Bryozoa
Identification of sibling species of the bryozoan Bugula neritina that produce different anticancer bryostatins and harbor distinct strains of the bacterial symbiont "Candidatus Endobugula sertula". (1/81)
Although the cosmopolitan marine bryozoan Bugula neritina is recognized as a single species, natural products from this bryozoan vary among populations. B. neritina is the source of the anticancer drug candidate bryostatin 1, but it also produces other bryostatins, and different populations contain different bryostatins. We defined two chemotypes on the basis of previous studies: chemotype O contains bryostatins with an octa-2,4-dienoate substituent (including bryostatin 1), as well as other bryostatins; chemotype M lacks bryostatins with the octa-2,4-dienoate substituent. B. neritina contains a symbiotic gamma-proteobacterium "Candidatus Endobugula sertula," and it has been proposed that bryostatins may be synthesized by bacterial symbionts. In this study, B. neritina populations along the California coast were sampled for genetic variation and bryostatin content. Colonies that differ in chemotype also differ genetically by 8% in the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO I) gene; this difference is sufficient to suggest that the chemotypes represent different species. Each species contains a distinct strain of "E. sertula" that differs at four nucleotide sites in the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene. These results indicate that the chemotypes have a genetic basis rather than an environmental cause. Gene sequences from an Atlantic sample matched sequences from the California chemotype M colonies, suggesting that this type may be cosmopolitan due to transport on boat hulls. (+info)Water-borne sperm trigger vitellogenic egg growth in two sessile marine invertebrates. (2/81)
A diverse array of sessile marine invertebrates mate by passive dispersal of sperm which fertilize the brooded eggs of neighbours. In two such species, a sea-mat (phylum Bryozoa) and an ascidian (phylum Chordata), vitellogenic egg growth is absent in reproductively isolated specimens, but is triggered by a water-borne factor released by conspecifics. In both of these colonial, hermaphroditic species, the active factor can be removed from water by filtration. The effect involves self-/non-self-recognition: water conditioned by a separate subcolony of the same genetic individual does not prompt oocyte growth. In each species, allosperm move from the surrounding water to the ovary and are then stored in close association with the growing oocytes. We concluded that sperm themselves are the water-borne factor that triggers the major phase of female reproductive investment. This mechanism is, to our knowledge, previously undescribed in animals, but has parallels with the initiation of maternal investment in flowering plants following the receipt of compatible pollen. The species studied may be representative of many other aquatic invertebrates which mate in a similar way. The stimulation of egg growth by allosperm could lead to intersexual conflict during oogenesis. (+info)Overgrowth competition between clades: implications for interpretation of the fossil record and overgrowth indices. (3/81)
Overgrowth interactions (2693 in total) were observed among three major groups (arguably clades) of bryozoans--cheilostomatids (57 species), ctenostomatids (3 species), and cyclostomatids (14 species). The bryozoans studied here occur in shallow water at high-temperate polar latitudes where they encrust hard substrata such as rock piles. The main study site was the intertidal and infralittoral zones of Kodiak Island, Alaska, but observations were also made in similar zones of South Georgia Island and the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic Ocean. Cheilostomatids dominated the number of species, individuals, and interactions at all depths. Intraclade interactions formed 73.7% of the encounters for cheilostomatids, 1.6% for ctenostomatids, and 5.7% for cyclostomatids. The competitive ranking of the three clades was broadly ctenostomatids > cyclostomatids > cheilostomatids. Significantly, these results contradict all previous quantitative studies of bryozoan overgrowth, in which cheilostomatids are reported to overgrow cyclostomatids at a higher rate. From these studies and the literature, we calculated win indices to vary from 0 to 0.42 for living cyclostomatids, from 0.08 to 0.9 for living cheilostomatids, and from 0.25 to 0.75 for living ctenostomatids. The win indices of cyclostomatid and cheilostomatid clades show significantly more variation in living assemblages than in fossil assemblages. This disparity may be due to differential preservation (polar and subpolar assemblages last less than 4 years). The diversity was very high in terms of both species richness and interaction types (outcomes between competitor pairs). Comparison with the literature suggests the possibility that nearshore diversity of bryozoans may be bimodal (have two peaks) between high arctic and antarctic latitudes. Indices of success in overgrowth competition have been constructed in various ways. For cheilostomatids, the method of calculation had little influence on the ranking of representatives. In contrast, the apparent success of ctenostomatids and cyclostomatids varied hugely with how the index was calculated. This inconsistency is due to the use of very different strategies in overgrowth competition; among the two latter groups, many interactions involve tied outcomes. (+info)Induction of proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss via the bryozoan Fredericella sultana infected with Tetracapsula bryosalmonae. (4/81)
Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) is a serious infection of wild and farmed salmonids, affecting mainly the kidney and spleen but becoming systemic in most susceptible fish hosts. This report deals with the transmission of Tetracapsula bryosalmonae Canning, Curry, Feist, Longshaw & Okamura 1999 from naturally infected bryozoans Fredericella sultana Blumenbach 1779 to naive rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum 1792, thereby confirming the recent conclusion based on partial 18S rDNA sequence data that bryozoans are hosts of the myxozoan parasite T. bryosalmonae (formerly PKX organism) that causes the disease. Parasite transmission using T. bryosalmonae spores was successful by short-term exposure to disrupted bryozoans known to contain T. bryosalmonae spores and T bryosalmonae sacs liberated from the bryozoans, and by long-term cohabitation with infected bryozoan colonies. Infection was confirmed by examination of kidney imprints, detection of the parasite in stained tissue sections, PCR using T. bryosalmonae-specific primers, and comparison of amplified 18S rDNA sequences from the bryozoans and experimentally infected fish. Transmission was not apparent, nor was PKD induced, in fish challenged by intraperitoneal injection of spores isolated from F. sultana. (+info)Evidence for the biosynthesis of bryostatins by the bacterial symbiont "Candidatus Endobugula sertula" of the bryozoan Bugula neritina. (5/81)
The marine bryozoan, Bugula neritina, is the source of the bryostatins, a family of macrocyclic lactones with anticancer activity. Bryostatins have long been suspected to be bacterial products. B. neritina harbors the uncultivated gamma proteobacterial symbiont "Candidatus Endobugula sertula." In this work several lines of evidence are presented that show that the symbiont is the most likely source of bryostatins. Bryostatins are complex polyketides similar to bacterial secondary metabolites synthesized by modular type I polyketide synthases (PKS-I). PKS-I gene fragments were cloned from DNA extracted from the B. neritina-"E. sertula" association, and then primers specific to one of these clones, KSa, were shown to amplify the KSa gene specifically and universally from total B. neritina DNA. In addition, a KSa RNA probe was shown to bind specifically to the symbiotic bacteria located in the pallial sinus of the larvae of B. neritina and not to B. neritina cells or to other bacteria. Finally, B. neritina colonies grown in the laboratory were treated with antibiotics to reduce the numbers of bacterial symbionts. Decreased symbiont levels resulted in the reduction of the KSa signal as well as the bryostatin content. These data provide evidence that the symbiont E. sertula has the genetic potential to make bryostatins and is necessary in full complement for the host bryozoan to produce normal levels of bryostatins. This study demonstrates that it may be possible to clone bryostatin genes from B. neritina directly and use these to produce bryostatins in heterologous host bacteria. (+info)Evidence that infectious stages of Tetracapsula bryosalmonae for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss are present throughout the year. (6/81)
Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) is a hyperplastic condition of the lymphoid tissue of salmonids infected with the spores of Tetracapsula bryosalmonae, a myxozoan parasite formerly designated PKX, which has recently been described as a parasite of several species of bryozoans. The occurrence of PKD is generally associated with seasonal increase in water temperature, with research indicating that transmission of the disease does not occur below 12 to 13 degrees C. This suggested that the infectious stages are absent from about November to March/April. Here we document the transmission of PKD at water temperatures and seasons previously considered to be non permissive for PKD infection. The exposure of naive rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) to PKD-infected water ranging from 8 to 13 degrees C during the Autumn, Winter and early Spring, resulted in the infection of kidney interstitium once the trout were transferred to 16 degrees C. In addition, cohabitation studies were conducted with the bryozoan host Fredericella sultana collected from a river at times of low seasonal temperatures because this bryozoan species overwinters as living colonies. Cohabitation of trout with colonies of F sultana in parasite-free city water at 16 degrees C, also led to renal lymphoid tissue infection with the parasite and even to nephromegaly. Our results provide evidence that the infectious stages of T bryosalmonae for rainbow trout were present in the water throughout the entire year and that the impact of temperature on the development of PKD is primarily a result of the kinetics of Tetracapsula multiplication in bryozoan and fish hosts. (+info)Polarization of competition increases with latitude. (7/81)
Many organisms overlap in their use of resources in space and time. Where and when resources are restricted, species must compete for them. Living space, often a critical resource controlling food and mate availability, is directly contested by organisms in most habitats. The ensuing animal interactions generally result in a winner gaining space and a loser, which may die. Contact matrices from studies of interference competition in encrusting marine Bryozoa (clonal and colonial animals), spanning at least 60 degrees latitude in both hemispheres, were analysed and subjected to a modern transitivity index. Only data for Bryozoa were used because (i) use of a single taxon with restricted ecology simplifies the scope for types of encounters, (and therefore) interpretation; and (ii) ecological bias is reduced because bryozoans are abundant at all latitudes. The analysis shows that assemblage competition is more hierarchical towards both poles. Thus, poorer competitors fail more frequently in interactions with increasing latitude. The cause of this trend is the simplification of overall outcomes between competitors, such as fewer ties, reversals in outcome or competitive loops (where low-ranking competitors beat those of higher ranking). The implication of such a trend is that the maintenance of biological diversity at high latitudes may principally be by physical rather than biological (competition) processes. Certainly, ocean surface energy increases with latitude through wind and wave action (and ice scour in polar regions). (+info)Female investment is retarded pending reception of allosperm in a hermaphroditic colonial invertebrate. (8/81)
Young colonies of the bryozoan Celleporella hyalina are capable of acquiring water-borne allosperm and of using it to fertilize ova for a period of 3-6 weeks after reaching female sexual maturity. In these simultaneous hermaphrodites, early allocation to female modules, but not male, is greatly enhanced by the acquisition of allosperm. The degree of enhancement is inversely proportional to coancestry of the recipient and donor colonies, thus promoting outcrossing. This apparently novel mechanism of adjusting operational sex ratio depends on the uptake and storage of sperm by nonreproductive (somatic) modules and subsequent translocation to females. (+info)
Bryozoa
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bryozoa. Index to Bryozoa Bryozoa Home Page, was at RMIT; now bryozoa.net Other Bryozoan ... Bryozoa) Phylum Bryozoa at Wikispecies Bryozoans in the Connecticut River Bryozoa Fact Sheet (CS1 Latin-language sources (la), ... Ernst, Andrej (2020). "2- Fossil record and evolution of Bryozoa". Phylum Bryozoa. pp. 11-56. Jackson, Patrick N. Wyse; Key, ... Works since 2000 have used various names to resolve the ambiguity, including: "Bryozoa", "Ectoprocta", "Bryozoa (Ectoprocta)", ...
Ascus (bryozoa)
... define ascophoran bryozoa. "GLOSSARY FOR THE BRYOZOA". www.bryozoa.net. Retrieved 12 December 2015. Dick, Matthew; Lidgard, ...
Operculum (bryozoa)
Recent and fossil Lunulitidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata), 7. Selenaria maculata (Busk) and allied species from Australasia. ...
List of Bryozoa of Ireland
"Bryozoa". Prenant M. et Bobin G., 1966. Bryozoaires. 2ème partie. Chilostomes, Anasca. Faune de France n° 68 647 p.PDF (33 Mo) ... There are 100 species of Bryozoa (moss animals) recorded in Ireland. Reptadeonella violacea Aetea anguina Aetea truncata ...
Septopora
Li, S.Q. (1977). "Bryozoa". Palaeontological Atlas of South-Central China. Vol. 2. pp. 270-303. Lu, L.H. (1982). "Bryozoa". ... Crockford, J. (1944). "Bryozoa from the Permian of Western Australia Part I: Cyclostomata and Cryptostomata from the north-west ... Mccolloch, Miriam E.; Gilmour, Ernest H.; Snyder, Edward M. (July 1994). "The order Fenestrata (Bryozoa) of the Toroweap ... Ernst, A.; Senowbari-Daryan, B.; Rashidi, K. (2008). "Permian Bryozoa from the Jamal Formation of Shotori Mountains (northeast ...
Zooid
ISBN 978-0-12-385024-9. Fish, J. D. (1989). "Bryozoa". A Student's Guide to the Seashore. pp. 356-366. ISBN 978-94-011-5888-6. ... Bryozoa or Pterobranchia). The colonial organism as a whole is called a zoon /ˈzoʊ.ɒn/, plural zoa (from Ancient Greek zôion ...
Phoronid
"Bryozoa". Invertebrate Zoology (7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp. 829-845. ISBN 978-0-03-025982-1. Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and ... but Bryozoa (Ectoprocta) are not closely related to this group, despite using a similar lophophore for feeding and respiration ...
Carol Ruckdeschel
Bryozoa." Bulletin of marine science 51.1 (1992): 1-8. McPhee, John (April 28, 1973). "Travels in Georgia". The New Yorker. ...
Brachiopod
"Bryozoa". Ruppert etc: Invert Zoo & (2004), pp. 817-821, ch. "Lophophorata" sect. "Phoronida". The nervous system of the most ...
Tabulipora
Sakagami, S. (2000). "Middle Permian bryozoa from Irian Jaya, Indonesia". Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo. C. 26 ... Liu, X.L. (1980). "Bryozoa". Paleontological Atlas of Northeast China. Vol. 1. pp. 189-254. Romantchuk, T.V. (1970). "Pervye ... "Bryozoa of the Mission Argillite (Permian), northeastern Washington". Journal of Paleontology. 74 (4): 545-570. doi:10.1666/ ...
Marine biology
Bryozoa; Echinodermata including starfish; and Urochordata including sea squirts or tunicates. Invertebrates have no backbone. ...
Catavi Formation
Bryozoa indet. Cephalopoda indet. Gastropoda indet. Ischnacanthida indet. Ophiuroidea indet. Palaeotaxodonta indet. ...
Acanthoceramoporella
"Acanthoceramoporella Utgaard, 1968". bryozoa.net. Retrieved 24 Feb 2022. v t e (Cystoporida, Prehistoric bryozoan genera, All ...
Fenestrata
Phylum Bryozoa. p. 23. Ernst, Andrej (2012). "Diversity dynamics and evolutionary patterns of Devonian Bryozoa". ... Taylor, P. D. & Curry, G. B. (1985). "The earliest known fenestrate bryozoan, with a short review of Lower Ordovician Bryozoa. ...
Callopora lineata
"Bryozoa: Life History and Ecology". UCMP. Retrieved 18 December 2020. "Bryozoa: More on Morphology". UCMP. Retrieved 18 ... Bryozoa.net. Retrieved 18 December 2020. Hayward, Peter; Bock, Phil (2020). "Callopora lineata (Linnaeus, 1767)". WoRMS. World ... Ryland, J.S. (1974). "A revised key for the identification of intertidal Bryozoa" (PDF). Field Studies Council. Retrieved 18 ... "Seasonal and depth-related biodiversity of leaf epiphytic cheilostome Bryozoa in a Mediterranean Posidonia oceanica meadow". ...
Bugula
"The Bryozoa". International Bryozoology Association. Archived from the original on 2006-12-13. Retrieved 2007-02-17. Picton, B. ... Bugula is a genus of common colonial arborescent bryozoa, often mistaken for seaweed. It commonly grows upright in bushy ... Bryozoa, Buguloidea). Zoologica Scripta Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce Introduced Marine Species of Hawai'i Exotics ... In: Bock, P.; Gordon, D. (2015) World List of Bryozoa. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www. ...
Trepostomatida
Phylum Bryozoa. pp. 11-56. Ernst, Andrej (2020). "2- Fossil record and evolution of Bryozoa". Phylum Bryozoa. p. 19. v t e v t ... 32, no2, pages 177-199, INIST:22896890 Ernst, Andrej (2020). "2- Fossil record and evolution of Bryozoa". ... Bryozoa, Trepostomata) from the Cystoid Limestone Formation (Upper Ordovician) of the Iberian Chains (NE Spain). Jimenez- ...
Air fern
Sometimes dried bryozoa are sold as "air ferns." Most commercially sold air ferns are collected as a by-product by trawlers in ... "The Bryozoa". International Bryozoology Association. Archived from the original on 2006-12-13. Retrieved 2007-02-17. Wayne's ...
Favositella
... bryozoa.net. Retrieved March 24, 2010. "Favositella". WoRMS. Retrieved 2021-08-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) ...
Flustra foliacea
Sally Rouse (June 9, 2011). "Flustra foliacea (Linnaeus, 1758)". Bryozoa of the British Isles. B. E. Picton & C. C. Morrow ( ... Such epibionts include other bryozoa such as Crista eburnea, hydroids, sessile polychaete worms and the porcelain crab Pisidia ... John Fish & Susan Fish (2011). "Bryozoa (Ectoprocta)". A Student's Guide to the Seashore (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press ...
Clausotrypa
List of prehistoric bryozoan genera The Permian Bryozoa of Timor. RS Bassler, 1929 X. L. Liu. 1980. Bryozoa. Paleontological ... at the Encyclopedia of Life Clausotrypa at fossilworks.org Clausotrypa at bryozoa.net v t e (Articles with short description, ...
Cryptostomata
"Bryozoa: Systematics". Introduction to the Bryozoa. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 8 February 2016. v t e ( ...
Phylactolaemata
Ernst, Andrej (2020). "2- Fossil record and evolution of Bryozoa". Phylum Bryozoa. pp. 11-12. STRÖM, ROLF (1977), "Brooding ... Phylactolaemata is a class of the phylum Bryozoa whose members live only in freshwater environments. Like all bryozoans, they ...
Palaeostomata
Fossil record and evolution of Bryozoa". Phylum Bryozoa. p. 14. v t e (Articles with short description, Short description ...
International Bryozoology Association
Living and Fossil Bryozoa. Recent Advances in Research. Academic Press, London and New York. Pouyet, S., 1975. Bryozoa 1974. ... Bryozoa: Ordovician to Recent. Olsen & Olsen, Fredensborg. Ross, J.R.P. 1987. Bryozoa: Present and Past. Western Washington ... Proceedings of the First International Conference on Bryozoa. Atti della Societa di Scienze Naturalia del Museo Civico di ... Recent and Fossil Bryozoa. Olsen & Olsen, Fredensborg. Nielsen, C., & Larwood, G.P., 1985. ...
Paleontology in Kentucky
"Bryozoa (Moss animals)". Kentucky Geological Survey. Ross, Reuben James (1967). "CALYMENID AND OTHER ORDOVICIAN TRILOBITES FROM ... "Photographs of Fossils Found on KPS Fieldtrips". Brown, George D. "Trepostomatous Bryozoa from the Logana and Jessamine ...
Fenestella (bryozoan)
Moore, Raymond C. (1953). Volume G: Bryozoa. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Boulder, Colorado and Lawrence, Kansas: ... Geometric Constraints on Lophophore Shape and Arrangement in Extinct Bryozoa". Paleobiology. 26 (1): 116-136. doi:10.1666/0094- ...
Paralicornia limatula
"Paralicornia". www.bryozoa.net. Retrieved 2022-03-14. v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is different ...
Fenestellidae
The Paleobiology Database Bryozoa v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, ... "Part G, Bryozoa". Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 5 December ...
Adeona
"Adeona cellulosa". www.bryozoa.net. Retrieved 2019-06-02. v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is ... "Bryozoa - moss animals, sea mats, polyzoa, corallines, and ectoprocts". www.bumblebee.org. Retrieved 2019-06-02. " ...
Zooids and extrazooidal skeleton in the order Trepostomata (Bryozoa) | Request PDF
Bryozoa) , Reconsideration of the nature of zooids in trepostomate Bryozoa defines them as physically connected and asexually ... Introduction to the Bryozoa, p. 3-48. In R. A. Robison (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Bryozoa. Pt. G (revised). ... Polymorphism and its development in the trepostomatous Bryozoa, p. 1-10. In G. P. Larwood (ed.), Living and Fossil Bryozoa. ... Bryozoa, p. 183-197. In V. E. Rezhentzev and T. G. Sariecheva (eds.), Development and Change in Marine Organisms from the ...
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B.M.(N.H.) Palaeont. Dept. D37794 | Neogene Bryozoa of Britain
Sequential development of Buddenbrockia plumatellae (Myxozoa: Malacosporea) within Plumatella repens (Bryozoa: Phylactolaemata)...
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BRYOZOA. Gymnolaemata. Cheilostomatida. Aeteidae. Aetea sp. * * previous records for Currais MPA. NIS in bold type S/W. x. x. 2 ... We also thank Leandro Manzoni Vieira (Bryozoa), Maria Angélica Haddad, Ana Carolina Cabral, Sergio Stampar and Maria Eduarda ... We recorded 176 taxa in the phyla Annelida (class Polychaeta), Arthropoda (class Maxillopoda, order Sessilia), Bryozoa, ... Bryozoa, Cnidaria, Chordata (classe Ascidiacea), Echinodermata, Mollusca e Porifera, distribuídos em 13 classes, 40 ordens e 75 ...
MarLIN - The Marine Life Information Network - Red ripple bryozoan (Watersipora subatra)
The encrusting bryozoan Watersipora subatra colonizes a range of hard substrata from rocks and shells in shallow water, to boat hulls and pilings. Its growth form varies with the age of the colony. Young colonies are small, flat and almost circular. As a colony develops, it may grow over itself giving the appearance of a rippled surface. Well established colonies can be erect and often leaf-like (foliaceous), forming lobes and frills that extrude from the substratum. Watersipora subatra is typically red or orange in colour but may be purplish-brown, black or grey with lighter edges where the younger zooids are found. The roughly rectangular zooids are organized into tightly packed lines that radiate out from the first colonizing zooid (ancestrula). Each zooid bears a single large orifice that has a pronounced U-shaped indentation. The frontal surface of each zooid is slightly convex and covered with false pores (pseudopores). ...
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The Bird Spring Shelf in southeastern California, along with coeval turbidite basins to the west, records a complex history of late Paleozoic sedimentation, sea-level changes, and deformation along the western North American continental margin. We herein establish detailed correlations between deposits of the shelf and the flanking basins, which we then use to reconstruct the depositional history, paleogeography, and deformational history, including Early Permian emplacement of the regionally significant Last Chance allochthon. These correlations are based on fusulinid faunas, which are numerous both on the shelf and in the adjoining basins. Study of 69 fusulinid species representing all major fusulinid-bearing Pennsylvanian and Lower Permian limestone outcrops of the Bird Spring Shelf in southeastern California, including ten new species of the genera Triticites , Leptotriticites , Stewartina , Pseudochusenella , and Cuniculinella , forms the basis for our correlations. We group these species ...
lophophorate
Nellia simplex
Bryozoans - Collections - The Fossil Forum
Bryozoa. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Bryozoa Class: Gymnolaemata Order: Cheilostomata Family: Smittinidae Genus: Parasmittina ... Bryozoa Colony. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Bryozoa Class: Gymnolaemata Order: Cheilostomata Family: Celleporidae Genus: ... Phylum: Bryozoa Class: Stenolaemata Order: Fenestrida Family: Fenestellidae Genus: Archimedes Species: Archimedes sp. Bangor ... Phylum: Bryozoa Class: Stenolaemata Order: Fenestrida Family: Fenestellidae Genus: Archimedes Species: Archimedes sp. Bangor ...
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Phylum3
- Phylum Bryozoa: moss animals, sea mats, lace corals. (marinespecies.org)
- The lophophorates include the moss animals (phylum Bryozoa), lamp shells (phylum Brachiopoda), and phoronid worms (phylum Phoronida). (britannica.com)
- 16. The Phylum Bryozoa as a Promising Source of Anticancer Drugs. (nih.gov)
Moss animals1
- Bryozoa are commonly referred to as 'moss animals', although they have no relation to moss. (umich.edu)
Bryozoans2
- Global diversity of bryozoans (Bryozoa or Ectoprocta) in freshwater: an update. (eol.org)
- formerly) Bryozoa, bryozoans, Polyzoa. (coastalwiki.org)
Phylactolaemata1
- Sequential development of Buddenbrockia plumatellae (Myxozoa: Malacosporea) within Plumatella repens (Bryozoa: Phylactolaemata). (bvsalud.org)
Fossil1
- There are approximately 5,000 living species of Bryozoa and over 15,000 species recognized in the fossil record ( UCMP ). (umich.edu)
Freshwater1
- Bryozoa are a group of aquatic (marine and freshwater) invertebrates that are colonial, meaning many individuals live together. (umich.edu)
Animals1
- Bryozoa and brachiopods all possess a lophophore , a filter-feeding organ that creates a current for these animals to pull nutrients from the water. (umich.edu)