation of adequate capital buffers are designed to reduce the procyclical nature of lending by promoting the creation of countercyclical buffers as set forth in the Basel III regulatory reforms created by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision . (investopedia.com)
Capital buffers identified in Basel III reforms include countercyclical capital buffers , which are determined by Basel Committee member jurisdictions and vary according to a percentage of risk-weighted assets , and capital conservation buffers , which are built up outside periods of financial stress . (investopedia.com)
The countercyclical capital buffer (CCyB) framework states that foreign institutions should match the CCyB rate of domestic institutions when lending occurs across international borders. (investopedia.com)
Only seven of the 19 euro area countries have activated a countercyclical buffer and only a "very limited" amount of capital has been built so far, a potential risk to the economy. (reuters.com)
What are the quantitative macroeconomic effects of the countercyclical capital buffer (CCyB)? (repec.org)
A Quantitative Analysis of Countercyclical Capital Buffers ," Working Papers 2019-008, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, revised 01 Jan 2020. (repec.org)

Buffers is useful both as a handy reference of available buffering agents and as an accurate, portable buffer calculator for chemical, biochemical and biological research. (apple.com)
Good's buffers (also Good buffers) are twenty buffering agents for biochemical and biological research selected and described by Norman Good and colleagues during 1966-1980. (wikipedia.org)
Good sought to identify buffering compounds which met several criteria likely to be of value in biological research. (wikipedia.org)
In general, Norman Good and his co-workers attracted attention of the scientific community to the possibility and benefits of using zwitterionic buffers in biological research. (wikipedia.org)
Because Good buffers are widely used in biological research, and since neutral or near-neutral conditions are required for most biological reactions to take place, the pKa of the weak acid used in a Good buffer is in the range corresponding to a pH range of 6 to 8. (ehow.co.uk)

Amount, in bytes, of memory in use in this buffer. (microsoft.com)
These buffers can be simply expressed as a tuple consisting of a pointer and a size in bytes. (boost.org)
In addition to specifying buffers as a pointer and size in bytes, Boost.Asio makes a distinction between modifiable memory (called mutable) and non-modifiable memory (where the latter is created from the storage for a const-qualified variable). (boost.org)
As far as I know, fill buffers remain at 10 per core, still 64 bytes each, and are divided between hyperthreads on demand, rather than split evenly. (intel.com)
Buffered input streams read more data than they initially need into a buffer (an internal array of bytes). (oreilly.com)
In situations where it's almost as fast to read or write several hundred bytes from the underlying stream as it is to read or write a single byte, a buffered stream can provide a significant performance gain. (oreilly.com)
argument is the number of bytes in the buffer. (oreilly.com)
Writes the specified bytes, using big endian, to a Buffer object. (w3schools.com)
My average constant buffer size is around 400 bytes, which is perhaps rather large. (opengl.org)

Before Good's work, few hydrogen ion buffers between pH 6 and 8 had been accessible to biologists, and very inappropriate, toxic, reactive and inefficient buffers had often been used. (wikipedia.org)

LISBON, May 30 (Reuters) - Higher capital buffers against risk demanded by the European Banking Authority are counterproductive and should be recalculated to allow banks to reduce exposure to expensive state loans, the head of Portugal's Banco BPI said on Thursday. (reuters.com)
FRANKFURT (Reuters) - Euro zone regulators should consider forcing banks to build bigger capital buffers as protection against an even bigger downturn that could lead to a credit crunch, European Central Bank Vice President Luis de Guindos said on Wednesday. (reuters.com)

With a wide portfolio of buffer products, we offer differential and LVCMOS buffers, as well as universal clock buffers. (silabs.com)

Stability: The buffers should be chemically stable, resisting enzymatic and non-enzymatic degradation. (wikipedia.org)
The key concepts here are stability and buffers. (washingtonsblog.com)

A Good buffer is chemically stable enough to resist degradation that enzymes could cause. (ehow.co.uk)

In computer security and programming , a buffer overflow , or buffer overrun , is an anomaly where a program , while writing data to a buffer , overruns the buffer's boundary and overwrites adjacent memory locations. (wikipedia.org)
the indirect buffer's state is set to the default state for new buffers. (gnu.org)
This function creates and returns a new indirect buffer that shares the current buffer's base buffer and copies the rest of the current buffer's attributes. (gnu.org)

Since Merom or Woodcrest (the first SSSE3 CPU), the approximate function of NetBurst Write Combining buffers is performed by fill buffers, so those would be more appropriate as a search term. (intel.com)

Biochemical inertness: The buffers should not influence or participate in any biochemical reactions. (wikipedia.org)
The characteristics of these buffers make them very helpful in biological and biochemical research. (ehow.co.uk)

Alo, B.T.. "Characteristics of Good Buffers" last modified May 13, 2017. (ehow.co.uk)

ClockBuilder Pro is a user-friendly software tool that simplifies clock tree design, providing system designers with the ability to customize Silicon Labs' Clock Generators, Jitter Attenuators, Buffers, and Oscillator products. (silabs.com)

Address of the allocated memory buffer. (microsoft.com)
Name of the shared memory buffer for which this allocation was made. (microsoft.com)
Current state of memory buffer. (microsoft.com)
This white paper should be useful for improving copy performance of software that must read video frames decoded by a hardware decode accelerator from USWC graphics memory into a system memory buffer for further processing. (intel.com)
Use MOVDQA to store the registers' data to a 4Kbyte system (write back) memory buffer that will be re-used over and over - so that the buffer stays in first level CPU cache, rarely being flushed to memory. (intel.com)
Write those registers to 64 byte aligned destinations in the system memory buffer using MOVNTDQ - again giving the processor a hint to minimize bus bandwidth and cache pollution. (intel.com)
The most noteworthy aspect of this algorithm is the use of two separate loops for loading data from USWC memory and storing it to a system memory buffer, with an intermediate 4KB buffer in cached memory. (intel.com)
Intel ® 6402 Advanced Memory Buffer. (wikimedia.org)

The techniques to exploit a buffer overflow vulnerability vary by architecture , by operating system and by memory region. (wikipedia.org)
The buffer overflow vulnerability affects both the VirusScan and GroupShield McAfee product lines, although McAfee maintains that if users have downloaded the company's latest security signatures the hole will now be plugged. (computerweekly.com)

Ideally, at least some of the buffering compounds will not form complexes. (wikipedia.org)
Many buffers react with cation ligands to form complexes which can accumulate in different regions of the set-up and effect the research. (ehow.co.uk)

Low solubility in nonpolar solvents (fats, oils, and organic solvents) was also considered beneficial, as this would tend to prevent the buffer compound from accumulating in nonpolar compartments in biological systems: cell membranes and other cell compartments. (wikipedia.org)
Good buffers have a high solubility in water, since most biological systems naturally use water as their solvent. (ehow.co.uk)
Also, the solubility level of Good buffers in organic solvents such as fats and oils is low. (ehow.co.uk)

if one assumes all inputs will be smaller than a certain size and the buffer is created to be that size, then an anomalous transaction that produces more data could cause it to write past the end of the buffer. (wikipedia.org)
By sending in data designed to cause a buffer overflow, it is possible to write into areas known to hold executable code , and replace it with malicious code. (wikipedia.org)
color] [img]http://img165.exs.cx/img165/5738/ctrlbstore3ny.jpg[/img] *then setup the buffer_write to write out the buffers to separate img files. (cgsociety.org)
A gather-write transmits multiple buffers. (boost.org)
Finally, multiple buffers can be passed to scatter-gather operations (such as read() or write() ) by putting the buffer objects into a container. (boost.org)
Hi, I would like to know the number of Write Combining buffers used by the most recent Core i5, i7 and Xeon CPUs from Intel. (intel.com)

There is protection against buffer overruns. (boost.org)

In the following example expressed in C , a program has two variables which are adjacent in memory: an 8-byte-long string buffer, A, and a two-byte big-endian integer, B. (wikipedia.org)
A user space application will interpret data samples read from the buffer as two byte little endian signed data, that needs a 4 bits right shift before masking out the 12 valid bits of data. (kernel.org)
This buffer should also be 64 byte (cache line) aligned. (intel.com)
If a size isn't specified, a 2048-byte buffer is used. (oreilly.com)
The offset specifies a byte offset from the beginning of the buffer. (khronos.org)

1. Most physiological of common buffers. (ou.edu)
2. Poor buffer at physiological pH. (ou.edu)
Standard physiological buffer that is suitable for various calcium imaging experiments. (fishersci.com)

Due to its importance, burst buffer has been widely deployed on the leadership-scale supercomputers. (wikipedia.org)
A widely used rule-of-thumb states that each link needs a buffer of size B = RT T × C, where RT T is the average round-trip time of a flow passing across the link, and C is the data rate of the link. (psu.edu)
Protocol Buffers are widely used at Google for storing and interchanging all kinds of structured information. (wikipedia.org)

Repeat steps 1 and 2 until the whole frame buffer has been copied. (intel.com)

What Is a Capital Buffer? (investopedia.com)
A capital buffer is mandatory capital that financial institutions are required to hold in addition to other minimum capital requirements . (investopedia.com)
if conditions allow capital buffer decreases, they happen at once. (investopedia.com)
Having amassed capital over the last decade, the currency bloc's biggest banks are now well positioned to weather a downturn but most still lack an extra capital buffer that could be freed up during periods of stress. (reuters.com)

Here, a mutable_buffer would be convertible to a const_buffer, but conversion in the opposite direction is not valid. (boost.org)

The definition of 'WEBGL_draw_buffers' in that specification. (mozilla.org)
At the Spring 2013 standards meeting, the Concurrency Study Group requested a change away from a full mutex definition to a definition that also enabled buffering. (open-std.org)

omits buffers whose names begin with a space, unless they visit files: such buffers are used internally by Emacs. (gnu.org)
Are their 'hidden buffers' in emacs? (gnu.org)

Good's original 1966 paper had two older buffers (marked with italics) for comparison. (wikipedia.org)
In 1966, Dr. Norman Good described a set of 12 buffers called Good buffers. (ehow.co.uk)

I have a raytracing kernel which outputs PBO which I can draw later as a texure, i also can generate depth for any point in my ray-traced image, so i can get depth buffer with floatind point depth values. (opengl.org)
iff but they are black images… Ok, now, again assign the buffer_store to all and finally i see my outputs! (cgsociety.org)

Use a blit command encoder to copy buffer or texture data to a private resource. (apple.com)
The skin of the buffer has a slimy texture that it sheds every other blue moon, but the reason it is classified as a mammal-amphibian is because it has the very hairy and dirty beard and scientists decided to classify as the first of the fusion class of the two species. (urbandictionary.com)
A Buffer Texture is a one-dimensional Texture whose storage comes from a Buffer Object . (khronos.org)
For buffer textures, the texture is bound to the GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER target. (khronos.org)
calling any of the gl*Image functions on the GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER will result in an error . (khronos.org)
Instead of creating storage for a buffer texture, the user associates a buffer texture with an already existing buffer object. (khronos.org)
0 can be used to detach a buffer from a buffer texture. (khronos.org)
The buffer object target GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER can be used as a bind point for creating and modifying such buffer objects, but as stated in the Buffer Object article, this is not required (though it is encouraged). (khronos.org)
Note that, while this attaches the entire buffer object's storage to the texture, the texture can only access up to GL_MAX_TEXTURE_BUFFER_SIZE texels. (khronos.org)
Note that the three-component formats can only be used in GL 4.0 or with ARB_texture_buffer_object_rgb32 . (khronos.org)

To use Buffers, just choose a buffering agent and target pH along with the desired solution volume, temperature and buffer concentration. (apple.com)
As the upcoming supercomputers are going to be deployed with multiple heterogeneous burst buffer layers, such as NVRAM on the compute nodes, and SSDs on the dedicated I/O nodes, there is a growing interest in designing and implementing a unified software solution that transparently moves data across multiple storage layers. (wikipedia.org)
Consider a buffered solution. (yahoo.com)
When the pH of the buffer system is equal to the pKa of the buffer, what is the ratio of acid to conjugate base in the solution? (yahoo.com)
Also called buffer solution. (dictionary.com)
To treat a solution with a buffer. (dictionary.com)
Buffer solution Good, Norman E. (wikipedia.org)
Whether or not you need to degas your buffer solution will depend on its application. (ehow.co.uk)
If the presence of excess oxygen in the buffer will affect the chemical reaction you are looking for, or if the formation of air bubbles in the solution will affect readings or flow, you will have to degas your buffer. (ehow.co.uk)
Degassing by vacuum is the most common way to remove air from a buffer solution. (ehow.co.uk)
A buffer is a water-based solution containing a mixture of either an acid and its conjugate base, or a base and its conjugate acid. (ehow.co.uk)
It is used to represent the strength of the weak acid in the buffer solution. (ehow.co.uk)
The goal of Protocol buffers are the flexible, efficient, automated solution to solve exactly this problem. (infoq.com)

Using conventional copying methods can yield very poor performance when the source data is in "uncacheable" memory, as when video decode is being done with hardware acceleration, but an application needs to quickly obtain copies of decoded frame buffers for additional processing. (intel.com)
Sample code is included for a fast copy function based on those methods, as well as sample code illustrating how that copy might be called in an application using the Microsoft DXVA2 (DirectX Video Acceleration 2) libraries for hardware accelerated video decode to copy video frames from USWC to WB memory buffers. (intel.com)
methods are invoked, the data is removed from the buffer rather than the underlying stream. (oreilly.com)

Allocated trace buffers can store 1024 simple trace events. (qnx.com)
But when I now compare the result of rendering about 1024 spheres into my G-Buffer the overall GPU time has gone up a bit. (opengl.org)
The general timings of drawing around 1024 spheres with normal sized shaders and uniform buffer size is still around 15-16 msec. (opengl.org)

Systemic buffers inhibit carcinogenesis in TRAMP mice. (nih.gov)

If timestamps are enabled for the device the function will store the supplied timestamp as the last element in the sample data buffer before pushing it to the device buffers. (kernel.org)

Hence, several well-known commercialized software products have been developed to manage this type of burst buffer, such as DataWarp and Infinite Memory Engine. (wikipedia.org)
Programming languages commonly associated with buffer overflows include C and C++ , which provide no built-in protection against accessing or overwriting data in any part of memory and do not automatically check that data written to an array (the built-in buffer type) is within the boundaries of that array. (wikipedia.org)
As you saw in the previous section, all the protocol buffer types associated with wire type 0 are encoded as varints. (google.com)
The approach used in Boost.Asio is to define a type (actually two types) to represent a single buffer. (boost.org)

[2] [3] the data are then asynchronously flushed from burst buffer to the storage systems at the same time with the next round of computation. (wikipedia.org)
Bounds checking can prevent buffer overflows, but requires additional code and processing time. (wikipedia.org)
Finally, argument buffers allow resources to be indexed dynamically at function execution time by greatly increasing the limit on the number of resources that can be placed inside them. (apple.com)
From tests it is clear that high and low values for these buffers affect the test time. (postgresql.org)
You can have just one element in the array and retrieve events one at a time until the buffer is empty. (microsoft.com)
Even if a buffer depth SNMP poll object existed it would not possible to interrogate it on a time scale short enough to catch microbursts. (ucsc.edu)
Most of the buffers were new zwitterionic compounds prepared and tested by Good and coworkers for the first time, though some (MES, ADA, BES, Bicine) were known compounds previously overlooked by biologists. (wikipedia.org)
Once the buffer is full, read from it using MOVDQA loads - again loading one full cache line at a time - to SIMD registers. (intel.com)
Importantly, the protocol buffer format supports the idea of extending the format over time in such a way that the code can still read data encoded with the old format. (infoq.com)
I tried not updating the uniform buffers anymore and then my overall time with uniform buffers goes down to 15-16 msec, which is still not as fast as not using uniform buffers. (opengl.org)

is JUST ONE buffer for all my navigation. (gnu.org)

4. Dissociation of buffer least influenced by buffer concentration, temperature and ionic composition. (ou.edu)
Influences on dissociation: There should be a minimum influence of buffer concentration, temperature, and ionic composition of the medium on the dissociation of the buffer. (wikipedia.org)
The pKa is the logarithmic form of the acid dissociation constant of the weak acid in the buffer. (ehow.co.uk)

I found this article a few minutes ago https://recoverit.wondershare.com/video-repair/fix-video-buffering-problem.html , and one of the things it recommended was completing an internet speed test. (linux.org)

In order to allocate or free the trace buffers, your application must have the PROCMGR_AID_TRACE ability enabled. (qnx.com)
Currently when we assign a literal string to another string, we allocate and copy a new buffer. (mozilla.org)

For greater flexibility, NEB provides a selection of buffers for optimal enzyme activity, as well as for use with its protein expression and purification, cloning and RNA products. (neb.com)
With a wide portfolio of buffer products, fixed-function differential and CMOS, universal clock buffers, as well as automotive grade buffers, our universal clock buffers support any in/out signal format and integrate both clock muxing and division to further simplify clock tree design. (silabs.com)

You don't need to understand this to use protocol buffers in your applications, but it can be very useful to know how different protocol buffer formats affect the size of your encoded messages. (google.com)
3M™ Buffers PNs 28333 and 28769 are designed for use in automotive manufacturing (AOEM) paint shop applications for buffing or polishing medium-size defects on clear coat, powder coat, acrylic, solid surface, and polyurethane. (3m.com)
Today, the size of the buffers is determined by the dynamics of TCP's congestion control algorithm. (psu.edu)
To retrieve buffered data from the keyboard, you must first set the buffer size (see Device Properties ). (microsoft.com)
This step is essential because the default size of the buffer is 0. (microsoft.com)
This array can have up to the same number of elements as the buffer size. (microsoft.com)
The buffer size question discussed in 2012 on the nanog list and is reproduced. (ucsc.edu)
The best size for the buffer depends on the platform and is generally related to the block size of the disk (at least for file streams). (oreilly.com)

You attach the depth buffer to the GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT , set the draw buffer to GL_NONE (because you're not writing any colors), and then render as normal. (opengl.org)
A render command in an indirect command buffer. (apple.com)
I guessed that you plug a material into the 'render buffer' slot just so you can see it in the render view window, but it doesn't get saved out? (cgsociety.org)

Protocol Buffers are similar to the Apache Thrift (used by Facebook), Ion (created by Amazon), or Microsoft Bond protocols, offering as well a concrete RPC protocol stack to use for defined services called gRPC. (wikipedia.org)
Biggest differences of Thrift vs Protocol Buffers? (stackoverflow.com)
Our project's main reason to stick with Thrift over protocol buffers was that protocol buffers don't auto-generate a complete RPC server, and existing solutions for PB seemed to all be fairly unstable. (stackoverflow.com)

To reduce the likelihood of banks running into trouble during economic downturns, regulators began requiring banks to build up capital buffers outside periods of stress. (investopedia.com)

The protocol buffer data contains only the numbers, not the field names, providing some bandwidth/storage savings compared with systems that include the field names in the data. (wikipedia.org)
From that, the protocol buffer compiler creates a class that implements automatic encoding and parsing of the protocol buffer data with an efficient binary format. (infoq.com)

Configure a descriptor to specify the properties of an indirect command buffer. (apple.com)
A command buffer containing reusable commands, encoded either on the CPU or GPU. (apple.com)
A compute command in an indirect command buffer. (apple.com)
A range of commands in an indirect command buffer. (apple.com)
To free the buffers, use the _NTO_TRACE_DEALLOCBUFFER command. (qnx.com)
Hi ML, I'm wondering for quite a while what the fields 'buffers' and 'cache' of the command free mean. (debian.org)

Anatomy4

Organisms5

Chemicals and Drugs52

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment29

Phenomena and Processes26

Disciplines and Occupations4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Information Science2

Health Care4

Insulin-like growth factors I and II are unable to form and maintain their native disulfides under in vivo redox conditions. (1/2760)

Influence of a new antiulcer agent, ammonium 7-oxobicyclo (2, 2, 1) hept-5-ene-3-carbamoyl-2-carboxylate (KF-392) on gastric lesions and gastric mucosal barrier in rats. (2/2760)

Diffusion barriers limit the effect of mobile calcium buffers on exocytosis of large dense cored vesicles. (3/2760)

Ferroxidase activity of ferritin: effects of pH, buffer and Fe(II) and Fe(III) concentrations on Fe(II) autoxidation and ferroxidation. (4/2760)

A novel role for carbonic anhydrase: cytoplasmic pH gradient dissipation in mouse small intestinal enterocytes. (5/2760)

Nonsaturable entry of neuropeptide Y into brain. (6/2760)

A novel strategy for the preparation of liposomes: rapid solvent exchange. (7/2760)

Effect of buffer conditions on the position of tRNA on the 70 S ribosome as visualized by cryoelectron microscopy. (8/2760)

Buffers

Tromethamine

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

HEPES

Kinetics

Calcium

Osmolar Concentration

Electrophoresis, Capillary

Temperature

Bicarbonates

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

Solubility

Drug Stability

Phosphates

Molecular Weight

Egtazic Acid

Edetic Acid

Cattle

Indicators and Reagents

Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

Chelating Agents

Magnesium

Chromatography, Gel

Sodium Bicarbonate

Rabbits

Dialysis

Oxidation-Reduction

Solutions

Time Factors

Alkanesulfonates

Acid-Base Equilibrium

Electrochemistry

Perfusion

Spectrophotometry

Borates

Calbindin 1

Fluorescent Dyes

Spectrometry, Fluorescence

Protein Binding

Hot Temperature

Microscopy, Electron

Adenosine Triphosphate

Culture Media

Electrodes

Escherichia coli

Adsorption

Acids

Diffusion

Potassium Compounds

Water

Methods

Serum Albumin, Bovine

Acetonitriles

Cell Membrane

Detergents

Chemistry

Circular Dichroism

Chromatography, Affinity

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical

Chemical Phenomena

Amino Acids

Calibration

Urea

Mathematics

Chromatography, Ion Exchange

Salts

Protein Conformation

Protein Denaturation

Macromolecular Substances

Solvents

Centrifugation, Density Gradient

Sodium

Pharmaceutical Solutions

Models, Biological

Dithiothreitol

Potassium Chloride

Chromatography

Molecular Sequence Data

Thermodynamics

$Gentaur Molecular :Pantomics \ QG ViewRNA HC Screening Wash Buffer Components \ QVP0503$ Gentaur Molecular :Pantomics \ QG ViewRNA HC Screening Wash Buffer Components \ QVP0503